Patent Grant
8649528
The present invention relates to a microphone assembly and, in particular, to a microphone assembly comprising a transducer, a pre-amplifier and an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter in the housing of the microphone assembly.
Currently, a typical microphone assembly used in portable phones (e.g., mobile or cellular phones) converts acoustical signals to analog audio signals, which are transmitted from the microphone assembly along a signal line to an external A/D converter for digitization. As the analog audio signals travel from the microphone assembly to the A/D converter, however, they are undesirably susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by the presence of high frequency signals (normally around 1-2 GHz). To reduce the effects of EMI, the current practice in the mobile phone industry is to use external capacitors to de-couple the high frequency signal to “clean” the analog audio signals before digitization. After digitization, the resulting digital output signals are largely insensitive to EMI. Accordingly, it is desirable to convert the acoustical signals to digital output signals as soon as possible to prevent EMI from degrading signal integrity.
Further, different microphone assemblies currently used in portable phones have different sensitivity levels and output impedances. Thus, portable phones are typically designed with only one type of microphone assembly in mind, and the microphone pre-amplifier drive levels are set in accordance with the output characteristics of the particular microphone assembly. It is not practical, therefore, to substitute one microphone assembly for another because the gain of the microphone pre-amplifier would have to be adjusted to accommodate a different microphone assembly with a different output characteristic from that of the original microphone assembly. Thus, a hardware modification or an analog level adjustment of the microphone sensitivity is typically needed to switch one type of microphone for another.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,848 discloses a digital hearing aid with a microphone. In order to avoid EMI an A/D converter is positioned within the microphone casing whereby the A/D converter is shielded against EMI. The solution suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,848 reduces the influence of EMI, but due to a small opening in the casing, which is necessary so as to allow acoustic signals to be sensed by the microphone positioned inside the casing, EMI may still influence signal processing.
Electrical connections to the assembly such as power supply and input/output interfaces may also be sources of introducing EMI into the assembly. Even though digital input and output connections are very insensitive to EMI they may act as carriers/antennas so that EMI is introduced to the otherwise shielded microphone assembly. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,848 power supply lines are de-coupled against EMI by adding external capacitors to the powers supply line. However, the digital interface can not be de-coupled effectively against EMI applying such capacitors.
Therefore, there exists a need for a microphone assembly that shields analog audio signals against the effects of EMI without the use of de-coupling capacitors and that provides enhanced interchangeability. It is an object of the present invention to provide such microphone assembly.
The above-mentioned object is provided in a first aspect of the present invention by providing a microphone assembly comprising
In order to protect against EMI the microphone assembly casing may be a metallic housing or a housing holding a metallic coating or metallic layer so as to establish a Faraday cage. Preferably, the analog-to-digital converter comprises a sigma-delta modulator. In addition, the microphone assembly may further comprise filter means between the pre-amplifier and the sigma-delta modulator so as to filter amplified analog audio signals. This filter means may comprise a high-pass filter implemented as a pure high-pass filter or, alternatively, as a band-pass filter implemented as a high-pass filter and a low-pass filter in combination.
The microphone assembly may in addition comprise a second amplifier between the filter means and the sigma-delta modulator so as to amplify the filtered analog audio signals,
In order to save space, reduce cost and to minimize exposure of analog signal path's to EMI the pre-amplifier and the sigma-delta modulator are preferably integrated on a chip so as to form an integrated circuit. Such chip may be implemented monolithically so as to form an ASIC. In case the microphone assembly also comprises a high-pass filter, the pre-amplifier, the sigma-delta modulator, and at least part of the high-pass filter may advantageously be integrated on the same chip so as to form a monolithic integrated circuit. Typically, the high-pass filter comprises a resistor and a capacitor, which in combination alone or in combination with other components forms the high-pass filter. The capacitor part of such high-pass filter may advantageously be physically separated from the resistor part. The second amplifier may also form part of the integrated circuit further comprising the pre-amplifier, the filter means and the sigma-delta modulator. The second amplifier may be implemented as e.g. a buffer or a differential converter, such as a single-entity differential converter.
Alternatively, the pre-amplifier, the sigma-delta modulator, and at least part of the high-pass filter may be implemented on separate chips so as to form separate electronic circuits.
Typically, the transducer comprises a flexible diaphragm having a pressure-equalizing opening penetrating the diaphragm. This pressure equalizing opening has dimensions so that frequencies in the analog audio signals below a predetermined frequency value are suppressed. Generally speaking, by making the pressure equalizing opening smaller, the cut-off frequency of the acoustic high-pass filter decreases. With a lower cut-off frequency of the acoustic high-pass filter the electronic high-pass filter can be designed with a smaller capacitor without increasing the total noise from the microphone. This design route is of specific importance in the area of hearing aids where space issues within hearing instruments are among the most important design parameters.
The microphone assembly may further comprise a digital filter connected to the output terminal of the sigma-delta modulator. Preferably, the digital filter is a digital decimation low-pass filter forming part of the integrated circuit.
The microphone assembly may further comprise a low-pass filter between the pre-amplifier and the analog-to-digital converter so as to low-pass filter amplified analog audio signals to avoid aliasing during the sampling process.
In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a portable unit comprising
Since the signal processing outside the microphone assembly is purely digital, the DSP used for the further signal processing is denoted a pure DSP or a pure digital DSP.
The portable unit may be selected from the group consisting of hearing aids, assistive listening devices, mobile recording units, such as MP3 players; and mobile communication units, such as mobile or cellular phones.
In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a method of processing received acoustical signals, said method comprising the steps of
The method may further comprise a step of filtering the amplified analog audio signals prior to converting the converted analog audio signals to digital audio signals. The filtering step may comprise high-pass filtering of the amplified analog audio signals.
The method may further comprise a step of digitally processing the digital audio signals. This processing step may comprise the step of filtering the digital audio signals. Finally, the method may further comprise a step of transmitting the digital audio signals (filtered or not filtered) to a DSP for further processing. This DSP may be positioned in- or outside the microphone casing.
In a fourth and final aspect, the present invention relates to a microphone assembly comprising
The pre-amplifier module may comprise a first and a second pre-amplifier—i.e. a pre-amplifier for each of the transducers. The analog-to-digital converter module may comprise a first and a second sigma-delta modulator, the first sigma-delta modulator being connected to the first pre-amplifier, the second sigma-delta modulator being connected to the second pre-amplifier.
The microphone assembly according to the fourth aspect of the present invention may further comprise a first high-pass filter between the first pre-amplifier and the first sigma-delta modulator, and a second high-pass filter between the second pre-amplifier and the second sigma-delta modulator. This high-pass filter may at least partly be integrated with the integrated circuit.
The microphone assembly may further comprise an analog beam forming circuitry in a configuration where a plurality of transducers and pre-amplifiers are connected to said analog beam forming circuitry so as to perform beam forming in the analog domain. The output signal from the beam forming circuitry is provided to one or more sigma-delta modulators and thereby converted to the digital domain. The beam forming circuitry may be implemented as a time continuous analog circuitry or as a time discrete analog circuitry—e.g. switched capacitor.
Alternatively, beam forming may be performed in the digital domain using a configuration where a plurality of transducers, pre-amplifiers, filters and sigma-delta modulators are interconnected. Each of the sigma-delta modulators is connected to a digital beam forming circuitry. A digital decimation filter may be connected to the beam forming circuitry so as to filter the output signal from the beam forming circuitry. Alternatively, decimation filters may be connected between each of the sigma-delta modulators and the beam forming circuitry.
The inventive combination of the microphone having an internal A/D converter and optionally a pure DSP overcomes several aforementioned disadvantages associated with prior art systems in which DSPs have analog processing capability. By having microphones with digital output that is transmitted from the microphone casing, the inventive microphones promote interchangeability, permitting one microphone assembly to be easily substituted for another. Any adjustments that may be required can be entirely software controlled.
In addition, the use of a pure DSP simplifies the design of a mobile phone and lowers manufacturing costs because pure DSPs are less expensive to manufacture compared to DSPs which also contain analog circuitry.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the following drawings, where
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
A mobile phone 2 shown in
Acoustical energy is received through sound inlet 6 by transducer 8. In a preferred embodiment, transducer 8 comprises an electret assembly that includes a flexible diaphragm that moves in response to exposure to acoustical energy. The movement of the flexible diaphragm results in an electrical signal and, thus, transducer 8 transduces the acoustical energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is provided as analog audio signals to microphone pre-amplifier 10, which amplifies the analog audio signals to an appropriate level for A/D converter 12. Pre-amplifier 10 may include more than one gain stage. A/D converter 12 converts the analog audio signals to digital output signals.
In a preferred embodiment, A/D converter 12 is implemented as a sigma-delta modulator, which converts the analog audio signals into a serial digital bit stream. Alternatively, A/D converter 12 may be, for example, a flash or pipeline converter, a successive approximation converter, or any other suitable A/D converter. The serial digital bit stream may be transmitted on line 20 to pure digital DSP 14 for further processing. Pure digital DSP 14 does not contain analog circuitry and does not process analog signals. Rather, the pure digital DSP 14 only contains digital circuitry (circuitry that is adapted to only process digital signals) and only processes digital signals. Thus, the input signals on lines 20, 24 to and the output signals on lines 22, 26 from the pure digital DSP 14 are only in a digital format.
Pure digital DSP 14 processes the digital output signals from line 20 and provides digital signals for transmission on line 26 to the RF transmitter unit 34. The RF transmitter unit 34 converts the digital signals for transmission into RF signals, which are transmitted by the antenna 36. Similarly, the antenna 36 provides RF signals to the RF receiver unit 32, which provides received digital signals on line 24 to the pure digital DSP 14. The pure digital DSP 14 processes the received digital signals and provides digital audio output signals on line 22 to the speaker assembly 30. The digital audio output signals on line 22 may be PDM- or PWM-coded signals. The speaker assembly 30 converts the digital audio output signals to acoustical signals that will be heard by the operator.
The mobile phone 2 shown in
Turning now to
A low-pass filter (not shown) may be connected between pre-amplifier 110 and A/D converter 112. This filter prevents undesired aliasing effects by limiting the frequency content of the signals before they are provided to A/D converter 112. High-pass filter 109 and low-pass filter are preferably incorporated into the microphone pre-amplifier 110 though, alternatively, high-pass filter 109 and low-pass filter may optionally be separate from the microphone pre-amplifier 110. The digital output signals on line 120 are raw signals in the sense that they have not been formatted according to any standard audio format. The raw digital output signals on line 120 are transmitted to the pure digital DSP 114 for further digital processing. Formatting of the digital output signals is discussed with reference to
High-pass filter 109 typically comprises a capacitor and a resistor. The filtering effect of high-pass filter 109 is minimised by selecting capacitor and resistor values making τ as large as possible, or in other word, ensure a very low cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter. Furthermore, it is essential to minimise the noise from the high-pass filter itself. This may be achieved by selecting a large capacitance (e.g. 8 μF) since the electronic noise from a capacitor is given by kT/C, where C is the capacitance, T is the temperature and k Planck's constant. It is clear that the electronic noise from the capacitor increases with a smaller capacitance.
The characteristics of high-pass filter 109 may be designed by taking into consideration the design of the transducer receiving the acoustic signals. For example, by introducing a small pressure equalisation opening in the flexible diaphragm of the transducer, the cut-off frequency of the acoustic high-pass filter may be lowered down to e.g. 50 Hz. With such a low cut-off frequency, the high-pass filter may be designed with a smaller capacitor without increasing the total noise from the microphone. However, it is still necessary to remove frequencies below 200 Hz electronically so as to avoid overloading the microphone. For this reason high-pass filter 109 is typically designed with a cut-off frequency of around 200 Hz. Following this approach, the acoustic noise from the microphone is minimised. Noise leaking the acoustic high-pass filter may be filtered out by high-pass filter 109. Removal of the lower frequencies electronically using high-pass filter 109 results in a lower total noise and better matching of the low cut-off frequency.
The immediate result achieved following the above-mentioned design route is that the physical dimensions the capacitor may be significantly reduced which also means that the overall size of the microphone assembly may be reduced. This size issue is of specific importance in the area of hearing aids.
Turning now to
Next,
Finally,
While the microphone assemblies 103, 203, 303, and 403, of
While the present invention has been described with reference to one or more particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Each of these embodiments and obvious variations thereof is contemplated as falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/964,893, filed on Sep. 28, 2001 now abandoned (published as United States Publication No. 2002/0106091, on Aug. 8, 2002), which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/266,176 filed on Feb. 2, 2001, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110096945 A1 | Apr 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60266176 | Feb 2001 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09964893 | Sep 2001 | US |
| Child | 12929079 | US |
