Patent Application
20190049300
A Raman spectrometer or Raman spectrophotometer is a device that optically probes the vibrational, rotational, and low-frequency modes of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical or material. It can accurately quantify the chemical structure of an unknown substance. A Raman spectrometer typically operates by first illuminating a sample with a single frequency laser in the visible or near-infrared wavelength region. A fraction of the light that scatters from the sample is converted to a higher optical frequency (anti-Stokes shifted), and another fraction is converted to a lower optical frequency (Stokes shifted). The new frequencies of this Stokes and anti-Stokes shifted light (also referred to as Raman-shifted light) correspond to the intrinsic energy levels of the substance being sensed, and they can be used to uniquely identify the chemical or material, as shown in
Conventional Raman spectrometer systems usually include several distinct sub-systems: (1) a single-frequency excitation source, such as a laser; (2) an optical probe or region where the light interacts with the analyte or unknown chemical of interest; (3) a dichroic mirror or optical filter that blocks the light from the excitation source, letting only the Stokes or anti-Stokes scattered light pass; and (4) a spectrum analyzer or spectrometer that measures the intensity of the Raman shifted light as a function of frequency or wavelength.
The spectrum analyzer typically includes a dispersive element, such as a grating or prism, that disperses the Raman scattered light for detection by a detector array. The measured Raman spectrum typically contains several peaks, the frequency and intensity of which serve as a unique ‘optical fingerprint’ of the chemical being identified. By comparing this spectrum to a database of known Raman spectra, the composition of single chemicals or mixtures of chemicals in the gas, liquid, or solid phase can be determined with high precision.
In biomedical sensing, Raman spectroscopy is also a promising approach for non-invasively detecting critical physiological and biochemical parameters, such as blood glucose, lactate, blood oxygen saturation levels, etc., owing to its superior chemical selectivity and availability of near-infrared light sources with sufficient penetration depth into biological tissues. Wearable non-invasive blood glucose monitoring promises great relief to diabetes patients for glucose control but remains an outstanding challenge despite the development of commercial glucose meters in the past few decades.
Conventional Raman spectroscopy systems are usually benchtop laboratory equipment with large size and high cost. Portable Raman spectrometers have slowly begun to enter the market in the last five years, though their size reduction has relied primarily upon direct miniaturization of discretely-assembled free-space optical components that need to be manually aligned, such as mirrors, beam-splitters, free-space lenses, and free-space grating spectrometers. These discrete optical components typically do not withstand physical shock or vibrations without requiring realignment or recalibration. In addition, these grating spectrometers suffer from poor sensitivity (which is related to the signal-to-noise ratio), have limited spectral resolution (typically to no more than 1024 channels), and are relatively large and heavy.
Embodiments of the present technology generally relate to Fourier transform Raman spectrometers. In one example, a Fourier transform Raman spectrometer system includes a light source to emit a probe beam and a probe waveguide, in optical communication with the light source, to receive the probe beam and cause at least a portion of the probe beam to interact with a sample. The interaction between the probe beam and the sample generates a Raman signal. The system also includes a filter in optical communication with the probe waveguide and configured to transmit the Raman signal and block the probe beam and a Fourier transform spectrometer in optical communication with the filter. The Fourier transform spectrometer includes a beam splitter to split the probe beam into a first portion and a second portion, a first interference arm in optical communication with the beam splitter, to receive the first portion of the probe beam, and a second interference arm in optical communication with the beam splitter to receive the second portion of the probe beam. The first interference arm includes a first optical switch switchable between a first state and a second state, a first reference waveguide having a first optical path length L1 to receive the first portion of the probe beam when the first optical switch is in the first state, and a first variable waveguide having a second optical path length L2, different than the first optical path length L1, to receive the first portion of the probe beam when the first optical switch is in the second state. The system also includes a detector, in optical communication with the first interference arm and the second interference arm, to detect interference of the first portion of the incident light from the first interference arm and the second portion of the incident light from the second interference arm.
Another embodiment is a Raman spectroscopy system that includes a laser, a first waveguide in optical communication with the laser, a lens in optical communication with the first waveguide, at least one second waveguide in optical communication with the lens, to guide the Raman signal, a spectrometer in optical communication with the at least one second waveguide, and at least one photodetector in optical communication with the spectrometer. These components are on or in a substrate. In operation, the laser emits a probe beam, which the first waveguide guides to the lens. The lens directs the probe beam to a sample and collects a Raman signal that is scattered and/or reflected from the sample in response to the probe beam. The second waveguide guides the Raman signal to the spectrometer, which separates the Raman signal into spectral bins. And the photodetector detects an output of the spectrometer.
It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.
The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements).
One method of enhancing the low signal typically generated by Raman scattering is by using a Fourier-transform spectrometer. A Fourier-transform spectrometer is an interferometer that measures an optical spectrum with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is √N/2 times higher than that of a dispersive grating spectrometer (for a given sampling bandwidth), where N is the number of wavelengths to be measured. Current Fourier-transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectrometers are large, bulky, benchtop instruments since Fourier-Transform spectrometers typically include interferometer arms that move back and forth.
Up to now, no complete Raman spectrometer system or Fourier-transform Raman spectrometer system has integrated on-chip photonic sensing elements, filters, and/or spectrometers. Monolithic integration of optical components, as described below, results in devices with vastly smaller form-factors, superior robustness (no moving parts), high spectral resolution, and enhanced sensitivity to chemical species.
Unlike state-of-the-art portable Raman spectrometers with discrete free-space optical components, the spectrometers disclosed herein exploit monolithic photonic integration with all or most optical components integrated on one or more planar substrates. Photonic integration enables dense integration of components without the need for manual alignment or individual component assembly. Photonic integration also produces superior mechanical stability and resistance to shock or vibration, which is beneficial to high-performance portable and wearable sensors. Significant performance advantages of photonic integration include (1) a large (e.g., factor of ˜104) improvement in Raman scattering efficiency resulting from on-chip interaction of the tightly localized optical mode and the gas, liquid, or solid analyte, and (2) a large enhancement in spectral resolution and sensitivity resulting from the integration of an on-chip FT-spectrometer. Robust wearable bio-photonic sensors for continuous and non-invasive monitoring of physiological and biomedical parameters are also disclosed.
A miniaturized FT-Raman spectrometer can include the following components: (1) a single-frequency light source; (2) a probe that allows single-frequency light (a probe beam) from the single-frequency light source to interact with a target sample of interest; (3) one or more optical filters to allow a certain band of light to pass (e.g., a filter that removes the single-frequency light while passing the Raman-shifted light); (4) a miniaturized spectrometer that separates received light in different spectral bins (e.g., power of light at each Raman-shifted frequency); and (5) one or more detectors that measure the output optical powers in the spectral bins.
The light source may be a laser that emits light in the visible or infrared band. The above-mentioned components may be integrated on a single substrate or multiple substrates. In addition to the above-mentioned components, the device can further include analog and digital electronics to power the laser, control the on-chip optical circuit, and measure the signal(s) emitted by the photodetector(s) in response to incident light. The entire unit can be packaged in a portable form that can be held by hand or carried in one's pocket; worn in a wearable form that can be applied on fingers, wrist, forehead, etc.; or packaged as a ring, a wristband, or an adhesive patch.
The FT-Raman spectrometer system combines a number of on-chip and fiber-/waveguide-connected optical components as described below. First, each component of the on-chip FT-Raman system is described in depth. Lastly, several unique, exemplary embodiments are disclosed.
The laser source that generates the excitation light can be any wavelength in the visible or near-infrared, including, but not limited to, 457 nm, 473 nm, 488 nm, 514 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm, 660 nm, 785 nm, 830 nm, 980 nm, or 1064 nm. Since the Raman scattering intensity is usually proportional to 1/λ4, with λ being the wavelength of the excitation light, lower wavelengths are typically preferred. However, using a longer-wavelength laser source, such as a 1064 nm near-infrared Nd:YAG laser, can suppress fluorescence, thereby decreasing background noise and enhancing the sensitivity.
Integration of the laser source can be accomplished in at least three ways. The first is directly bonding a waveguide-integrated III/V laser onto the separate FT-Raman chip with the rest of the optical components to deliver light directly to an on-chip probe. The second involves connecting a separate fiber-coupled laser module to the on-chip probe via tapered edge-coupling or end-fire coupling, or directly connecting the fiber-coupled laser module to a lensed fiber probe. Additionally, depending on the amount of reflection from subsequent optical components, a fiber-integrated optical isolator may be used between the laser and the spectrometer chip to prevent light from reflecting back into the laser. The third involves direct fabrication of the entire FT-Raman spectrometer, including the laser (such as a DFB laser), on a III/V material substrate, such as Indium Phosphide (InP).
The optical probe of the miniaturized FT-Raman spectrometer can be configured at least in the following ways: (1) a lensed-tip, flat-face, beveled-tip, or ball-lens-tip fiber; (2) an exposed on-chip single-mode waveguide; or (3) an on-chip waveguide including out-of-plane coupling structures. For the fiber probe, the laser light is first coupled to a fiber that passes through an optical circulator or a 1×2 beam combiner and then to the fiber tip. This fiber can then focus the light at the tip, resulting in high optical energy densities that produce Raman scattering efficiencies comparable to confocal Raman microscopy. In addition, the use of fiber probes allows Raman sensing to occur in confined spaces, making this device useful for medical and surgical diagnostics.
In the second probe configuration, light from the excitation source is directly coupled to an on-chip single-mode waveguide. This waveguide continues to a region where the top-cladding is exposed or where the waveguide mode profile experiences a change, e.g., due to a change of refractive index contrast between the waveguide core and cladding regions or change of waveguide geometries. In this region, light in the evanescent tail of the waveguide mode interacts with nearby gases, liquids, or solids. The Raman signal from this type of probe configuration is typically enhanced by four orders of magnitude due to the dense confinement of light in the single-mode waveguide, the large collection efficiencies, and the ability to arbitrarily increase the interaction length by increasing the length of the waveguide. An on-chip waveguide probe can be configured as a straight waveguide, a paperclip structure, or a spiral waveguide, which exhibits a long optical path length per area with few if any sharp waveguide bends, as shown in
In the third probe configuration, laser light originally propagating in a probing waveguide is coupled out-of-plane and received by a receiving waveguide after interacting with the analyte, which allows 3D waveguide-coupled sensing of a substance via a planar structure. Such an optical sensing structure includes a substrate, a light source and light source coupler, a probing waveguide, a probing waveguide coupler, a receiving waveguide coupler, a receiving waveguide, a spectrometer chip, and one or more photodetectors.
Basic operation is as follows: light emitted from a laser is first coupled into the probing waveguide by the light source coupler via either the edge or surface and then propagates inside the waveguide. The probing waveguide coupler subsequently redirects the light out of the waveguide towards the region of interests for sensing. After interacting with the analyte, scattered or reflected light is collected by the receiving waveguide coupler and coupled into the receiving waveguide in which it propagates to the subsequent elements (e.g., filters, spectrometer chip, photodetectors, etc.). Exemplary probing and receiving waveguide couplers include reflective facets, curved facet couplers, micro-lenses, gratings, holography, etc., or combinations of such elements.
The third system includes an on-chip waveguide integrated filter. The on-chip waveguides and filter can be made on a variety of material platforms, such as silicon nitride strip waveguide cores surrounded by silicon dioxide cladding, a silicon strip waveguide core surrounded by silicon dioxide cladding, a germanium strip waveguide core surrounded silicon, or any III-V semiconductor material forming the strip waveguide core and cladding including, but not limited to InP, InAsP, InGaAsP, etc. This filter reflects light at the laser excitation wavelength, while allowing up to 100% of the Raman scattered light to pass. In addition to filtering laser light out of the spectrum, the filter may reflect the laser light back to the probe, where it may scatter additional Raman light.
This filter can be realized by several means, such as a periodic Bragg reflector. A Bragg reflector includes a waveguide with a width or cladding that is modulated with a period such that light at the excitation wavelength is reflected with high efficiency. Additional means include, but are not limited to, planar concave gratings, arrayed-waveguide gratings, echelle gratings, angled multi-mode interferometers, ring cavity filters, Mach-Zehnder interferometer filters, and Vernier effect filters.
Another method of filtering out the light at the excitation wavelength is by narrowing the waveguide width such that the mode's cutoff frequency lies below the frequency of the excitation source. The wavelength of the excitation is usually shorter than the wavelength of the Stokes line. This technique works for Raman spectroscopy measuring anti-Stokes shifted light. Such waveguide-integrated filters are lithographically fabricated in parallel with the other on-chip optical components.
The Raman scattered light then travels via the optical waveguide to an on-chip FT-spectrometer utilizing the same material platform as described before. The FT-spectrometer can be monolithically defined on a planar substrate or chip, with no moving parts. The schematic is shown in
Each optical switch can take the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with phase modulators that cause the light to transmit through only one of the two beam-combiner, or 2×2 MMI, outputs. The last component of the interferometer is a 2×2 MIMI that combines the light from both arms of the interferometer. Each output of the 2×2 MMI provides information about the magnitude and phase of the interferogram. Each optical switch in the FT-spectrometer has two states, guiding light to the ‘top’ or the ‘bottom’ path. Thus, for a FT-spectrometer as shown in
More information about the Fourier transform spectrometer can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/429,321, entitled “APPARATUS, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR ON-CHIP SPECTROSCOPY USING OPTICAL SWITCHES,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Traditional linear detector arrays also have electrical wiring and control of all 1024+ photodetectors. Conversely, integration of this particular type of FT-spectrometer means the same resolution can be accomplished for a small fraction of the chip-space and electrical routing of twenty 2-terminal phase modulators (2 phase modulators optical switch) and one 2-terminal photodetector, rather than electrical routing of 1024 2-terminal photodetectors.
The output of the on-chip FT-spectrometer is routed to one or two single-element photodetectors. These may be on-chip waveguide integrated detectors, such as germanium on silicon photodetectors, or off-chip single element detectors. These may include silicon, indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs), or germanium detectors, or any other detector capable of detecting light in this band. Light from the waveguide can be coupled to a fiber or waveguide that is then connected to the photodetector. A second possible embodiment includes on-chip detectors that are hybrid bonded or flip-chip bonded to the surface of the chip with the FT-spectrometer. A third embodiment of this component is direct epoxy-bonding of a large, single element detector to the edge of the spectrometer chip. This last embodiment is low-cost, easy to scale for manufacturing (precise optical alignment is not necessary), and more robust than fiber-coupling.
From
Here, the light enters an on-chip waveguide (not shown) through either an edge-coupler, butt-coupler, or grating coupler 206. On the optical chip, the light passes through the waveguide integrated band-pass filter or an on-chip low-pass filter 205, which can take the form of a Bragg grating, ring resonator, selectively absorbing element, or narrow waveguide with specific cutoff frequency. After this, the light travels to the on-chip FTIR spectrometer 204. After light passes through the interferometer, it exits in either one or two separate waveguides (not shown). The light in these one or two waveguides exit the photonic chip through another edge coupler, butt-coupler, grating coupler, or free-space lens 203 (or other free space coupling mechanisms). This light then passes through one or two single mode fibers 202 and is measured by one or two broadband photodetectors 201.
This procedure is performed several different times, for different configurations of the on-chip FTIR. Digital and analog electronics 211 measure the signal from the photodetector 201, power the excitation laser 213, and control the optical switches in the on-chip FTIR spectrometer 204. In addition, the electronics 211 digitally calculate the spectrum of the Raman shifted light and send the data to a separate device (e.g., a cell-phone, computer, or server) that compares this spectrum to a spectral database. Once the chemical compositions have been determined, they are sent back to the pen-shaped FT-Raman spectrometer 200 and the result is either displayed on a front-panel display 218. Alternatively, the other device (e.g., the cell phone) may display the results directly instead of or in addition to sharing them with the spectrometer 200.
One advantage of this integrated spectrometer 400 shown in
Examples of the above-mentioned 3D waveguide-coupled sensing approach are also disclosed. In one example spectrometer 500, shown in
The scattered or reflected light, including the Raman signal, is collected by the micro-lens 524 and a receiving waveguide coupler 522b, which converts the probe beam into a waveguide mode in a receiving waveguide 526. The micro-lens 524 may also be formed on top of the waveguides 520 and 526 by properly configuring the waveguide couplers 522a and 522b. On-chip filters and spectrometer 540 block any collected probe light and separate the collected Raman signal into different spectral bins for detection by one or more photodetectors 550. Electronics (not shown), which are powered by a battery 515, control the laser 510 and spectrometer 540 and process the signals from the photodetector 550.
The facets 622a and 622b can be curved or shaped to focus or collimate light and may have the same or different curvatures. For instance, the first facet 622a may be shaped to focus the probe beam on or just below the surface of the analyte 601. And the second facet 622b may be shaped to couple the scattered or reflected light into the receiving waveguide 626 based on the receiving waveguide's numerical aperture. The facets 622 and 622b can also be configured to re-direct the light to either side of the waveguide plane.
As explained above, the receiving waveguide 626 couples the collected light into on-chip filters and a spectrometer 640, which block any collected probe light and separate the collected Raman signal into different spectral bins for detection by one or more photodetectors 650. Electronics (not shown) control the laser 610 and spectrometer 640 and process the signals from the photodetector 650.
The input laser light may be distributed into multiple probing channels to probe different regions of the analyte, which allows differentiating Raman scattered light, directly reflected light, and background noise by post-processing the data collected in each channel. Multiple receiving waveguides and waveguide couplers may be used to enhance the collection efficiency of Raman scattered light. For example,
The 3D waveguide-coupled probing/detecting approach is particularly attractive to wearable or conformal sensors as it effectively brings confocal imaging onto the surface of a substance while utilizing planar waveguide structures and integrated photonic components. The out-of-plane coupled waveguide structure can be combined with the evanescently-coupled waveguide structures to form a 2D/3D hybrid sensing scheme.
While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.
Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.
All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”
The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.
This application claims the priority benefit, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), of U.S. Application No. 62/542,608, filed Aug. 8, 2018, and entitled “Miniaturized Fourier-Transform Raman Spectrometer System,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62542608 | Aug 2017 | US |
