Patent Application
20110069620
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. This patent document may show and/or describe matter which is or may become trade dress of the owner. The copyright and trade dress owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright and trade dress rights whatsoever.
1. Field
This disclosure relates to generating and receiving traffic for testing a network or network device.
2. Description of the Related Art
In many types of communications networks, each message to be sent is divided into portions of fixed or variable length. Each portion may be referred to as a packet, a frame, a cell, a datagram, a data unit, or other unit of information, all of which are referred to herein as packets.
Each packet contains a portion of an original message, commonly called the payload of the packet. The payload of a packet may contain data, or may contain voice or video information. The payload of a packet may also contain network management and control information. In addition, each packet contains identification and routing information, commonly called a packet header. The packets are sent individually over the network through multiple switches or nodes. The packets are reassembled into the message at a final destination using the information contained in the packet headers, before the message is delivered to a target device or end user. At the receiving end, the reassembled message is passed to the end user in a format compatible with the user's equipment.
Communications networks that transmit messages as packets are called packet switched networks. Packet switched networks commonly contain a mesh of transmission paths which intersect at hubs or nodes. At least some of the nodes may include a switching device or router that receives packets arriving at the node and retransmits the packets along appropriate outgoing paths. Packet switched networks are governed by a layered structure of industry-standard protocols.
In order to test a packet switched network or a device included in a packet switched communications network, test traffic comprising a large number of packets may be generated, transmitted into the network at one or more ports, and received at different ports. In this context, the term “port” refers to a communications connection between the network and the equipment used to test the network. The received test traffic may be analyzed to measure the performance of the network. Each port connected to the network may be both a source of test traffic and a destination for test traffic. Each port may emulate a plurality of logical source or destination addresses. The number of ports and the communications paths that connect the ports to the network are typically fixed for the duration of a test session. The internal structure of the network may change during a test session, for example due to failure of a communications path or hardware device.
Each packet in the test traffic may be a unicast packet intended for reception at a specific destination port or a multicast packet, which may be intended for reception at two or more destination ports. However, packets may be misdirected by the network. A misdirected packet may be received at one or more ports that are not intended destinations.
A series of packets originating from a single port and having a specific type of packet and a specific rate will be referred to herein as a “stream.” A source port may support multiple outgoing streams simultaneously and concurrently, for example to accommodate multiple packet types, rates, or destinations. “Simultaneously” means “at exactly the same time.” “Concurrently” means “within the same time.”
For the purpose of reporting network traffic data, the packets within a stream may be organized into flows, where a “flow” is any plurality of packets for which network traffic statistics are accumulated and reported. The packets in a given flow may be distinguished by a flow identifier contained in each packet. The flow identifier may be, for example, a dedicated identifier field, an address, a port number, a tag, or some other field or combination of fields within each data unit.
A plurality of concurrent streams may be combined to form the output from a source port, which will be referred to herein as “test traffic”. The streams within the test traffic may be transmitted sequentially or concurrently through interleaving. The interleaving may be balanced, unbalanced, and distributed among the represented streams. To test a modern “triple play” network and network equipment, the test traffic may contain simulated data, audio, and video streams.
Throughout this description, elements appearing in block diagrams are assigned three-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit is the figure number and the two least significant digits are specific to the element. An element that is not described in conjunction with a block diagram may be presumed to have the same characteristics and function as a previously-described element having a reference designator with the same least significant digits.
In block diagrams, arrow-terminated lines may indicate data paths rather than signals. Each data path may be multiple bits in width. For example, each data path may consist of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or more parallel connections.
Description of Apparatus
The network test equipment 100 may be a network testing device, performance analyzer, conformance validation system, network analyzer, or network management system. The network test equipment 100 may include one or more network cards 114 and a backplane 112 contained or enclosed within a chassis 110. The chassis 110 may be a fixed or portable chassis, cabinet, or enclosure suitable to contain the network test equipment. The network test equipment 100 may be an integrated unit, as shown in
The network cards 114 may include one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), processors and other kinds of devices. In addition, the network cards 114 may include software and/or firmware. The term network card encompasses line cards, test cards, analysis cards, network line cards, load modules, interface cards, network interface cards, data interface cards, packet engine cards, service cards, smart cards, switch cards, relay access cards, and the like. The term network card also encompasses modules, units, and assemblies that may include multiple printed circuit boards. Each network card 114 may support a single communications protocol, may support a number of related protocols, or may support a number of unrelated protocols. The network cards 114 may be permanently installed in the network test equipment 100 or may be removable.
Each network card 114 may contain one or more port unit 120. One port unit or a plurality of port units may connect to the network 190 through respective ports. Each port may be connected to the network through a respective communication medium 185, which may be a wire, an optical fiber, a wireless link, or other communication medium. The communications media connecting the network to a plurality of ports may be the same or different. Each port unit 120 may generate and transmit test traffic to the network, and each port unit 120 may receive test traffic from the network. Packets transmitted by one of the port units 120 may commonly be received by one or more other port units.
The backplane 112 may serve as a bus or communications medium for the network cards 114. The backplane 112 may also provide power to the network cards 114.
The network devices 195 may be any devices capable of communicating over the network 190. The network devices 195 may be computing devices such as workstations, personal computers, servers, portable computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), computing tablets, cellular/mobile telephones, e-mail appliances, and the like; peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, facsimile machines and the like; network capable storage devices including disk drives such as network attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) devices; networking devices such as routers, relays, hubs, switches, bridges, and multiplexers. In addition, the network devices 195 may include appliances, alarm systems, and any other device or system capable of communicating over a network.
The network 190 may be a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Storage Area Network (SAN), wired, wireless, or a combination of these, and may include or be the Internet. Communications on the network 190 may take various forms, including frames, cells, datagrams, packets or other units of information, all of which are referred to herein as packets. The network test equipment 100 and the network devices 195 may communicate simultaneously with one another, and there may be plural logical communications paths between the network test equipment 100 and a given network device 195. The network itself may be comprised of numerous nodes providing numerous physical and logical paths for data to travel.
Referring now to
The port processor 222 may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and various specialized units, circuits, software and interfaces for providing the functionality and features described here. The processes, functionality and features may be embodied in whole or in part in software which operates on the processor and may be in the form of firmware, an application program, an applet (e.g., a Java applet), a browser plug-in, a COM object, a dynamic linked library (DLL), a script, one or more subroutines, or an operating system component or service. The hardware and software and their functions may be distributed such that some functions are performed by the processor and others by other devices.
The port processor 222 may communicate with a test administrator 205. The test administrator 205 may be a computing device contained within, or external to, the network test equipment 100. The test administrator 205 may provide the port processor with instructions and data required for the port unit to participate in testing the network 290. The instructions and data received from the test administrator 205 may include, for example, definitions of packet streams to be generated by the port unit 220 and definitions of performance statistics that may be accumulated and reported by the port unit 220.
The port processor 222 may provide the traffic generator 228 with test instructions 224. The test instructions 224 may cause the traffic generator 228 to form a plurality of streams that may be interleaved to form outgoing test traffic 230. The traffic generator 228 may then generate the plurality of streams in accordance with the test instructions 224. Each of the streams may include a sequence of packets. The test instructions 224 may include, for example, the type of packet, the frequency of transmission, definitions of fixed and variable-content fields within the packet and other information for each packet stream.
The network interface unit 232 may convert the outgoing test traffic 230 from the traffic generator 228 into the electrical, optical, or wireless signal format required to transmit the test traffic to the network under test 290 via a link 285, which may be a wire, an optical fiber, a wireless link, or other communications link. Similarly, the network interface unit 232 may receive electrical, optical, or wireless signals from the network over the link 285 and may convert the received signals into incoming test traffic 234 in a format usable to the traffic receiver 240.
The traffic receiver 240 may receive the incoming test traffic 234 from the network interface unit 232. The traffic receiver 240 may include a misdirected packet detector 242 to determine if each received packet is associated with the test in progress and has been received at an intended destination. The misdirected packet detector 242 may maintain a cumulative count of received packets that were misdirected, or received at an unintended destination. When a received packet is determined to be at a correct destination, the traffic receiver 240 may identify the received packet as a member of a specific flow, and may accumulate test statistics for each flow. The accumulated test statistics may include, for example, a total number of received packets, a number of packets received out-of-sequence, a number of received packets with errors, a maximum, average, and minimum propagation delay, and other statistics for each flow. The traffic receiver 240 may also capture and store specific packets in accordance with capture criteria provided by the port processor 222. The traffic receiver 240 may provide test statistics and/or captured packets 236 to the port processor 222, for additional analysis during, or subsequent to, the test session.
The outgoing test traffic 230 and the incoming test traffic 234 may be primarily stateless, which is to say that the outgoing test traffic 230 may be generated without expectation of any response and the incoming test traffic 234 may be received without any intention of responding. However, some amount of stateful, or interactive, communications may be required or desired between the port unit 220 and the network 290 during a test session. For example, the traffic receiver 240 may receive control packets, which are packets containing data necessary to control the test session, that require the port unit to send an acknowledgement or response.
The traffic receiver 240 may separate incoming control packets from the incoming test traffic and may route the incoming control packets 234 to the port processor 222. The port processor 222 may extract the content of each control packet and may generate an appropriate response in the form of one or more outgoing control packets 226. Outgoing control packets 226 may be provided to the traffic generator 228. The traffic generator 228 may insert the outgoing control packets into the outgoing test traffic 230.
Referring now to
To allow a packet receiver to determine if a received packet is part of a test session, and to enable the packet receiver to extract test data from a received packet without parsing the header portion of the packet, the packet 344 may include a signature 350 and one or more test data fields 356. The signature 350 and the test data fields 356 may commonly be placed in the payload 348. A traffic receiver may locate the signature 350 within a received packet by performing a floating comparison or pattern match against the known value of the test signature. The traffic receiver may than locate and extract the test data 356 based on the known position of these field in relationship to the signature 350. The test data fields 356 may include, for example, a packet flow identifier (also called a packet group identifier), a sequence number within the identified packet flow, a time stamp, and other test information. As shown in
To enable a traffic receiver to determine if a received packet was misdirected, or received at an unintended location, the signature 350 may be partitioned into a test signature 352 and a destination signature 354. The test signature 352 may identify a received packet as a test packet associated with a particular test session. The test signature 352 may be common to all packets generated during the test session. The destination signature 354 may define which port or ports of a network test equipment, such as the network test equipment 100, are intended to receive each packet.
For ease of presentation, the signature 350 in the example of
The test signature 352 may be detected within the packet 344 by performing a floating pattern match with a test filter 358. The test filter 358 may include an expected value for the test signature and a mask that defines how many bits of the signature 350 are used as the test signature 352. In this example, a logical “1” at a bit position in the mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the signature 350 is part of the test signature 352, and a logic “0” at a bit position in the mask indicates the corresponding bit in the signature 350 is not part of the test signature 352 and thus ignored. In this example, the test signature 352 is the left-hand 18 bits of the signature 350. The meaning of logical “1” and logical “0” in the mask may be reversed.
The packet 344 may be determined to be misdirected if the destination signature 354 does not match a port filter 360. The port filter 360 may include a value and a mask that defines how many bits of the signature 350 must match the value. In this example, a logical “1” at a bit position in the mask indicates that the corresponding bit in the signature 350 must match the corresponding bit of the value, and a logic “0” at a bit position in the mask indicates the corresponding bit in the signature 350 should be ignored. In this example, although the six right-hand bits of the signature 350 are available for use as the destination signature, two of the available six bits are ignored.
Referring now to
The first masked comparator 462 may perform a floating pattern comparison between a received packet 444 and a test filter 458 to locate, if present, a test signature 452 with the received packet 444. When the received packet 444 does not contain a valid text signature 452, the received packet 444 may simply be discarded or ignored. When the received packet 444 contains a valid test signature 452, the second masked comparator 464 may compare a destination signature 454 extracted from the received packet 444 to a port filter 460. The contents and format of the test filter 458 and the port filter 460 may be similar, but substantially longer, than the test filter 358 and port filters 360. A match between the destination signature 452 and the port filter 460 indicates the received packet has been correctly received at an intended location.
When the received packet contains both a valid test signature 452 and a destination signature 454 which matches the port filter 460 (as indicated by AND gate 470) a flow statistics engine 466 may be enabled to extract test data 456 from the receive packet 444. The flow statistics engine may then accumulate test statistics based on the extracted test data. Test statistics may include, for example, cumulative information such as the total number of packets received for each flow and/or the total number of out-of-sequence packets received for each flow; temporal information such as the minimum, maximum, and/or average latency for each flow; and other information indicative of the performance of a network under test.
When the received packet contains a valid test signature 452 but the destination signature 454 does not match the port filter 460 (as indicated by AND gate 466), the received packet 444 belongs to the test session in progress but has been misdirected and received at an unintended destination. In this case, the misdirected packet counter 468, which may be set to zero at the start of a test session, may be incremented to indicate a cumulative total number of misdirected packets received at the traffic receiver 440.
Description of Processes
Referring now to
At 515, the stream and flow definitions from 510 may be analyzed to identify all of the destinations that will receive packets, and the test equipment port or ports associated with each destination. In this context, a “destination” may be either a port that receives unicast packets or a group of ports that receives the same multicast packets. Each destination may receive one or many streams and flows of packets from one or more sources.
At 520, the identified destinations may be sorted or otherwise processed to identify interconnected port groups (ICPGs), where an ICPG includes all ports that receive multicast packets with any other member of the group. Conversely, the ports within an ICPG do not receive multicast packets with any other port that is not a member of the ICPG. An exemplary destination list, sorted into ICPGs, is shown in
Form
Destination D3 is a multicast group consisting of Ports 0 and 1. Since Ports 0 and 1 are not members of any other multicast group, Ports 0 and 1 constitute a first ICPG which is simply labeled by the port numbers 01. ICPG 01 also corresponds to destinations D1, D2, and D3. Any packet addressed to destinations D1, D2, or D3 is intended to be received at one or more ports within ICPG 01 and should not be received by any port that is not a member of ICPG 01. Similarly, Ports 4 and 5 and constitute ICPG 45 corresponding to destinations D6 and D7; Ports 6, 7, and 8 constitute ICPG 678 corresponding to destinations D8, D9, and D10; RX Ports 9, A, and B constitute ICPG 9AB corresponding to destinations D11 and D12; and Ports C, D, and E constitute ICPG CDE corresponding to destinations D13-D16. In the example of
The list of destinations shown in
Referring now to
Returning to
At 530, the total number of ICPGs and unicast groups may be determined. The number of ICPGs may be known from 520, and the number of unicast groups may be determined based on the number of unicast ports identified at 520 and the number of PE bits allocated at 525. When a destination includes a single port that only receives unicast packets, the Group Code 654A of the corresponding destination signature 654 may identify a unicast group containing the port, and the PE bits may identify a specific port within the unicast group. The maximum number of ports within a unicast group may be determined by the available number of PE bits, as determined at 525. In the example of
At 535, the number of bits required for the group code 654A may be determined based on the total number of ICPGs and unicast groups from 530. The example of
At 540, a determination may be made if the length of the destination signature, which is the combined length of the group code and PE bits, exceeds a predetermined maximum number of bits. As an extreme example, a test session that involved 256 receive ports and used numerous and extensive multicast addressing may have only a single ICPG. In this case, the destination signatures may require 256 PE bits. A 256-bit destination signature may consume the entire payload of short packets and may require extensive dedicated hardware within each traffic receiver and thus be impractical. The predetermined maximum number of bits for the destination signature may be 24 bits or 32 bits or 64 bits or some other value.
In the case where the destination signature is determined to be too long at 540, the misdirected packet detection feature may be disabled at 545 and the process 500 may continue at 560. Disabling the misdirected packet detection feature at 545 may include notifying the test engineer or other operator that the misdirected packet detection feature is not available for the streams and flows as defined at 510. Disabling the misdirected packet detection feature at 545 may also include setting a flag at, or sending a message to, each port unit indicating that misdirected packet detection will not be used. The misdirected packet detection feature may also be disabled at 545 by setting all bits of the port filters for all receive ports to “don't care”. When all bits of the port filters are “don't care, every packet will automatically match the port filter at the receiving traffic receiver. Thus each traffic receiver will never determine that a received packet is misdirected.
When the length of the required destination signature is determined to be acceptable at 540, unique destination signatures may be assigned to each destination and corresponding port filters may be generated at 550. A port filter may be generated at 550 for each port that will receive packets during the test session.
Each destination signature includes, in this example, 3 PE bits that enable specific ports within a group to receive packets sent to the respective destination. Consider, for example, the destination signatures assigned to destinations D1, D2, and D3 which comprise ICPG 01. Port 0 is enabled to receive packets sent to destination D1 (unicast packets to port 0) and destination D3 (multicast packets sent to ports 0 and 1), but not destination D2 (unicast packets to port 1). Similarly, Port 1 is enabled to receive packets sent to destination D2 (unicast packets to port 1) and destination D3 (multicast packets sent to ports 0 and 1), but not destination D1 (unicast packets to port 0). The choice of which of the 3 PE bits enables port 0 and which bit enables port 1 is arbitrary so long as separate bits are used to enable each port.
Note that Port 4 receives packets set to destinations D6 and D7, which is to say that Port 4 receives all packets sent to ICPG 45. Thus a PE bit is not required for Port 4, since port 4 is intended to receive all packets having a group code of 010. Similarly, port A receives all packets sent to ICPG 9AB and thus does not require a PE bit. Also note that ports 7 and 8 both receive packets sent to destinations D9 and D10, but not destination D8. Since ports 7 and 8 always receive the same packets, ports 7 and 8 can “share” a single PE bit.
Each port filter may include a port filter value and a separate port filter mask indicating which bits of the value are not used or “don't care”. For example, the port filter value for port 0 may be “001001” and the port filter mask may be “111001”, where “1” indicates a designation signature must match the respective bit of the port filter value and “0” indicates that the respective bit of the destination signature is “don't care”.
Referring back to
At 565, information necessary to conduct the test session may be distributed to port units the will participate in the test session. Information distributed to port units that will generate packets during the test session may include the test signature from 560, the destination signatures from 550, and data defining the streams and flows to be generated from 510. Information distributed to each port unit that will receive packets may include the test filter from 560 and a corresponding port filter from 555. Other information, such as instructions for accumulating performance statistics and for capturing packets may also be distributed to some or all of the port units that will receive packets. When all information necessary to conduct the test session has been distributed, the test session may proceed as shown in
Referring now to
At the start of the test session, at 905, a misdirected packet counter at each receiving port unit may be set to zero. At 910, a packet may be generated and transmitted from a transmitting port unit. The packet may include a test signature and a destination signature. The packet may pass through the network under test 990 and may be received at a receiving port unit at 915. In some cases, the packet may be transmitted and received by the same port unit.
At 920, the receiving port unit may determine if the packet contains a valid test signature. The receiving port unit may determine if the packet contains a valid test signature by performing a floating pattern match with a test filter. When the receiving port unit cannot locate a valid test signature within the received packet, the received packet may be discarded at 925. In some cases, the receiving port unit may recognize that a packet without a valid test signature as a control packet and may forward the control packet to a processor (not shown) for additional processing.
When the receiving port unit locates, at 920, a valid test signature within the received packet, the receiving port unit may determine, at 930, if the packet has been received at a correct destination. The receiving port unit may extract a designation signature from the received packet. The receiving port unit may determine that the packet is correctly received if the extracted destination signature matches a port filter. If the destination signature does not match the port filter, the receiving port unit may determine that the received packet has been misdirected. In this case, the misdirected packet counter within the receiving port unit may be incremented at 935.
When the receiving port unit determines, at 930, that a packet has been correctly received, test data may be extracted at 940 and test statistics may be accumulated based on the extract test data.
Closing Comments
Throughout this description, the embodiments and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations on the apparatus and procedures disclosed or claimed. Although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways to accomplish the same objectives. With regard to flowcharts, additional and fewer steps may be taken, and the steps as shown may be combined or further refined to achieve the methods described herein. Acts, elements and features discussed only in connection with one embodiment are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in other embodiments.
As used herein, “plurality” means two or more. As used herein, a “set” of items may include one or more of such items. As used herein, whether in the written description or the claims, the terms “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first”, “second”, “third”, etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. As used herein, “and/or” means that the listed items are alternatives, but the alternatives also include any combination of the listed items.
