Patent Application
20060058173
This application claims priority to PCT application number PCT/RU2003/000210, filed May 8, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The invention relates to fabrication of fireproof granular materials designed to be used as a propping agent (prop) during oil and gas production by way of hydraulic fracturing of a shelf.
Hydraulic fracturing of the shelf is a process of pumping liquid into given oil and gas bearing underground shelves transverse to a well under pressure and at a rather high speed, in the result of which this shelf collapses and liquid penetrates a formed fissure. To maintain fissures open-ended after removal of rupture pressure a propping agent is added to pumped liquid which penetrating the fissure and filling it up functions as lining. In the result of hydraulic fracturing of the shelf oil and gas recovery factor in the well increases due to an increase in the total shelf area joining with the well, appearance of a larger pressure differential between the oil-bearing stratum and fissure stimulating oil or gas inflow to it, greater permeability of the fissure filled with prop as compared to the permeability of underground oil and gas-bearing rock.
A propping agent is high-strength spherical granules able to endure exposure to high temperature and pressure as well as aggressive environment (acid gases, saline solutions) created in the underground shelves near oil and gas wells.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,068,718 describes a propping agent obtained from sintered bauxite the specific gravity of which is over 3.4 g/cm3. It is stated that this specific gravity is necessary for an agent's particle not to be destructed even with high compressive efforts. However, the described material being rather solid and destruction-proof has great specific gravity which makes it inconvenient in use since it requires application of ruptural liquids with increased viscosity and leads to a low volume concentration of this agent in them. It results in a decrease in the width of a fissure after relief of rupture pressure and an insignificant increase in oil and gas recovery factor in the well.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,068 describes a propping agent propping agent with the specific gravity of 2.7-3.4 g/cm3 produced from a mixture of preliminarily fully or partially calcinated diaspore clay and dense nonplastic non-soaking fireproof clay (the so called, flint fireclay) with preliminarily roasted bauxite so that the ratio of alumine to silicon in this mixture constitutes from 9:1 to 1:1. Source materials are reduced to fine particles by dry method, are mixed in an Eirich mixer with powder corn starch. Then water is added to the mixer in the amount sufficient to form spherical compositional granules from powder mixture. The authour maintains that the speed of adding water is not important. The granules are dried and baked in the rotating oven. The drawback of this invention is the restrictions of the used for prop fabrication natural aluminosilicate raw material since its use with the aluminum oxide content over 50% is required.
Also a mixture for fabrication of granules is known (RF patent No. 2140875), which contains (wt. %) 70-99.5 of kaolin roasted at 700-900° and 0.5-30% with the content of 30-45 wt. % of Al2O3, and 0.5-30% of an additive from the group of substances or their mixtures: bauxite roasted at 800-1100° C. and unroasted one, baddeleyite, powder zirconium concentrate, alumina dust as the wastes of alumine production. The amount of an additive depends on its nature and chemical content: alumina dust, the wastes of alumine production, containing Al2O3 99.0-99.5 wt. %, is added in the amount of 5.0-20.0 wt. %; baddeleyite containing ZrO2 91.0-96.0 wt. %, is added in the amount of 0.5-5.0 wt. %; powder zirconium concentrate containing ZrO2 60.0-65.0 wt. % is added in the amount of 0.5-10.0 wt. %; roasted at 800-1100° C. and unroasted bauxite containing over 65-75 wt. % is added in the amount of 5.0-30.0%; a mixture from alumina dust and unroasted bauxite in the ratio of 1:2 is added in the amount of 15 wt. %; a mixture of unroasted or roasted at 800-1100° C. bauxite and baddeleyite in the ratio of 1:9 is added in the amount of 10.0 wt. %; a mixture of unroasted bauxite and powder zirconium concentrate in the ratio of 1:4 is added in the amount of 10.0 wt. %; a mixture of alumina dust, bauxite roasted at 800-1100° C. and unroasted one in the ratio of 1:2:1 is added in the amount of 20 wt. %; a mixture of alumina dust and bauxite roasted at 800-1100° C. in the ratio of 1:1 is added in the amount of 10 wt. %.
The drawback of this mixture is the use of rather scarce and costly materials, most of which (baddeleyite, zirconium concentrate, alumina dust) are the products of natural raw material processing. The use of costly raw material increases the product's prime cost. The use of multicomponent mixtures complicates production workflow, requires a large number of intermediate containers, extra dosing equipment which additionally increases a product's prime cost and reduces the reliability of maintenance of the given production flow parameters, and leads to instability of end product characteristics. Addition of zirconium bearing components (baddelayite and powder zirconium concentrate) increases agent's specific gravity and bulk weight. In the result of using kaolin as the main raw material, the agent with the intermediate specific gravity (2.67-2.87 g/cm3) and bulk weight (1.67-1.89 g/cm3) is produced.
An offered mixture for fabrication of high-strength spherical granules allows to remove the said drawbacks and get a light prop with the specific gravity of 2.6-2.8 g/cm3 and bulk weight of 1.58-1.68 g/cm3 preserving its capability to endure exposures to high temperature and pressure as well as aggressive environment in the underground shelves near oil and gas bearing wells.
A method is known according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,820 where a preliminarily roasted at the temperature not lower than 900° C. kaolinite clay containing at least 1% of Fe2O3 and less than 2% of free quartz together with amorphous silicon is reduced in a ball crusher to the particles with the average size not smaller than 7 mkm. The mixture of a combined grind is granulated in the mixer, produced granules are dried and roasted.
The drawback of this method is the restrictions of the used natural aluminisilicate raw material since the use of kaolinite clay with the content of less than 1% of Fe2O3 and less than 2% of free quartz is needed. The use of costly amorphous silicon increases the product's prime cost.
The offered manufacturing method of high-strength spherical granules allows to remove these drawbacks.
The above and other features of the invention including various novel details of construction
According to the invention kaolin and bauxite are preliminarily roasted, and for granules fabrication a fine ground product of the combined grind of preliminarily roasted kaolin and bauxite in the ratio, wt. %, is used:
Preliminary roasting of the kaolin containing 40-45% of Al2O3 and not more than 5% of free quartz is implemented at the temperature of 1400-1500° C. to the water absorption not more than 5%. The best result is with kaolin roasting to the water absorption not more than 4%.
The temperature of preliminary roasting of bauxite depends on an Al2O3 content: 1500-1700° C. (preferably, 1600-1650° C.) to the water absorption not more than 5% with the content of Al2O3 60-65%; 1100-1400° C. (preferably, 1250-1300° C.) to the water absorption of 20-35% with the content of Al2O3 more than 65%.
After preliminary roasting bauxite and kaolin are subject to combined dry fine grind to the particles with the average size smaller than 10 mkm (preferably smaller than 5 mkm). A fine ground product of this combined grind is granulated in an Eirich mixer-granulator, produced granules are dried, sieved for isolation of a desired cut, afterwards it is roasted at the temperature of 1500-1600° C. (preferably, 1550-1600° C.) and the roasted granules are sieved for the second time to get the end product.
Kaolin is sedimentary clay mainly consisting of a kaolinite mineral (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O). In the process of kaolinite formation during destruction (efflorescing) of the feldspars evolved from primary (magmatic) rocks as intermediate products of efflorescing satellite minerals are included in the main ones, the major of them being quartz. Besides quartz silicon hydrates (argillite), rutile, zirconium silicate, carbonates (primarily, calcite) are met in kaolin.
Kaolins with a decreased content of quartz are formed in the result of the secondary deposit of kaolinite carried off by water and they are called secondary. Secondary kaolins with the content of free quartz less than 3% (and especially more than 1%) can be encountered extremely rarely.
During kaolin roasting the kaolinite contained in it decomposes with isolation of hydrated water and formation of mullite and free silicon
3(Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)→3Al2O3.2SiO2+4SiO2+6H2O↑.
The free silicon formed in the result of kaolinite decomposition generates silicic glass conglomerating together with other admixtures. Free quartz as a kaolin component dissolves in this silicic glass. The process of quartz crystals dissolving in silicic glass is accelerated by an increase in the temperature of kaolin roasting. Dissolving quartz concentrates silicon component in glass increasing its thermal stability, viscosity, and finally, solidity of the particles of roasted fire clay. That is why roasting of secondary kaolins with the content of Al2O3 40-45% and not more than 5% of free quartz is done in rotating ovens at the temperature of 1400-1500° C. The indicator of the roasting process being completed is water absorption of roasted material. With high (more than 5%) value of water absorption the baking process is not completed, free quartz is not fully dissolved in silicic glass and during cooling it transforms from α-form to β-form changing its volume it increases porosity and water absorption of roasted kaolin. Water absorption of less than 5% indicates that all physical and chemical processes: mullite formation, quartz dissolving in glass and its baking are completed in roasted kaolin, that is why kaolin is roasted to the water absorption not more than 5% (preferably, less than 4%) to exclude any further physical and chemical processes in roasted material.
Bauxites are rocks mainly consisting of silicon hydrates, the major of which is gibbsite or argillite Al2O3.3H2O, boehmite, and diaspore with a similar chemical formula of Al2O3.H2O. Clay forming minerals are most often encountered as satellites, particularly kaolinite as well as free quartz.
When a Al2O3 content in bauxite is within the range of 60-65% this bauxite contains along with kaolinite admixtures some free quartz that is why roasting is needed at the temperature of 1500-1700° C. (preferably, at 1600-1650° C.) to the water absorption not more than 5% to complete all physical and chemical processes in roasted bauxite: formation of mullite from decomposition products of silicon hydrates and kaolinite, dissolving of quartz in glass and caking. At that, later on the caked material formed in the result of roasting does not undergo any physical or chemical transformations.
When the content of Al2O3 in bauxite is more than 65% it contains a minimal amount of satellite materials, and a free quartz content is practically zero. The reaction of mullite formation can be stopped and in this case bauxite can be roasted in less severer conditions at a lower temperature of 1100-1400° C. (preferably, 1250-1300° C.) to the water absorption within the range of 20-35%. At that, the reaction of mullite formation, isolation and conglomeration of mullite and corund crystals is transferred to the stage of granules roasting. The mullite and corund crystals forming during granules roasting reinforce its structure giving it additional stability to mechanical loads.
Process implementation is as follows. Source bauxite and kaolin are preliminarily roasted separately in the rotating oven. At that, kaolin is roasted at the temperature of 1400-1500° C. to water absorption not more than 5% (preferably, not less than 4%). Bauxite is roasted depending on the content of aluminum oxide in it, at 1250-1300° C. to water absorption of 20-35% (wt. % of Al2O3 more than 65%) or at 1600-1650° C. to water absorption not more than 5% (wt. % of Al2O3 within the range of 60-65%). Then roasted kaolin and bauxite are exposed to fine combined grind in a tubular, vibrating or any other mill ensuring a given grade (the average size of particles is smaller than 10 mkm, preferably, smaller than 5 mkm) in the following ratio, wt. %:
The product of a combined grind is granulated in the Einrich mixer-granulator, produced granules are dried and afterwards sieved to isolate a desired cut which is roasted at the temperature of 1500-1700° C. (preferably, 1550-1600° C.). Roasted granules are sieved for the second time to isolate an end product.
The composition of the used ingredients is presented in table 1.
The kaolin containing 40 wt. % of Al2O3 and about 5% of free quartz, roasted at the temperature of 1400° C. to water absorption of 5%, and bauxite containing 60 wt. % of Al2O3 roasted at the temperature of 1600° C. to water absorption of 5% is exposed to fine combined grind in the following ratio, wt. %:
The product of a combined grind is granulated in the Eirich mixer-granulator, produced granules are dried and afterwards sieved to isolate the desired cut of 0.4-0.8 mm, which is then roasted at the temperature of 1500-1600° C. (preferably, 1550-1600° C.). Roasted granules are sieved for the second time to isolate an end product.
The properties of roasted spherical granules are shown in table 2.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the ingredients ratio, wt. %:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 by the fact of kaolin containing 45% of Al2O3 and about 3% of free quartz and it being roasted at the temperature of 1500° C. to water absorption of 4%.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 6 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 6 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 6 only by the ingredients ratio
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 6 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the fact of bauxite containing 65% of Al2O3 and it being roasted at the temperature of 1650° C. to water absorption of 5%.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 11 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 11 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 11 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 11 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the fact of kaolin containing 45% of Al2O3 and about 3% of free quartz and it being roasted at the temperature of 1500° C. to water absorption of 4%.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 16 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 16 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 16 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 16 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 1 only by the fact of bauxite containing 70% of Al2O3 and it being roasted at the temperature of 1300° C. to water absorption of 20%.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 21 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 21 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 21 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 21 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 21 only by the fact of kaolin containing 45% of Al2O3 and about 3% of free quartz and it being roasted at the temperature of 1500° C. to water absorption of 4%.
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 26 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 26 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 26 only by the ingredients ratio:
The composition of the raw material differs from Example 26 only by the ingredients ratio:
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/RU03/00210 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11269209 | Nov 2005 | US |
