The subject matter of this disclosure relates to internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines like those used to propel large trucks. In particular it relates to a strategy for inferring temperature of exhaust gas at an engine exhaust manifold from a measured temperature of exhaust gas entering a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and using the inferred temperature as an engine control parameter, such as for control of recirculation of exhaust gas through an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system.
A representative diesel engine comprises an exhaust system through which diesel exhaust gas is conveyed from the engine's cylinders to the tailpipe where it enters the surrounding atmosphere. Before passing through and out of the tailpipe, the exhaust gas is treated by an after-treatment system that comprises one or more after-treatment devices. Examples of such devices are diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC's) and diesel particulate filters (DPF's).
Diesel engines that are manufactured today for use in automotive vehicles such as trucks are typically turbocharged. Heat energy in exhaust gas leaving an engine exhaust manifold is converted into mechanical energy as it passes through a turbine portion of a turbocharger to operate a compressor in the compression portion that draws air into the intake system to deliver charge air to the engine cylinders.
For controlling NOx content in the exhaust gas, a portion of the exhaust gas can be recirculated from the exhaust system through an EGR system to the intake system. When the entrance to an EGR system is upstream of the turbocharger turbine, it may be appropriate for the EGR system to comprise one or more heat exchangers for cooling the exhaust gas being recirculated. Cooling of the exhaust gas can increase the effectiveness of the EGR system in limiting the generation of NOx.
However, it is recognized in the industry that cooling of recirculated exhaust gas creates the potential for condensation of certain gaseous constituents in the exhaust gas. Over time such condensates may accumulate sufficiently to have a detrimental effect on performance and/or components. For example, coolant passageways in coolers may become restricted, components may corrode, and moving parts may stick.
Condensation may be more extreme and/or perhaps even unavoidable at certain times, such as when a cold-soaked engine is warming after having been started and portions of its EGR system have not yet reached operating temperature. When condensation occurs along an EGR flow path and temperature of surrounding parts is sufficiently low, condensate may freeze and consequently restrict, or even block, the flow until the parts warm sufficiently to thaw the frozen condensate.
Condensation may also occur regardless of whether any cooler is present in the EGR system, for example when the engine is running at low idle and exhaust gas temperatures are low.
To address such situations, known practices in EGR control strategies include delaying and/or limiting EGR when conditions are conducive for condensation, and while such measures may be helpful in slowing the accumulation of condensates as an engine ages, they do impact the quantity of NOx in tailpipe emissions.
A temperature sensor associated with a diesel oxidation catalyst, or DOC, provides a measurement of the temperature of engine exhaust gas entering the DOC as an input to a processor in an engine controller. The present disclosure describes a model that enables the temperature of exhaust gas at the exhaust manifold to be inferred, or estimated, from the temperature measured by the sensor. The model is embodied, by way of illustration, as an algorithm that is executed by the processor.
Briefly, the model processes data for a number of parameters related to engine operation, to ambient conditions, and to exhaust system characteristics such as its geometry. Some parameters are constants; others are variables, such as engine speed and load, that are taken into account because exhaust gas temperature will vary as engine operation changes, and variables, such as air temperature and barometric pressure, which change with changing ambient conditions.
A general aspect of the disclosure relates to an internal combustion engine comprising an exhaust system which conveys exhaust gas created in engine combustion chambers to atmosphere and which comprises an exhaust manifold through which exhaust gas enters from the combustion chambers, an after-treatment device for treating exhaust gas before passing into the atmosphere, and a sensor providing data for temperature of exhaust gas entering the after-treatment device.
A processor comprises an algorithm that models temperature of exhaust gas at the exhaust manifold as a function of the data from the sensor and other data, including certain thermodynamic constants, certain geometry of the exhaust system, and certain variables related to operation of the engine, and that when executed, processes the data from the sensor and the other data to calculate temperature of exhaust gas at the exhaust manifold.
Another general aspect relates to a method for inferring temperature of exhaust gas at an exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine that has an exhaust system comprising an after-treatment device for treating exhaust gas passing through the exhaust system from the exhaust manifold and a sensor providing data for temperature of exhaust gas entering the after-treatment device.
The method comprises processing the data from the sensor and other data to infer temperature of exhaust gas at the exhaust manifold by executing an algorithm that models temperature of exhaust gas at the exhaust manifold as a function of data from the sensor and the other data, including certain constants, certain geometry of the exhaust system, and certain variables related to operation of the engine.
The foregoing summary, accompanied by further detail of the disclosure, will be presented in the Detailed Description below with reference to the following drawings that are part of this disclosure.
Engine 10 also comprises a number of cylinders 20 forming combustion chambers into which fuel is injected by fuel injectors to combust with the charge air that has entered from intake manifold 14. Energy released by combustion in cylinders 20 powers the engine via pistons connected to a crankshaft (not specifically shown).
When used in a motor vehicle, such as a truck, engine 10 is coupled through a drivetrain to driven wheels that propel the vehicle. Intake valves control the admission of charge air into cylinders 20 from intake manifold 14, and exhaust valves control the outflow of exhaust gas into exhaust manifold 18, through exhaust system 16, and ultimately to ambient atmosphere via a tailpipe.
Turbocharging is provided by a turbocharger 22 that comprises a turbine 22T for converting heat energy in exhaust gas passing through the turbine after leaving exhaust manifold 18 into mechanical energy as to operate a compressor 22C that draws air into intake system 12 through an air cleaner 23 to deliver charge air for cylinders 20. Because the compression of the air elevates its temperature, the compressed air flows through a charge air cooler 24 where some of the heat is rejected before the charge air enters cylinders 20.
After leaving turbine 22T and before entering the atmosphere, the exhaust gas is treated by one or more after-treatment devices in an after-treatment system 26 that includes a DOC 28 and a temperature sensor 30 for measuring temperature of exhaust gas entering the DOC.
Engine 10 also comprises an EGR system 32 for recirculating some exhaust gas from exhaust system 16 successively through a cooler 34 and an EGR control valve 36 to intake system 12 for entrainment with the charge air flow to cylinders 20. EGR valve 36 meters an appropriate amount of exhaust gas into fresh air passing through intake system 12 so that the air is diluted, consequently limiting in-cylinder temperatures and the quantity of NOx in the exhaust gas created by combustion.
For inferring the temperature of exhaust gas leaving manifold 18 to enter EGR system 32, the temperature of exhaust gas measured by sensor 30 is processed by a processor 38 according to a mathematical model that will be described with reference to
For modeling temperature of exhaust gas at exhaust manifold 18, heat lost during passage through the turbo down pipe from turbine 22T and heat lost in turbine 22T are modeled, as indicated by the respective heat-loss models shown in blocks 40 and 42 respectively of
Heat loss through the turbo down pipe comprises a radiant component and a convective component. The convective component is large in comparison to the radiant component. Heat loss through turbine 22T is due predominantly to work that it performs to operate compressor 22C.
External heat transfer coefficient hext is calculated using a mathematical model 44. The variables used in the calculation are the nominal outside diameter of the turbo downpipe DO, velocity of the exhaust gas flowing through the downpipe U, and the temperature measurement T
Internal heat transfer coefficient hint is calculated using a mathematical model 50. The variables used in the calculation are the nominal inside diameter of the turbo downpipe DI, the nominal internal transverse cross sectional area of the downpipe Ain
Ambient air temperature Ambient_Temp_Signal, engine speed N, engine torque TQI_SP, and ambient air pressure Ambient_Pres_Signal are used in a mathematical model 52 for calculating the mass flow rate of exhaust gas Mexh that is one of the parameters in model 50.
In addition to the external heat transfer coefficient hext and the internal heat transfer coefficient hint, ambient air temperature Ambient_Temp_Signal, the nominal transverse cross sectional area bounded by the outer surface of the downpipe Across_section, and DOC inlet temperature DOC_In_Temp Signal are used in a mathematical model 54 to yield a value, Q, for heat lost in the down pipe due to convection. Because the radiant heat loss is small in comparison to the convective heat loss, the former is not worth modeling.
The lost heat Q, the mass flow rate of exhaust gas Mexh, the DOC inlet temperature DOC_In_Temp Signal, and the specific heat of air Cp are used in a mathematical model 56 for calculating a data value for T
representing Specific Heat Ratio of gases, exhaust back-pressure measured by a sensor at exhaust manifold 18 and converted to a corresponding value for a parameter Pexh
A calculation 60 sums Pdpf and Pamb to provide the pressure parameter Pstack. The efficiency of turbine 22T is a parameter ηt.
This application claims the priority of Provisional Patent Application No. 61/078,135, filed on 03 Jul. 2008, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Date | Country | |
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61078135 | Jul 2008 | US |