Patent Grant
9088411
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0007925, filed on Jan. 22, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a modem, and more particularly, to a modem and a driving method thereof that estimates and compensates for a time offset due to time drift.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a wireless communication system, a clock source used in a transceiver (for example, a base transceiver station) and a clock source used in a receiver (for example, a terminal) may be different from each other. Thus, time drift between the transceiver and the receiver can occur due to a drift of each clock. If the time drift is not compensated for, receiving performance can be degraded. Accordingly, the receiver estimates time drift and compensates for the time drift.
A Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system can track time drifts using various methods. In the case of a rake receiver, time drifts are tracked in fingers using an Early-Late tracking loop method, a Tau-Dither tracking loop method, or modification methods thereof.
A receiver supporting a High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) protocol uses a chip-level channel equalization receiving method, instead of a rake receiver, to obtain improved performance, and to this end, channel estimation is performed in units of chips or in units of sub-chips.
The present invention has been made to address at lest the above problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention provides a modem in which a time offset is measured and compensated for using a CIR, which is generated by estimating a channel in units of sub-chips.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a driving method of a modem.
An additional aspect of the present invention provides a mobile device including the modem.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a modem is provided that includes a channel estimator configured to compute a Channel Impulse Response (CIR) through channel estimation. The modem also includes a time tracker configured to estimate an estimation time position by applying a weighted-average method to the CIR, measure a time offset by comparing the estimation time position with a reference time position, and compensate for the time offset.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for driving a modem. A CIR is computed through channel estimation. An estimation time position is estimated by applying a weighted-average method to the CIR. A time offset is measured by comparing the estimation time position with a reference time position. The time offset is compensated for.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, a mobile device is provided that includes a modem configured to receive a data signal from a base transceiver station, and an application processor configured to receive the data signal from the modem. The modem includes a channel estimator configured to compute a CIR through channel estimation, and a time tracker configured to estimate an estimation time position by applying a weighted-average method to the CIR, measure a time offset by comparing the estimation time position with a reference time position, and compensate for the time offset.
In accordance with an additional aspect of the present invention, an article of manufacture is provided for driving a modem. The article of manufacture includes a machine readable medium containing one or more programs which when executed implement the steps of: computing a CIR through channel estimation; estimating an estimation time position by applying a weighted-average method to the CIR; measuring a time offset by comparing the estimation time position with a reference time position; and compensating for the time offset.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a modem is provided that includes an on-late sampler configured to receive data and output an on-sample signal and a late-sample signal based on the data. The modem also includes a data buffer configured to receive the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal from the on-late sampler, and output the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal. The modem further includes a channel estimator configured to receive the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal from the data buffer, perform channel estimation using the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal to generate a CIR, and output the CIR. The modem additional includes a time tracker configured to receive the CIR from the channel estimator, measure a time offset of a chip unit and a time offset of a sub-chip unit using the CIR, regulate timing of the data buffer using the time offset of the chip unit, and regulate timing of the on-late sampler using the time offset of the sub-chip unit.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for driving a modem. Data is received at an on-late sampler of the modem for generation of an on-sample signal and a late-sample signal. The on-sample signal and the late-sample signal are transmitted from the on-late sampler to a data buffer of the modem. The on-sample signal and the late-sample signal are transmitted from the data buffer to a channel estimator of the modem. Channel estimation is performed, at the channel estimator, using the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal to generate a CIR. The CIR is transmitted from the channel estimator to a time tracker of the modem. A time offset of a chip unit and a time offset of a sub-chip unit are measured at the time tracker using the CIR. Timing of the data buffer is regulated using the time offset of the chip unit, and timing of the on-late sampler is regulated using the time offset of the sub-chip unit.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, an article of manufacture is provided for driving a modem. The article of manufacture includes a machine readable medium containing one or more programs which when executed implement the steps of: receiving data at an on-late sampler of the modem for generation of an on-sample signal and a late-sample signal; transmitting the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal from the on-late sampler to a data buffer of the modem; transmitting the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal from the data buffer to a channel estimator of the modem; perform channel estimation, at the channel estimator, using the on-sample signal and the late-sample signal to generate a Channel Impulse Response (CIR); transmitting the CIR from the channel estimator to a time tracker of the modem; measuring, at the time tracker, a time offset of a chip unit and a time offset of a sub-chip unit using the CIR; and regulating timing of the data buffer using the time offset of the chip unit, and regulating timing of the on-late sampler using the time offset of the sub-chip unit.
The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same or similar components may be designated by the same or similar reference numerals although they are illustrated in different drawings. Detailed descriptions of constructions or processes known in the art may be omitted to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the present invention.
It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on”, “directly connected to”, or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of embodiment of the present invention.
Spatially relative terms, such as, for example, “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element's or feature's relationship to another element or feature, as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the present invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to cross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures). As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from manufacturing, for example. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will typically have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges, rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature, and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device or to limit the scope of the present invention.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Referring to
If the terminal 10 is a smart-phone or a tablet Personal Computer (PC), the terminal 10 may further include an application processor configured to receive a data signal from the modem 100, a display panel configured to display a screen, a touch panel configured to receive touch input, and so on.
The HSDPA receiver 110 operates according to HSDPA standards.
The HSDPA receiver 110 includes a receiving (Rx) antenna 111, a Radio Frequency (RF) receiver 112, an Analog-Digital Converter (ADC) 113, an interpolator 114, an on-late sampler 115, a data buffer 116, a channel estimator 117, a time tracker 118, a channel equalizer 119, a despreader 120, a symbol demapper 121, and a decoder 122.
The RF receiver 112 outputs a signal received through the Rx antenna 111 to the ADC 113. The ADC 113 converts an analog signal output from the RF receiver 112 into a digital signal, and transmits the digital signal to the interpolator 114.
The interpolator 114 receives data from the ADC 113, and performs interpolation. In an embodiment of the present invention, the interpolator 114 receives 1× chip rate data, and generates 8× chip rate data.
Because the HSDPA receiver 110 generates the 8× chip rate data in the interpolator 114, a time offset may be tracked in units of ⅛ chip duration. If interpolation with a higher chip rate (for example, 16× or 32×) is performed in the HSDPA receiver 110, the time offset may be more precisely tracked in units of 1/16 or 1/32 chip duration.
The on-late sampler 115 receives interpolated data, and generates data to perform channel estimation using the received data. The on-late sampler 115 includes an on sampler 115A and a late sampler 115B. The on sampler 115A transmits an on-sample signal OS to the data buffer 116. The late sampler 115B transmits a late-sample signal LS to the data buffer 116. The on-late sampler 115 compensates for a time offset of a sub-chip unit. Input and output of the on-late sampler 115 is described in greater detail below with reference to
The data buffer 116 receives the on-sample signal OS and the late-sample signal LS from the on-late sampler 115, and transmits the signals OS and LS to the channel estimator 117. The data buffer 116 receives a time offset value of a chip unit from the time tracker 118, and may compensate for the time offset of a chip unit.
The channel estimator 117 performs channel estimation using the on-sample signal OS and the late-sample signal LS output from the data buffer 116. The channel estimator 117 outputs a CIR as the channel estimation result to the time tracker 118 and the channel equalizer 119. The channel estimator 117 is described in greater detail below, with reference to
The time tracker 118 may measure a time offset Tcomp
The channel equalizer 119 receives the CIR from the channel estimator 117. Further, the channel equalizer 119 receives a data signal from the data buffer 116. The channel equalizer 119 restores distortion of the received data signal based on the CIR. The channel equalizer 119 performs channel equalization of the data signal, and outputs the channel equalized data signal to the despreader 120.
The despreader 120 despreads the spread signal, and transmits the despread signal to the symbol demapper 121. The symbol demapper 121 demodulates a signal output from the despreader 120 using a demodulation method corresponding to a modulation method applied to a transceiver of the communication system 1, and outputs the demodulated signal to the decoder 122. The decoder 122 decodes a signal output from the symbol demapper 121 using a decoding method corresponding to a coding method applied to the transceiver of the communication system 1.
Referring to
It is assumed that the channel estimator 117 estimates a channel in units of ½ chips. The interpolator 114 transmits data interpolated with 8× chip rate to the on-late sampler 115. For example, during a first chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, and d7 signals. During a second chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d8, d9, d10, d11, d12, d13, d14, and d15 signals. Further, during a third chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d16, d17, d18, d19, d20, d21, d22, and d23 signals.
In normal operation (when there is no time offset), the on sampler 115A transmits d0, d8, and d16 signals as an on-sample signal OS to the channel estimator 117. The late sampler 115B outputs a data signal ½ chip later than the on sampler 115A. In other words, the late sampler 115B transmits d4, d12, and d20 signals as a late-sample signal LS to the channel estimator 117.
If it is assumed that the channel estimator 117 estimates a channel in units of ¼ chips, the number of output signals of the on-late sampler 115 may be four. Namely, there are on-sample signals OS, ¼ late-sample signals, 2/4 late-sample signals, and ¾ late-sample signals as output signals of the on-late sampler 115. For example, the on-sample signals OS may be d0, d8, d16, d24, etc. The ¼ late-sample signals may be d2, d10, d18, d26, etc. The 2/4 late-sample signals may be d4, d12, d20, d28, etc. The ¾ late-sample signals may be d6, d14, d22, d30, etc.
Units with respect to chips (for example, whether the channel estimator 117 estimates a channel in units of ½ chips or ¼ chips) in which a channel is estimated in the channel estimator 117 may be determined considering a size of hardware resources and expected performance.
Referring to
The base transceiver station 20 scrambles a Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) signal spread by a diffusion coefficient of 256 with a scramble code signal of the base transceiver station 20, and transmits it to the terminal 10. The terminal 10 may receive the CPICH signal transmitted from the base transceiver station 20, and perform channel estimation.
Because a multipath phenomenon may occur depending on circumstances, there may be signals reflected depending on a channel environment between the base transceiver station 20 and the terminal 10.
The channel estimator 117 may estimate a channel in units of taps using a combination (i.e., a reference signal ref) of the CPICH signal and the scramble code signal. The channel estimator 117 may compute a CIR through this process. In an embodiment of the present invention, a tap may be set in units of ½, ¼, ⅛, 1/16, 1/32 or 1/64 sub-chips.
For example, a signal detected in a second tap T[2] is a signal directly received from the base transceiver station 20, and a signal detected in a tap T[8] is a signal reflected by surrounding objects. The second and eighth taps T[2] and T[8] may be valid taps, and other taps (i.e., fifth, eleventh, sixteenth, and nineteenth taps T[5], T[11], T[16], and T[19]) may be noise.
Referring to
The PN code generator 117A includes a Scrambler Code Generator (SCG) and a Reference Generator (RG). The SCG generates a scramble code signal SC identifying the base transceiver station 20. The RG multiplies a CPICH signal and the scramble code signal SC, performs a conjugate operation on the multiplied result, and generates a reference signal ref.
The sub-channel estimator 117B includes first to nth sub-chip channel estimators S1 to Sn, and n/2 Delay Components (DC).
In an embodiment of the present invention, a tap is set in units of sub-chips. To estimate a channel in units of sub-chips, the channel estimator 117 may include as many of the sub-chip channel estimators as the number of taps. For example, when the tap is set in units of ½ chips, the sub-channel estimator 117B estimates in units of ½ chips.
Odd-numbered sub-chip channel estimators, such as the first, third, and fifth sub-chip channel estimators S1, S3, and S5, and so on, receive the on-sample signal OS. Even-numbered sub-chip channel estimators, such as the second, fourth, and sixth sub-chip channel estimators S2, S4, and S6, and so on, receive the late-sample signal LS.
Each of the first to nth sub-chip channel estimators S1 to Sn includes a Correlation Operator (CO), and an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter.
The CO includes a multiplier M configured to multiply the reference signal ref and a data signal received from the data buffer 116, and an accumulator ACC configured to accumulate the multiplied result. The accumulator ACC may accumulate the result multiplied by 256 corresponding to a spreading factor of the CPICH signal. The accumulator ACC accumulates the multiplied result in units of 256 chips, and is initialized in units of 256 chips.
In the first sub-chip channel estimator S1, the CO computes a correlation between the on-sample signal OS and the reference signal ref. If the correlation between the on-sample signal OS and the reference signal ref is high, the CO may output a value with a great absolute value. Otherwise, the CO may output a value with a small absolute value. The IIR filter removes noise by filtering output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD. In an embodiment of the present invention, the HR filter may be implemented as a low pass filter.
In the second sub-chip channel estimator S2, the CO computes a correlation between the late-sample signal LS and the reference signal ref. If the correlation between the late-sample signal LS and the reference signal ref is high, the CO may output a value with a great absolute value. Otherwise, the CO may output a value with a small absolute value. The IIR filter filters output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD. The DC delays the reference signal ref by 1 chip.
In the third sub-chip channel estimator S3, the CO computes a correlation between the on-sample signal OS and the reference signal ref delayed by 1 chip. The IIR filter filters output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD.
In the fourth sub-chip channel estimator S4, the CO computes a correlation between the late-sample signal LS and the reference signal ref delayed by 1 chip. The IIR filter filters output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD.
Likewise, in the (n−1)′h sub-chip channel estimator Sn−1, the CO computes a correlation between the on-sample signal OS and the reference signal ref delayed by n/2 chips. The IIR filter filters output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD.
Further, in the e sub-chip channel estimator Sn, the CO computes a correlation between the late-sample signal LS and the reference signal ref delayed by n/2 chips. The IIR filter filters output of the CO, and transmits the filtered result to the VPD.
The VPD may extract valid taps satisfying a particular condition among correlation values measured in units of taps. The channel estimator 117 may compute a CIR through this process. The VPD transmits the valid tap (i.e., the CIR) to the time tracker 118.
The time tracker 118 includes a Time Offset Measurement (TOM) 118A and a Time Offset Compensation (TOC) 118B. The TOM 118A may estimate an estimation time position Tp by obtaining a weighted average with a position of each of the valid taps and a power corresponding to each of the valid taps. The TOM 118A compares the estimation time position Tp with a reference time position Tref, and may calculate an instantaneous time offset Tinst
Equation (1), set forth below, shows a weighted average method of obtaining the estimation time position Tp.
Tp=Σi=0NCETap−1i·T[i]pwr·T[i]lock/Σi=0NCETap−1T[i]pwr·T[i]lock (1)
NCETap is the number of taps. Specifically, NCETap is the number of the sub-chip channel estimators. T[i]pwr is a power of an ith tap. In Equation (1), if the ith tap is valid, T[i]lock is 1, and if the ith tap is invalid, T[i]lock is 0.
The TOM 118A may calculate the estimation time position Tp using the weighted average method according to Equation (1). In an embodiment of the present invention, a unit of a weighted average result is ½ chip as a tap unit.
Further, the TOM 118A may measure the instantaneous time offset Tinst
Tinst
The TOM 118A may include a low pass filter to remove noise of the instantaneous time offset Tinst
Equation (3), set forth below, is a formula to remove noise of the instantaneous time offset Tinst
Tavg
Tavg
Tavg
α is a coefficient of the first IIR filtering. α is greater than 0 and less than 1. A new average time offset Tavg
The TOC 118B generates the time offset Tcomp
In an embodiment of the present invention, because a unit of the average time offset Tavg
Tcomp
The time offset Tcomp
Tcomp
For example, if the time offset Tcomp
In an embodiment of the present invention, the interpolator 114 outputs 8× chip rate data. Therefore, the TOC 118B may compensate for timing of the data signal in units of ⅛ chip, using the time offset Tcomp
A process of regulating a time offset in units of sub-chips in the on-late sampler 115 is described in greater detail below, with reference to
Referring to
The interpolator 114 transmits data interpolated by 8× to the on-late sampler 115. For example, during a first chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, and d7 signals. During a second chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d8, d9, d10, d11, d12, d13, d14, and d15 signals. During a third chip duration, the on-late sampler 115 may receive d16, d17, d18, d19, d20, d21, d22, and d23 signals.
The on sampler 115A outputs an on-sample signal OS. The late sampler 115B outputs a late-sample signal LS.
In normal operation (when there is no time offset), the on sampler 115A transmits d0, d8, and d16 signals as on-sample signals OS to the channel estimator 117. The late sampler 115B transmits d4, d12, and d20 signals as late-sample signals LS, ½ chip later than the on sampler 115A, to the channel estimator 117.
If Tcomp
If Tcomp
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the modem 100 may prevent reception performance degradation, occurring due to a time drift between the base transceiver station and the terminal. Because the modem 100 tracks the time offset Toffset using the channel estimation result, additional hardware may be minimized.
The TOM 118A may measure a time offset every certain period to track the time drift. For example, the TOM 118A may measure a time offset every slot, every sub-frame, or every frame. Further, the TOM 118A may measure a time offset every multiple of a slot, sub-frame, or frame period.
In the case of the HSDPA receiver 110, one frame is 10 msec. One frame includes 15 slots. One slot includes 2560 chips. One chip is 3.84 MHz. In other words, one chip is 260 nsec. In an embodiment of the present invention, a tap may be set to one of ½ chip, ¼ chip, ⅛ chip, 1/16 chip, 1/32 chip or 1/64 chip (i.e. a sub-chip). The tap is not limited thereto.
The time offset is measured by the time tracker 118, and time delay may occur until a time at which the time offset compensates. Therefore, an operation of the time tracker 118 may be stopped until a loop of the time tracker 118 is stable (i.e., until the time offset compensates).
Referring to
In step S12, the time tracker 118 estimates an estimation time position Tp using the plurality of valid taps.
In step S13, the time tracker 118 calculates an instantaneous time offset using the estimation time position Tp and a reference time position Tref, and an average time offset is obtained based thereon. The time tracker 118 calculates the time offset Tcomp
In step S14, the time offset Tcomp
Referring to
The HSDPA receiver 210 of
The on-late sampler 215 receives interpolated data, and generates data to perform channel estimation using the interpolated data. The on-late sampler 215 includes an on sampler 215A and a late sampler 215B.
The on sampler 215A transmits an on-sample signal OS to the data buffer 216. The late sampler 215B transmits a late-sample signal LS to the data buffer 216. The on-late sampler 215 compensates for a time offset of a sub-chip unit.
The data buffer 216 receives the on-sample signal OS and the late-sample signal LS from the on-late sampler 215, and transmits the signals OS and LS to the channel equalizer 219.
The channel estimator 217 performs channel estimation using a digital signal output from the on-late sampler 215. The channel estimator 217 outputs a CIR using the channel estimated result to the time tracker 218 and the channel equalizer 219. Further, the channel estimator 217 may compensate for a time offset of a chip unit. The channel estimator 217 is described in greater detail below, with reference to
Referring to
The EC receives a time offset Tcomp
Referring to
If the time offset Tcomp
If the time offset Tcomp
Referring to
In an embodiment of the present invention, the OFDM receiver 130 includes a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 131, a reference signal extractor 132, a channel estimator 133, an interpolator-extrapolator 134, an IFFT 135, a CIR estimator 136, a symbol offset estimator 137, and a symbol timing controller 138. In another embodiment of the present invention, the OFDMA receiver 150 has the same structure as the OFDM receiver 130.
An operation of the OFDM receiver 130 or the OFDMA receiver 150, in the case of WLAN, is described as follows: initial OFDMA symbol timing may be obtained by time domain processing of a Short Training Field (STF) and an LTF.
The FFT 131 transmits a result of an FFT operation to the reference signal extractor 132. The reference signal extractor 132 extracts an LTE symbol, and extracts pilot subcarriers of data symbol duration.
The channel estimator 133 performs channel estimation in a frequency domain. A channel estimation method includes performing multiplication on a conjugation value of reference sequence of each subcarrier and each subcarrier extracted from the reference signal extractor 132.
The interpolator-extrapolator 134 performs a function in which a frequency channel response of the subcarriers of empty duration is obtained through interpolation and extrapolation processes using the subcarriers having meaningful values.
The IFFT 135 obtains a time domain channel by executing an IFFT operation with a frequency domain channel obtained by the channel estimator 133 and the interpolator-extrapolator 134.
The CIR estimator 136 extracts only a channel having a meaningful value from the time domain channel received from the IFFT 135, and estimates a CIR.
The symbol offset estimator 137 estimates symbol timing using a weighted-average method with the CIR, compares the symbol timing with reference symbol timing, and calculates a symbol time offset.
The symbol timing controller 138 regulates a starting point of data used in the FFT operation using the calculated symbol time offset.
Referring to
The computer system 310 includes a memory device 311, an Application Processor (AP) 312 including a memory controller configured to control the memory device 311, a modem 313, an antenna 314, an input device 315, and a display device 316.
The modem 313 may send and receive a wireless signal through the antenna 314. For example, the modem 313 may change the wireless signal received through the antenna 314 into a signal to be processed in the AP 312. In an embodiment of the present invention, the modem 313 may include an LTE transceiver, an HSDPA/Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) transceiver, and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transceiver.
Therefore, the AP 312 may process a signal output from the modem 313, and transmit the processed signal to the display device 316. The modem 313 may change a signal output from the AP 312 into a wireless signal, and output the changed wireless signal to an outside device through the antenna 314.
The input device 315 is a device in which a control signal, to control an operation of the AP 312 or data to be processed by the AP 312, may be input. Thus, the input device 315 may be implemented as a touch pad, a pointing device such as a computer mouse, a keypad, or a keyboard.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the modem 313 may include the modem 100 of
Referring to
The computer system 320 includes a memory device 321, an Application Processor (AP) 322 including a memory controller configured to control a data processing operation, for example, a write operation or a read operation of the memory device 321, a modem 323, an antenna 324, a display device 325, an image sensor 326, and an input device 327.
The modem 323 may send or receive a wireless signal through the antenna 324. For example, the modem 323 may change a wireless signal received through the antenna 324 into a signal to be processed in the AP 322. Therefore, the AP 322 may process a signal output from the modem 323, and transmit the processed signal to the display device 325.
Further, the modem 323 may change a signal output from the AP 322 into a wireless signal, and output the changed wireless signal to an outside device through the antenna 324.
The image sensor 326 of the computer system 320 converts optical images into digital signals, and the converted digital signals are transmitted to the AP 322. The converted digital signals may be displayed through the display device 325, or may be stored in the memory device 321, according to the control of the AP 322.
Further, the data stored in the memory device 321 may be displayed through the display device 325, according to the control of the AP 322.
The input device 327 is a device in which a control signal, to control an operation of the AP 322 or data to be processed by the AP 322, may be input. Thus, the input device 315 may be implemented as a touch pad, a pointing device such as a computer mouse, a keypad, or a keyboard.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the modem 323 may include the modem 100 of
Software components including instructions or code for performing the methodologies described herein may be stored in one or more of the associated memory devices (e.g., Read Only Memory (ROM), fixed or removable memory) and, when ready to be utilized, loaded in part or in whole (e.g., into Random Access Memory (RAM)) and executed by an AP.
The present invention may be utilized in conjunction with the manufacture of integrated circuits. Regarding integrated circuits in general, a plurality of identical die are typically formed in a repeated pattern on a surface of a semiconductor wafer. Each die may include other structures or circuits. The individual die are cut or diced from the wafer, then packaged as an integrated circuit. One skilled in the art would know how to dice wafers and package die to produce integrated circuits. Integrated circuits so manufactured are considered part of this invention.
The modem having the HSDPA receiver, the OFDM receiver, or the OFDMA receiver estimates and compensates for a time offset due to time drift, thereby preventing degradation of performance due to time drift.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| 2437450 | Apr 2012 | EP |
| 1020100001592 | Jan 2010 | KR |
| 101223783 | Jan 2013 | KR |
| WO 2010145176 | Dec 2010 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Christian Mehlfuhrer et al., Novel Tap-wise LMMSE Channel Estimation for MIMO W-CDMA, Institute of Communciations and Radio-Frequency Engineering Vienna University of Technology, IEEE GLOBECOM, 2008. (pp. 6). |
