Patent Application
20060228354
The present invention relates to modified aggrecanases, nucleotides encoding such enzymes, and processes for producing these enzymes. The invention further relates to the development of inhibitors of, as well as antibodies to, the modified aggrecanase. These inhibitors and antibodies may be useful for the treatment of various aggrecanase-associated conditions including osteoarthritis.
Aggrecan is a major extracellular component of articular cartilage. It is a proteoglycan responsible for providing cartilage with its mechanical properties of compressibility and elasticity. The loss of aggrecan has been implicated in the degradation of articular cartilage in arthritic diseases such as osteoarthritis.
Aggrecan contains two N-terminal globular domains, G1 and G2, separated by a proteolytically-sensitive interglobular domain, followed by a glycosaminoglycan attachment region and a C-terminal globular domain, G3. At least two enzymatic cleavage sites have been identified within the interglobular domain of aggrecan. One enzymatic cleavage site within the interglobular domain of aggrecan (asn341-phe342) has been observed to be cleaved by several known metalloproteases. Cleavage at a second aggrecan cleavage site within aggrecan (glu373-ala374) has been attributed to aggrecanase activity. The cleavage site (glu373-ala374) is therefore referred to as the aggrecanase cleavage site.
A number of aggrecanases have been cloned in recent years. These enzymes belong to a subfamily of zinc metalloproteases referred to as “ADAMTS,” an abbreviation for A Disintegrin-like And Metalloprotease domain with ThromboSpondin type I motifs. The ADAMTS family currently consists of 19 members that are related to one another on the basis of their common domain structure. Typical ADAMTS proteins contain a classic signal sequence upstream of a pro-sequence ending in a furin cleavage site, a metalloprotease domain that is well conserved among family members, a disintegrin-like motif whose functional relevance is still unknown, and at least one thrombospondin type I (TSP 1) domain. ADAMTS family members differ in the number of TSP-1 domains they contain, which can range from 1 to 15 (Cal et al., 2002; Somerville et al., 2003). The most diverse region of the ADAMTS sequence is the ‘spacer’ domain located downstream of a cysteine-rich region containing 10 structurally conserved cysteine residues. ADAMTS proteins are capable of associating with components of the extracellular matrix through interactions within the spacer domain and the TSP-1 motif(s) (Kuno and Matsushima, 1998; Tortorella et al., 2000).
ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase-1) is synthesized by IL-1 stimulated cartilage (Tortorella, et al., Science, 284:1664-1666, 1999) and is related to the degradation of aggrecan during degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (Abbaszade et al., J Biol Chem, 274: 23443-23450, 1999). ADAMTS4 is also involved in the cleavage of brain-enriched hyaluranan binding (BEHAB)/brevican, a protein that is dramatically increased in human gliomas (Matthews et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:22695-22703, 2000). It is thus possible to ameliorate osteoarthritis and any other ADAMTS4-related diseases by inhibiting the aggrecanase activity of ADAMTS4. However, research effects on ADAMTS4 have been hampered by the instability of purified ADAMTS4 proteins.
The present invention is based on the observation that the full-length, furin-processed ADAMTS4 molecules are capable of undergoing auto-catalytic C-terminal truncation. The auto-digested ADAMTS4 molecules exhibited markedly reduced affinity of binding to sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) but retained aggrecanase activity. Further studies revealed that ADAMTS molecules with modified domain structures can be enzymatically active while having improved stability compared to the native enzyme. For example, it was found that modified ADAMTS4 molecules with truncated spacer domain or no spacer domain are biologically active and are more stable than their full-length counterparts. The modified ADAMTS proteins can be expressed and isolated in large quantities, thus allowing further characterization of the proteins, such as crystallographic and enzyme kinetic studies. The purified, stable proteins would also facilitate the production of anti-ADAMTS antibodies and the development of inhibitors to ADAMTS enzymes.
One aspect of the present invention pertains to modified ADAMTS4 (mTS4) proteins; nucleotide sequences which encode mTS4 proteins; and processes for the production of mTS4 proteins. Preferably, the mTS4 proteins of the present invention are more stable and can be expressed at levels higher than that of their full-length counterparts. More preferably, the mTS4 proteins of the present invention are more stable and biologically active.
In one embodiment, the invention provides isolated mTS4 proteins that are biologically active. The mTS4 proteins may be produced by standard recombinant DNA technology or by auto-digestion of furin-processed full-length. ADAMTS4 molecules. The embodiment specifically includes mTS4 proteins having the amino acid sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS:17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, and 46-49, as well as variants and fragments thereof. These proteins may be used, for example, for the characterization of ADAMTS4 enzyme, production of anti-ADAMTS4 antibodies, and screening of ADAMTS4 inhibitors.
In another embodiment, the invention provides isolated mTS4 proteins that are not biologically active but are more stable than the native protein. The embodiment specifically includes mTS4 proteins having the amino acid sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS:29, 31, 32, 40 and 50-53, as well as variants and fragments thereof. These proteins may be used, for example, in crystallographic studies.
In another embodiment, the invention provides isolated mTS4 proteins comprising a ADAMTS4 portion and a non-ADAMTS4 portion. The non-ADAMTS4 portion of the mTS4 protein may serve as a tag to facilitate immune-recognition or protein purification, or as a signal sequence to enhance secretion. The non-ADAMTS4-containing mTS4 proteins can be used, for example, to produce anti-mTS4 antibodies in a subject, to purify ADAMTS4 ligands, and to identify molecules that inhibit the interaction of the ADAMTS4 protein with an ADAMTS4 substrate in screening assays.
In another embodiment, the invention features nucleic acid molecules that encode the mTS4 proteins of the present invention. The embodiment specifically includes isolated polynucleotide molecules comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 40 and 46-53.
In another embodiment, the invention provides vectors comprising nucleotide sequences encoding mTS4 proteins of the present invention. These vectors may be employed in a novel process for producing mTS4 proteins of the present invention.
Another aspect of the present invention pertains to anti-mTS4 antibodies, inhibitors of mTS4, and methods for treating an aggrecanase-related disease using anti-mTS4 antibodies or inhibitors of mTS4.
In one embodiment, the mTS4 protein of the present invention are used for the development of inhibitors of aggrecanases and antibodies to aggrecanases for treatment of aggrecanase-related diseases such as osteoarthritis. The embodiment specifically includes methods for identifying and developing inhibitors of aggrecanase that block the enzyme's activity.
In another embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting the activity of aggrecanases, wherein the compositions comprise an anti-mTS4 antibody and/or an inhibitor of mTS4 of the present invention, and a pharmaceutical carrier. In another embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting aggrecanase activity in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-mTS4 antibody and/or an inhibitor of mTS4 of the present invention.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating patients suffering from conditions characterized by a degradation of aggrecan or preventing such conditions. These methods entail administering to a patient needing such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-mTS4 antibody and/or an inhibitor of mTS4 of the present invention.
Additional aspects of the disclosure will be set forth in part in the description, will in part be obvious from the description, and/or may be learned from practicing the invention. The invention is set forth and particularly pointed out in the claims, and the disclosure should not be construed as limiting the scope of the claims. The following detailed description includes exemplary representations of various embodiments of the invention which are not restrictive of the invention as claimed. The accompanying figures constitute a part of this specification and, together with the description, serve to illustrate embodiments and not limit the invention.
I. Definitions
In order that the present invention may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.
The term “aggrecanase activity” refers to at least one cellular process interrupted or initiated by an aggrecanase enzyme binding to aggrecan. Generally, aggrecanase activity refers to proteolytic cleavage of aggrecan at glu373-ala374. Aggrecanase activities include, but are not limited to, binding of aggrecanase to aggrecan and cleavage of aggrecan by aggrecanase. Aggrecanase activity can also include a biological response resulting from the binding to or cleavage of aggrecan by the modified aggrecanases of the present invention.
The term “modified aggrecanase,” as used herein, refers to an aggrecanase that is altered by substitution, insertion, deletion, or modification of at least one amino acid comparing to the native aggrecanase. Modified aggrecanases of the present invention may have greater stability than the corresponding native aggrecanase molecule. Modified aggrecanases of the invention can also be expressed at higher levels both in vivo and in vitro than the corresponding native aggrecanase proteins. A modified aggrecanase is “biologically active” if it retains at least one aggrecanase activity defined in the prior paragraph. Modified aggrecanases may contain multiple alterations, such as amino acid substitutions, modifications, insertions, and deletions in different parts of the protein.
The term “stability,” as used herein, generally refers to a decrease in the rate of degradation of a protein, thereby increasing its half-life, solubility and/or expression levels. Several factors affect protein stability in vitro and in vivo, for example, pH, salt concentration, temperature, protein degradation, for example by proteases, metal ions, auto-catalysis of proteins, hydrophobicity etc. Conditions that make a protein more stable generally include conditions that keep the protein in a folded conformation for longer than normal, thereby preserving its biological activity for a longer period of time. An increase in stability of a protein generally increases its half-life and expression levels, thereby making it possible to purify the protein in large amounts for therapeutic purposes and for development of inhibitors.
Various aspects of the invention are described in further detail in the following subsections. The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes knowledge that is available to those of skill in the art. The issued U.S. patents, allowed applications, published applications (U.S. and foreign) and references, including GenBank database sequences, that are cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
II. Modified ADAMTS4 (mTS4) Molecules and Their Utilities
The human ADAMTS4 gene, located at loci 1q21-q23 of human chromosome 1, encodes a pro-protein of 837 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 1). The protein contains an N-terminal pro-peptide (amino acid residue 1-212), a metalloproteinase catalytic domain (amino acid residue 213-436), a disintegrin-like domain (amino acid residue 437-519), a TSP-1 motif (amino acid residue 520-576), a cysteine rich domain (amino acid residue 577-685), and a spacer (amino acid residue 686-837). Unlike other proteins in the ADAMTS family, ADAMTS4 protein completely lacks a C-terminal TSP-1 motif.
The N-terminal pro-peptide of ADAMTS4 pro-protein can be cleaved by furin or related pro-protein convertase(s) within the trans-Golgi, resulting in secretion of mature enzyme lacking the pro-peptide region. The furin-processed ADAMTS4 is enzymatically active and is normally referred to as the “full-length” ADAMTS4 enzyme.
ADAMTS4 is responsible for the degradation of aggrecan, a major proteoglycan of cartilage, and of brevican, a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein. The degradation of aggrecan and brevican by ADAMTS4 suggests key roles for this enzyme in arthritic disease, in the function of the central nervous system, and potentially in the progression of glioma.
The inhibition of ADAMTS4 enzyme activity may prevent the loss of aggrecan and ameliorate cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis. However, efforts to develop ADAMTS4 inhibitors have been hampered by the fact that it is difficult to isolate and purify ADAMTS4 protein in large amounts due to the generally low expression levels and poor stability of the enzyme. Accordingly, there is a need to identify novel forms of ADAMTS4 and further develop ways to isolate and purify ADAMTS4 protein in large amounts in order to investigate the role of ADAMTS4 in disease states and also to develop therapies and compositions to treat diseases involving aggrecan cleavage. Modified ADAMTS4 molecules may be biologically active for the cleavage of aggrecan and can be expressed at levels higher than that of their full-length counterparts. They can be used to screen inhibitors to ADAMTS4 and other aggrecanase and to develop antibodies to ADAMTS4. The more stable mTS4 molecules also allow better biochemical and biophysical characterization of the ADAMTS4 protein though enzyme kinetic and crystallographic studies.
As used hereinafter, the modified ADAMTS4 (mTS4) molecules of the present invention include both isolated polypeptides and isolated polynucleotides.
Isolated Polypeptides
One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated mTS4 proteins. In one embodiment, the mTS4 proteins have an aggrecanase activity and can be used to screen inhibitors for aggrecanase. In another embodiment, the mTS4 proteins are used to develop antibodies to aggrecanase. Modified ADAMTS4 proteins may be produced using standard molecular biology and cell biology techniques. Modified ADAMTS4 proteins having aggrecanase activity can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of ADAMTS4 fragments. Libraries of fragments of ADAMTS4 coding sequence can be used to generate a variegated population of ADAMTS4 fragments for screening and subsequent selection of modified ADAMTS4. In one embodiment, a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double-stranded PCR fragment of ADAMTS4 coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double-stranded DNA, renaturing the DNA to form double-stranded DNA which can include sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing single-stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with S1 nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector. By this method, an expression library can be derived which encodes N-terminal, C-terminal and internal fragments of various sizes of the ADAMTS4 protein.
Several techniques are known in the art for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made by truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for gene products having a selected property. The most widely used techniques, which are amenable to high-throughput analysis for screening large gene libraries, typically include cloning the gene library into replicable expression vectors, transforming appropriate cells with the resulting library of vectors, and expressing the combinatorial genes under conditions in which detection of a desired activity facilitates isolation of the vector encoding the gene whose product was detected. Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a technique that enhances the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening assays to identify mTS4 mutants (DeLagrave et al., Protein Engineering, 6:327-331, 1993).
Portions of the ADAMTS4 protein having less than about 100 amino acids, and generally less than about 50 amino acids, may also be generated by synthetic means, using techniques well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, such polypeptides may be synthesized using any of the commercially available solid-phase techniques, such as the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis method, where amino acids are sequentially added to a growing amino acid chain.
The invention also provides mTS4 fusion protein. An mTS4 fusion protein contains an ADAMTS4-related polypeptide and a non-ADAMTS4 polypeptide fused in-frame to each other. The ADAMTS4-related polypeptide corresponds to all or a portion of the modified ADAMTS4 protein or its variant.
A peptide linker sequence may be employed to separate the ADAMTS4-related polypeptide from non-ADAMTS4 polypeptide components by a distance sufficient to ensure that each polypeptide folds into its secondary and tertiary structures. Such a peptide linker sequence is incorporated into the fusion protein using standard techniques well known in the art. Suitable peptide linker sequences may be chosen based on the following factors: (1) their ability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inability to adopt a secondary structure that can interact with functional epitopes on the ADAMTS4-related polypeptide and non-ADAMTS4 polypeptide; and (3) the lack of hydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the polypeptide functional epitopes. Preferred peptide linker sequences contain gly, asn and ser residues. Other near neutral amino acids, such as thr and ala, may also be used in the linker sequence. Amino acid sequences which may be usefully employed as linkers are well known in the art. The linker sequence may generally be from 1 to about 50 amino acids in length. Linker sequences are not required when the ADAMTS4-related polypeptide and non-ADAMTS4 polypeptide have non-essential N-terminal amino acid regions that can be used to separate the functional domains and prevent steric interference.
The mTS4 protein may contain a peptide tag to facilitate the identification and/or purification of the mTS4 protein. The peptide tags are short pieces of well-defined peptides (e.g., Poly-His, Flag-epitope, strep-tag, c-myc epitope, HA-tag) or small proteins (bacterial glutathione s-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), thioredoxin, β-galactosidase, VSV-glycoprotein etc.). The tag sequence may be placed anywhere in the protein sequence. Preferably, the tag sequence is placed at the C-terminal of the protein or is inserted between two domain structures of the protein. The tag sequences are often cloned along with the target gene and are expressed as part of the fusion proteins. Generally, antibodies to these fusion-tags are already available to monitor fusion protein expression and purification. Therefore, fusion-tags serve as universal tags much like secondary antibodies. Many tags have their own characteristics. Poly-His-fusion proteins (6× His) can bind to Nickel-Sepharose or Nickel-HRP. GST-fusion proteins can bind to glutathione-Sepharose. Therefore, a high degree of purification of fusion protein can be achieved in just one affinity purification step. Purity of fusion proteins can be followed by Tag-antibodies. Very often, fusion proteins are directly injected into animals to generate antibodies. Some fusion tags can be removed later by treatment with enzymes to generate tag-free recombinant proteins.
Preferably, an mTS4 fusion protein of the present invention is produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. The fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence. Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). An ADAMTS4-related polynucleotide can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the ADAMTS4-related polypeptide.
A signal sequence can be used to facilitate secretion and isolation of mTS4 or mTS4 fusion proteins of the present invention. Signal sequences are typically characterized by a core of hydrophobic amino acids that are generally cleaved from the mature protein during secretion in one or more cleavage events. Such signal peptides contain processing sites that allow cleavage of the signal sequence from the mature proteins as they pass through the secretory pathway.
The invention further includes fragments and variants of the modified ADAMTS4 proteins. It is known, for example, that numerous conservative amino acid substitutions are possible without significantly modifying the structure and conformation of a protein, thus maintaining the biological properties as well. For example, it is recognized that conservative amino acid substitutions may be made among amino acids with basic side chains, such as lysine, arginine and histidine; amino acids with acidic side chains, such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid; amino acids with uncharged polar side chains, such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, and tyrosine; and amino acids with non-polar side chains, such as alanine, glycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan and cysteine. Thus, these modifications and deletions of the original mTS4 protein may be employed as biologically-active substitutes for the original mTS4 protein. It can be readily determined whether a given variant of an mTS4 or mTS4 fusion protein maintains the biological activity of the original protein by subjecting both proteins (the original protein and the variant) to the biological activity assays described in the examples.
Substitution of like amino acids can also be made on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly where the biological functional equivalent polypeptide or polypeptide fragment is intended for use in immunological embodiments. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated hereinafter by reference, states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a polypeptide, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with its immunogenicity and antigenicity, i.e., with a biological property of the polypeptide. It is understood that an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and, in particular, an immunologically equivalent polypeptide.
In one embodiment, active site mutations are introduced into an mTS4 molecule to intentionally block the catalytic activity of the enzyme. This approach is especially useful for the purposes of crystallization and structural determination of mTS4 protein and subsequently to identify and develop inhibitors of mTS4. Increased stability of active-site mutant of mTS4 of the present invention makes it possible to purify and isolate large amounts of mTS4 molecules for subsequent use in the development of inhibitors for treatment of diseases. For example, the E362Q mutation makes the mTS4 biologically inactive, thereby enabling purification of the inactive protein in large amounts for crystallization.
Desired amino acid substitutions (whether conservative or nonconservative) can be determined by those skilled in the art at the time such substitutions are desired. For example, amino acid substitutions can be used to identify important amino acid residues of the proteins or polypeptides of the invention or to increase or decrease the activity of the aggrecanases of the invention described. Exemplary amino acid substitutions are set forth in Table 1.
In certain embodiments, conservative amino acid substitutions also encompass non-naturally-occurring amino acid residues which are typically incorporated by chemical peptide synthesis rather than by synthesis in biological systems.
Other specific mutations of the sequences of aggrecanase proteins described herein involve modifications of glycosylation sites. These modifications may involve O-linked or N-linked glycosylation sites. For instance, the absence of glycosylation or only partial glycosylation results from amino acid substitution or deletion at asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition sites. The asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition sites comprise tripeptide sequences which are specifically recognized by appropriate cellular glycosylation enzymes. These tripeptide sequences are either asparagine-X-threonine or asparagine-X-serine, where X is usually any amino acid. A variety of amino acid substitutions or deletions at one or both of the first or third amino acid positions of a glycosylation recognition site (and/or amino acid deletion at the second position) results in non-glycosylation at the modified tripeptide sequence. Additionally, bacterial expression of aggrecanase-related protein will also result in production of a non-glycosylated protein, even if the glycosylation sites are left unmodified.
Isolated Polynucleotides
Another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated polynucleotides that encode an mTS4 protein. A polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of an mTS4 molecule can be prepared using standard molecular biology techniques and the sequence information provided herein as well as sequence information known in the art. The native or modified ADAMTS4 gene sequences can be amplified using cDNA, mRNA or alternatively, genomic DNA as a template, and appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques. The polynucleotide so amplified can be cloned into an appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to the native or modified ADAMTS4 sequences can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer. In one embodiment, the mTS4 sequence may include a modified Kozak sequence to improve translation efficiency.
It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are many polynucleotide variants that encode the same polypeptide. Some of these polynucleotide variants bear minimal sequence homology to the original polynucleotide. Nonetheless, polynucleotides that vary due to differences in codon usage are specifically contemplated by the present invention.
The invention also pertains to polynucleotides encoding variants of the mTS4 proteins. An isolated polynucleotide molecule encoding a variant of an mTS4 protein can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions into the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide, such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Such techniques are well-known in the art. Mutations can be introduced into an mTS4 protein by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of a coding sequence of an mTS4 protein, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that are capable of inhibiting wild-type protein activity (the dominant negative mutant). Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can be determined.
A polynucleotide may be further modified to increase stability in vivo. Possible modifications include, but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends; the use of phosphorothioate or 2-o-methyl rather than phosphodiesterase linkages in the backbone; and/or the inclusion of nontraditional bases such as inosine, queosine and wybutosine, as well as acetyl- methyl-, thio- and other modified forms of adenine, cytidine, guanine, thymine and uridine.
III. Expression Vectors
Another aspect of the present invention includes vectors for use in a method of expression of mTS4 proteins. Preferably, vectors of the present invention contain a DNA sequence described above which encodes an mTS4 or an active site mutant of an mTS4. Vectors may contain appropriate expression control sequences permitting expression of the modified ADAMTS4 protein of the invention.
In one embodiment, the vector of the invention is an expression vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding an mTS4 in a form suitable for expression of the polynucleotide in a host cell. The vectors generally have one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the polynucleotide sequence to be expressed. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and the like. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by polynucleotides as described herein
The expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of the mTS4 in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, the mTS4 can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells or mammalian cells. Alternatively, the expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example, using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
The expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in E. coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve three purposes: 1) to increase expression of the recombinant protein; 2) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Piscataway, N.J.), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRITS (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse GST, MBP, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.
Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc and pET 11d. Target gene expression from the pTrc vector relies on host RNA polymerase transcription from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter. Target gene expression from the pET 11d vector relies on transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promoter mediated by a coexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1). This viral polymerase is supplied by host strains BL21(DE3) or HSLE174(DE3) from a resident prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the transcriptional control of the lacUV 5 promoter.
One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein. Another strategy is to alter the polynucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in E. coli. Such alteration of polynucleotide sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.
In another embodiment, the mTS4 expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1, pMFa, pJRY88, pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (Invitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.).
Alternatively, an mTS4 can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf9 cells) include the pAc series and the pVL series.
In yet another embodiment, an mTS4 is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8, pMT2PC and pHTop. When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40. Alternatively, the expression vector's control functions may be provided by the native ADAMTS4 promoter or a tissue-specific regulatory elements.
The invention further provides gene delivery vehicles for the delivery of polynucleotides to cells, tissue, or a mammal for expression. For example, a polynucleotide sequence of the invention can be administered either locally or systemically in a gene delivery vehicle. These constructs can utilize viral or non-viral vector approaches in in vivo or ex vivo modality. Expression of such coding sequences can be induced using endogenous mammalian or heterologous promoters. Expression of the coding sequence in vivo can be either constituted or regulated. The invention includes gene delivery vehicles capable of expressing the contemplated polynucleotides. The gene delivery vehicle is preferably a viral vector and, more preferably, a retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral (AAV), herpes viral, or alphavirus vector. The viral vector can also be an astrovirus, coronavirus, orthomyxovirus, papovavirus, paramyxovirus, parvovirus, picomavirus, poxvirus, or togavirus viral vector.
Delivery of the mTS4 constructs of the present invention into cells is not limited to the above-mentioned viral vectors. Other delivery methods and media may be employed such as, for example, nucleic acid expression vectors, polycationic condensed DNA linked or unlinked to killed adenovirus alone, liposomes, ligand linked DNA, eukaryotic cell delivery vehicles, deposition of photopolymerized hydrogel materials, handheld gene transfer particle gun, ionizing radiation, nucleic charge neutralization or fusion with cell membranes. Particle mediated gene transfer may be employed. For example, the sequence can be inserted into conventional vectors that contain conventional control sequences for high-level expression, and then be incubated with synthetic gene transfer molecules such as polymeric DNA-binding cations like polylysine, protamine, and albumin, linked to cell targeting ligands such as asialoorosomucoid, insulin, galactose, lactose or transferrin. Naked DNA may also be employed. The uptake efficiency of the naked DNA may be improved using biodegradable latex beads.
IV. Production of Aggrecanase Proteins
Modified ADAMTS4 protein of the invention may be produced by culturing a cell transformed or infected with an expression vector described above. The protein may be purified with standard protein purification techniques. Purified mTS4 proteins are substantially free from other proteinaceous materials with which they are co-produced, as well as from other contaminants. A recovered purified protein is contemplated to exhibit proteolytic aggrecanase activity by cleaving aggrecan. Thus, proteins of the invention may be further characterized by their ability to demonstrate aggrecan proteolytic activity in an assay which determines the presence of an aggrecan-degrading molecule. These assays or the development thereof is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. Such assays may involve contacting an aggrecan substrate with the aggrecanase molecule and monitoring the production of aggrecan fragments (See, for example, Hughes et al., Biochem. J. 305:799-804, 1995; Mercuri et al, J. Bio. Chem. 274:32387-32395, 1999).
Suitable cells or cell lines may be mammalian cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). The selection of suitable mammalian host cells and methods for transformation, culture, amplification, screening, product production, and purification are known in the art. Another suitable mammalian cell line, which is described in the accompanying examples, is the monkey COS-1 cell line. The mammalian cell line CV-1 may also be suitable.
Bacterial cells may also be suitable hosts. For example, the various strains of E. coli (e.g., HB101, MC1061) are well-known as host cells in the field of biotechnology. Various strains of B. subtilis, Pseudomonas, other bacilli and the like may also be employed in this method. For expression of mTS4 proteins of the invention in bacterial cells, DNA encoding the pro-peptide of an aggrecanase is generally not necessary.
Many strains of yeast cells known to those skilled in the art may also be available as host cells for expression of polypeptides of the present invention. Additionally, where desired, insect cells may be utilized as host cells in the method of the present invention. See, e.g. Miller et al., Genetic Engineering, 8:277-298 (Plenum Press 1986) and references cited therein.
Modified ADAMTS4 proteins produced in host cells can be isolated from the host cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification techniques. Standard purification methods include electrophoretic, molecular, immunological and chromatographic techniques, including ion exchange, hydrophobic, affinity, and reverse-phase HPLC chromatography, and chromatofocusing. For example, the mTS4 protein may be purified using an anti-mTS4 antibody column. Ultrafiltration and diafiltration techniques, in conjunction with protein concentration, are also useful. The degree of purification necessary will vary depending on the use of the modified ADAMTS4 protein. In some instances no purification will be necessary.
V. Generation of Antibodies
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, antibodies specific to mTS4 ADAMTS4, or other ADAMTS4-related proteins are prepared Anti-mTS4 antibodies include both antibodies that block aggrecanase activity of mTS4 and antibodies that do not. Anti-mTS4 antibodies also include “neoepitope antibodies” which refer to antibodies that specifically recognizes a new N- or C-terminal amino acid sequence exposed by proteolytic cleavage of ADAMTS4 or mTS4, but does not bind to such an epitope on the original (uncleaved) molecule. The anti-mTS4 antibodies may be useful for detection and/or purification of aggrecanase or related proteins, or for inhibiting or preventing the effects of aggrecanase.
An mTS4 protein, or an antigenic fragment of the mTS4 protein can be used as an immunogen. The antigenic peptide of the mTS4 protein comprises at least 8 amino acid residues of the mTS4 amino acid sequence, and encompasses an epitope of the mTS4 protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the mTS4 protein. Preferably, the antigenic peptide comprises at least 8 amino acid residues, more preferably at least 12 amino acid residues, even more preferably at least 16 amino acid residues, and most preferably at least 20 amino acid residues.
An mTS4 immunogen (e.g., the mTS4 protein, a fragment thereof, or an mTS4 fusion protein) typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject, (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse or other mammal) with the immunogen. An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, recombinantly expressed mTS4 immunogen or a chemically synthesized mTS4 immunogen. The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, or similar immunostimulatory agent. Immunization of a suitable subject with the immunogenic preparation induces an anti-mTS4 antibody response. Techniques for preparing, isolating and using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-mTS4 antibodies are well known in the art.
Accordingly, another aspect of the invention pertains to monoclonal or polyclonal anti-mTS4 antibodies. The invention provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that bind to mTS4 protein.
An anti-mTS4 antibody can be used to isolate the mTS4 protein or mTS4-related protein by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation. An anti-mTS4 antibody can facilitate the purification of an mTS4 protein or mTS4-related proteins, such as full-length ADAMTS4 protein, mTS4-fusion protein, or variants and mutants thereof, from cells. Moreover, an anti-mTS4 antibody can be used to detect an mTS4 protein or an mTS4-related protein in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression of the protein. Anti-mTS4 antibodies that cross-react with ADAMTS4 protein can be used diagnostically to monitor ADAMTS4 protein levels in tissue as part of a clinical testing procedure to, for example, determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. Detection can be facilitated by coupling (i.e., physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidinibiotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerytlirin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitable radioactive material include 125I, 131I, 35S and 3H.
Anti-mTS4 antibodies that cross-react with ADAMTS4 protein are also useful for targeting a therapeutic to a cell or tissue having elevated ADAMTS4 expression. For example, a therapeutic such as a small molecule ADAMTS4 antagonist can be linked to the anti-modified ADAMTS4 antibody in order to target the therapeutic to the cell or tissue having elevated ADAMTS4 expression.
A therapeutic agent may be coupled (e.g., covalently bonded) to a suitable monoclonal antibody either directly or indirectly (e.g., via a linker group). A direct reaction between an agent and an antibody is possible when each possesses a substituent capable of reacting with the other. For example, a nucleophilic group, such as an amino or sulfhydryl group, on one may be capable of reacting with a carbonyl-containing group, such as an anhydride or an acid halide, or with an alkyl group containing a good leaving group (e.g., a halide) on the other.
Alternatively, it may be desirable to couple a therapeutic agent and an antibody via a linker group. A linker group can function as a spacer to distance an antibody from an agent in order to avoid interference with binding capabilities. A linker group can also serve to increase the chemical reactivity of a substituent on an agent or an antibody, and thus increase the coupling efficiency. An increase in chemical reactivity may also facilitate the use of agents, or functional groups on agents, which otherwise would not be possible.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that a variety of bifunctional or polyfunctional reagents, both homo- and hetero-functional (such as those described in the catalog of the Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.), may be employed as the linker group. Coupling may be effected, for example, through amino groups, carboxyl groups; sulfhydryl groups or oxidized carbohydrate residues.
Where a therapeutic agent is more potent when free from the antibody portion of the immunoconjugates of the present invention, it may be desirable to use a linker group that is cleavable during or upon internalization into a cell. A number of different cleavable linker groups have been described. The mechanisms for the intracellular release of an agent from these linker groups include cleavage by reduction of a disulfide bond, by irradiation of a photolabile bond, by hydrolysis of derivatized amino acid side chains, by serum complement-mediated hydrolysis, and acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.
It may be desirable to couple more than one agent to an antibody. In one embodiment, multiple molecules of an agent are coupled to one antibody molecule. In another embodiment, more than one type of agent may be coupled to one antibody. Regardless of the particular embodiment, immunoconjugates with more than one agent may be prepared in a variety of ways. For example, more than one agent may be coupled directly to an antibody molecule, or linkers that provide multiple sites for attachment can be used.
VI. Development of Inhibitors
The mTS4 protein of the present invention may be used for the development of inhibitors to ADAMTS4 and other aggrecanases. The aggrecanase inhibitors may be used in the treatment for aggrecanase-related diseases. For example, increased breakdown of aggrecan is associated with the development of osteoarthritis. Two cartilage aggrecanases, ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, are primarily responsible for the catabolism and loss of aggrecan from articular cartilage in the early stages of arthritic joint diseases that precede overt collagen catabolism and disruption of the tissue integrity (Caterson et al., Matrix Biol. 19:333-44, 2000). Inhibiting ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 activity is therefore a potential treatment for osteoartritis.
Various efforts have been made to develop inhibitors to aggrecanase. The N-terminal inhibitory domain of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases 3 (TIMP-3) is a strong inhibitor of human ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, with K(i) values in the subnanomolar range (Kashiwagi et al. J. Biol. Chem. 276:12501-12504, 2001). Further studies revealed that other TIMPs may also inhibit ADAMTS4 activity. For example, TIMP-3 inhibited ADAMTS4 activity most efficiently with an IC(50) value of 7.9 nM, which was at least 44-fold lower than that of TIMP-1 (350 nM) and TIMP-2 (420 nM) and at least 250-fold less than that of TIMP-4 (2 uM for 35% inhibition) (Hashimoto et al., FEBS Lett. 494:192-195, 2001).
There is evidence that cyclosporin A can inhibit IL-1-induced aggrecanase-mediated proteoglycan catabolism in articular cartilage explants (Little et al., Arthritis Rheum. 46:124-129, 2002). Suppression of ADAMTS1 activity was also accomplished with a specific monoclonal antibody and some metalloprotease inhibitors, including TIMP-2 and 3 (Rodriguez-Manzaneque et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293:501-508, 2002).
Modified ADAMTS4 proteins with increased stability and expression levels make it possible to generate aggrecanase molecules in large amounts in order to develop inhibitors to aggrecanases. Accordingly, the invention also provides methods (also referred to herein as “screening assays”) for identifying aggrecanase inhibitors. Such methods typically comprise a reaction between the mTS4 protein and one or more test components. The other components may be either the test compound itself, or a combination of the test compound and a binding partner of the mTS4 protein.
One aspect of the present invention provides methods for screening compounds that interfere with binding of an mTS4 protein and its binding partner, e.g. aggrecan and brevican. In one embodiment, a scintillation proximity assay is used. In this assay, the mTS4 protein is labeled with an isotope such as 125I. The binding partner is labeled with a scintillant, which emits light when proximal to radioactive decay (i.e., when the mTS4 protein is bound to its binding partner). A reduction in light emission will indicate that a compound has interfered with the binding of the two proteins.
Alternatively a fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) assay could be used. In an FRET assay, a fluorescence energy donor is comprised of one protein (e.g., an mTS4 protein and a fluorescence energy acceptor is comprised on a second protein (e.g., a binding partner of the mTS4 protein). If the absorption spectrum of the acceptor molecule overlaps with the emission spectrum of the donor fluorophore, the fluorescent light emitted by the donor is absorbed by the acceptor. The donor molecule can be a fluorescent residue on the protein (e.g., intrinsic fluorescence such as a tryptophan or tyrosine residue), or a fluorophore which is covalently conjugated to the protein (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC). An appropriate donor molecule is then selected with the above acceptor/donor spectral requirements in mind.
Thus, in this example, an mTS4 protein is labeled with a fluorescent molecule (i.e., a donor fluorophore) and its binding partner is labeled with a quenching molecule (i.e., an acceptor). When the mTS4 protein and its binding partner are bound, fluorescence emission will be quenched or reduced relative to the mTS4 protein alone. Similarly, a compound which can dissociate the interaction of the mTS4 protein-partner complex will result in an increase in fluorescence emission. The increase in fluoresce emission indicates that the compound has interfered with the binding of the mTS4 protein to its binding partner.
In another embodiment, a FRET peptide that constitute an aggrecanase-susceptible protein sequence is used substrates of aggrecanase. When aggrecanase cleaves the peptide, the fluor is released from the quencher on the same peptide and fluorescence results. Inhibition of this generation of fluorescence by compounds is judged a positive result.
Another assay to detect binding or dissociation of two proteins is fluorescence polarization or anisotropy. In this assay, the investigated protein (e.g., mTS4 protein) is labeled with a fluorophore with an appropriate fluorescence lifetime. The protein sample is then excited with vertically polarized light. The value of anisotropy is then calculated by determining the intensity of the horizontally and vertically polarized emission light. Next, the labeled protein (the mTS4 protein) is mixed with an mTS4 protein binding partner and the anisotropy is measured again. Because fluorescence anisotropy intensity is related to the rotational freedom of the labeled protein, the more rapidly a protein rotates in solution, the smaller the anisotropy value. Thus, if the labeled mTS4 protein is part of a complex (e.g., mTS4 protein-partner), the mTS4 protein rotates more slowly in solution (relative to free, unbound mTS4 protein) and the anisotropy intensity increases. Subsequently, a compound which can dissociate the interaction of the mTS4 protein-partner complex will result in a decrease in anisotropy (i.e., the labeled mTS4 protein rotates more rapidly), which indicates the compound has interfered with the binding of mTS4 protein to its binding partner.
A more traditional assay would involve labeling the mTS4 protein-binding partner with an isotope such as 125I, incubating with the mTS4 protein, then immunoprecipitating the mTS4 protein. Compounds that increase the free mTS4 protein will decrease the precipitated counts. To avoid using radioactivity, the mTS4 protein-binding partner could be labeled with an enzyme-conjugated antibody instead.
Alternatively, the mTS4 protein-binding partner could be immobilized on the surface of an assay plate and the mTS4 protein could be labeled with a radioactive tag. A rise in the number of counts would identify compounds that had interfered with binding of the mTS4 protein and its binding partner.
Evaluation of binding interactions may further be performed using Biacore technology, wherein the mTS4 protein or its binding partner is bound to a micro chip, either directly by chemical modification or tethered via antibody-epitope association (e.g., antibody to the mTS4 protein), antibody directed to an epitope tag (e.g., His tagged) or fusion protein (e.g., GST). A second protein or proteins is/are then applied via flow over the “chip” and the change in signal is detected. Finally, test compounds are applied via flow over the “chip” and the change in signal is detected.
The test compounds of the present invention are generally either small molecules or biomolecules. Small molecules include, but are not limited to, inorganic molecules and small organic molecules. Biomolecules include, but are not limited to, naturally-occurring and synthetic compounds that have a bioactivity in mammals, such as lipids, steroids, polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides. In one preferred embodiment, the test compound is a small molecule. In another preferred embodiment, the test compound is a biomolecule.
The test compounds of the present invention may be obtained from any available source, including systematic libraries of natural and/or synthetic compounds. Test compounds may also be obtained by any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; peptoid libraries (libraries of molecules having the functionalities of peptides, but with a novel, non-peptide backbone which are resistant to enzymatic degradation but which nevertheless remain bioactive); spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the ‘one-bead one-compound’ library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. The biological library and peptoid library approaches are limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds. As used herein, the term “binding partner” refers to a molecule which serves as either a substrate for an mTS4 protein, or alternatively, as a ligand having binding affinity to the mTS4 protein.
In another embodiment, the assay involves determining the level of aggrecanase expression in a cell or a tissue before and after exposing the cell/tissue to a test compound. The aggrecanase expression may be determined on the protein level or RNA level using standard techniques such as ELISA, western blot, Northern blot, RT-PCR, and real-time PCR.
The invention provides methods of conducting high-throughput screening for test compounds capable of inhibiting activity or expression of an mTS4 protein of the present invention. In one embodiment, the method of high-throughput screening involves combining test compounds and the mTS4 protein and detecting the effect of the test compound on the mTS4 protein.
A variety of high-throughput functional assays well-known in the art may be used in combination to screen and/or study the reactivity of different types of activating test compounds. Since the coupling system is often difficult to predict, a number of assays may need to be configured to detect a wide range of coupling mechanisms. A variety of fluorescence-based techniques are well-known in the art and are capable of high-throughput and ultra high throughput screening for activity, including but not limited to BRET® or FRET® (both by Packard Instrument Co., Meriden, Conn.). The ability to screen a large volume and a variety of test compounds with great sensitivity permits analysis of the therapeutic targets of the invention to further provide potential inhibitors of aggrecanase.
By combining test compounds with modified ADAMTS4 proteins of the invention and determining the binding activity between them, diagnostic analysis can be performed to elucidate the coupling systems. Generic assays using cytosensor microphysiometer may also be used to measure metabolic activation, while changes in calcium mobilization can be detected by using the fluorescence-based techniques such as FLIPR® (Molecular Devices Corp, Sunnyvale, Calif.). In addition, the presence of apoptotic cells may be determined by TUNEL assay, which utilizes flow cytometry to detect free 3-OH termini resulting from cleavage of genomic DNA during apoptosis. As mentioned above, a variety of functional assays well-known in the art may be used in combination to screen and/or study the reactivity of different types of activating test compounds. Preferably, the high-throughput screening assay of the present invention utilizes label-free plasmon resonance technology as provided by BIACORE® systems (Biacore International AB, Uppsala, Sweden). Plasmon free resonance occurs when surface plasmon waves are excited at a metal/liquid interface. By reflecting directed light from the surface as a result of contact with a sample, the surface plasmon resonance causes a change in the refractive index at the surface layer. The refractive index change for a given change of mass concentration at the surface layer is similar for many bioactive agents (including proteins, peptides, lipids and polynucleotides), and since the BIACORE® sensor surface can be functionalized to bind a variety of these bioactive agents, detection of a wide selection of test compounds can thus be accomplished.
A high-throughput screening assay for inhibitors of aggrecan cleavage using luminescent oxygen channeling was recently developed by Peppard et al. (Peppard et al., J. Biomol. Screen. 8:149-156, 2003). The assay utilizes the AlphaScreen™ technology. In this technology, a “donor” bead and an “acceptor” bead are brought into proximity by a specific biological interaction and are stimulated with laser light generate a signal through luminescent oxygen tunneling. The screening assay uses specific antibodies to the carbohydrate side chains of aggrecan to create a scaffold whereby aggrecan could form a cross-link between donor and acceptor beads, thus bringing the beads into proximity to produce a signal upon illumination with laser light. Digested aggrecan will fail to form such a cross-link and generate no signal. The inhibitors of the digestion can be detected as a restoration of signal.
An assay for identification and development of aggrecanase inhibitors may also involve, for example, contacting a mixture of aggrecan and an inhibitor with an mTS4 protein followed by measurement of the degree of aggrecanase activity inhibition; for instance, by detection and measurement of aggrecan fragments produced by cleavage at an aggrecanase susceptible site. Inhibitors may be proteins, peptides, antibodies, or chemical compounds. In one embodiment, inhibitors are peptide molecules that bind an active site on aggrecanase molecules. For example, active site mutants of mTS4 molecules can be used for the development of peptide inhibitors.
VII. Disease Treatment and Diagnosis
Inhibitors of aggrecanase and antibodies that block aggrecanase activity may be used in the treatment of aggrecanase-related diseases. Various diseases that are contemplated as being treatable by using inhibitors of aggrecanases or antibodies of the present invention include, but are not limited to, osteoarthritis, glioma, cancer, inflammatory joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, periodontal diseases, corneal ulceration, proteinuria, coronary thrombosis from atherosclerotic plaque rupture, aneurysmal aortic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, brain and hematopoietic malignancies, osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, migraine, depression, peripheral neuropathy, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, ocular angiogenesis, macular degeneration, aortic aneurysm, myocardial infarction, autoimmune disorders, degenerative cartilage loss following traumatic joint injury, head trauma, dystrophobic epidermolysis bullosa, spinal cord injury, acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, osteopenias, tempero mandibular joint disease, demyelating diseases of the nervous system, organ transplant toxicity and rejection, cachexia, allergy, tissue ulcerations, restenosis, and other diseases characterized by altered aggrecanase activity or altered aggrecanase level.
Inhibitors and antibodies of the present invention that inhibit activity of aggrecanases and/or compounds that lower expression of aggrecanases may be used in the treatment of any disease in a mammal that involves degradation of the extracellular matrix. An effective amount of an anti-aggrecanase antibody, or an aggrecanase inhibitor, or both, can be used for treatment of diseases, such as osteoarthritis, or other diseases disclosed which are characterized by degradation of matrix proteins, such as aggrecan, by aggrecanases and aggrecanase-related proteins.
VIII. Pharmaceutical Compositions
Another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (1) an mTS4 inhibitor or an anti-mTS4 antibody and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition of the present invention may be used in the treatment of diseases characterized by the degradation of aggrecan by an aggrecanase enzyme or a protein with aggrecanase-like activity.
As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, solubilizers, fillers, stabilizers, binders, absorbents, bases, buffering agents, lubricants, controlled release vehicles, diluents, emulsifying agents, humectants, lubricants, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial or antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary agents can also be incorporated into the compositions. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine; propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfate; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the injectable composition should be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requited particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, such as sodium chloride, sugars, polyalcohols (e.g., manitol, sorbitol, etc.) in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the aggrecanase inhibitor or anti-aggrecanase antibody in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose; a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Stertes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressured container or dispenser that contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
In one embodiment, the therapeutic moieties, which may contain a bioactive compound, are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from, e.g., Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein includes physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.
The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
IX. Administration
The present invention includes methods for treating patients suffering from conditions characterized by a degradation of aggrecan. These methods entail administering, to a patient needing such treatment, an effective amount of a composition comprising an aggrecanase inhibitor or an anti-aggrecanase antibody that inhibits the proteolytic activity. It is contemplated that aggrecanase inhibitors of the present invention may function either by inhibiting aggrecanase activity or simply by regulating levels of aggrecanases in a disease state.
Anti-aggrecanase antibodies and aggrecanase inhibitors of the present invention are useful to diagnose or treat various medical disorders in humans or animals. In one embodiment, the antibodies of the invention can be used to inhibit or reduce at least one activity associated with an aggrecanase protein, relative to an aggrecanase protein not bound by the same antibody. Generally, compositions of the present invention are administered to a patient so that antibodies or their binding fragments are administered at a dose ranging from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 1 μg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 1 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 10 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, about 10 μg/kg to about 100 μg/kg, or about 100 μg to about 1 mg/kg. Antibodies are administered as a bolus dose, to maximize the interval of time that the antibodies can circulate in the patient's body following their administration to the patient. Continuous infusion may also be used after an initial bolus dose.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to administration of inhibitors of aggrecanases, such as biomolecules and chemical compounds. The effective amount of an inhibitor is a dosage which is useful for reducing activity of aggrecanases to achieve a desired biological outcome. Generally, appropriate therapeutic dosages for administering an inhibitor may range, for example, from about 1 ng/kg to about 100 mg/kg, about 1 ng/kg to about 1 μg/kg, about 1 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. Inhibitors can be administered in one dose, or at intervals such as once daily, once weekly, or once monthly. Dosage schedules for administration of an aggrecanase inhibitor can be adjusted based on, for example, the affinity of the inhibitor for its aggrecanase target, the half-life of the inhibitor, and the severity of the patient's condition. Generally, inhibitors are administered as a bolus dose, to maximize their circulating levels. Continuous infusions may also be used after the bolus dose.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell culture or experimental animal models, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Inhibitors that exhibit large therapeutic indices are generally preferred.
The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosages for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds may lie within a range of circulating concentrations that exhibit an ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any inhibitor used according to the present invention, a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that exhibits an IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test antibody which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined by cell culture assays. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of any particular dosage can be monitored by suitable bioassays. Examples of suitable bioassays include assays for measuring aggrecanase activity such as monitoring synovial fluid for the presence or reduction in aggrecan neoepitopes using antibody reagents such as BC-3 (Roberts et al., Arthritis Rheum. 44:2586-98, 2001) as well as assays described in Example 7, DNA replication assays, transcription-based assays, and immunological assays.
Therapeutic methods of the invention include administering an aggrecanase inhibitor composition topically, systemically, or locally as an implant or a device. The dosage regimen for the administration of composition will be determined by the attending physician based on various factors which modify the action of the aggrecanase protein, the site of pathology, the severity of disease, the patient's age, sex, and diet, the severity of any inflammation, time of administration and other clinical factors. Generally, systemic or injectable administration will be initiated at a dose which is minimally effective, and the dose will be increased over a pre-selected time course until a positive effect is observed. Subsequently, incremental increases in dosage will be made limiting to levels that produce a corresponding increase in effect, while taking into account any adverse affects that may appear. The addition of other known factors, to a final composition, may also affect the dosage.
Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment of disease progression. The progress can be monitored, for example, by X-rays, MRI or other imaging modalities, synovial fluid analysis, and/or clinical examination.
X. Assays and Methods of Detection.
The inhibitors and antibodies of the present invention can be used in assays and methods of detection to determine the presence or absence of, or quantify aggrecanase in a sample. The inhibitors and antibodies of the present invention may be used to detect aggrecanase proteins, in vivo or in vitro. By correlating the presence or level of these proteins with a disease, one of skill in the art can diagnose the associated disease or determine its severity. Diseases that may be diagnosed by the presently disclosed inhibitors and antibodies are set forth above.
Detection methods for use with antibodies are well known in the art and include ELISA, radioimmunoassay, immunoblot, western blot, immunofluorescence, immuno-precipitation, and other comparable techniques. The antibodies may further be provided in a diagnostic kit that incorporates at least one of these techniques to detect a protein (e.g., an aggrecanase protein). Such a kit may contain other components, packaging, instructions, or other material to aid the detection of an aggrecanase protein, and instructions regarding use of the kit. When protein inhibitors, for example, peptide inhibitors, are used in such diagnostic assays, protein-protein interaction assays can be employed.
Where inhibitors are intended for diagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to modify them; for example, with a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (such as a fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme). If desired, the antibodies (whether polyclonal or monoclonal) may be labeled using conventional techniques. Suitable labels include fluorophores, chromophores, radioactive atoms, electron-dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners. Enzymes are typically detected by their activity. For example, horseradish peroxidase can be detected by its ability to convert tetra methyl benzidine (TMB) to a blue pigment, quantifiable with a spectrophotometer. Other suitable binding partners include biotin and avidin or streptavidin, IgG and protein A, and the numerous receptor-ligand couples known in the art.
The following examples illustrate practice of the present invention in expressing, isolating and characterizing ADAMTS4 and mTS4 proteins.
Human ADAMTS4 cDNA was cloned using a PCR strategy. Two sets of oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify overlapping portions of the 5′- and 3′-halves of the cDNA. Of the seven human multiple-tissue cDNA libraries that were used as PCR templates, only the uterus cDNA library resulted in PCR products of the appropriate size (5′-amplimer of 1294bp (SEQ ID NO:2) and 3′-amplimer of 1421bp (SEQ ID NO:3)). PCR-amplified fragments were digested with EcoRI and BamHI (5′-product) or BamHI and NotI (3′-product), ligated into EcoRI- and NotI-digested COS expression vector pED6-dpc2, and transformed into ElectroMAX DH10B cells (Invitrogen). Cloned PCR fragments of ADAMTS4 were sequenced and found to have three silent changes as compared with the published nucleotide sequence for ADAMTS4 cDNA (SEQ ID NO:4) (Tortorella et al., Science 284:1664-1666, 1999). These changes were C to T at base pair 466, A to G at base pair 2131, and A to G at base pair 2758 of SEQ ID NO:4. The 5′-primer set was 5′-AAATGGGCGAATTCCCACCATGTCCCAGACAGGCTCGCATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)(this primer incorporated an 8-bp tail (AAATGGGC)(SEQ ID NO:6), an EcoRI site (GAATTC)(SEQ ID NO:7), and an optimized Kozak sequence (CCACC)(SEQ ID NO:8) upstream of the ATG start codon) and 5′-TAAGAGACAGTGCCCATAGCCATTGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9). The 3′-primer set was 5′-CTCCAAGCCATGCATCAGTTTGAATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) and 5′-GACTGACTGCGGCCGCATAGTGAGGTTATTTCCTGCCCGCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) (this primer incorporated an 8-bp tail (GACTGACT) (SEQ ID NO: 12) and a NotI site (GCGGCCGC) (SEQ ID NO:13) downstream of the TAA stop codon for ADAMTS4).
The EcoRI-NotI fragment (SEQ ID NO:14) containing the intact ADAMTS4 coding sequence was subcloned into pHTop. This plasmid was derived from pED (Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4485-4490, 1991) by removing the majority of the adenovirus major late promoter and inserting six repeats of the tet operator (Gossen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551, 1992). A CHO cell line stably expressing ADAMTS4 was obtained by transfecting pHTop/ADAMTS4 into CHO/A2 cells and selecting clones in 0.05 μM methotrexate. The CHO/A2 cell line was derived from CHO DUKX B11 cells (Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, 1980) by stably integrating a transcriptional activator, a fusion between the tet repressor and the herpesvirus VP16 transcription activation domain (Gossen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5547-5551, 1992).
The CHO cell-conditioned medium was harvested and diluted 3-fold with buffer A (20 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 5 mM CaCl2, and 10 μM ZnCl2) and applied to a 50μ Poros HQ column (PE Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The column was washed with buffer B (20 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, and 10 μM ZnCl2), and the protein was eluted with a linear gradient of buffer B containing 50 mM to 1.0M NaCl. The ADAMTS4-containing fraction was further purified by application to a 50μ Poros HS column after a 10-fold dilution with buffer C (20 mM Tris (pH 6.8), 50 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl2, and 10 μM ZnCl2), and the column was washed with 10 column volumes. Protein was eluted from the column with a linear gradient of buffer C containing 50mM to 1.0M NaCl, and the calculated extinction coefficient at 280 nm was used for protein concentration determination as outlined by Gill and von Hippel (Gill and von Hippel, Anal. Biochem. 182:319-326, 1989).
Purified recombinant human ADAMTS4 migrated on SDS-PAGE gels predominantly as a 68 kD band, together with a small amount (<5% of total protein) of 53 kD material. Autocatalytic digestions were performed at 37° C. by incubating purified ADAMTS4 at concentrations ranging from 10 pg/ml to 569 pg/ml in 50 mM Tris-acetate, pH 7.3 containing 5 mM CaCl2 and 0.1-1.0M NaCl. Auto-digested products were visualized by Coomassie blue staining, by silver staining, or by Western immunoblot analysis with the L9026 antibody.
Following incubation at 37° C. for various times up to 16 h, ADAMTS4 was detected as isoforms of 68 kD (ADAMTS4(p68)), 53 kDa (ADAMTS4(p53)) and 40 kD (ADAMTS4(p40)). Results from incubations performed using ADAMTS4 at concentrations ranging from 10 pg/ml to 569 pg/ml, and at salt concentrations up to 1.0M, were essentially identical. Incubation of ADAMTS4 ASM under the same condition resulted in no detectable isoforms, thus confirming that the processing of ADAMTS4 was autocatalytic (Flannery et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:42775-42780).
For N-terminal sequence analysis, aliquots of auto-digested ADAMTS4 isoforms were separated on 10% Bis-Tris NuPage SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes which were stained with Coomassie blue. Excised bands corresponding to ADAMTS4(p68), ADAMTS4(p53) and ADAMTS4(p40) were subjected to automated sequencing on a PE-Biosystems 491A Pulsed-Liquid Sequencer on-line with a PE-Biosystems 140S PTH Analyzer (Procise-HT).
For C-terminal sequence analysis, auto-digested ADAMTS4 isoforms were separated by fractionation on a column of Poros HQ. Unbound ADAMTS4(p53) and ADAMTS4(p40) were subsequently fractionated on a column of Poros HS eluted using an isocratic gradient of 0.05-1.0 M NaCl in 25mM HEPES, pH 6.8, 5 mM CaCl2 and 5 pM ZnCl2. Mass spectrometry analyses were performed using a Micromass LCT (LC-TOF-MS) analyzer (Micromass UK, Ltd, Manchester, U.K.). Samples were concentrated and desalted using ABI ProSorb cartridges. C-terminal sequence analyses were performed at the Mayo Protein Core Facility, Rochester, Minn., on an ABI Procise C instrument using thiohydantoin derivitization chemistry.
The sequence for ADAMTS4(p68) contains no consensus attachment sites for Winked oligosaccharides, and it is apparent that the recombinant ADAMT4 used in this study was indeed non-glycoslyated. Consequently, the measured mass of 52,356 dalton for ADAMTS4(p53) (determined by LC-TOF-MS) was consistent with the detected C-terminal sequence of -Phe-Arg-Lys694-OH, indicating an auto-catalytic cleavage of the Lys694-Phe695 peptide bond. Similarly, the C-terminal sequence -Ser-Ala-Leu-Thr581-OH detected for ADAMTS-4(p40) indicates auto-catalytic cleavage at Thr581-Phe582, and the calculated mass for Phe213-Thr581 (39,757 dalton) is in good agreement with the mass of 40,040 dalton measured by LC-TOF-MS.
Purified ADAMTS4 and auto-catalytic ADAMTS4 isoforms were separated by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Affinity blotting with biotinylated heparin (bHep), a commercially available (labeled) sulfated GAG, was performed by incubating the membrane with bHep (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif., 0.05 pg/ml) in 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, containing 0.5M NaCl. For binding-competition experiments, membranes were pre-incubated for 1 h with unlabelled heparin (0.5-50 pg/ml). Additional competition experiments were performed using bovine articular cartilage D1 aggrecan prepared from 4M guanidine HC1 extracts fractionated by equilibrium density centrifugation in cesium chloride as previously described and treated with or without chondroitinase ABC, keratanase and keratanase II as previously described. ADAMTS4 auto-catalytic isoforms were also separated using a heparinsepharose affinity column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) eluted with a step-wise gradient of 0.1-1.0M NaCl in 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0.
The affinity blotting experiments revealed that whereas ADAMTS4(p68) bound biotinylated heparin in the presence of 0.5M NaCI, no such binding was observed for ADAMTS4(p53) or ADAMTS4(p40). Likewise, the ADAMTS4 ASM C-terminal deletion mutant (Met1-phe575), lacking the “spacer” domain, did not bind bHep under these conditions (Flannery et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:42775-42780). The auto-catalytic ADAMTS4 isoforms also showed reduced binding to heparin-sepharose. Compared to ADAMTS4(p68), which was eluted from the heparin-sepharose column in the presence of 0.8M NaCl, ADAMTS4(p53) and ADAMTS4(p40) were eluted at 0.3M NaCl and 0.4M NaCl, respectively. In binding-competition experiments, pre-incubation of affinity blots with unlabelled heparin blocked binding of bHep to ADAMTS4(p68) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, bovine aggrecan also blocked binding of bHep to ADAMTS4(p68), and this binding-competition was dependent on the presence of aggrecan GAGs (Flannery et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:42775-42780). Since both of the truncated isoforms retain the TSP-1 motif (see
The aggrecanase activity of the auto-catalytically generated ADAMTS4 isoforms, ADAMTS4(p53) and ADAMTS4(p40), were determined using methods described in Example 7. Briefly, bovine aggrecan was incubated with purified ADAMTS4(p53) and ADAMTS4(p40) for 16 h at 37° C. Digestion products were deglycoslyated with chondroitinase ABC and keratanases, separated by SDS-PAGE, and visualized by Western blot using monoclonal antibody BC-3, which specifically detects the neoepitope sequences 374ARGXX (SEQ ID NO:21) generated by aggrecanase cleavage of the glu373-ala374 peptide bond within the aggrecan interglobular domain. The result showed that both isoforms have aggrecanase activity (Flannery et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:42775-42780).
Constructs B-D are truncated ADAMTS4 constructs generated using standard molecular biology techniques. Construct B (SEQ ID NO.22) is a truncated ADAMTS4 molecule lacking the disintegrin-like domain, the TSP-1 motif, the cystein rich domain and the spacer, but containing a His tag (HHHHHH, SEQ ID NO:23). The furin-processed protein from this construct is enzymatically inactive (SEQ ID NO:46). Construct C (SEQ ID NO:24) contains a tag sequence (GSAWSHPQFEK, SEQ ID NO:25) and a C-terminal deletion that removed most of the spacer region. Construct D (SEQ ID NO:26) is an untagged version of construct C. Both constructs C and D can be expressed in CHO cells. The furin-processed mature proteins of construct C and D (SEQ ID NOS:47 and 48, respectively) have aggrecanase activity.
Construct E (SEQ ID NO:27) was made by inserting, in frame, coding sequence for the amino acids -GSGSGDDDDK- (SEQ ID NO:28) between the catalytic domain and the disintegrin-like domain of ADAMTS4, along with a Strep-tag on the C-terminus. The -GSGSG- constitutes a flexible amino acid spacer and the -DDDDK- constitutes a recognition site for the highly specific protease enterokinase. This construct was prepared after results obtained with construct B in
Constructs F-I are modified ADAMTS4 molecules carrying an active-site mutation (ASM). The full-length ASM construct G (SEQ ID NO:29) was created by introducing a single basepair change (G to C at position 1084) into the wild-type ADAMTS4 using the Quick Change Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The nucleotide change resulted in a single amino acid change from glu to gln at position 362 (E362Q). Construct G, which also contains a FLAG tag (VDYKDDDDK, SEQ ID NO:30) was expressed in CHO cells and purified as described in Example 1. The E362Q mutation abolished the aggrecanase activity of the mature protein (SEQ ID NO:50) of construct G. The mature protein, however, is more stable than the native ADAMTS4 protein.
Truncated ASM constructs H (SEQ ID NO:31) and I (SEQ ID NO:32) were generated by PCR amplification of part of construct G using PCR primers with incorporated restriction sites. Construct H lacks the spacer domain and contains a C-terminal FLAG epitope tag. Construct I lacks the spacer and the TSP-1 domain and contains a C-terminal FLAG epitope tag. For construct H, the 5′-primer was: Ag1B1F: 5′ TAAATCGAATTCCCACCATGTCCCAGACAGGCTCGCATCCCG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:33). The 3′-primer was Ag1B2R: 5′ TATTATGTCTACTGGGCAGTCCTCAGTGTTGCAGGAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:34). For construct I, the 5′-primer was: Ag1B1F: 5′ TAAATCGAATTCCCACCATGTCCCAGACAGGCTCGCATCCCG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:33). The 3′-primer was Ag1B1R: 5′ TATTATGTCTACAGCCTGTGGAATATTGAAGTCCTGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:35).
The PCR amplification was performed using standard conditions described by BD Biosciences BD Advantage™-GC 2 Polymerase Mix. The amplified products, which contained the unique restriction sites EcoRI at 5′ end and AccI at 3′ end, were subcloned in two steps to end up in pHTop with a C-terminal FLAG tag. Briefly, the PCR products were digested using standard conditions with the restriction enzymes EcoR1 and AccI. The digested products were fractionated on an agarose gel and bands corresponding to the predicted size were excised from the gel. DNA was recovered from the gel utilizing a Prep-A-Gene kit from BioRad according to the manufacture directions. The recovered DNA was directionally cloned (EcoRI-AccI) into the intermediate vector pTAdv-FLAG, which was constructed by annealing the two synthetic oligonucleotides Flag1 5′ AATTCCTATGCTAGTGCTATCGTAGACTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGTAAGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:36), and Flag2 5′ GGCCGCTTACTTGTCATCGTCATCCTTGTAGTCTACGATAGCACTAGCATAGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:37) together and cloning directionally (EcoRI-NotI) into Clontech pTAdv vector. The complete nucleotide sequence of the pTAdv-FLAG cloning vector is recited in SEQ ID NO:38.
Sequence confirmed recombinant plasmids were then amplified using standard techniques and digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and NotI. The EcoRI-NotI fragments were then gel purified as described above and cloned directionally into the pHTop vector (SEQ ID NO:39).
The two constructs were expressed in CHO/A2 cells, and purified from conditioned media using anti-FLAG agarose affinity gel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). Polyclonal rabbit anti-human ADAMTS4 antisera L9026, generated using an immunizing mixture of eight distinct synthetic peptides derived from all domains of the enzyme, was purified on a HiTrap Protein G HP affinity column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.). Following protein separation on 10% SDS-PAGE gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), the antibody was used at a concentration of 1.5 pg/ml for Western immunoblotting and detection on Hybond nitrocellulose membranes with ECL reagents (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Furin-processed construct H (SEQ ID NO:51) and construct I (SEQ ID NO:52) lack aggrecanase activity but are more stable than the wild-type ADAMTS4 protein.
A full-length ADAMTS4 ASM construct with an insertion was also created (construct F, SEQ ID NO:40). The construct contains a strep tag (WSHPQFEK, SEQ ID NO:41) inserted between the disintegrin-like domain and the TSP-1 motif. Construct F was designed in an attempt to solve the problems that we encountered with poor yield of purified full-length ADAMTS4. C-terminal tagging of ADAMTS4 proved to be sub-optimal due to loss of the tag by auto-catalytic C-terminal processing. In construct F, the Strep tag was moved internally, between the disintegrin-like and Tsp domains. In this position, any auto-catalysis within the cys-rich and spacer domains would not release the Strep tag.
The biological activity of the expressed aggrecanase proteins, such as the modified aggrecanases of the present invention, may be assayed in accordance with the following assays:
Fluorescent peptide assay: Expressed protein is incubated with a synthetic peptide which encompasses amino acids at the aggrecanase cleavage site of aggrecan. Either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the synthetic peptide is labeled with a flourophore and the other terminus includes a quencher. Cleavage of the peptide separates the flourophore and quencher and elicits flourescence. From this assay it is determined that the expressed aggrecanase protein can cleave aggrecan at the aggrecanase site, and relative fluorescence is a determination the relative activity of the expressed protein.
Neopitope western blot: Expressed aggrecanase protein is incubated with intact aggrecan. After several biochemical manipulations of the resulting sample (dialysis, chondroitinase treatment, lyophilization and reconstitution) the sample is run on an SDS-PAGE gel. The gel is incubated with an antibody that is specific to a site on aggrecan which is only exposed after aggrecanase cleavage. The gel is transferred onto nitrocellulose paper and developed using a secondary antibody (called a western assay) which subsequently results in a banding pattern indicative of products with a molecular weight consistent with aggrecanase generated cleavage products of aggrecan. This assay results in the finding that the expressed aggrecanase protein cleaved native aggrecan at the aggrecanase cleavage site, and also gives the molecular weight of the cleavage products. Relative density of the bands can give an indication of relative aggrecanase activity.
In one embodiment, bovine articular cartilage aggrecan was incubated with purified ADAMTS4 or modified ADAMTS4 protein for 16 h at 37° C. in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.3, containing 100 mM NaCl and 5 mM CaCl2. Digestion products were deglycosylated by incubation for 2 h at 37° C. in the presence of chondroitinase ABC (Seikagaku America, Falmouth, Mass.; 1 mU/μg aggrecan), keratanase (Seikagaku; 1 mU/μg aggrecan) and keratanase II (Seikagaku; 0.02 mU/μg aggrecan). Digestion products were separated on 4-12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE SDS PAGE gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and then electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose. Immunoreactive products were detected by Western blotting with monoclonal antibody (MAb) AGG-C1 (0.04 μg/ml) or MAb BC-3 (generously provided by Dr. C. Hughes and Prof. B. Caterson, Cardiff University, UK; 1:100 of hybridoma culture supernatant). Alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated secondary goat anti-mouse IgG (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.; 1:7500) was subsequently incubated with the membranes, and NBT/BCIP substrate (Promega) was used to visualize immunoreactive bands. All antibody incubations were performed for 1 h at room temperature, and the immunoblots were incubated with the substrate for 5-15 min at room temperature to achieve optimum color development.
Aggrecan ELISA: Expressed protein is incubated with intact aggrecan which had been previously adhered to plastic wells. The wells are washed and then incubated with an antibody that detects aggrecan. The wells are developed with a secondary antibody. If the original amount of aggrecan remains in the wells, the antibody staining is dense. If aggrecan was digested by aggrecanase activity of the expressed aggrecanase protein, the aggrecan comes off the plate and the subsequent staining of the aggrecan-coated wells by the antibody is reduced. This assay tells whether an expressed protein is capable of cleaving aggrecan (anywhere in the protein, not only at the aggrecanase site) and can further determine relative aggrecan cleavage.
Briefly, microtiter plates (Costar) were coated with hyaluronic acid (ICN), followed by chondroitinase (Seikagaku Chemicals)-treated bovine aggrecan. Conditioned medium from CHO cells expressing modified aggrecanase was added to the aggrecan-coated plates. Aggrecan cleaved at the glu373-ala374 within the interglobular domain was washed away. The remaining uncleaved aggrecan was detected with the 3B3 monoclonal antibody (ICN), followed by anti-mouse IgM-HRP secondary antibody (Southern Biotechnology). Final color development was with 3,3″, 5,5″ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, BioFx Laboratories). Alternatively, modified aggrecanase can be synthesized in the inactive pro-form and can be processed by furin to yield the mature species.
One skilled in the art can construct expression vectors for modified aggrecanase by inserting sequences encoding modified aggrecanase into known mammalian expression vectors, such as pCD (Okayama et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 2:161-170, 1982), pJL3, pJL4 (Gough et al., EMBO J. 4:645-653, 1985) and pMT2 CXM.
The mammalian expression vector pMT2 CXM is a derivative of p91023(b) (Wong et al., Science 228:810-815, 1985) differing from the latter in that it contains the amnpicillin resistance gene in place of the tetracycline resistance gene and further contains a Xhol site for insertion of cDNA clones. The functional elements of pMT2 CXM have been described (Kaufmnan, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:689693, 1985) and include the adenovirus VA genes, the SV40 origin of replication including the 72 by enhancer, the adenovirus major late promoter including a 5′ splice site and the majority of the adenovirus tripartite leader sequence present on adenovirus late mRNAs, a 3′ splice acceptor site, a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) insert, the SV40 early polyadenylation site (SV40), and pBR322 sequences needed for propagation in E. coli.
Plasmid pMT2 CXM is obtained by EcoR1 digestion of pMT2-VWF, which has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md., USA) under accession number ATCC 67122. EcoR1 digestion excises the cDNA insert present in pMT2-VWF, yielding pMT2 in linear form which can be ligated and used to transform E. coli HB 101 or DH-5 to ampicillin resistance. Plasmid pMT2 DNA can be prepared by conventional methods. pMT2 CXM is then constructed using loopout/in mutagenesis (Morinaga, et al., Biotechnology 84: 636, 1984). This removes bases 1075 to 1145 relative to the Hind III site near the SV40 origin of replication and enhancer sequences of pMT2. In addition it inserts the following sequence: 5′-CATGGGCAGCTCGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:42) at nucleotide 1145. This sequence contains the recognition site for the restriction endonuclease Xho I. A derivative of pMT2CXM, termed pMT23, contains recognition sites for the restriction endonucleases Pstl, EcoRl, Sall and Xhol. Plasmid pMT2 CXM and pMT23 DNA may be prepared by conventional methods.
pEMC281 derived from pMT21 may also be suitable in practice of the invention. pMT21 is derived from pMT2 which is derived from pMT2-VWF. As described above EcoRl digestion excises the cDNA insert present in pMT-VWF, yielding pMT2 in linear form which can be ligated and used to transform E. Coli HB 101 or DH-5 to ampicillin resistance. Plasmid pMT2 DNA can be prepared by conventional methods. pMT21 is derived from pMT2 through the following two modifications. First, 76 bp of the 5′ untranslated region of the DHFR cDNA including a stretch of 19 G residues from G/C tailing for cDNA cloning is deleted. In this process, a Xho1 site is inserted to obtain the following sequence immediately upstream from DHFR:
Second, a unique Cla1 site is introduced by digestion with EcoRV and Xba1, treatment with Klenow fragment of DNA polymerise I, and ligation to a ClaI linker (CATCGATG, SEQ ID NO:44). This deletes a 250 by segment from the adenovirus associated RNA (VAI) region but does not interfere with VAI RNA gene expression or function. pMT21 is digested with EcoRl and Xhol, and used to derive the vector pEMC2B1.
A portion of the EMCV leader is obtained from pMT2-ECAT1 (S. K. Jung, et al, J. Virol. 63:1651-1660, 1989) by digestion with EcoR1 and Pst1, resulting in a 2752 by fragment. This fragment is digested with Taq1 yielding an EcoRI-Taq1 fragment of 508 by which is purified by electrophoresis on low melting agarose gel. A 68 by adapter and its complementary strand are synthesized with a 5′ Taq1 protruding end and a 3′ Xhol protruding end which has the following sequence:
This sequence matches the EMC virus leader sequence from nucleotides 763 to 827. It also changes the ATG at position 10 within the EMC virus leader to an ATT and is followed by a Xho1 site. A three way ligation of the pMT21 EcoRI-16hol fragment, the EMC virus EcoR1-Tag1 fragment, and the 68 by oligonucleotide adapter Tag1-16hol adapter results in the vector pEMC2/61.
This vector contains the SV40 origin of replication and enhancer, the adenovirus major late promoter, a cDNA copy of the majority of the adenovirus tripartite leader sequence, a small hybrid intervening sequence, an SV40 polyadenylation signal and the adenovirus VA I gene, DHFR and Q-lactamase markers and an EMC sequence, in appropriate relationships to direct the high level expression of the desired cDNA in mammalian cells.
The construction of expression vectors may involve modification of the aggrecanase-related DNA sequences. For instance, a cDNA encoding an aggrecanase can be modified by removing the non-coding nucleotides on the 5′ and 3′ ends of the coding region. The deleted non-coding nucleotides may or may not be replaced by other sequences known to be beneficial for expression. These vectors are transformed into appropriate host cells for expression of aggrecanase or aggrecanase-like proteins. Additionally, the aggrecanase sequences can be manipulated to express an aggrecanase or aggrecanase-like protein by deleting aggrecanase encoding pro-peptide sequences and replacing them with sequences encoding the complete pro-peptides of other aggrecanase proteins. It is also possible to replace a protein domain in a modified aggrecanase (e.g., a modified ADAMTS4) with the corresponding domain from a different aggrecanase (e.g., a modified ADAMTS5).
One skilled in the art can also manipulate the sequences of expression vectors by eliminating or replacing the mammalian regulatory sequences flanking the coding sequence with bacterial sequences to create bacterial vectors for intracellular or extracellular expression of modified aggrecanase molecules. For example, the coding sequences could be further manipulated (e.g. ligated to other known linkers or modified by deleting non-coding sequences therefrom or altering nucleotides therein by other known techniques). A modified aggrecanase encoding sequence could then be inserted into a known bacterial vector using procedures such as described by Taniguchi et al., (Taniguchi et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77:5230-5233, 1980). This exemplary bacterial vector could then be transformed into bacterial host cells to express an aggrecanase protein of the invention. For a strategy for producing extracellular expression of aggrecanase-related proteins in bacterial cells, see, e.g. European patent application EP 177,343.
Similar manipulations can be performed for construction of an insect vector (see, e.g., procedures described in published European patent application EP 155,476) for expression in insect cells. A yeast vector could also be constructed employing yeast regulatory sequences for intracellular or extracellular expression of the factors of the present invention by yeast cells. (See, e.g., procedures described in published PCT application WO86/00639 and European patent application EP 123,289).
A method for producing high levels of an aggrecanase-related protein of the invention in mammalian, bacterial, yeast or insect host cell systems may involve the construction of cells containing multiple copies of the heterologous aggrecanase-related gene. The heterologous gene is linked to an ampliflable marker e.g., the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene for which cells containing increased gene copies can be selected for propagation in increasing concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) (Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol., 159:601-629, 1982). This approach can be employed with a number of different cell types.
For example, an expression plasmid containing coding sequence of a modified aggrecanase and the DHFR expression plasmid pAdA26SV(A)3 (Kaufman and Sharp, Mol. Cell. Biol., 2:1304, 1982) can be co-introduced into DHFR-deficient CHO cells, DUKX-1311, by various methods including calcium phosphate co-precipitation and transfection, electroporation or protoplast fusion. DHFR expressing transformants are selected for growth in alpha media with dialyzed fetal calf serum, and subsequently selected for amplification by growth in increasing concentrations of MTX (e.g. sequential steps in 0.02, 0.2, 1.0 and 5 pM MTX) (Kaufman et al. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:1750, 1983). Transformants are cloned, and biologically active modified aggrecanase expression is monitored by at least one of the assays described above. Aggrecanase protein expression should increase with increasing levels of MTX resistance. Modified aggrecanase polypeptides are characterized using standard techniques known in the art such as pulse labeling with 35S methionine or cysteine and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similar procedures can be followed to produce other modified aggrecanases or aggrecanase-like proteins.
An antibody against a modified aggrecanase of the present invention is prepared. To develop an antibody capable of inhibiting aggrecanase activity, a group of mice are immunized every two weeks with a modified aggrecanase protein mixed in Freunds complete adjuvant for the first two immunizations, and incomplete Freunds adjuvant thereafter. Throughout the immunization period, blood is sampled and tested for the presence of circulating antibodies. At week 9, an animal with circulating antibodies is selected, immunized for three consecutive days, and sacrificed. The spleen is removed and homogenized into cells. The spleen cells are fused to a myeloma fusion partner (line P3-×63-Ag8.653) using 50% PEG 1500 by an established procedure (Oi and Herzenberg, Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, W. J. Freeman Co., San Francisco, Calif., 351, 1980). The fused cells are plated into 96-well microtiter plates at a density of 2×105 cells/well. After 24 hours, the cells are subjected to HAT selection (Littlefleld et al., Science, 145:709, 1964) effectively killing any unfused and unproductively fused myeloma cells.
Successfully fused hybridoma cells secreting anti-aggrecanase antibodies are identified by solid and solution phase ELISAs. The modified aggrecanase protein is prepared from CHO cells as described above and coated on polystyrene (for solid phase assays) or biotinylated (for a solution based assay). Neutralizing assays are also employed where aggrecan is coated on a polystyrene plate and aggrecanase activity is inhibited by the addition of hybridoma supernatant. Hybridomas expressing aggrecanase antibodies are cultured and expanded for further study. Selected hybridomas are cloned by limiting dilution and cryopreserved. Isotypes of the antibodies produced by the hybridomas are determined using a mouse immunoglobulin isotyping kit (Zymed™ Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, Calif.).
The antibody developed according to Example 10 can be administered to patients suffering from a disease or disorder related to the loss of aggrecan, or excess aggrecanase activity. Patients take the composition one time or at intervals, such as once daily, and the symptoms and signs of their disease or disorder improve. For example, loss of aggrecan would decrease or cease and degradation of articular cartilage would decrease or cease. Symptoms of osteoarthritis would be reduced or eliminated. This shows that the composition of the invention is useful for the treatment of diseases or disorders related to the loss of aggrecan, or excess aggrecanase activity. The antibodies can also be used with patients susceptible to osteoarthritis, such as those who have a family history or markers of the disease, but have not yet begun to suffer its effects. A tentative experimental design is shown in Table 2.
The foregoing descriptions detail presently preferred embodiments of the present invention. Numerous modifications and variations in practice thereof are expected to occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of these descriptions. Those modifications and variations are believed to be encompassed within the claims appended hereto. All of the documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additionally, all sequences cited in databases and all references disclosed are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/398,721, filed Jul. 29, 2002, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10628432 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Child | 11451006 | Jun 2006 | US |
