Patent Application
20070015705
The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for improving blood platelet storage and for enhancing the effectiveness of blood transfusions. More particularly, the present invention relates to modified annexin proteins and methods for their use in improving blood platelet storage and for enhancing the effectiveness of blood transfusions.
Thrombosis—the formation, development, or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in a blood vessel—is the most common severe medical disorder. The most frequent example of arterial thrombosis is coronary thrombosis, which leads to occlusion of the coronary arteries and often to myocardial infarction (heart attack). More than 1.3 million patients are admitted to the hospital for myocardial infarction each year in North America. The standard therapy is administration of a thrombolytic protein by infusion. Thrombolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction is estimated to save 30 lives per 1000 patients treated; nevertheless the 30-day mortality for this disorder remains substantial (Mehta et al., Lancet 356:449-454 (2000)) The disclosure of Mehta, et al., and the disclsosure of all other patents, patent applications and publications referred to herein, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). It would be convenient to administer antithrombotic and thrombolytic agents by bolus injection, since they might be used before admission to hospital with additional benefit (Rawles, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30:1181-1186 (1997), incorporated herein by reference). However, bolus injection (as opposed to a more gradual intravenous infusion) significantly increases the risk of cerebral hemorrhage (Mehta et al., 2000). The development of an agent able to prevent thrombosis and/or increase thrombolysis, without augmenting the risk of bleeding, would be desirable.
Unstable angina, caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the heart due to coronary occlusion, is the most common cause of admission to hospital, with 1.5 million cases a year in the United States alone. When patients with occlusion of coronary arteries are treated with angioplasty and stenting, the use of an antibody against platelet gp IIb/IIIa decreases the likelihood of restenosis. However, the same antibody has shown no benefit in unstable angina without angioplasty, and a better method for preventing coronary occlusion in these patients is needed.
Another important example of arterial thrombosis is cerebral thrombosis. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only treatment for acute ischemic stroke that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The earlier it is administered the better (Ernst et al., Stroke 31:2552-2557 (2000), incorporated herein by reference). However, intravenous rtPA administration is associated with increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Full-blown strokes are often preceded by transient ischemic attacks (TIA), and it is estimated that about 300,000 persons suffer TIA every year in the United States. It would be desirable to have a safe and effective agent that could be administered as a bolus and would for several days prevent recurrence of cerebral thrombosis without increasing the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Thrombosis also contributes to peripheral arterial occlusion in diabetics and other patients, and an efficacious and safe antithrombotic agent for use in such patients is needed.
Venous thrombosis is a frequent complication of surgical procedures such as hip and knee arthroplasties. It would be desirable to prevent thrombosis without increasing hemorrhage into the field of operation. Similar considerations apply to venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy and parturition. Some persons are prone to repeated venous thrombotic events and are currently treated by antithrombotic agents such as coumarin-type drugs. The dose of such drugs must be titrated in each patient, and the margin between effective antithrombotic doses and those increasing hemorrhage is small. Having a treatment with better separation of antithrombotic activity from increased risk of bleeding is desirable. All of the recently introduced antithrombotic therapies, including ligands of platelet gp IIb/IIIa, low molecular weight heparins, and a pentasaccharide inhibitor of factor Xa, carry an increased risk of bleeding (Levine et al., Chest 119:108S-121S (2001), incorporated herein by reference). Hence there is a need to explore alternative strategies for preventing arterial and venous thrombosis without augmenting the risk of hemorrhage.
To inhibit the extension of arterial or venous thrombi without increasing hemorrhage, it is necessary to exploit potential differences between mechanisms involved in hemostasis and those involved in thrombosis in large blood vessels. Primary hemostatic mechanisms include the formation of platelet microaggregates, which plug capillaries and accumulate over damaged or activated endothelial cells in small blood vessels. Inhibitors of platelet aggregation, including agents suppressing the formation or action of thromboxane A2, ligands of gp IIa/IIIb, and drugs acting on ADP receptors such as clopidogrel (Hallopeter, Nature 409:202-207 (2001), incorporated herein by reference), interfere with this process and therefore increase the risk of bleeding (Levine et al., 2001). In contrast to microaggregate formation, occlusion by an arterial or venous thrombus requires the continued recruitment and incorporation of platelets into the thrombus. To overcome detachment by shear forces in large blood vessels, platelets must be bound tightly to one another and to the fibrin network deposited around them.
Evidence has accumulated that the formation of tight macroaggregates of platelets is facilitated by a cellular and a humoral amplification mechanism, which reinforce each other. In the cellular mechanism, the formation of relatively loose microaggregates of platelets, induced by moderate concentrations of agonists such as ADP, thromboxane A2, or collagen, is accompanied by the release from platelet α-granules of the 85-kD protein Gas6 (Angelillo-Scherrer et al., Nature Medicine 7:215-221 (2001), incorporated herein by reference). Binding of released Gas6 to receptor tyrosine kinases (Ax1, Sky, Mer) expressed on the surface of platelets induces complete degranulation and the formation of tight macroaggregates of these cells. In the humoral amplification mechanism, a prothrombinase complex is formed on the surface of activated platelets and microvesicles. This generates thrombin and fibrin. Thrombin is itself a potent platelet activator and inducer of the release of Gas6 (Ishimoto and Nakano, FEBS Lett. 446:197-199 (2000), incorporated herein by reference). Fully activated platelets bind tightly to the fibrin network deposited around them. Histological observations show that both platelets and fibrin are necessary for the formation of a stable coronary thrombus in humans (Falk et al. Interrelationship between atherosclerosis and thrombosis. In Vanstraete et al. (editors), Cardiovascular Thrombosis: Thrombocardiology and Thromboneurology. Philadelphia: Lipincott-Raven Publishers (1998), pp. 45-58, incorporated herein by reference). Another platelet adhesion molecule, amphoterin, is translocated to the platelet surface during activation, and binds anionic phospholipid (Rouhainen et al., Thromb. Hemost. 84:1087-1094 (2000), incorporated herein by reference). Like Gas6, amphoterin could form a bridge during platelet aggregation.
The question arises whether it is possible to inhibit these amplification mechanisms but not the initial platelet aggregation step, thereby preventing thrombosis without increasing hemorrhage. The importance of cellular amplification has recently been established by studies of mice with targeted inactivation of Gas6 (Angelillo-Scherrer et al., 2001). The Gas6−/− mice were found to be protected against thrombosis and embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine. However, the Gas6−/− mice did not suffer from spontaneous hemorrhage and had normal bleeding after tail clipping. Furthermore, antibodies against Gas6 inhibited platelet aggregation in vitro as well as thrombosis induced in vivo by collagen and epinephrine. In principle, such antibodies, or ligands competing for Gas6 binding to receptor tyrosine kinases, might be used to inhibit thrombosis. However, in view of the potency of humoral amplification, it might be preferable to inhibit that step. Ideally such an inhibitor would also have additional suppressive activity on the Gas6-mediated cellular amplification mechanism.
A strategy for preventing both cellular and humoral amplification of platelet aggregation is provided by the annexins, a family of highly homologous antithrombotic proteins of which ten are expressed in several human tissues (Benz and Hofmann, Biol. Chem. 378:177-183 (1997), incorporated herein be reference). Annexins share the property of binding calcium and negatively charged phospholipids, both of which are required for blood coagulation. Under physiological conditions, negatively charged phospholipid is mainly supplied by phosphatidylserine (PS) in activated or damaged cell membranes. In intact cells, PS is confined to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer and is not accessible on the surface. When platelets are activated, the amounts of PS accessible on their surface, and therefore the extent of annexin binding, are greatly increased (Sun et al., Thrombosis Res. 69:289-296 (1993), incorporated herein by reference). During activation of platelets, microvesicles are released from their surfaces, greatly increasing the surface area expressing anionic phospholipids with procoagulant activity (Merten et al., Circulation 99:2577-2582 (1999); Chow et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 135:66-72 (2000), both incorporated herein by reference). These may play an important role in the propagation of platelet-mediated arterial thrombi.
Proteins involved in the blood coagulation cascade (factors X, Xa, and Va) bind to membranes bearing PS on their surfaces, and to one another, forming a stable, tightly bound prothrombinase complex. Several annexins, including I, II, IV, V, and VIII, bind PS with high affinity, thereby preventing the formation of a prothrombinase complex and exerting antithrombotic activity. Annexin V binds PS with very high affinity (Kd=1.7 nmol/L), greater than the affinity of factors X, Xa, and Va for negatively charged phospholipids (Thiagarajan and Tait, J. Biol. Chem. 265:17420-17423 (1990), incorporated herein by reference). Tissue factor-dependent blood coagulation on the surface of activated or damaged endothelial cells also requires surface expression of PS, and annexin V can inhibit this process (van Heerde et al., Arterioscl. Thromb. 14:824-830 (1994), incorporated herein by reference), although annexin is less effective in this activity than in inhibition of prothrombinase generation (Rao et al., Thromb. Res. 62:517-531 (1992), incorporated herein by reference).
The binding of annexin V to activated platelets and to damaged cells probably explains the selective retention of the protein in thrombi. This has been shown in experimental animal models of venous and arterial thrombosis (Stratton et al., Circulation 92:3113-3121 (1995); Thiagarajan and Benedict, Circulation 96:2339-2347 (1997), both incorporated herein by reference), and labeled annexin has been proposed for medical imaging of vascular thrombi in humans, with reduced noise and increased safety (Reno and Kasina, International Patent Application PCT/US95/07599 (WO 95/34315) (published Dec. 21, 1995), incorporated herein by reference). The binding to thrombi of a potent antithrombotic agent such as annexin V provides a strategy for preventing the extension or recurrence of thrombosis. Transient myocardial ischemia also increases annexin V binding (Dumont et al., Circulation 102:1564-1568 (2000), incorporated herein by reference). Annexin V imaging in humans has shown increased binding of the protein in transplanted hearts when endomyocardial biopsy has demonstrated vascular rejection (Acio et al., J. Nuclear Med. 41 (5 Suppl.):127 P (2000), incorporated herein by reference). This binding is presumably due to PS exteriorized on the surface of damaged endothelial cells, as well as of apoptotic myocytes in hearts that are being rejected. Administration of annexin after myocardial infarction should prevent the formation of pro-thrombotic complexes on both platelets and endothelial cells, thereby preventing the extension or recurrence of thrombosis. Annexin V binding is also augmented following cerebral hypoxia in humans (D'Arceuil et al., Stroke 2000: 2692-2700 (2000), incorporated herein by reference), which supports the hypothesis that administration of annexin following TIA may decrease the likelihood of developing a full-blown stroke.
Annexins have shown anticoagulant activity in several in vitro thrombin-dependent assays, as well as in experimental animal models of venous thrombosis (Römisch et al., Thrombosis Res. 61:93-104 (1991); Van Ryn-McKenna et al., Thrombosis Hemostasis 69:227-230 (1993), both incorporated herein by reference) and arterial thrombosis (Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997). Remarkably, annexin in antithrombotic doses had no demonstrable effect on traditional ex vivo clotting tests in treated rabbits (Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997) and did not significantly prolong bleeding times of treated rats (Van Ryn-McKenna et al., 1993). In treated rabbits annexin did not increase bleeding into a surgical incision (Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997). Thus, uniquely among all the agents so far investigated, annexins exert antithrombotic activity without increasing hemorrhage. Annexins do not inhibit platelet aggregation triggered by collagen or thrombin (Sun, et al., Thrombosis Res. 69: 281, 1993)), and platelet aggregation is the primary hemostatic mechanism. In the walls of damaged blood vessels and in extravascular tissues, the tissue factor/VIIa complex also exerts hemostatic effects, and this system is less susceptible to inhibition by annexin V than is the prothrombinase complex (Rao et al., 1992). This is one argument for confining administered annexin V to the vascular compartment as far as possible; the risk of hemorrhage is likely to be reduced.
Despite such promising results for preventing thrombosis, a major problem associated with the therapeutic use of annexins is their short half-life in the circulation, estimated in experimental animals to be 5 to 15 minutes (Römisch et al., 1991; Stratton et al., 1995; Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997); annexin V also has a short half-life in the circulation of humans (Strauss et al., J. Nuclear Med. 41 (5 Suppl.):149 P (2000), incorporated herein by reference). Most of the annexin is lost into the urine, as expected of a 36 kDa protein (Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997). There is a need, therefore, for a method of preventing annexin loss from the vascular compartment into the extravascular compartment and urine, thereby prolonging antithrombotic activity following a single injection.
Organ transplantation is a widely used procedure in many countries. It allows survival of patients who would otherwise die of heart, liver or lung disease, and provides a better quality of life for patients on renal dialysis. Because there is a shortage of organs for transplantation, it would be advantageous if organs from non-ideal, extended-criteria donors could be transplanted successfully. Pretransplant correlates of diminished graft survival include advanced donor age, longstanding donor hypertension or diabetes mellitus, non-heartbeating cadaver donors and prolonged cold preservation time (A. O. Ojo et al. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001; 12: 589). The outcome of liver transplants is less successful if the donor organs are steatotic (Amersi et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002; 99: 8915). Accumulation of fat in the liver is common, especially among ageing donors.
Despite advances in surgical technique, patient management and immunosuppression, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains an important clinical problem. During recovery and preservation organs are anoxic, as they are in ischemia, and following transplantation they are reperfused. This results in IRI, which is estimated to account for as much as 10% of early graft loss in the case of transplanted livers (Amersi et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1999; 104: 1631). In addition, ischemia of longer than 12 hours is highly correlated with primary nonfunction of transplanted livers, as well as an increase incidence of both acute and chronic rejection (Fellstrom et al. Transplant Proc. 1998; 30: 4278).
Despite many attempts, reviewed by Selzner et al. (Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 917), no method for decreasing IRI has become widely used in organ grafting. It would be desirable to develop a therapeutic agent or procedure which attenuates IRI following organ transplantation.
Platelet transfusions are routinely administered to patients to prevent or treat hemorrhage (Wallace-et al. Transfusion 1998; 38:625-636). Platelets are typically stored for up to five days at 22° C. on a shaking device before having to be used in a medical procedure, e.g., transfusion. Endogenously produced platelets circulate in normal humans for about 10 days (Harker Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis 4 321-347 (1978)). Stored platelets survive less well, particularly when they have been derived from whole blood and not prepared by apheresis (Arnold et al. Transfusion 2006; 46:257-264). During collection and storage platelets undergo structural and metabolic changes collectively termed the platelet storage lesion (Klinger. Ann Hematol 1996; 73:103-112; Murphy et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 208:1094-98). Some of the changes during storage are reversible, for example those affecting metabolic pathways leading to ATP generation (Murphy et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 208:1094-98) and those resulting in increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentrations (Sasakawa et al. Thrombosis Res 1986; 42:557-566). Other changes are irreversible, e.g. extrusion of microvesicles during storage that results in substantial loss of lipid from platelets (Martin-Valmaseda et al. Thromb Hemost. 1998; 80:668-676). There is need for a method to decrease the extrusion of microvesicles from platelets during storage.
Some changes taking place during platelet storage do not appear to reduce in vivo platelet survival. Retention of the discoid shape has long been regarded as a requirement for survival. However in mice spherical platelets lacking tubulin-β1 showed normal survival (Italiano. Blood 2003; 101:4789-4796), and in baboons activated platelets with a spherical shape continued to circulate (Michelson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93:11877-882). In the latter study platelets expressing P-selectin survived in peripheral blood, and the expression of P-selectin on stored platelets was not found to correlate well with their survival in recipients (Rinder et al. Transfusion 2003; 43:2-6). Studies in mice have also shown that expression of P-selectin is not a major mechanism of platelet clearance (Berger et al. Blood 1998; 92:4446-52).
Recently, attention has been focused on the loss of phospholipid asymmetry in platelet plasma membranes during storage. In normal platelets and other cell types, the acidic aminophospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is confined to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer. During storage PS is translocated to the surface of platelets (Shapira et al. Transfusion 2000; 40:1257-63; Metcalfe et al. Brit. J. Haematol. 1997; 98:86-95). This process correlates with the extrusion of microvesicles from the plasma membrane and may also contribute to the rapid removal of stored platelets from the circulation of recipients.
Activated monocytes and macrophages express on their surfaces a receptor for PS which mediates the clearance of apoptotic cells (Fadok et al. Nature 2000; 405:85-90) as well as the removal from the circulation of aging and other erythrocytes with PS on their surfaces (Kuypers et al. Cell Mol. Biol. 2004; 50:147-158). When rabbit platelets are exposed to the calcium ionophore A-23187 there is increased surface expression of PS and the platelets are rapidly removed from the circulation (Rand et al. J. Thromb. Haemostasis 2004; 2:651-670). The question arises whether PS on platelet surfaces is responsible for the rapid removal of A-23187-treated platelets or whether another ligand is concomitantly exposed by the ionophore treatment. The use of a selective PS ligand can address this question. If the short lifespan of stored platelets is correlated with PS exposure, the possibility exists that a PS ligand can prevent the rapid removal from the circulation of stored platelets transfused into recipients.
It would be desirable to prolong the survival of stored platelets and to enhance the effectiveness of platelet transfusions in a patient.
Against this backdrop the present invention has been developed.
The present invention provides compounds and methods for preventing arterial or venous thrombosis. Recombinant human annexins are modified in such a way that its half-life in the vascular compartment is prolonged. This can be achieved in a variety of ways; three embodiments are an annexin coupled to polyethylene glycol, a homopolymer or heteropolymer of annexin, and a fusion protein of annexin with another protein (e.g., the Fc portion of immunoglobulin). The modified annexin binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine on the surface of activated platelets or injured cells, thereby preventing the binding of Gas6 as well as procoagulant proteins and the formation of a prothrombinase complex. Modified annexin therefore inhibits both the cellular and humoral mechanisms by which platelet aggregation is amplified, thereby preventing thrombosis.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated modified annexin protein containing an annexin protein, preferably annexin V, coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Preferably, at least two PEG chains are coupled to a single annexin molecule, with each PEG having a molecular weight of at least 5 kDa, more preferably at least 10 kDa, and most preferably at least 15 kDa. In an alternative embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein contains an annexin protein coupled to at least one additional protein, such as an additional annexin protein (forming a homodimer) or the Fc portion of immunoglobulin. The additional protein preferably has a molecular weight of at least 30 kDa. Also provided by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions containing an antithrombotically effective amount of any of the modified annexin proteins of the invention.
In methods of the invention, the modified annexin is administered to a subject at risk of thrombosis in a pharmaceutical composition having an antithrombotically effective amount of any one of the modified annexin proteins of the present invention. For example, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered after an arterial thrombosis such as coronary thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis, or a transient cerebral ischemic attack. It can also be administered after a surgical operation associated with venous thrombosis. Additionally, it can be administered to subjects having conditions subject to arterial or venous thrombosis, such as diabetes, pregnancy, or parturition.
Also provided by the present invention are an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a homodimer of annexin, a recombinant molecule containing at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule, and a recombinant cell containing at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule. The recombinant cell is cultured under suitable conditions in a method of the invention to produce a homodimer of annexin.
The present invention also provides a method for screening for a modified annexin protein that modulates thrombosis using a thrombosis test system. In some embodiments, the test system is an in vitro coagulation assay (Kuypers et al., Blood 104, 441a, 2004). In this embodiment, the assay comprises human cells with externalized PS to which purified human blood coagulation proteins bind and generate a prothrombin complex. The modified annexin binds to PS, competing with the coagulation proteins, and thereby inhibits thrombin generation.
Also provided by the present invention is a method for in vivo screening for a modified annexin protein. In this method, a thrombosis animal model is contacted with a test modified annexin protein, after which the in vivo anticoagulation activity and increase in hemorrhage of the test modified annexin protein is assessed. The anticoagulation activity and time are compared with the anticoagulation activity and time of annexin, and the amount of hemorrhage is compared with hemorrhage in the animal model in the absence of the test modified annexin protein.
Thus the invention provides a method of treating a subject at risk of thrombosis comprising administering to said subject an antithrombotically effective amount of an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer. The isolated modified annexin protein is administered after coronary thrombosis, after an overt cerebral thrombosis, after, transient cerebral ischemic attack, after a surgical operation associated with venous thrombosis, wherein said subject is diabetic and said thrombosis is arterial thrombosis, or during a condition selected from the group consisting of pregnancy and parturition. The isolated modified annexin protein is administered in a range from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg.
The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the attachment of leukocytes to endothelial cells comprising administering an effective amount of an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method further comprises reducing endothelial cell damage.
The present invention also provides a method of treating a subject at risk of thrombosis comprising administering to said subject an antithrombotically effective amount of a protein having an affinity for phosphatidylserine that is at least 10% of the affinity of annexin V for phosphatidylserine, including wherein said protein is a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.
The present invention provides a method of protecting organs or tissue susceptible to IRI, comprising contacting said organs or tissue with isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer. In some embodiments, said organs or tissue are contacted with said isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer by administering to a patient who is a recipient of an organ transplant, a therapeutic composition comprising isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer. In some embodiments, the annexin dimer is administered in an intravascular dose of 10 to 1000 μg/kg. In other embodiments, the annexin dimer is administered in an intravascular dose of 100 to 500 μg/kg.
In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition is administered to the recipient patient up to six hours prior to the reperfusion period. In other embodiments, the therapeutic composition is administered to the recipient patient up to one hour after the reperfusion period. In other embodiments, the therapeutic composition is intravenously administered to the recipient patient during the transplantation. In some embodiments the therapeutic composition is administered to a patient with coronary, cerebral or other thrombosis as soon as possible after the vaso-occlusive event. In another embodiment, the therapeutic composition is administered during a surgical operation to decrease the likelihood of thrombosis and/or embolism. In yet another embodiment the therapeutic composition is administered to an organ graft recipient before, during or after the operation to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury.
In some embodiments, an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer comprises SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:23.
In still other embodiments, the organs or tissue comprise organ or tissue transplants which are contacted with an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer by perfusing or flushing them ex vivo with a solution containing isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer in a concentration of about 0.1 to 1 mg/l. In some embodiments, wherein said organs or tissue are perfused with a solution containing, in addition to isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer, at least one component selected from the group consisting of electrolytes and cell-protecting agents.
The present invention also provides a method of protecting organ or tissue transplants against reperfusion injury and dysfunction, comprising contacting said organ or tissue with a preservation fluid for perfusion and storage or rinsing of the organ, or tissue transplants prior to the implantation of said organ or tissue in a patient requiring such implantation, wherein said preservation fluid contains an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer in a concentration sufficient to prevent IRI after ischemia.
In some embodiments, the isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer is added in a concentration of about 0.1 to 1 mg/l of preservation or rinse fluid.
In other embodiments, the isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer comprises SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:17.
The present invention also provides method of protecting organs against IRI comprising administering an effective amount of an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer, individually or in combination to a patient undergoing surgical operation.
The present invention further provides a method of protecting organs or tissue susceptible to IRI, comprising contacting said organs or tissue with an effective amount of a protein having an affinity for phosphatidylserine that is at least 10% of the affinity of annexin V for phosphatidylserine. In some embodiments, the protein is a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.
The present invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of:(a) an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence having at least 95% identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:23; (b) an isolated polynucleotide comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:23; (c) an isolated polynucleotide having at least 95% identity to the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:23; (d) the isolated polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:23; (e) an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide sequence having at least 95% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (f) an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (g) an isolated polynucleotide having a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide sequence having at least 95% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (h) an isolated polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (i) a polynucleotide which is the RNA equivalent of a polynucleotide of (a) to (h); and (j) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a polynucleotide of (a) to (i), wherein the polynucleotides of (a)-(k) encode a polypeptide having the ability to bind phosphatidylserine on cell surfaces.
The present invention also provides an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) an isolated polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (b) an isolated polypeptide comprising a polypeptide sequence having at least 95% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (c) an isolated polypeptide comprising the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; (d) an isolated polypeptide having at least 95% identity to the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; and (e) the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:23; wherein the polypeptides of (a)-(e) bind phosphatidylserine on cell surfaces.
The present invention further provides compounds and methods for prolonging the survivability of platelets during ex vivo storage. In some embodiments, the compounds are modified annexin, and preferably recombinant annexin dimers. Modified annexin is added to the platelets as they are being prepared from whole blood or after apheresis. The combined modified annexin and platelets forms a platelet storage medium. The modified annexin binds PS translocated to the platelet surface and exerts external constraint on the platelet plasma membrane to decrease extrusion of microvesicles. In this way the modified annexin prevents loss of lipids from stored platelets, thereby facilitating stored platelet metabolism and function. Embodiments include pharmaceutical compositions of modified annexin proteins having an effective amount, i.e., an amount effective to enhance the storage survivability of platelets, of any one of the modified annexin proteins of the present invention. In some embodiments the final concentration of modified annexin in the platelet storage medium is about 2 micrograms modified annexin per milliliter of storage medium.
The present invention further provides methods and compositions for administering modified annexin to a subject in need of a transfusion. The modified annexin masks externalized PS on the transfused platelets, preventing recognition of PS by the patient's macrophages, i.e., platelet destruction. Embodiments include administration of pharmaceutical compositions of modified annexin in combination with stored platelets. Modified annexin can be combined with the platelets and then administered to the patient or can be administered separately to the patient, before or after the patient has received the transfused platelets. In some embodiments the amount of modified annexin administered to the patient is enough to provide a dose of 200 micrograms modified annexin per kilogram weight of the platelet recipient.
These and various other features as well as advantages which characterize the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated figures.
FIGS. 1A-C show the structural scheme of two modified annexin embodiments.
FIGS. 2A-D show the results of flowcytometric analysis of a mixture of normal (1×107/ml) and PS exposing (1×107/ml) RBCs incubated with 0.2 μg/ml biotinylated AV (
FIGS. 3A-E illustrate the levels of AV or DAV in mouse circulation at various times after injection. FIGS. 3A-B show serum samples recovered 5 minutes and 20 minutes after injection of AV into mice, respectively. FIGS. 3C-E show serum samples recovered 5 minutes, 25 minutes and 120 minutes after injection of annexin V homodimer (DAV) into mice, respectively.
The present invention provides compounds and methods for preventing thrombosis in mammals without increasing hemorrhage. The invention relies in part on the recognition that the primary mechanisms of platelet aggregation are different from the mechanisms of amplifying platelet aggregation, which are required for the formation of an arterial or venous thrombus. By inhibiting thrombus formation but not primary platelet aggregation, thrombosis can be prevented without increasing hemorrhage.
Compounds of the invention include any product containing annexin amino acid sequences that have been modified to increase the half-life of the product in humans or other mammals. Where “amino acid sequence” is recited herein to refer to an amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring protein molecule, “amino acid sequence” and like terms, such as “polypeptide” or “protein,” are not meant to limit the amino acid sequence to the complete, native amino acid sequence associated with the recited proteins. The annexins are a family of homologous phospholipid-binding membrane proteins, of which ten represent distinct gene products expressed in mammals (Benz and Hofmann, 1997). Crystallographic analysis has revealed a common tertiary structure for all the family members so far studied, exemplified by annexin V (Huber et al., EMBO Journal 9:3867 (1990), incorporated herein by reference). The core domain is a concave discoid structure that can be closely apposed to phospholipid membranes. It contains four subdomains, each consisting of a 70-amino-acid annexin repeat made up of five α-helices. The annexins also have a more hydrophilic tail domain that varies in length and amino acid sequence among the different annexins. The sequences of genes encoding annexins are well known (e.g., Funakoshi et al., Biochemistry 26:8087-8092 (1987) (annexin V), incorporated herein by reference).
Annexin proteins include proteins of the annexin family, such as Annexin II (lipocortin 2, calpactin 1, protein I, p36, chromobindin 8), Annexin III (lipocortin 3, PAP-III), Annexin IV (lipocortin 4, endonexin I, protein II, chromobindin 4), Annexin V (Lipocortin 5, Endonexin 2, VAC-alpha, Anchorin CII, PAP-I), Annexin VI (Lipocortin 6, Protein III, Chromobindin 20, p68, p70), Annexin VII (Synexin), Annexin VIII (VAC-beta), Annexin XI (CAP-50), and Annexin XIII (ISA),
Annexin IV shares many of the same properties of Annexin V. Like annexin V, Annexin IV binds to acidic phospholipids membranes in the presence of calcium. Annexin IV is a close structural homologue of Annexin V. The sequence of Annexin IV is known. Hamman et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 156:660-667 (1988). Annexin IV belonds to the annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipids binding proteins. Its functions are still not clearly defined.
Annexin IV (endonexin) is a 32 kDa, calcium-dependent membrane-binding protein. The translated amino acid sequence of Annexin IV shows the four domain structure characteristic of proteins in this class. Annexin IV has 45-59% identity with other members of its family and shares a similar size and exon-intron organization. Isolated from human placenta, Annexin IV encodes a protein that has in vitro anticoagulant activity and inhibits phospholipase A2 activity. Annexin IV is almost exclusively expressed in epithelial cells.
Annexin VIII belongs to the family of CA (2+) dependent phospholipids binding proteins (annexins) and has high sequence identity to Annexin V (56%). Hauptmann, et al., Eur J Biochem. Oct. 20, 1989;185(1):63-71. It was initially isolated as a 2.2 kb vascular anticoagulant-beta. Annexin VIII is neither an extracellular protein nor associated with the cell surface. It may not play a role in blood coagulation in vivo. It is expressed at low levels in human placenta and shows restricted expression in lung, endothelia and skin, liver and kidney.
In the present invention, annexin proteins are modified to increase their half-life in humans or other mammals. In some embodiments, the annexin protein is annexin V, annexin IV or annexin VIII. One suitable modification of annexin is an increase in its effective size, which prevents loss from the vascular compartment into the extravascular compartment and urine, thereby prolonging antithrombotic activity following a single injection. Any increase in effective size that maintains a sufficient binding affinity with phosphatidylserine is within the scope of the present invention.
In one embodiment of the invention, a modified annexin contains a recombinant human annexin protein coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) in such a way that the modified annexin is capable of performing the function of annexin in a phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding assay. The antithrombotic action of the intravenously administered annexin-PEG conjugate is prolonged as compared with that of the free annexin. The recombinant annexin protein coupled to PEG can be annexin V protein or another annexin protein. In one embodiment, the annexin protein is annexin V, annexin IV or annexin VIII.
PEG consists of repeating units of ethylene oxide that terminate in hydroxyl groups on either end of a linear or, in some cases, branched chain. The size and molecular weight of the coupled PEG chain depend upon the number of ethylene oxide units it contains, which can be selected. For the present invention, any size of PEG and number of PEG chains per annexin molecule can be used such that the half-life of the modified annexin is increased, relative to annexin, while preserving the function of binding of the modified molecule to PS. As stated above, sufficient binding includes binding that is diminished from that of the unmodified annexin, but still competitive with the binding of Gas6 and factors of the prothrombinase complex and therefore able to prevent thrombosis. The optimal molecular weight of the conjugated PEG varies with the number of PEG chains. In one embodiment, two PEG molecules of molecular weight of at least about 15 kDa each are coupled to each annexin molecule. The PEG molecules can be linear or branched. The calcium-dependent binding of annexins to PS is affected not only by the size of the coupled PEG molecules, but also the sites on the protein to which PEG is bound. Optimal selection ensures that desirable properties are retained. Selection of PEG attachment sites is facilitated by knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the molecule and by mutational and crystallographic analyses of the interaction of the molecule with phospholipid membranes (Campos et al., Biochemistry 37:8004-8008 (1998), incorporated herein by reference).
In the area of drug delivery, PEG derivatives have been widely used in covalent attachment (referred to as pegylation) to proteins to enhance solubility, as well as to reduce immunogenicity, proteolysis, and kidney clearance. The superior clinical efficacy of recombinant products coupled to PEG is well established. For example, PEG-interferon alpha-2a administered once weekly is significantly more effective against hepatitis C virus than three weekly doses of the free interferon (Heathcote et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 343:1673-1680 (2000), incorporated herein by reference). Coupling to PEG has been used to prolong the half-life of recombinant proteins in vivo (Knauf et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:2796-2804 (1988), incorporated herein by reference), as well as to prevent the enzymatic degradation of recombinant proteins and to decrease the immunogenicity sometimes observed with homologous products (references in Hermanson, Bioconjugate techniques. New York, Academic Press (1996), pp. 173-176, incorporated herein by reference).
In another embodiment of the invention, the modified annexin protein is a polymer of annexin proteins that has an increased effective size. It is believed that the increase in effective size results in prolonged half-life in the vascular compartment and prolonged antithrombotic activity. One such modified annexin is a dimer of annexin proteins. In one embodiment, the dimer of annexin is a homodimer of annexin V, annexin IV or annexin VIII. In another embodiment, the dimer of annexin is a heterodimer of annexin V and other annexin protein (e.g., annexin IV or annexin VIII), annexin IV and another annexin protein (e.g., annexin V or annexin VIII) or annexin VIII and another annexin protein (e.g., annexin V or annexin IV). Another such polymer is the heterotetramer of annexin II with p11, a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins. The binding of an S100 protein to an annexin increases the affinity of the annexin for Ca2+. The annexin homopolymer or heterotetramer can be produced by bioconjugate methods or recombinant methods, and be administered by itself or in a PEG-conjugated form.
In some embodiments, the modified annexins have increased affinity for PS. As described in Example 4, a homodimer of human annexin V (DAV) was prepared in using well-established methods of recombinant DNA technology. The annexin molecules of the homodimer are joined through peptide bonds to a flexible linker (
In another embodiment of the invention, recombinant annexin is expressed with, or chemically coupled to, another protein such as the Fc portion of immunoglobulin. Such expression or coupling increases the effective size of the molecule, preventing the loss of annexin from the vascular compartment and prolonging its anticoagulant action.
Preferably, a modified annexin protein of the invention is an isolated modified annexin protein. The modified annexin protein can contain annexin II, annexin IV, annexin V, or annexin VIII. In some embodiments, the protein is modified human annexin. In some embodiments, the modified annexin contains recombinant human annexin. According to the present invention, an isolated or biologically pure protein is a protein that has been removed from its natural environment. As such, “isolated” and “biologically pure” do not necessarily reflect the extent to which the protein has been purified. An isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention can be obtained from its natural source, can be produced using recombinant DNA technology, or can be produced by chemical synthesis. As used herein, an isolated modified annexin protein can be a full-length modified protein or any homologue of such a protein. It can also be (e.g., for a pegylated protein) a modified full-length protein or a modified homologue of such a protein.
The minimal size of a protein homologue of the present invention is a size sufficient to be encoded by a nucleic acid molecule capable of forming a stable hybrid with the complementary sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding the corresponding natural protein. As such, the size of the nucleic acid molecule encoding such a protein homologue is dependent on nucleic acid composition and percent homology between the nucleic acid molecule and complementary sequence as well as upon hybridization conditions per se (e.g., temperature, salt concentration, and formamide concentration). The minimal size of such nucleic acid molecules is typically at least about 12 to about 15 nucleotides in length if the nucleic acid molecules are GC-rich and at least about 15 to about 17 bases in length if they are AT-rich. As such, the minimal size of a nucleic acid molecule used to encode a protein homologue of the present invention is from about 12 to about 18 nucleotides in length. There is no limit on the maximal size of such a nucleic acid molecule in that the nucleic acid molecule can include a portion of a gene, an entire gene, or multiple genes or portions thereof. Similarly, the minimal size of an annexin protein homologue or a modified annexin protein homologue of the present invention is from about 4 to about 6 amino acids in length, with sizes depending on whether a full-length, multivalent (i.e., fusion protein having more than one domain, each of which has a function) protein, or functional portions of such proteins are desired. Annexin and modified annexin homologues of the present invention preferably have activity corresponding to the natural subunit, such as being able to perform the activity of the annexin protein in preventing thrombus formation.
Annexin protein and modified annexin homologues can be the result of natural allelic variation or natural mutation. The protein homologues of the present invention can also be produced using techniques known in the art, including, but not limited to, direct modifications to the protein or modifications to the gene encoding the protein using, for example, classic or recombinant DNA techniques to effect random or targeted mutagenesis.
Also included is a modified annexin protein containing an amino acid sequence that is at least about 75%, more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least about 98% identical to amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:23 or a protein encoded by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein containing any of these sequences. Also included is a modified annexin protein comprising more than one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:15; SEQ ID NO:19, or SEQ ID NO:23; for example, a protein comprising SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:12 and separated by a linker. Methods to determine percent identities between amino acid sequences and between nucleic acid sequences are known to those skilled in the art. Methods to determine percent identities between sequences include computer programs such as the GCG® Wisconsin package™ (available from Accelrys Corporation), the DNAsis™ program (available from Hitachi Software, San Bruno, Calif.), the Vector NTI Suite (available from Informax, Inc., North Bethesda, Md.), or the BLAST software available on the NCBI website.
In one embodiment, a modified annexin protein includes an amino acid sequence of at least about 5 amino acids, preferably at least about 50 amino acids, more preferably at least about 100 amino acids, more preferably at least about 200 amino acids, more preferably at least about 250 amino acids, more preferably at least about 275 amino acids, more preferably at least about 300 amino acids, and most preferably at least about 319 amino acids or the full-length annexin protein, whichever is shorter. In another embodiment, annexin proteins contain full-length proteins, i.e., proteins encoded by full-length coding regions, or post-translationally modified proteins thereof, such as mature proteins from which initiating methionine and/or signal sequences or “pro” sequences have been removed.
A fragment of a modified annexin protein of the present invention preferably contains at least about 5 amino acids, more preferably at least about 10 amino acids, more preferably at least about 15 amino acids, more preferably at least about 20 amino acids, more preferably at least about 25 amino acids, more preferably at least about 30 amino acids, more preferably at least about 35 amino acids, more preferably at least about 40 amino acids, more preferably at least about 45 amino acids, more preferably at least about 50 amino acids, more preferably at least about 55 amino acids, more preferably at least about 60 amino acids, more preferably at least about 65 amino acids, more preferably at least about 70 amino acids, more preferably at least about 75 amino acids, more preferably at least about 80 amino acids, more preferably at least about 85 amino acids, more preferably at least about 90 amino acids, more preferably at least about 95 amino acids, and even more preferably at least about 100 amino acids in length.
In one embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:21. Alternatively, the modified annexin protein contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having one of these sequences. Alternatively, the modified annexin protein contains more than one protein sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having this sequence.
In one embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having this sequence. Alternatively, the modified annexin protein contains more than one protein sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having this sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 12-linker-SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO:19).
In another embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention is a modified protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:13 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having this sequence. Alternatively, the modified annexin protein contains more than one protein sequence encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:13 or by an allelic variant of a nucleic acid molecule having this sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 15-linker-SEQ ID NO: 15; SEQ ID NO:23).
In another embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention is a modified protein which contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10, or by allelic variants of these nucleic acid molecules (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3-linker-SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:12-linker-SEQ ID NO:3).
In another embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention is a modified protein which contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1 and a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:13, or by allelic variants of these nucleic acid molecules (e.g., SEQ ID NO:3-linker-SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:15-linker-SEQ ID NO:3).
In another embodiment, an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention is a modified protein which contains a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10 and a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:13, or by allelic variants of these nucleic acid molecules (e.g., SEQ ID NO:12-linker-SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:15-linker-SEQ ID NO:12).
One embodiment of the present invention includes a non-native modified annexin protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with an annexin gene. As used herein, stringent hybridization conditions refer to standard hybridization conditions under which nucleic acid molecules, including oligonucleotides, are used to identify molecules having similar nucleic acid sequences. Such standard conditions are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Press (1989), incorporated herein by reference. Stringent hybridization conditions typically permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 70% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe in the hybridization reaction. Formulae to calculate the appropriate hybridization and wash conditions to achieve hybridization permitting 30% or less mismatch of nucleotides are disclosed, for example, in Meinkoth et al., Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284 (1984), incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, hybridization conditions will permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 80% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe. In other embodiments, hybridization conditions will permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 90% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe. In still other embodiments, hybridization conditions will permit isolation of nucleic acid molecules having at least about 95% nucleic acid sequence identity with the nucleic acid molecule being used to probe.
A modified annexin protein includes a protein encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that is at least about 50 nucleotides and that hybridizes under conditions that preferably allow about 20% base pair mismatch, more preferably under conditions that allow about 15% base pair mismatch, more preferably under conditions that allow about 10% base pair mismatch, more preferably under conditions that allow about 5% base pair mismatch, and even more preferably under conditions that allow about 2% base pair mismatch with a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:21, or a complement of any of these nucleic acid molecules.
As used herein, an annexin gene includes all nucleic acid sequences related to a natural annexin gene such as regulatory regions that control production of the annexin protein encoded by that gene (such as, but not limited to, transcription, translation or post-translation control regions) as well as the coding region itself. In one embodiment, an annexin gene includes the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, an annexin gene includes the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:10. In another embodiment, an annexin gene includes the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:13. In another embodiment, an annexin gene includes the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:17. In another embodiment, an annexin gene includes the nucleic acid sequence SEQ ID NO:21. It should be noted that since nucleic acid sequencing technology is not entirely error-free, SEQ ID NO:1 (as well as other sequences presented herein), at best, represents an apparent nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid molecule encoding an annexin protein of the present invention.
In another embodiment, an annexin gene can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to SEQ ID NO:1. In another embodiment, an annexin gene can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to SEQ ID NO:10. In another embodiment, an annexin gene can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to SEQ ID NO:13. In another embodiment, an annexin gene can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to SEQ ID NO:17. In another embodiment, an annexin gene can be an allelic variant that includes a similar but not identical sequence to SEQ ID NO:21. An allelic variant of an annexin gene including SEQ ID NO:1 is a gene that occurs at essentially the same locus (or loci) in the genome as the gene including SEQ ID NO:1, but which, due to natural variations caused by, for example, mutation or recombination, has a similar but not identical sequence. Allelic variants typically encode proteins having similar activity to that of the protein encoded by the gene to which they are being compared. Allelic variants can also comprise alterations in the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the gene (e.g., in regulatory control regions). Allelic variants are well known to those skilled in the art and would be expected to be found within a given human since the genome is diploid and/or among a population comprising two or more humans.
An isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention can be obtained from its natural source, can be produced using recombinant DNA technology, or can be produced by chemical synthesis. As used herein, an isolated modified annexin protein can contain a full-length protein or any homologue of such a protein. Examples of annexin and modified annexin homologues include annexin and modified annexin proteins in which amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or by a protein splicing reaction when an intron has been removed or two exons are joined), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, myristylation, prenylation, palmitoylation, amidation and/or addition of glycerophosphatidyl inositol) such that the homologue includes at least one epitope capable of eliciting an immune response against an annexin protein. That is, when the homologue is administered to an animal as an immunogen, using techniques known to those skilled in the art, the animal will produce a humoral and/or cellular immune response against at least one epitope of an annexin protein. Annexin and modified annexin homologues can also be selected by their ability to selectively bind to immune serum. Methods to measure such activities are disclosed herein. Annexin and modified annexin homologues also include those proteins that are capable of performing the function of native annexin in a functional assay; that is, are capable of binding to phosphatidylserine or to activated platelets or exhibiting antithrombotic activity. Methods for such assays are described in the Examples section and elsewhere herein.
A modified annexin protein of the present invention may be identified by its ability to perform the function of an annexin protein in a functional assay. The phrase “capable of performing the function of that in a functional assay” means that the protein or modified protein has at least about 10% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, it has at least about 20% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, it has at least about 30% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, it has at least about 40% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, it has at least about 50% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, the protein or modified protein has at least about 60% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In still other embodiments, the protein or modified protein has at least about 70% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In yet other embodiments, the protein or modified protein has at least about 80% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. In other embodiments, the protein or modified protein has at least about 90% of the activity of the natural protein in the functional assay. Examples of functional assays are described herein.
An isolated protein of the present invention can be produced in a variety of ways, including recovering such a protein from a bacterium and producing such a protein recombinantly. One embodiment of the present invention is a method to produce an isolated modified annexin protein of the present invention using recombinant DNA technology. Such a method includes the steps of (a) culturing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified annexin protein of the present invention to produce the protein and (b) recovering the protein therefrom. Details on producing recombinant cells and culturing thereof are presented below. The phrase “recovering the protein” refers simply to collecting the whole fermentation medium containing the protein and need not imply additional steps of separation or purification. Proteins of the present invention can be purified using a variety of standard protein purification techniques.
Isolated proteins of the present invention are preferably retrieved in “substantially pure” form. As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to a purity that allows for the effective use of the protein in a functional assay.
Modified Annexin Nucleic Acid Molecules or Genes
Another embodiment of the present invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions with a gene encoding a modified annexin protein such as a homodimer of annexin V, a homodimer of annexin IV, a homodimer of annexin VIII, a heterodimer of annexin V and annexin VIII, a heterodimer of annexin V and annexin IV or a heterodimer of annexin IV and annexin VIII. Such a nucleic acid molecule is also referred to herein as a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule. Included is an isolated nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions with a modified annexin gene. The characteristics of such genes are disclosed herein. In accordance with the present invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that has been removed from its natural milieu (i.e., that has been subject to human manipulation). As such, “isolated” does not reflect the extent to which the nucleic acid molecule has been purified. An isolated nucleic acid molecule can include DNA, RNA, or derivatives of either DNA or RNA.
As stated above, a modified annexin gene includes all nucleic acid sequences related to a natural annexin gene, such as regulatory regions that control production of an annexin protein encoded by that gene (such as, but not limited to, transcriptional, translational, or post-translational control regions) as well as the coding region itself. A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be an isolated modified annexin nucleic acid molecule or a homologue thereof. A nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include one or more regulatory regions, full-length or partial coding regions, or combinations thereof. The minimal size of a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is the minimal size capable of forming a stable hybrid under stringent hybridization conditions with a corresponding natural gene. Annexin nucleic acid molecules can also include a nucleic acid molecule encoding a hybrid protein, a fusion protein, a multivalent protein or a truncation fragment.
An isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can be obtained from its natural source either as an entire (i.e., complete) gene or a portion thereof capable of forming a stable hybrid with that gene. As used herein, the phrase “at least a portion of′ an entity refers to an amount of the entity that is at least sufficient to have the functional aspects of that entity. For example, at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence, as used herein, is an amount of a nucleic acid sequence capable of forming a stable hybrid with the corresponding gene under stringent hybridization conditions.
An isolated nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can also be produced using recombinant DNA technology (e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, cloning, etc.) or chemical synthesis. Isolated modified annexin nucleic acid molecules include natural nucleic acid molecules and homologues thereof, including, but not limited to, natural allelic variants and modified nucleic acid molecules in which nucleotides have been inserted, deleted, substituted, and/or inverted in such a manner that such modifications do not substantially interfere with the ability of the nucleic acid molecule to encode an annexin protein of the present invention or to form stable hybrids under stringent conditions with natural nucleic acid molecule isolates.
A modified annexin nucleic acid molecule homologue can be produced using a number of methods known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989). For example, nucleic acid molecules can be modified using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, classic mutagenesis techniques and recombinant DNA techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis, chemical treatment of a nucleic acid molecule to induce mutations, restriction enzyme cleavage of a nucleic acid fragment, ligation of nucleic acid fragments, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and/or mutagenesis of selected regions of a nucleic acid sequence, synthesis of oligonucleotide mixtures, and ligation of mixture groups to “build” a mixture of nucleic acid molecules and combinations thereof. Nucleic acid molecule homologues can be selected from a mixture of modified nucleic acids by screening for the function of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid (e.g., the ability of a homologue to elicit an immune response against an annexin protein and/or to function in a clotting assay, or other functional assay), and/or by hybridization with isolated annexin-encoding nucleic acids under stringent conditions.
An isolated modified annexin nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can include a nucleic acid sequence that encodes at least one modified annexin protein of the present invention, examples of such proteins being disclosed herein. Although the phrase “nucleic acid molecule” primarily refers to the physical nucleic acid molecule and the phrase “nucleic acid sequence” primarily refers to the sequence of nucleotides on the nucleic acid molecule, the two phrases can be used interchangeably, especially with respect to a nucleic acid molecule, or a nucleic acid sequence, being capable of encoding a modified annexin protein.
One embodiment of the present invention is a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule that is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid strand that encodes at least a portion of a modified annexin protein or a homologue thereof or to the complement of such a nucleic acid strand. A nucleic acid sequence complement of any nucleic acid sequence of the present invention refers to the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid strand that is complementary to (i.e., can form a complete double helix with) the strand for which the sequence is cited. It is to be noted that a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule of the present invention for which a nucleic acid sequence has been determined for one strand, that is represented by a SEQ ID NO, also comprises a complementary strand having a sequence that is a complement of that SEQ ID NO. As such, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, which can be either double-stranded or single-stranded, include those nucleic acid molecules that form stable hybrids under stringent hybridization conditions with either a given SEQ ID NO denoted herein and/or with the complement of that SEQ ID NO, which may or may not be denoted herein. Methods to deduce a complementary sequence are known to those skilled in the art. Included is a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule that includes a nucleic acid sequence having at least about 65 percent, preferably at least about 70 percent, more preferably at least about 75 percent, more preferably at least about 80 percent, more preferably at least about 85 percent, more preferably at least about 90 percent and even more preferably at least about 95 percent homology with the corresponding region(s) of the nucleic acid sequence encoding at least a portion of a modified annexin protein. Included is a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule capable of encoding a homodimer of an annexin protein or homologue thereof.
Annexin nucleic acid molecules include SEQ ID NO:4 and allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:1 and an allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:10 and an allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:10; SEQ ID NO:13 and an allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:13; SEQ ID NO:17 and an allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:17; and SEQ ID NO:21 and an allelic variants of SEQ ID NO:21.
Knowing a nucleic acid molecule of a modified annexin protein of the present invention allows one skilled in the art to make copies of that nucleic acid molecule as well as to obtain a nucleic acid molecule including additional portions of annexin protein-encoding genes (e.g., nucleic acid molecules that include the translation start site and/or transcription and/or translation control regions), and/or annexin nucleic acid molecule homologues. Knowing a portion of an amino acid sequence of an annexin protein of the present invention allows one skilled in the art to clone nucleic acid sequences encoding such an annexin protein. In addition, a desired modified annexin nucleic acid molecule can be obtained in a variety of ways including screening appropriate expression libraries with antibodies that bind to annexin proteins of the present invention; traditional cloning techniques using oligonucleotide probes of the present invention to screen appropriate libraries or DNA; and PCR amplification of appropriate libraries, or RNA or DNA using oligonucleotide primers of the present invention (genomic and/or cDNA libraries can be used).
The present invention also includes nucleic acid molecules that are oligonucleotides capable of hybridizing, under stringent conditions, with complementary regions of other, preferably longer, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention that encode at least a portion of a modified annexin protein. Oligonucleotides of the present invention can be RNA, DNA, or derivatives of either. The minimal size of such oligonucleotides is the size required to form a stable hybrid between a given oligonucleotide and the complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Minimal size characteristics are disclosed herein. The size of the oligonucleotide must also be sufficient for the use of the oligonucleotide in accordance with the present invention. Oligonucleotides of the present invention can be used in a variety of applications including, but not limited to, as probes to identify additional nucleic acid molecules, as primers to amplify or extend nucleic acid molecules or in therapeutic applications to modulate modified annexin production. Such therapeutic applications include the use of such oligonucleotides in, for example, antisense-, triplex formation-, ribozyme- and/or RNA drug-based technologies. The present invention, therefore, includes such oligonucleotides and methods to modulate the production of modified annexin proteins by use of one or more of such technologies.
Natural Wild-Type Bacterial Cells and Recombinant Molecules and Cells
The present invention also includes a recombinant vector, which includes a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule of the present invention inserted into any vector capable of delivering the nucleic acid molecule into a host cell. Such a vector contains heterologous nucleic acid sequences, that is, nucleic acid sequences that are not naturally found adjacent to modified annexin nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. The vector can be either RNA or DNA, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and typically is a virus or a plasmid. Recombinant vectors can be used in the cloning, sequencing, and/or otherwise manipulating of modified annexin nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. One type of recombinant vector, herein referred to as a recombinant molecule and described in more detail below, can be used in the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. Some recombinant vectors are capable of replicating in the transformed cell. Nucleic acid molecules to include in recombinant vectors of the present invention are disclosed herein.
As heretofore disclosed, one embodiment of the present invention is a method to produce a modified annexin protein of the present invention by culturing a cell capable of expressing the protein under conditions effective to produce the protein, and recovering the protein. In an alternative embodiment, the method includes producing an annexin protein by culturing a cell capable of expressing the protein under conditions effective to produce the annexin protein, recovering the protein, and modifying the protein by coupling it to an agent that increases its effective size.
In one embodiment, the cell to culture is a natural bacterial cell, and modified annexin is isolated from these cells. In another embodiment, a cell to culture is a recombinant cell that is capable of expressing the modified annexin protein, the recombinant cell being produced by transforming a host cell with one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. Transformation of a nucleic acid molecule into a cell can be accomplished by any method by which a nucleic acid molecule can be inserted into the cell. Transformation techniques include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, and protoplast fusion. A recombinant cell may remain unicellular or may grow into a tissue, organ or a multicellular organism. Transformed nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can remain extrachromosomal or can integrate into one or more sites within a chromosome of the transformed (i.e., recombinant) cell in such a manner that their ability to be expressed is retained. Nucleic acid molecules with which to transform a host cell are disclosed herein.
Suitable host cells to transform include any cell that can be transformed and that can express the introduced modified annexin protein. Such cells are, therefore, capable of producing modified annexin proteins of the present invention after being transformed with at least one nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Host cells can be either untransformed cells or cells that are already transformed with at least one nucleic acid molecule. Suitable host cells of the present invention can include bacterial, fungal (including yeast), insect, animal, and plant cells. Host cells include bacterial cells, with E. coli cells being particularly preferred. Alternative host cells are untransformed (wild-type) bacterial cells producing cognate modified annexin proteins, including attenuated strains with reduced pathogenicity, as appropriate.
A recombinant cell is preferably produced by transforming a host cell with one or more recombinant molecules, each comprising one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention operatively linked to an expression vector containing one or more transcription control sequences. The phrase “operatively linked” refers to insertion of a nucleic acid molecule into an expression vector in a manner such that the molecule is able to be expressed when transformed into a host cell. As used herein, an expression vector is a DNA or RNA vector that is capable of transforming a host cell and of effecting expression of a specified nucleic acid molecule. Preferably, the expression vector is also capable of replicating within the host cell. Expression vectors can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and are typically viruses or plasmids. Expression vectors of the present invention include any vectors that function (i.e., direct gene expression) in recombinant cells of the present invention, including in bacterial, fungal, insect, animal, and/or plant cells. As such, nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be operatively linked to expression vectors containing regulatory sequences such as promoters, operators, repressors, enhancers, termination sequences, origins of replication, and other regulatory sequences that are compatible with the recombinant cell and that control the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. As used herein, a transcription control sequence includes a sequence that is capable of controlling the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those that control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. Suitable transcription control sequences include any transcription control sequence that can function in at least one of the recombinant cells of the present invention. A variety of such transcription control sequences are known to the art. Transcription control sequences include those which function in bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian cells, such as, but not limited to, tac, lac, tzp, trc, oxy-pro, omp/lpp, rrnB, bacteriophage lambda (λ) (such as λpL and λpR and fusions that include such promoters), bacteriophage T7, T71ac, bacteriophage T3, bacteriophage SP6, bacteriophage SP01, metallothionein, alpha mating factor, Pichia alcohol oxidase, alphavirus subgenomic promoters (such as Sindbis virus subgenomic promoters), baculovirus, Heliothis zea insect virus, vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, poxvirus, adenovirus, simian virus 40, retrovirus actin, retroviral long terminal repeat, Rous sarcoma virus, heat shock, phosphate and nitrate transcription control sequences as well as other sequences capable of controlling gene expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable transcription control sequences include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers as well as lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g., promoters inducible by interferons or interleukins). Transcription control sequences of the present invention can also include naturally occurring transcription control sequences naturally associated with a DNA sequence encoding an annexin protein. One transcription control sequence is the Kozak strong promotor and initiation sequence.
Expression vectors of the present invention may also contain secretory signals (i.e., signal segment nucleic acid sequences) to enable an expressed annexin protein to be secreted from the cell that produces the protein. Suitable signal segments include an annexin protein signal segment or any heterologous signal segment capable of directing the secretion of an annexin protein, including fusion proteins, of the present invention. Signal segments include, but are not limited to, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), interferon, interleukin, growth hormone, histocompatibility and viral envelope glycoprotein signal segments.
Expression vectors of the present invention may also contain fusion sequences which lead to the expression of inserted nucleic acid molecules of the present invention as fusion proteins. Inclusion of a fusion sequence as part of a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule of the present invention can enhance the stability during production, storage and/or use of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule. Furthermore, a fusion segment can function as a tool to simplify purification of a modified annexin protein, such as to enable purification of the resultant fusion protein using affinity chromatography. One fusion segment that can be used for protein purification is the 8-amino acid peptide sequence asp-tyr-lys-asp-asp-asp-asp-lys (SEQ ID NO:9).
A suitable fusion segment can be a domain of any size that has the desired function (e.g., increased stability and/or purification tool). It is within the scope of the present invention to use one or more fusion segments. Fusion segments can be joined to amino and/or carboxyl termini of an annexin protein. Another type of fusion protein is a fusion protein wherein the fusion segment connects two or more annexin proteins or modified annexin proteins. Linkages between fusion segments and annexin proteins can be constructed to be susceptible to cleavage to enable straightforward recovery of the annexin or modified annexin proteins. Fusion proteins are preferably produced by culturing a recombinant cell transformed with a fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes a protein including the fusion segment attached to either the carboxyl and/or amino terminal end of an annexin protein.
A recombinant molecule of the present invention is a molecule that can include at least one of any nucleic acid molecule heretofore described operatively linked to at least one of any transcription control sequence capable of effectively regulating expression of the nucleic acid molecules in the cell to be transformed. A recombinant molecule includes one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, including those that encode one or more modified annexin proteins. Recombinant molecules of the present invention and their production are described in the Examples section. Similarly, a recombinant cell includes one or more nucleic acid molecules of the present invention, with those that encode one or more annexin proteins. Recombinant cells of the present invention include those disclosed in the Examples section.
It may be appreciated by one skilled in the art that use of recombinant DNA technologies can improve expression of transformed nucleic acid molecules by manipulating, for example, the number of copies of the nucleic acid molecules within a host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid molecules are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modifications. Recombinant techniques useful for increasing the expression of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention include, but are not limited to, operatively linking nucleic acid molecules to high-copy number plasmids, integration of the nucleic acid molecules into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability sequences to plasmids, substitutions or modifications of transcription control signals (e.g., promoters, operators, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signals (e.g., ribosome binding sites, Shine-Dalgarno sequences), modification of nucleic acid molecules of the present invention to correspond to the codon usage of the host cell, deletion of sequences that destabilize transcripts, and use of control signals that temporally separate recombinant cell growth from recombinant protein production during fermentation. The activity of an expressed recombinant protein of the present invention may be improved by fragmenting, modifying, or derivatizing the resultant protein.
In accordance with the present invention, recombinant cells can be used to produce annexin or modified annexin proteins of the present invention by culturing such cells under conditions effective to produce such a protein, and recovering the protein. Effective conditions to produce a protein include, but are not limited to, appropriate media, bioreactor, temperature, pH and oxygen conditions that permit protein production. An appropriate, or effective, medium refers to any medium in which a cell of the present invention, when cultured, is capable of producing an annexin or modified annexin protein. Such a medium is typically an aqueous medium comprising assimilable carbohydrate, nitrogen and phosphate sources, as well as appropriate salts, minerals, metals and other nutrients, such as vitamins. The medium may comprise complex, nutrients or may be a defined minimal medium.
Cells of the present invention can be cultured in conventional fermentation bioreactors, which include, but are not limited to, batch, fed-batch, cell recycle, and continuous fermentors. Culturing can also be conducted in shake flasks, test tubes, microtiter dishes, and petri plates. Culturing is carried out at a temperature, pH and oxygen content appropriate for the recombinant cell. Such culturing conditions are well within the expertise of one of ordinary skill in the art.
Depending on the vector and host system used for production, resultant annexin proteins may either remain within the recombinant cell; be secreted into the fermentation medium; be secreted into a space between two cellular membranes, such as the periplasmic space in E. coli; or be retained on the outer surface of a cell or viral membrane. Methods to purify such proteins are disclosed in the Examples section.
Antibodies
The present invention also includes isolated anti-modified annexin antibodies and their use. An anti-modified annexin antibody is an antibody capable of selectively binding to a modified annexin protein. Isolated antibodies are antibodies that have been removed from their natural milieu. The term “isolated” does not refer to the state of purity of such antibodies. As such, isolated antibodies can include anti-sera containing such antibodies, or antibodies that have been purified to varying degrees. As used herein, the term “selectively binds to” refers to the ability of such antibodies to preferentially bind to the protein against which the antibody was raised (i.e., to be able to distinguish that protein from unrelated components in a mixture). Binding affinities, commonly expressed as equilibrium association constants, typically range from about 103 M−1 to about 1012 M−1. Binding can be measured using a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art including immunoblot assays, immunoprecipitation assays, radioimmunoassays, enzyme immunoassays (e.g., ELISA), immunofluorescent antibody assays and immunoelectron microscopy; see, e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989.
Antibodies of the present invention can be either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies of the present invention include functional equivalents such as antibody fragments and genetically-engineered antibodies, including single chain antibodies, that are capable of selectively binding to at least one of the epitopes of the protein used to obtain the antibodies. Antibodies of the present invention also include chimeric antibodies that can bind to more than one epitope. Antibodies are raised in response to proteins that are encoded, at least in part, by a modified annexin nucleic acid molecule of the present invention.
Anti-modified annexin antibodies of the present invention include antibodies raised in an animal administered a modified annexin. Anti-modified annexin antibodies of the present invention also include antibodies raised in an animal against one or more modified annexin proteins of the present invention that are then recovered from the cell using techniques known to those skilled in the art. Yet additional antibodies of the present invention are produced recombinantly using techniques as heretofore disclosed for modified annexin proteins of the present invention. Antibodies produced against defined proteins can be advantageous because such antibodies are not substantially contaminated with antibodies against other substances that might otherwise cause interference in a diagnostic assay or side effects if used in a therapeutic composition.
Anti-modified annexin antibodies of the present invention have a variety of uses that are within the scope of the present invention. Anti-modified annexin antibodies can be used as tools to screen expression libraries and/or to recover desired proteins of the present invention from a mixture of proteins and other contaminants.
An anti-modified annexin antibody of the present invention can selectively bind to a modified annexin protein.
Therapeutic Methods
Any of the above-described modified annexin proteins is used in methods of the invention to treat arterial or venous thrombosis caused by any medical procedure or condition. Generally, the therapeutic agents used in the invention are administered to an animal in an effective amount. Generally, an effective amount is an amount effective either (1) to reduce the symptoms of the disease sought to be treated or (2) to induce a pharmacological change relevant to treating the disease sought to be treated.
For thrombosis, an effective amount includes an amount effective to exert prolonged antithrombotic activity without substantially increasing the risk of hemorrhage or to increase the life expectancy of the affected animal. As used herein, prolonged antithrombotic activity refers to the time of activity of the modified annexin protein with respect to the time of activity of the same amount (molar) of an unmodified annexin protein. Preferably, antithrombotic activity is prolonged by at least about a factor of two, more preferably by at least about a factor of five, and most preferably by at least about a factor of ten. Preferably, the effective amount does not substantially increase the risk of hemorrhage compared with the hemorrhage risk of the same subject to whom the modified annexin has not been administered. Preferably, the hemorrhage risk is very small and, at most, below that provided by alternative antithrombotic treatments available in the prior art. Therapeutically effective amounts of the therapeutic agents can be any amount or dose sufficient to bring about the desired antithrombotic effect and depends, in part, on the condition, type, and location of the thrombus, the size and condition of the patient, as well as other factors known to those skilled in the art. The dosages can be given as a single dose, or as several doses, for example, divided over the course of several weeks.
Administration preferably occurs by bolus injection or by intravenous infusion, either after thrombosis to prevent further thrombosis or under conditions in which the subject is susceptible to or at risk of thrombosis.
The therapeutic agents of the present invention can be administered by any suitable means, including, for example, parenteral or local administration, such as intravenous or subcutaneous injection, or by aerosol. A therapeutic composition can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method of administration. Delivery methods for a therapeutic composition of the present invention include intravenous administration and local administration by, for example, injection. For particular modes of delivery, a therapeutic composition of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient of the present invention. A therapeutic agent of the present invention can be administered to any animal, preferably to mammals, and more preferably to humans.
One suitable administration time occurs following coronary thrombosis, thereby preventing the recurrence of thrombosis without substantially increasing the risk of hemorrhage. Bolus injection of the modified annexin is preferably performed soon after thrombosis, e.g., before admission to hospital. The modified annexin can be administered in conjunction with a thrombolytic therapeutic such as tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, or a bacterial enzyme.
Methods of use of modified annexin proteins of the present invention include methods to treat cerebral thrombosis, including overt cerebral thrombosis or transient cerebral ischemic attacks, by administering an effective amount of modified annexin protein to a patient in need thereof. Transient cerebral ischemic attacks frequently precede full-blown strokes. The modified annexin can also be administered to diabetic and other patients who are at increased risk for thrombosis in peripheral arteries. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for reducing the risk of thrombosis in a patient having an increased risk for thrombosis including administering an effective amount of a modified annexin protein to a patient in need thereof. For an adult patient, the modified annexin can be administered intravenously or as a bolus in the dosage range of about 1 to about 100 mg.
The present invention also provides a method for decreasing the risk of venous thrombosis associated with some surgical procedures, such as hip and knee arthroplasties, by administering an effective amount of a modified annexin protein of the present invention to a patient in need thereof. The modified annexin treatment can prevent thrombosis without increasing hemorrhage into the operating field. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preventing thrombosis associated with pregnancy and parturition without increasing hemorrhage, by administering an effective amount of a modified annexin protein of the present invention to a patient in need thereof. In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the treatment of recurrent venous thrombosis, by administering an effective amount of a modified annexin protein of the present invention to a patient in need thereof. For an adult patient, the modified annexin can be administered intravenously as a bolus in the dosage range of about 1 to about 100 mg.
The present invention also provides a method of screening for a modified annexin protein that modulates thrombosis, by contacting a thrombosis test system with at least one test modified annexin protein under conditions permissive for thrombosis, and comparing the antithrombotic activity in the presence of the test modified annexin protein with the antithrombotic activity in the absence of the test modified annexin protein, wherein a change in the antithrombotic activity in the presence of the test modified annexin protein is indicative of a modified annexin protein that modulates thrombotic activity. In one embodiment, the thrombosis test system is a system for measuring activated partial thromboplastin time. Also included within the scope of the present invention are modified annexin proteins that modulate thrombosis as identified by this method.
The present invention also provides a method for identifying a modified annexin protein for annexin activity, including contacting activated platelets with at least one test modified annexin protein under conditions permissive for binding, and comparing the test modified annexin-binding activity and protein S-binding activity of the platelets in the presence of the test modified annexin protein with the annexin-binding activity and protein S-binding activity in the presence of unmodified annexin protein, whereby a modified annexin protein with annexin activity may be identified. Also included within the scope of the invention are modified annexin proteins identified by the method.
In an additional embodiment, the present invention provides a method of screening for a modified annexin protein that modulates thrombosis, by contacting an in vivo thrombosis test system with at least one test modified annexin protein under conditions permissive for thrombosis, and comparing the antithrombotic activity in the presence of the test modified annexin protein with the antithrombotic activity in the absence of the test modified annexin protein. A change in the antithrombotic activity in the presence of the test modified annexin protein is indicative of a modified annexin protein that modulates thrombotic activity. Additionally, the time over which antithrombotic activity is sustained in the presence of the test modified annexin protein is compared with a time of antithrombotic activity in the presence of unmodified annexin to determine the prolongation of antithrombotic activity associated with the test modified annexin protein. The extent of hemorrhage in the presence of the test modified annexin protein is assessed, e.g., by measuring tail bleeding time, and compared with the extent of hemorrhage in the absence of the test modified annexin protein. In one embodiment, the in vivo thrombosis test system is a mouse model of photochemically-induced thrombus in cremaster muscles. Also included within the scope of the present invention are modified annexin proteins that modulate thrombosis as identified by this method.
In a further embodiment, the therapeutic agents of the present invention are useful for gene therapy. As used herein, the phrase “gene therapy” refers to the transfer of genetic material (e.g., DNA or RNA) of interest into a host to treat or prevent a genetic or acquired disease or condition. The genetic material of interest encodes a product (e.g., a protein polypeptide, peptide or functional RNA) whose production in vivo is desired. For example, the genetic material of interest can encode a hormone, receptor, enzyme or (poly)peptide of therapeutic value. In a specific embodiment, the subject invention utilizes a class of lipid molecules for use in non-viral gene therapy which can complex with nucleic acids as described in Hughes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,169,078, incorporated herein by reference, in which a disulfide linker is provided between a polar head group and a lipophilic tail group of a lipid.
These therapeutic compounds of the present invention effectively complex with DNA and facilitate the transfer of DNA through a cell membrane into the intracellular space of a cell to be transformed with heterologous DNA. Furthermore, these lipid molecules facilitate the release of heterologous DNA in the cell cytoplasm thereby increasing gene transfection during gene therapy in a human or animal.
Cationic lipid-polyanionic macromolecule aggregates may be formed by a variety of methods known in the art. Representative methods are disclosed by Felgner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7413-7417 (1987); Eppstein et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355; Behr et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6982-6986 (1989); Bangham et al., J. Mol. Biol. 23:238-252 (1965); Olson et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 557:9 (1979); Szoka, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 75:4194 (1978); Mayhew et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775:169 (1984); Kim et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 728:339 (1983); and Fukunaga et al., Endocrinol. 115:757 (1984), all incorporated herein by reference. In general, aggregates may be formed by preparing lipid particles consisting of either (1) a cationic lipid or (2) a cationic lipid mixed with a colipid, followed by adding a polyanionic macromolecule to the lipid particles at about room temperature (about 18 to 26 ° C.). In general, conditions are chosen that are not conducive to deprotection of protected groups. In one embodiment, the mixture is then allowed to form an aggregate over a period of about 10 minutes to about 20 hours, with about 15 to 60 minutes most conveniently used. Other time periods may be appropriate for specific lipid types. The complexes may be formed over a longer period, but additional enhancement of transfection efficiency will not usually be gained by a longer period of complexing.
The compounds and methods of the subject invention can be used to intracellularly deliver a desired molecule, such as, for example, a polynucleotide, to a target cell. The desired polynucleotide can be composed of DNA or RNA or analogs thereof. The desired polynucleotides delivered using the present invention can be composed of nucleotide sequences that provide different functions or activities, such as nucleotides that have a regulatory function, e.g., promoter sequences, or that encode a polypeptide. The desired polynucleotide can also provide nucleotide sequences that are antisense to other nucleotide sequences in the cell. For example, the desired polynucleotide when transcribed in the cell can provide a polynucleotide that has a sequence that is antisense to other nucleotide sequences in the cell. The antisense sequences can hybridize to the sense strand sequences in the cell. Polynucleotides that provide antisense sequences can be readily prepared by the ordinarily skilled artisan. The desired polynucleotide delivered into the cell can also comprise a nucleotide sequence that is capable of forming a triplex complex with double-stranded DNA in the cell.
The present invention provides compounds and methods for preventing or attenuating reperfusion injury in mammals. Reperfusion injury (RI) occurs when the blood supply to an organ or tissue is cut off and after an interval restored. The loss of phospholipids asymmetry in endothelial cells and other cells is considered a significant event in the pathogenesis of RI. The PS exposed on the surfaces of these cells allows the binding of activated monocytes. This binding triggers a sequence of events leading to irreversible apoptosis of endothelial and other cells, another significant event in RI. In addition, PS on the surfaces of cells, and vesicles derived therefrom, is accessible to phospholipases that generate lipid mediators. These lipid mediators amplify the damage occurring by mechanisms described above and produce serious complications such as ventricular arrhythmia following acute myocardial infarction.
A recombinant human annexin, preferably annexin V, is modified in such a way that its half-life in the vascular compartment is prolonged. This can be achieved in a variety of ways; three embodiments are-an annexin coupled to polyethylene glycol, a homopolymer or heteropolymer of annexin, and a fusion protein of annexin with another protein (e.g., the Fc portion of immunoglobulin). See Allison, “Modified Annexin Proteins and Methods for Preventing Thrombosis,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/080,370 (filed Feb. 21, 2002) and Allison, “Modified Annexin Proteins and Methods for Treating Vaso-Occlusive Sickle-Cell Disease,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/632,694 (filed Aug. 1, 2003), both incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The modified annexin binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine on the surface of epithelial and other cells, thereby preventing the binding of phagocytes and the operation of phospholipases, which release lipid mediators. The modified annexin therefore inhibits both cellular and humoral mechanisms of reperfusion injury.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated modified annexin protein containing an annexin protein coupled to at least one additional protein, such as an additional annexin protein (forming a homodimer), polyethylene glycol, or the Fc portion of immunoglobulin. The additional protein preferably has a molecular weight of at least 30 kDa. Also provided by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions containing an amount of any of the modified annexin proteins of the invention that is effective for preventing or reducing reperfusion injury.
In some methods of the invention, the modified annexin is administered to a subject at risk of reperfusion injury in a pharmaceutical composition having an amount of any one of the modified annexin proteins of the present invention effective for preventing or attenuating reperfusion injury. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered before and after organ transplantation, arthroplasty or other surgical procedure in which the blood supply to organ or tissue is cut off and after an interval restored. It can also be administered after a coronary or cerebral thrombosis.
The modified annexin binds PS accessible on cell surfaces (shielding the cells), thereby preventing the attachment of monocytes and the irreversible stage of apoptosis. In addition, the modified annexin inhibits the activity of phospholipases that generate lipid mediators that also contribute to RI. The modified annexin will be useful to prevent or attenuate RI and protect organs in organs transplanted from cadaver donors, in patients with coronary and cerebral thrombosis, in patients undergoing arthroplasties, and in other situations. In addition the modified annexin will exert prolonged antithrombotic activity without increasing hemorrhage. This combination of antithrombotic potency with capacity to attenuate RI presents a unique profile of desirable activities not displayed by any therapeutic agent currently used or known to be in development.
As described in Example 6, the annexin homodimer is a potent inhibitor of sPLA2 (
Producing a homodimer of human annexin V both increased its affinity for PS, thereby improving its efficacy as a therapeutic agent; and augmented its size, thereby prolonging its survival in the circulation and duration of action. The 36 kDa monomer is lost rapidly from the blood stream into the kidneys. In the rabbit more than 80% of labeled annexin V injected into the circulation disappears in 7 minutes (Thiagarajan and Benedict, Circulation 96: 2339, 1997). In cynomolgus monkeys the half-life of injected annexin V was found to be 11 to 15 minutes (Romisch et al., Thrombosis Res., 61: 93, 1991). In humans injected with annexin V labeled with 99MTc, the half-life with respect to the major (α) compartment was 24 minutes (Kemerink et al., J. Nucl. Med. 44: 947, 2003).
The annexin homodimer may be produced by any convenient method. In some embodiments, the annexin homodimer is produced by recombinant DNA technology as this avoids the necessity for post-translation procedures such as linkage to the one available sulfhydryl group in the monomer or coupling with polyethylene glycol. Recombinant homodimerization was achieved by the use of a flexible peptide linker attached to the amino terminus of one annexin monomer and the carboxy terminus of the other (
To prevent or attenuate reinfarction and RI, it is desirable, in some instances, to have a longer duration of activity. Increasing the molecular weight of annexin V by homodimerization to 76 kDa prevents renal loss and extends survival in the circulation. Accordingly, such modified annexins may effectively attenuate RI, even when administered several hours before the blood supply to an organ is cut off.
The teachings of the present invention are contrary to reports in the literature suggesting that annexin V does not inhibit RI. For example, d'Amico et al. report that annexin V did not inhibit RI in the rat heart whereas lipocortin I (annexin I) did (d'Amico et al., FASEB J. 14: 1867, 2000). A fragment of lipocortin I, injected into the cerebral ventricle of rats, was reported to decrease infarct size and cerebral edema after cerebral ischemia (Pelton et al., J. Exp. Med. 174: 305, 1991); these authors did not study reperfusion. In a comprehensive review of strategies to prevent ischemic injury of the liver (Selzner et al., Gastroenterology 15:917, 2003), annexin is not mentioned.
As described in Example 7, the ability of the annexin V homodimer to attenuate RI was tested in a mouse liver model (Teoh et al., Hepatology 36:94, 2002). In this model, the blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of the liver is cut off for 90 minutes and then restored. After 24 hours, the severity of liver injury is assessed by serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatic histology. Both the annexin V homodimer (DAV), molecular weight 73 kDa, and annexin V coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG-AV), molecular weight 57 kDa, injected 6 hours before clamping the hepatic arteries, were highly effective in attenuating RI as shown by serum ALT levels (
The experimental evidence therefore confirms that the modified annexins of the present invention will be useful to attenuate RI in subjects. As discussed above, similar pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in the forms of RI occurring in different organs, thus, the annexin V homodimer may be used to attenuate RI in all of them.
Because of its high affinity for PS and reduced loss from the circulation, the annexin V homodimer will exert prolonged antithrombotic activity. This is clinically useful to prevent reinfarction, which is known to be an important event following coronary thrombosis (Andersen et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 349: 733, 2003), and is likely to be important in stroke. Prevention of thrombosis in patients undergoing arthroplasty is also a major clinical need. The additional activity of a modified annexin as an anticoagulant is therefore valuable. In several experimental animal models, annexin V inhibits arterial and venous thrombosis without increasing hemorrhage (Romisch et al., Thromb. Res. 61: 93, 1991; Van Ryn-McKenna et al., Thromb. Hemost. 69: 227, 1993; Thiagarajan and Benedict, Circulation 96: 2339, 1997). A modified annexin has the capacity to exert anticoagulant activity without increasing hemorrhage and to attenuate reperfusion injury. This combination of actions could be useful in several clinical situations. No other therapeutic agent currently used, or known to be in development, shares this desirable profile of activities.
Several annexins, other than annexin V, bind Ca2+ and PS. Any of these might be used to prevent or diminish reperfusion injury. The molecular weight of annexin V, or another annexin, may be increased by procedures other than homodimerization. Such procedures include the preparation of other homopolymers or heteropolymers. Alternatively, an annexin might be conjugated to another protein by recombinant DNA technology or chemical manipulation. Conjugation of an annexin to polyethylene glycol or another nonpeptide compound are also envisaged.
It is expected that the annexin V homodimer will be well-tolerated. Another annexin, annexin VI, is a naturally existing homodimer of the conserved annexin sequence. However, annexin VI does not bind PS with high affinity A PS-binding protein other than an annexin may also be used in the methods of the invention. For example, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody with a high affinity for PS (Diaz et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 9:250, 1998; Thorpe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,694) may be used according to the present invention (e.g., for decreasing or preventing reperfusion injury).
Diannexin (SEQ ID NO: 6) has dose-related antithrombotic activity in the rat (
The present invention provides compounds and methods for preventing or attenuating cold ischemia-warm reperfusion injury in mammals. As described above, organs to be used for transplantation are typically recovered from cadaver donors and perfused with a saline solution such as the University of Wisconsin solution originally introduced by Belzer et al. (Transplantation 1988; 45: 673). The organs are then preserved on ice for several hours before being transplanted. During this period the organ is anoxic, which results in depletion of ATP and loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membranes of endothelial cells (EC) and other cells. Under normal conditions an ATP-dependent phospholipid translocase maintains this asymmetry, which confines PS to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer. Following anoxia PS is demonstrable on the outer leaflet of the EC plasma membrane, as shown by annexin V binding to the surface of cultured cells (Ran et al. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 6132) Generally, the present invention comprises a method of protecting organs or tissue susceptible to IRI, wherein said organs or tissue are contacted with a modified annexin protein. Thus, the organs or tissue can be contacted with a modified annexin protein by parenterally administering about 10 to 1000 μg/kg of modified annexin protein to a patient who has organs or tissue susceptible to a condition of IRI, even in the case of donors with fatty livers. In some embodiments, the modified annexin protein is administered in a range of about 100 to 500 μg/kg. Modified annexin proteins are shown herein to attenuate IRI in organ transplantation, even in the case of patient with a fatty liver. The ability to attenuate IRI in the case of a steatotic liver transplant will increase the number of livers considered suitable for use. The present invention therefore has utility as the number of patients who would benefit from liver transplantation greatly exceeds the number of organs available.
In another embodiment of the invention, to protect organ transplants, modified annexin proteins can be added to the preservation fluid used for in situ organ perfusion and cooling in the donor and for cold storage or perfusion after the organ is harvested. The organ or tissue transplants can be perfused or flushed with a solution containing modified annexin proteins in a concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/l. Typically, the organs or tissue are perfused with a solution containing, in addition to modified annexin proteins, components such as electrolytes and cell-protecting agents. According to the present invention, a modified annexin, such as SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:19, or SEQ ID NO:23 is used.
In summary, when used for treating patients, modified annexin proteins are, according to the present invention, administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by other suitable route. In addition we have demonstrated that when Diannexin is added to the University of Wisconsin solution perfusing rat livers ex vivo after recovery, before overnight storage at 4° and just before transplantation, it is also effective in preventing IRI and protecting organs in recipients. This provides an alternative or supplementary method of administration when Diannexin is used to prevent IRI and protect the organ in liver graft recipients. Addition of Diannexin to the fluid perfusing kidneys, hearts and other organs may also decrease IR following transplantation.
Turning now to the use of modified annexin proteins in preservation or rinse solutions it can be reiterated that by adding modified annexin proteins to the preservation solution used for organ perfusion and cooling in the donor and for cold storage or perfusion after the organ is harvested, IR injury in the organ transplant can be prevented and functional recovery after transplantation promoted. Modified annexin proteins may be added to different types of preservation solutions, which typically contain electrolytes (such as Na+, K+, Mg++, Cl−;, SO42−;, HPO42−;, Ca2+ and HCO3−;) and may contain various other agents protecting the cells during cold storage. For example, AGP and/or AAT can be added to the University of Wisconsin Belzer solution which contains 50 g/l hydroxyethyl starch, 35.83 g/l lactobionic acid, 3.4 g/l potassium phosphate monobasic, 1.23 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 17.83 g/l raffinose pentahydrate, 1.34 g/l adenosine, 0.136 g/l allopurinol, 0.922 g/l glutathionine, 5.61 g/l potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide for adjustment of pH to pH 7.4. Another example of a suitable preservation solution is the Euro-Collins solution, which contains 2.05 g/l mono-potassium phosphate, 7.4 g/l dipotassium phosphate, 1.12 g/l potassium chloride, 0.84 g/l sodium bicarbonate and 35 g/l glucose. These intracellular type preservation solutions are rinsed away from the donor organ before completion of transplantation into the recipient by using a physiological infusion solution, such as Ringer's solution, and modified annexin proteins can be also added to a rinse solution. Further, modified annexin proteins can be added to extracellular type preservation solutions which need to be flushed away, such as PEFADEX (Vitrolife, Sweden), which contains 50 g/l dextran, 8 g/l sodium chloride, 400 mg/l potassium chloride, 98 mg/l magnesium sulfate, 46 mg/l disodium phosphate, 63 mg/l potassium phosphate and 910 mg/l glucose.
The novel preservation and rinsing solutions according to the present invention may have a composition essentially corresponding to any of the three commercial solutions described above. However, the actual concentrations of the conventional components may vary somewhat, typically within a range of about ±50%, preferably about ±30%, of the mean values given above.
In one embodiment, to ensure maximum activity, modified annexin proteins are added to a ready-made preservation or rinse solution just before use. Alternatively, a suitable preservation solution containing modified annexin proteins may be prepared beforehand.
By administrating modified annexin proteins to a recipient of an organ transplant at time of transplantation, development of IR injury in the organ transplant can be prevented and the organ can be protected. As a result of this, the function of the organ transplant is more rapidly recovered, which is a prerequisite for the success of the organ transplantation. In kidney transplantations, the prevention of renal dysfunction after transplantation decreases dependence of the patient on hemodialysis. In liver, heart and lung transplantations, the early proper function of the organ transplant is critical and prevention of graft dysfunction should decrease mortality of the patients. By adding modified annexin proteins to the artificial preservation solution used for organ perfusion and cooling and for cold storage, IR injury in the organ transplant can be also prevented, the organ protected, and functional recovery after transplantation promoted.
By administrating modified annexin proteins to patients undergoing cardiac or angioplastic surgery, development of IR injury following the operation can be prevented and the heart can be protected. This decreases the need of postoperative critical care. Correspondingly, by administering modified annexin proteins to patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy, development of IR injury during reperfusion of the occluded vessel can be prevented and organ dysfunction can be avoided. In thrombolytic therapy of myocardial infarction this may prevent cardiac arrythmias and cardiac insufficiency. In thrombolytic therapy of brain infarction, this may decrease neurological symptoms and palsies. By administrating modified annexin proteins to patients suffering from bleeding shock, septic shock, or other forms of shock, development of IR injury can be prevented.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, modified annexin proteins and mixtures thereof are used in methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions intended for use in any of the therapeutic methods of treatment described above.
The present invention is also directed toward therapeutic compositions comprising the modified annexin proteins of the present invention. Compositions of the present invention can also include other components such as a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, an adjuvant, and/or a carrier. For example, compositions of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient that the animal to be treated can tolerate. Examples of such excipients include water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, mannitol, Hanks' solution, and other aqueous physiologically balanced salt solutions. Nonaqueous vehicles, such as triglycerides may also be used. Excipients can also contain minor amounts of additives, such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability. Examples of buffers include phosphate buffer, bicarbonate buffer, Tris buffer, histidine, citrate, and glycine, or mixtures thereof, while examples of preservatives include thimerosal, m- or o-cresol, formalin and benzyl alcohol. Standard formulations can either be liquid injectables or solids which can be taken up in a suitable liquid as a suspension or solution for injection. Thus, in a non-liquid formulation, the excipient can comprise dextrose, human serum albumin, preservatives, etc., to which sterile water or saline can be added prior to administration.
One embodiment of the present invention is a controlled release formulation that is capable of slowly releasing a composition of the present invention into an animal. As used herein, a controlled release formulation comprises a composition of the present invention in a controlled release vehicle. Suitable controlled release vehicles include, but are not limited to, biocompatible polymers, other polymeric matrices, capsules, microcapsules, microparticles, bolus preparations, osmotic pumps, diffusion devices, liposomes, lipospheres, and transdermal delivery systems. Other controlled release formulations of the present invention include liquids that, upon administration to an animal, form a solid or a gel in situ. Preferred controlled release formulations are biodegradable (i.e., bioerodible).
Generally, the therapeutic agents used in the invention are administered to an animal in an effective amount. Generally, an effective amount is an amount effective to either (1) reduce the symptoms of the disease sought to be treated or (2) induce a pharmacological change relevant to treating the disease sought to be treated.
Therapeutically effective amounts of the therapeutic agents can be any amount or doses sufficient to bring about the desired effect and depend, in part, on the condition, type and location of the thrombosis, the size and condition of the patient, as well as other factors readily known to those skilled in the art. The dosages can be given as a single dose, or as several doses, for example, divided over the course of several days.
The present invention is also directed toward methods of treatment utilizing the therapeutic compositions of the present invention. The method comprises administering the therapeutic agent to a subject in need of such administration.
The therapeutic agents of the instant invention can be administered by any suitable means, including, for example, parenteral, topical, oral or local administration, such as intradermally, by injection, or by aerosol. In one embodiment of the invention, the agent is administered by injection. Such injection can be locally administered to any affected area. A therapeutic composition can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method of administration. Suitable delivery methods for a therapeutic composition of the present invention include intravenous administration and local administration by, for example, injection or introduction into an intravenous drip. For particular modes of delivery, a therapeutic composition of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient. A therapeutic reagent of the present invention can be administered to any animal, preferably to mammals, and more preferably to humans.
The particular mode of administration will depend on the condition to be treated. It is contemplated that administration of the agents of the present invention may be via any bodily fluid, or any target or any tissue accessible through a body fluid.
Examples of such fluid include blood and blood products. In liver transplantation, which is included in the present invention, thrombocytopenia is common and blood platelets are transfused. The survival of blood platelets may be improved by co-administration of an annexin or modified annexin such as Diannexin. Stored platelets often express phosphatidylserine on their surfaces, facilitating attachment to one another on to monocyte-macrophage lineage cells. An annexin could mask PS on the surface of platelets, thereby improving their survival during storage and in patients. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of increasing the duration of survival of blood platelets, comprising adding an isolated modified annexin protein comprising an annexin dimer to stored platelets. The addition may be in a platelet storage medium. The addition may also be in a patient to whom platelets were administered, including the case where the patient is the recipient of a liver graft, including a thrombocytopenic liver graft patient.
Platelet Storage and Transfusions
Any of the above-described modified annexin proteins is used to increase the survival of platelets stored ex vivo. Survival of platelets is determined by the capacity of the modified annexin to facilitate recovery of platelet metabolism and platelet function over the course of the platelets' storage. Generally, modified annexin proteins of the present invention are combined with platelets prepared from whole blood or after apheresis in an effective amount. An effective amount is an amount effective either to (1) cause binding of modified annexin to externalized PS on the platelet surfaces and/or (2) reduce the amount of microvesicle extrusion from the surfaces of platelets during the ex vivo storage period (as compared to platelets treated in the same manner that have no modified annexin treatment).
Treatment of stored platelets with modified annexin is typically performed in a pharmaceutically acceptable solution. In some embodiments the addition of the modified annexin protein is sufficient to provide a storage medium (platelets, modified annexin and buffer) to give a final concentration of about 2 micrograms modified annexin per ml of medium. Note that buffers for use in the present embodiments are the same as those conventionally used in ex vivo platelet storage.
Any of the above-described modified annexin proteins can also be used in methods of the invention to enhance the effectiveness of a transfusion or other like procedure. Generally, a modified annexin protein of the invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is administered to a patient in need of a transfusion. The modified annexin can be administered in combination with a platelet preparation, or can be administered separately (just prior or just after delivery of the platelets to the patient). Generally, the modified annexin is administered to the patient in an effective amount, which is typically an amount that either (1) reduces the symptoms of the disease sought to be treated or (2) induces a pharmacological change relevant. In some embodiments the amount of modified annexin administered to the patient is sufficient to provide a dose of 200 micrograms modified annexin per kilogram of the patient.
While not being bound by any particular theory, the capacity of modified annexin proteins to both facilitate platelet survival in ex vivo storage and in transfusions is based on at least the following: (1) PS is translocated to the surface of platelets during preparation and storage; (2) PS translocation is correlated with the extrusion of microvesicles from the surface of platelets, representing irreversible loss of lipids; (3) binding of modified annexin proteins to PS, externalized during platelet storage, reduces the loss of lipid through microvesiculation, thereby facilitating the recovery of platelet function; (4) PS translocated to the surface of the stored platelets is recognized by receptors on a recipients macrophages, followed by rapid removal of platelets from the recipients circulation; (5) modified annexin proteins administered with stored platelets mask surface PS, and (6) modified annexin prevent platelet recognition by the recipients' macrophages and thereby their removal from the circulation.
In more detail, phospholipid asymmetry is maintained by a membrane-associated ATPase (flipase) with phospholipid translocase activity. This enzyme requires ATP and is activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by Ca2+ (Tang et al. Science 1996; 272:1495-97). Additionally, Ca2+ activates a second enzyme (scramblase) which accelerates the redistribution of PS to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (Zhou et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272:18240-244). During platelet storage the generation of ATP is decreased (Murphy N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 280:1094-1098) and the concentration of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is increased (Sasakawa et al. Thrombosis Res. 1986; 42:557-566; Feinberg et al. Blood 1988; 72: 766-769). Translocation of PS to the surface of platelets during storage would therefore be expected, and has repeatedly been observed (Shapira et al. Transfusion 2000; 40:1257-1263; Metcalfe et al. Brit. J. Haematol. 1997; 98:86-95; Gaffet et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994; 222:1033-1040). One of the mechanisms inducing externalization of PS in platelets is shear stress (Shankaran et al. Blood 2003; 101:2637-45). Platelets are subjected to shear during preparation, especially from whole blood (Arnold et al. Transfusion 2006; 46:257-264). Additional shear stress is introduced by movement on a shaking device during storage.
PS translocation is correlated with the extrusion of microvesicles from the surface of platelets, which results in an irreversible loss of lipids. Loss of the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of platelets has been associated with Ca2+-induced microvesiculation and membrane shedding (Pasquet et al. Biochem J. 1998; 333:591-599; Comfrius et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1990; 1026:153-160). The extrusion of microvesicles from platelets during storage has been documented by flow cytometry (Bode et al. Blood 1991; 77:887-895) and chemical analysis (Martin-Valmaseda et al. Thromb. Hemost; 1998; 80:668-676). The amount of lipid lost from platelets during storage is substantial (Martin-Valmaseda et al. Thromb. Hemost. 1998; 80:668-676; Koerner et al. Blood Cells 1992; 18:481-497), as is the decrease in lipid-derived mediator production (Koerner et al. Blood Cells 1992; 18:481-497). Another mechanism that contributes to microvesiculation when platelets are stored in plasma is complement activation (Scheuning et al. Box Sanguinis 1994; 67:144-148). Platelets with PS on their surfaces can activate factor XII, which in turn can activate complement (Johne et al. Biol. Chem. 2006; 387:173-178). Complement proteins C5b-9 induce the release of microvesicles from the surface of platelets (Sims et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1988; 263: 18205-212). These complement proteins combine to form cylindrical structures that become inserted into membranes, allowing permeation of ions. Entry of Ca2+ through “complement holes” may produce a similar sequence of events to that induced by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (Pasquet et al. Biochem. J. 1998; 333:591-599; Comfrius et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1990; 1026: 153-160). Increased cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentrations are associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation (Pasquet et al. Biochem. J. 1998; 333:591-599), actin polymerization, and a change in the physical relationship of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane (Feinberg et al. Blood 1988; 72:766-769). During the storage of platelets in plasma, fluorescence anisotropy measurements show increased fluidity of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer; this is not observed when platelets are stored in saline solutions in the absence of plasma (Martin-Valmaseda et al. Thromb. Hemost. 1998; 80:668-676). Increased fluidity of the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer, the formation of rafts enriched in PS, cholesterol and some proteins in the outer leaflet (Martin-Valmaseda et al. Thromb. Hemost. 1998; 80:668-676), and a changed physical relationship to the cytoskeleton (Feinberg et al. Blood 1988; 72:766-769), may facilitate the formation of microvesicles. Loss of lipids from platelets is irreversible, whereas some other functions of stored platelets, including PS externalization, are potentially reversible by restored energy metabolism at 37° C. in a favorable environment (Murphy et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 280:1094-1098; Sasakawa et al. Thrombosis Res. 1986; 42:557-566). It is therefore desirable to minimize the formation of microvesicles during platelet storage.
The binding of a modified annexin protein of the present invention to PS externalized during platelet storage will reduce the loss of lipids through microvesiculation. This proposal depends on analogy with lymphocytes, which is instructive for other reasons: the demonstrations that PS externalization is not invariably correlated with apoptosis and is associated with lipid raft formation. In activated human B lymphocytes there is transient externalization of PS which is reversible (Dillon et al. J. Immunol. 2000; 164:1322-1332). The externalized PS co-caps with the surface membrane immunoglobulin receptor and the GM-1 ganglioside, indicating the formation of lipid rafts. Human B lymphocytic cells can be sorted by annexin V binding and retain viability (Hammill et al Exp. Cell Res. 1999; 251-16-21). Studies of aging platelets show an analogous separation of PS externalization from mitochondrial changes indicative of apoptosis (Rand et al. J. Thromb Haemostasis 2004; 2:651-670). In human T-lymphocytic cells annexin V binding exerts constraint which prevents the release of microvesicles containing CD4 and other membrane markers (Koerner et al. Blood Cells 1992; 18:481-497). It is reasonable to postulate that the binding of Diannexin to PS translocated to the surface of platelets during storage will likewise suppress the formation of microvesicles. If PS translocation to platelet surfaces activates factor XII and complement (Johne et al. Biol. Chem. 2006; 387:173-178), Diannexin (or other modified annexin proteins) masking of PS may prevent this sequence of events and its role in microvesicle production.
PS translocated to the surface of stored platelets can be recognized by receptors on macrophages. Macrophages express or their surface receptors for PS which mediate the recognition of apoptotic cells (Fadok et al. Nature 2000; 405:85-90). PS on the surface of aged and other erythrocytes mediates their removal from the circulation by macrophages (Kuypers et al. Cell Mol. Biol. 2004; 50:147-158). When rabbit platelets are exposed to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, PS is translocated to their surface and the platelets are rapidly removed from the circulation (Rand et al. J. Thromb. Haemostasis 2004; 2:651-670). It is likely that this removal is mediated by macrophages with receptors recognizing PS on platelets. However ionophore treatment of platelets might result in the exposure of other ligands. The question can be addressed by masking PS on platelet surfaces selectively and thereby preventing rapid removal from the circulation.
Modified annexin proteins of the invention injected with stored platelets into recipients will mask PS translocated to their surface and prevent their recognition by receptors on macrophages and their rapid removal from the circulation. Diannexin has a high affinity for PS externalized on cell surfaces and has a half life in the circulation of about 6 hours. Hence when stored platelets are injected into recipients in the presence of Diannexin the protein will continue to coat PS for several hours. The transfused platelets will be at 37° C. in a favorable environment. The metabolism of the platelets will be restored, ATP levels will increase and cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentrations will fall (Murphy et al N. Engl. J. Med. 1969; 280:1094-1098; Sasakawa et al. Thrombosis Res. 1986; 42:557-566). Under these circumstances activity of the aminophospholipid translocase may re-establish phospholipid asymmetry. The survival of stored platelets transfused into thrombocytopenic recipients should be significantly increased by the use of Diannexin.
Modified annexin proteins of the invention bound to the surface of stored platelets will target them to sites of vascular injury. Platelet derived microvesicles, which express PS, promote platelet interaction with the subendothelial matrix (Merten et al. Circulation 1999; 99:2577-82). PS is exposed on injured or activated cells at sites of vascular injury (Huang et al. Blood 2006; 107:980-986). A soluble tissue factor (TF)-annexin V chimeric protein has been developed to target TF to such sites (Huang et al. Blood 2006; 107:980-986). Low concentrations of this chimeric protein were found to accelerate coagulation. It has also been reported that fusion proteins comprising annexin V and Kunitz protease inhibitors are potent thrombogenic site-directed anticoagulants (Chen et al. Blood 2005; 105:3902-3909), supporting the concept that annexin V targeting to such sites is feasible. An extension of this strategy is the use of Diannexin on the surface of stored platelets to target them to sites of vascular injury. At the optimal concentration, bivalent Diannexin will be able to cross-link the surface of platelets to the surface of endothelial cells, locally bound and activated platelets, monocytes or other cell types at sites of vascular injury. By this mechanism the hemostatic efficacy of stored platelets will be increased. Excess Diannexin should be avoided, because it may have an anti-thrombotic effects. Optimization of the amount of Diannexin required to stabilize platelets during storage and to prolong their survival in recipients will be necessary.
Other proteins binding PS can also be used to stabilize platelets during storage, prevent rapid removal in recipients and target platelets to sites of vascular injury. Preferred modified annexin protein include: homodimers of human annexin I, annexin IV and annexin VIII, fusion proteins containing these annexins and antibodies binding PS.
The following examples illustrate the preparation of modified annexin proteins of the invention and in vitro and in vivo assays for anticoagulant activity of modified annexin proteins. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the exemplary work described or to the specific details set forth in the examples.
As shown in the Examples below, homodimers of human annexin IV and annexin VIII have been shown to bind PS externalized on target cells. In the case of the annexin IV homodimer the affinity is even greater than that of Diannexin.
Note that the effects of modified annexin on platelet storage and transfusion, monomeric annexins will also protect platelets in storage (for the same reasons as discussed above). However, as discussed in detail in the preceding sections, the in vivo effects will be of short duration as compared to the modified annexin proteins. Nevertheless these effects may be sufficient to allow platelets to restore phospholipid asymmetry. As such, it is envisioned that embodiments of the present invention include the use of monomeric annexin both in increasing the survivability of platelets in storage and in circulation.
A. PEGylated Annexins. Annexins can be purified from human tissues or produced by recombinant technology. For instance, annexin V can be purified from human placentas as described by Funakoshi et al. (1987). Examples of recombinant products are the expression of annexin II and annexin V in Escherichia coli (Kang, H. -M., Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 9:92-102 (1999); Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997, 2000). A rapid and efficient purification method for recombinant annexin V, based on Ca2+-enhanced binding to phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes and subsequent elution by EDTA, has been described by Berger, FEBS Lett. 329:25-28 (1993). This procedure can be improved by the use of phosphatidylserine coupled to a solid phase support.
Annexins can be coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) by any of several well-established procedures (reviewed by Hermanson, 1996) in a process referred to as pegylation. The present invention includes chemically-derivatized annexin molecules having mono- or poly-(e.g., 2-4) PEG moieties. Methods for preparing a pegylated annexin generally include the steps of (a) reacting the annexin with polyethylene glycol (such as a reactive ester or aldehyde derivative of PEG) under conditions whereby the annexin becomes attached to one or more PEG groups and (b) obtaining the reaction product or products. In general, the optimal reaction conditions for the reactions must be determined case by case based on known parameters and the desired result. Furthermore, the reaction may produce different products having a different number of PEG chains, and further purification may be needed to obtain the desired product.
Conjugation of PEG to annexin V can be performed using the EDC plus sulfo-NHS procedure. EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride) is used to from active ester groups with carboxylate groups using sulfo-NHS (N-hydroxysulfosuccinamide). This increases the stability of the active intermediate, which reacts with an amine to give a stable amide linkage. The conjugation can be carried out as described in Hermanson, 1996.
Bioconjugate methods can be used to produce homopolymers or heteropolymers of annexin; methods are reviewed by Hermanson, 1996. Recombinant methods can also be used to produce fusion proteins, e.g., annexin expressed with the Fc portion of immunoglobulin or another protein. The heterotetramer of annexin II with P11 has also been produced in E. coli (Kang et al., 1999). All of these procedures increase the molecular weight of annexin and have the potential to increase the half-life of annexin in the circulation and prolong its anticoagulant effect.
B. Homodimer of annexin V (Diannexin DAV). A homodimer of annexin V can be produced using a DNA construct shown schematically in
The “swivel” amino acids of the linker are bolded and underlined. This His-tagged annexin V homodimer was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli and purified using a nickel column. The DNA in the construct was shown to have the correct sequence and the dimer had the predicted molecular weight (74 kDa). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was accomplished using a PerSeptive Biosystems Voyager-DE Pro workstation operating in linear, positive ion mode with a static accelerating voltage of 25 kV and a delay time of 40 nsec.
A second human annexin V homodimer was synthesized without the Histag. The structural scheme is shown in
Again, the “swivel” amino acids of the linker are bolded and underlined. This dimer was expressed at a high level in E.coli and purified by ion-exchange chromatography followed by heparin affinity chromatography. The ion-exchange column was from Bio-Rad (Econo-pak HighQ Support) and the heparin affinity column was from Amersham Biosciences (HiTrap Heparin HP). Both were used according to manufacturers' instructions. Again, the DNA sequence of the annexin V homodimer was found to be correct. Mass spectrometry showed a protein of 73 kDa, as expected. The amino acid sequence of annexin and other proteins is routinely determined in this laboratory by mass spectrometry of peptide fragments. Expected sequences were obtained.
Human Annexin V has the following amino acid sequence:
The nucleotide sequence of human annexin V, inserted as indicated in the DNA construct illustrated in
In the sequence above, the swivel sites are denoted by bold and underline, the PreScission protease site is in lower case, and an introduced restriction site is in italics. The annexin IV gene as cloned contained a single base substitution compared to the published sequence (GenBank accession number NM—001153) which changes the amino acid at position 137 from serine to arginine. This change is noted in bold and double underline in the amino acid sequence of the dimer above.
D. Annexin VIII Homodimer. A homodimer of annexin IV was prepared similarly to the annexin V homodimer described in Example 1B. The vector used was pET-29a(+), available from Novagen (Madison, Wis.). The plasmid sequence was denoted as pET-ANXA8-2X and was 7257 bp (SEQ ID NO:20). pET-ANXA4-2X contains an open reading frame from nucleotide number 5076 to 7085 (including 3 stop codons). The first copy of Annexin VIII spans nucleotides 5076-6056 of SEQ ID NO:20, a first swivel linker spans nucleotides 6057-6062 of SEQ ID NO:20, the PreScission protease recognition site spans nucleotides 6063-6086 of SEQ ID NO:20, the second swivel linker spans nucleotides 6087-6092 of SEQ ID NO:20, the second copy of annexin VIII spans nucleotides 6099-7079 of SEQ ID NO:20, and a kanamycin resistance gene spans nucleotides 1375-560 of SEQ ID NO:20. The sequence from nucleotide number 5076 to 7085 is further represented herein as SEQ ID NO:21. Translation of SEQ ID NO:21 results in the annexin VIII homodimer poypeptide having the following amino acid sequence:
In the sequence above, the swivel sites are denoted by bold and underline, the PreScission protease site is in lower case, and an introduced restriction site is in italics. The annexin VIII gene as cloned contains a single base substitution compared to the published sequence (GenBank accession number NM—001630). The result is a codon change for tyrosine at position 92 from TAT to TAC.
In vitro assays determine the ability of modified annexin proteins to bind to activated platelets. Annexin V binds to platelets, and this binding is markedly increased in vitro by activation of the platelets with thrombin (Thiagarajan and Tait, 1990; Sun et al., 1993). Preferably, the modified annexin proteins of the present invention are prepared in such a way that perform the function of annexin in that they bind to platelets and prevent protein S from binding to platelets (Sun et al., 1993). The modified annexin proteins also perform the function of exhibiting the same anticoagulant activity in vitro that unmodified annexin proteins exhibit. A method for measuring the clotting time is the activated partial thromboplastin time (Fritsma, in Hemostasis and thrombosis in the clinical laboratory (Corriveau, D. M. and Fritsma, G. A., eds) J. P. Lipincott Co., Philadelphia (1989), pp. 92-124, incorporated herein by reference).
In vivo assays determine the antithrombotic activity of annexin proteins. Annexin V has been shown to decrease venous thrombosis induced by a laser or photochemically in rats (Römisch et al., 1991). The maximal anticoagulant effect was observed between 15 and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of annexin V, as determined functionally by thromboelastography. The modified annexin proteins of the present invention preferably show more prolonged activity in such a model than unmodified annexin. Annexin V was also found to decrease fibrin accretion in a rabbit model of jugular vein thrombosis (Van Ryn-McKenna et al., 1993). Air injection was used to remove the endothelium, and annexin V was shown to bind to the treated vein but not to the control contralateral vein. Decreased fibrin accumulation in the injured vein was not associated with systemic anticoagulation. Heparin did not inhibit fibrin accumulation in the injured vein. The modified annexin proteins of the present invention preferably perform the function of annexin in this model of venous thrombosis. A rabbit model of arterial thrombosis was used by Thiagarajan and Benedict, 1997. A partially occlusive thrombus was formed in the left carotid artery by application of an electric current. Annexin V infusion strongly inhibited thrombosis as manifested by measurements of blood flow, thrombus weight, labeled fibrin deposition and labeled platelet accumulation. Recently, a mouse model of photochemically-induced thrombus in cremaster muscles was introduced (Vollmar et al. Thromb. Haemost. 85:160-164 (2001), incorporated herein by reference). Using this technique, thrombosis can be induced in any desired artery or vein. The modified annexin proteins of the present invention preferably perform the function of annexin in such models, even when administered by bolus injection.
The anticoagulant ability of human recombinant annexin V and pegylated human recombinant annexin V were compared in vitro.
Annexin V production. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the cDNA from the initiator methionine to the stop codon with specific oligonucleotide primers from a human placental cDNA library. The forward primer was 5′-ACCTGAGTAGTCGCCATGGCACAGGTTCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) and the reverse primer was 5′-CCCGAATTCACGTTAGTCATCTTCTCCACAGAGCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8). The amplified 1.1-kb fragment was digested with Nco I and Eco RI and ligated into the prokaryotic expression vector pTRC 99A. The ligation product was used to transform competent Escherichia coli strain JM 105 and sequenced.
Recombinant annexin V was isolated from the bacterial lysates as described by Berger et al., 1993, with some modification. An overnight culture of E. coli JM 105 transformed with pTRC 99A-annexin V was expanded 50-fold in fresh Luria-Bertrani medium containing 100 mg/L ampicillin. After 2 hours, isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside was added to a final concentration of 1 mmol/L. After 16 hours of induction, the bacteria were pelleted at 3500g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The bacterial pellet was suspended in TBS, pH 7.5, containing 1 mmol/L PMSF, 5 mmol/L EDTA, and 6 mol/L urea. The bacterial suspension was sonicated with an ultrasonic probe at a setting of 6 on ice for 3 minutes. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was dialyzed twice against 50 vol TBS containing 1 mmol/L EDTA and once against 50 vol TBS.
Multilamellar liposomes were prepared by dissolving phosphatidylserine, lyophilized bovine brain extract, cholesterol, and dicetylphosphate in chloroform in a molar ration of 10:15:1 and dried in a stream of nitrogen in a conical flask. TBS (5 mL) was added to the flask and agitated vigorously in a vortex mixer for 1 minute. The liposomes were washed by centrifugation at 3500 g for 15 minutes, then incubated with the bacterial extract, and calcium chloride was added to a final concentration of 5 mmol/L. After 15 minutes of incubation at 37° C., the liposomes were sedimented by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 minutes, and the bound annexin V was eluted with 10 mmol/L EDTA. The eluted annexin V was concentrated by Amicon ultrafiltration and loaded onto a Sephacryl S 200 column. The annexin V was recovered in the included volume, whereas most of the liposomes were in the void volume. Fractions containing annexin V were pooled and dialyzed in 10 mmol/L Tris and 2 mmol/L EDTA, pH 8.1, loaded onto an anion exchange column, and eluted with a linear gradient of 0 to 200 mmol/L NaCl in the same buffer. The purified preparation showed a single band in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
The annexin V produced as above was pegylated using the method of Hermanson, 1996, as described above.
Anti-coagulation assays. Prolongation of the clotting time (activated partial thromboplastin time) induced by annexin V and pegylated annexin V were compared. Activated partial thromboplastin times were assayed with citrated normal pooled plasma as described in Fritsma, 1989. Using different concentrations of annexin V and pegylated annexin V, produced as described above, dose-response curves for prolongation of clotting times were obtained. Results are shown in
The affinities of recombinant annexin V (AV) and recombinant annexin V homodimer (DAV, Diannexin) for PS on the surface of cells were compared. To produce cells with PS exposed on their surfaces, human peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) were treated with a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187). The phospholipid translocase (flipase), which moves PS to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer, was inactivated by treatment with N-ethyl maleimide (NEM), which binds covalently to free sulfhydryl groups. Raising intracellular Ca2+ activates the scramblase enzyme, thus increasing the amount of PS in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer.
Washed human RBCs were resuspended at 30% hematocrit in K-buffer (80 mM KCl, 7 mM NACl, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). They were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. in the presence of 10 mM NEM to inhibit the flipase. The NEM-treated cells were washed and suspended at 16% hematocrit in the same buffer with added 2 mM CaCl2. The scramblase enzyme was activated by incubation for 30 minutes at 37° C. with A23187 (final concentration 4 μM). As a result of this procedure, more than 95% of the RBCs had PS demonstrable on their surface by flow cytometry.
Recombinant AV and DAV were biotinylated using the FluReporter protein-labeling kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.). Biotin-AV and biotin-DAV conjugates were visualized with R-phycoerythrin-conjugated streptavidin (PE-SA) at a final concentration of 2 μg/ml. Flow cytometry was performed on a Becton Dickinson FACScaliber and data were analyzed with Cell Quest software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose Calif.).
No binding of AV or DAV was detectable when normal RBCs were used. However, both AV and DAV were bound to at least 95% of RBCs exposing PS. RBCs exposing PS were incubated with various amounts of AV and DAV, either (a) separately or (b) mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio, before addition of PE-SA and flow cytometry. In such mixtures, either AV or DAV was biotinylated and the amount of each protein bound was assayed as described above. The experiments were controlled for higher biotin labeling in DAV than AV.
Representative results are shown in
A cell-binding assay was established using known amounts of annexin V monomer (AV) and dimer (DAV) added to mouse serum. RBCs with externalized PS, as described above, were incubated with serum containing dilutions of AV and DAV. After washing, addition of labeled streptavidin and washing again, AV and DAV bound to the RBCs were assayed by flow cytometry. No binding was detectable when RBCs without externalized PS were used. Concentrations of AV and DAV in mouse serum, assayed by cell binding, were highly correlated with those determined by independent ELISA assays. Hence, AV and DAV in mouse plasma are not bound to other plasma proteins in a way that impairs their capacity to interact with externalized PS on cell surfaces. These observations validated the application of the cell-binding assay to compare the survival of AV and DAV in the circulation.
Mice were injected intravenously with AV and DAV, and peripheral blood samples were recovered at several times thereafter. Different mice were used for each time point. Representative results are shown in
The inhibitory effects of annexin V (AV) and the annexin V homodimer (DAV) on the activity of human sPLA2 (Cayman, Ann Arbor MI) were compared. PS externalized on RBCs treated with NEM and A23187, as described above, was used as the substrate. In control cells, AV and DAV were found to bind to PS-exposing RBCs as demonstrable by flow cytometry. Incubation of the PS-exposing cells with sPLA2 removes PS, so that the cells no longer bind annexin. If the PS-exposing cells are treated with AV or DAV before incubation with PLA2, the PS is not removed. The cells can be exposed to a Ca2+—chelating agent, which dissociates AV or DAV from PS, and subsequent binding of labeled AV reveals the residual PS on cell surfaces. Titration of AV and DAV in such assays shows that both are potent inhibitors of the activity of sPLA2 on cell-surface PS.
The inhibition of phospholipase is also demonstrable by another method. Activity of sPLA2 releases lysophosphatidylcholine (LPS), which is hemolytic. It is therefore possible to compare the inhibitory effects of AV and DAV on PLA2 in a hemolytic assay. As shown in
A mouse liver model of warm ischemia-reperfusion injury was used to ascertain whether modified annexins protect against reperfusion injury (RI), compare the activity of annexin V with modified annexins, and determine the duration of activity of modified annexins. The model has been described by Teoh et al. (Hepatology 36:94, 2002). Female C57BL6 mice weighing 18 to 25 g were used. Under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, the blood supply to the left lateral and median lobes of the liver was occluded with an atraumatic microvascular clamp for 90 minutes. Reperfusion was then established by removal of the vascular clamp. The animals were allowed to recover, and 24 hours later they were killed by exsanguination. Liver damage was assessed by measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and histological examination. A control group was subjected to anesthesia and sham laparotomy. To assay the activity of annexin V and modified annexins, groups of 4 mice were used. Each of the mice in the first group was injected intravenously with 25 micrograms of annexin V (AV), each of the second group received 25 micrograms of annexin homodimer (DAV), and each of the third group received 2.5 micrograms of annexin V coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG-AV, 57 kDa). Controls received saline or the HEPES buffer in which the annexins were stored. In the first set of experiments, the annexins were administered minutes before clamping branches of the hepatic artery. In the second set of experiments, annexins and HEPES were administered 6 hours before initiating ischemia. Representative experimental results are summarized in
In animals receiving annexin V (AV) just before ischemia, slight protection was observed. By contrast, animals receiving the annexin dimer (DAV) or PEG-AV, either just before or 6 hours before ischemia, showed dramatic protection against RI. Histological studies confirmed that there was little or no hepatocellular necrosis in these groups. The results show that the modified annexins (DAV and PEG-AV) are significantly more protective against ischemia reperfusion injury in the liver than is AV. Furthermore, the modified annexins (DAV and PEG-AV) retain their capacity to attenuate RI for at least 6 hours.
In sham-operated animals, levels of ALT in the circulation were very low. In animals receiving saline just before ischemia, or HEPES 6 hours before ischemia, levels of ALT were very high, and histology confirmed that there was severe hepatocellular necrosis. HEPES administered just before ischemia was found to have protective activity against RI.
Thrombosis Study
Six groups of eight rats each were used. The rats for this study were male Wistar rats, weighing about 300 grams (Charles River Nederland, Maastricht, the Netherlands). Animals were housed in macrolon cages, and given standard rodent food pellets and acidified tap water ad lib. Experiments conformed to the rules and regulations set forward by the Netherlands Law on Animal Experiments. Rats were anaesthetized with FFM (Fentanyl/Fluanison/Midazolam), and placed on a heating pad. A cannula was inserted into the femoral vein and filled with saline. The vena cava inferior was isolated, and side branches were closed by ligation or cauterization. A loose ligature was applied around the caval vein below the left renal vein. A second loose ligature was applied 1.5 cm upstream from the first one, above the bifurcation. The test (or control) compound was given intravenously via the femoral vein cannula, and the cannula was then flushed with saline.
Test or control compounds include phosphate-buffered saline 1.0 ml/kg bodyweight (10 min); Phosphate-buffered saline 1.0 ml/kg bodyweight (12 hrs); Diannexin 0.04 mg/kg body weight; Diannexin 0.2 mg/kg body weight; Diannexin 1.0 mg/kg body weight (10 min); Diannexin 1.0 mg/kg body weight (12 hrs); Fragmin 20 aXa U/kg body weight. Ten minutes later (or in two groups: 12 hrs later), recombinant human thromboplastin (0.15 mL/kg) was rapidly injected into the venous cannula, the cannula was flushed with saline, and exactly ten seconds later the downstream ligature near the renal vein was closed. After nine minutes, a citrated venous blood sample was obtained and put on ice.
One minute later (at ten minutes) the upstream ligature near the bifurcation was closed and the thrombus that had formed in the segment was recovered. The thrombus was briefly washed in saline, blotted, and its wet weight was determined. Citrated plasma was prepared by centrifugation for 15 min at 2000 g at 4° C., and stored at −60° C. for analysis. In the two groups in which thrombus induction took place at 12 hrs after compound injection, a different i.v. injection procedure was used. Rats were anaesthetized with s.c. DDF (Domitor/Dormicum/Fentanyl) and injected via the vein of the penis. Rats were then s.c. given an antidote (Anexate/Antisedan/Naloxon) and kept overnight in their cage.
After insertion of a femoral vein cannula, rats were intravenously injected with At 10 minutes after the intravenous injection of compound (in two groups: at 12 hrs after injection), diluted thromboplastin was injected i.v., and ten seconds later the vena cava inferior ligated. At nine minutes after ligation, blood was collected and citrated plasma was prepared. At ten minutes after ligation, the thrombosed segment was ligated, and the thrombus was recovered and weighed. aPTT (sec) was also measured. At 12 hrs after injection of Diannexin decreased the thrombus weight in a dose-dependent manner. (
By parametric ANOVA; F = 24.48; p < 0.00001
All groups < saline controls (p < 0.01)
By parametric ANOVA of the three Diannexin groups:
F = 4600, p < 0.0001
1 mg = 0.2 mg < 0.04 mg; p < 0.001
Treatment had a significant effect on thrombus weight. Both Fragmin (20 aXa U/kg) and Diannexin (0.04, 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced thrombus weight (p<0.0001), see Table 1. For Diannexin, the effect was dose-dependent. The APTT values are shown in Table 2.
By parametric ANOVA; F = 6.66; p = 0.0005
Fragmin group > all other groups (p < 0.05)
Saline and Diannexin groups not significantly different
Fragmin increased the APPT significantly, compared to all other groups. The APTT was slightly, though significantly increased only in the Fragmin group. The Diannexin groups did not differ from the saline control group.
In the second thrombosis study, in which rats were treated at 12 hrs before the induction of thrombus formation, no significant difference between the saline-injected control group and the Diannexin-treated group was found (Table 3).
*mean time to thrombus induction: 13.6 hrs no significant difference by t-test
Thrombus weights in the saline group were also not significantly different from thrombus weights in the saline control group of the 10-min thrombosis study (25.7±12.3 mg, see Table 1). APTT values were not different (not shown).
In summary, the observations show that Diannexin has potent antithrombotic activity in the dose range 0.2 to 1 mg/kg. This effect is no longer demonstrable 12 hours after injection. In the unlikely event that Diannexin produces hemorrhage or any other adverse effect, the patient should soon recover
Bleeding study Three groups were studied. Groups of eight rats, as described in Example 8, were used. Rats were anaesthetized with isoflurane, intubated and ventilated, and placed on a heating pad. A cannula was inserted into the femoral vein, and filled with saline. Test or control compounds were i.v. injected via the cannula, and the cannula was then flushed with saline. Test or control compound were phosphate-buffered saline 1.0 ml/kg bodyweight; Diannexin 5.0 mg/kg body weight; Fragmin 140 aXa Ukg body weight. At 10 min after injection of test compound, the rat tail was put in a horizontal position, and then transected at a defined fixed distance from the tail by scissors. Subsequently, bleeding from the tail was determined by gently blotting-off all blood protruding from the tail by filter paper. The time when bleeding stopped was determined . Any was noted. The experiment was terminated at 30 min after tail transection, Just prior to the end of the experiment, a citrated blood sample was obtained from the cannula. Citrated plasma was prepared by centrifugation for 15 min at 2000 g at 4° C., and stored at −60° C. for analysis. The filter papers were extracted in 20 ml of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH=7.8), containing 0.05% Triton X-100®. The amount of blood lost was determined by measuring the hemoglobin content of the phosphate buffer (potassium cyanide 1 potassium ferricyanide procedure of Drabkin). Body weight (Table 3) did not differ between groups by parametric ANOVA. Treatment by either Diannexin (5 mglkg) or by Fragmin (140 Ukg) approximately doubled bleeding time (
These differences were, however, not significant (non-parametric ANOVA, p=0.490). The APTT values are shown in Table 5 and in
Fragmin approximately doubled the APTT, while the APTT in the Diannexin group did not differ from the saline control group (
Blood loss and the aPTT were approximately twice as large in the Fragmin group as in the Diannexin group in the tail bleeding study. At 5.0 mg/kg i.v. Diannexin induced bleeding from a transected rat tail, though less blood was lost than after injection of 140 aXa U/kg of Fragmin.
Clearance study. Rats were injected with radiolabeled Diannexin, blood samples were obtained at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min and 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 and 24 hrs, and blood radioactivity was determined to construct a blood disappearance curve. (
The β-phase parameters were calculated from the data collected between 45 min and 24 hrs. The α-phase parameters were then calculated from the data between 5 and 45 min by the subtraction method. The blood radioactivity curves were analysed by a two-compartment model, using the subtraction method. The linear correlation coefficients for the α- and the β-phase were −0.99 and −0.99 in experiment 1, and −0.95 and −0.96 in experiment 2. The clearance parameters are shown in Table 6.
Studies were undertaken to confirm the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and mode of action of Diannexin. According to the hypothesis of the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury which is part of the present invention, during ischemia, phosphatidylserine (PS) becomes accessible on the luminal surface of endothelial cells (EC) in the hepatic microvasculature. During the reperfusion phase leukocytes and platelets become attached to PS on the surface of EC the surface of EC and reduce blood flow in the hepatic microcirculation. Diannexin binds to PS on the surface of EC and decreases the attachment of leukocytes and platelets to them. By this mechanism Diannexin maintains blood flow in the hepatic microcirculation and thereby attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury.
This hypothesis was tested by observing the microcirculation in the mouse liver in vivo using published methods (McCuskey et al., Hepatology 40: 386,2004). As described in example 7, 90 minutes of ischemia was followed by various times of reperfusion.
The efficacy of Diannexin in protection of organs of cold ischemia-warm reperfusion injury was evaluated in a rat liver transplantation model (Sawitzki, B. et al. Human Gene Therapy 13: 1495, 2002). Livers were recovered from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, perfused with University of Wisconsin solution, kept at 4° C. for 24 hrs and transplanted orthotopically into syngeneic recipients. Under these conditions 60% of untreated recipients died within 48 hours of transplantation, as previously observed in similar experiments. Another 10 recipients of liver grafts were given Diannexin (0.2 mg/kg intravenously) 10 minutes and 24 hrs after transplantation. All these animals survived for more than 14 days, which on the basis of previous experience implies survival unlimited by the operation.
As shown in table 8, levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the circulation of untreated recipients at 6 hrs and 24 hrs after transplantation were significantly higher than in. Diannexin-treated recipients. Diannexin-mediated cytoprotection was confirmed by histological examination of the livers in transplant recipients. By 7 days after transplantation ALT levels were back to the normal range in all recipients.
In second group of 10 recipients Diannexin was used in a different way. Rat livers were obtained from Sprague-Dawley donors and perfused ex vivo with University of Wisconsin Solution containing Diannexin (0.2 mg/liter) twice, before 24 hr of 4° cold storage and just before orthotopic transplantation. No Diannexin was given post-transplant to these recipients, all of which survived >14 days. Again ALT levels at 6 and 24 hrs were significantly lower than in untreated animals and histological examination showed a substantial difference between the well preserved livers in Diannexin-treated and the partially necrotic livers in control graft recipients.
These observations show that Diannexin markedly attenuates IRI in a cold ischemia-warm reperfusion rat liver model which is similar to the situation in human liver transplantation. Diannexin is equally efficacious when included in the solution used to perfuse the liver ex vivo when administered to recipients of liver grafts shortly after transplantation.
As an experimental model of human steatotic livers mice were made steatotic by feeding them a diet containing 20% fat for 8 weeks. Groups of 5 female C57BL6 mice weighing 18 to 25 g were subjected to 90 minutes ischemia and 24 hours reperfusion. One group of recipients received 1 mgl/g Diannexin just before the commencement of reperfusion. As shown by the liver enzyme levels in
This experiment was undertaken to ascertain whether Diannexin can protect the liver from IRI when administration of the protein is delayed until after the commencement of reperfusion. Our standard protocol for the mouse liver warm IRI was used: adult female C57BL6 mice, 90 minutes ischemia and 24 hrs reperfusion. Endpoints were serum ALT levels and liver pathology at 24 hours. Diannexin (1 mg/kg) was administered 10 minutes and 60 minutes after commencement of reperfusion. As shown in table 9, both of these procedures significantly decreased ALT levels, and protective effects were confirmed by liver histology. These observations show that Diannexin administration can be delayed until at least 1 hour after the initiation of reperfusion, implying that endothelial changes during the first hour are reversible. The findings also show that administration of Diannexin a few minutes after re-establishing the circulation in recipients of transplanted organs should attenuate IRI.
The specification contains numerous citations to references such as patents, patent applications, and publications. Each is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/267,837, “Modified Annexin Proteins for their use in Organ Transplantation,” filed Nov. 3, 2005, which is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/078,231, “Modified Annexin Proteins and Methods for Preventing Thrombosis,” filed Mar. 10, 2005, which is a is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/080,370, “Modified Annexin Proteins and Methods for Preventing Thrombosis,” filed Feb. 21, 2002, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/270,402, “Optimizing the Annexin Molecule for Preventing Thrombosis,” filed Feb. 21, 2001, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/332,582, “Modified Annexin Molecule for Preventing Thrombosis and Reperfusion Injury,” filed Nov. 21, 2001. U.S. application Ser. No. 11/078,231 also claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/552,428, “The Use Of Modified Annexin To Attenuate Reperfusion Injury,” filed Mar. 11, 2004, and U.S. Provisional application No. 60/579,589 “Use of a Modified Annexin to Attenuate Reperfusion Injury,” filed Jun. 14, 2004. The disclosure of each of the foregoing patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60270402 | Feb 2001 | US | |
| 60332582 | Nov 2001 | US | |
| 60552428 | Mar 2004 | US | |
| 60579589 | Jun 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11267837 | Nov 2005 | US |
| Child | 11486667 | Jul 2006 | US |
| Parent | 11078231 | Mar 2005 | US |
| Child | 11267837 | Nov 2005 | US |
| Parent | 10080370 | Feb 2002 | US |
| Child | 11078231 | Mar 2005 | US |
