Patent Application
20110086096
The present invention relates to a sustained release preparation containing a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (DPP-IV) useful for preventing or treating diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, arthritis, osteoporosis, and other diseases.
DPP-IV is a useful drug for treating diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, arthritis, osteoporosis, and other diseases because it inhibits inactivation of glucagons-like peptide-I (GLP-I) in blood plasma and increases its incretion action (WO 02/062,764, WO 01/55105, WO 02/02560).
However, as described in detail below, there were some cases in which strong inhibition of DPP-IV activity in a living body was not always preferable.
For example, it has been reported that the DPP-IV inhibitor enhances vasodialation action by substance O and that the DPP-IV activity was elevated when treating chronic rhinosinusitis because there was an inverse relationship between DPP-IV activity of nasal mucosa of a patient with chronic rhinosinusitis and density of inflammatory cells on the nasal mucosa (for example, FASEB J., 2002, 16:1132-1134). Accordingly, it is considered undesirable to strongly inhibit DPP-IV activity in a patient with diabetes complicating chronic inflammation because it results in aggravation of inflammation.
It has been reported that selective DPP-IV activity is important for glucose homeostasis since GLP-I (9-36) amide, a metabolite from GLP-I with DPP-IV, reduces blood glucose level (Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 282:E873-E879).
Further it has been reported that in treatment of a patient with type C Hepatitis using interferon-α, severity of depression and anxiety correlated with decrease of serum DPP-IV activity (for example, Mol. Psychiatry, 2001, 6:475-480).
In view of the current circumstances that there are some cases in which strong inhibition of in vivo DPP-IV activity is not always preferable for the living body, the present inventors considered it necessary to develop a preparation that could appropriately inhibit DPP-IV activity and also afford excellent convenience or compliance.
The inventors herein disclose a modified/sustained release 1-[(3-Hydroxy-adamant-1-ylamino)-acetyl]-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile (also known as LAF237 or vildagliptin (INN)) formulation for these purposes. The development of a modified/sustained release (MR) formulation comprising vildagliptin is necessary to improve the treatment quality of the treated patients. Vildagliptin is an orally active, dipeptidylpepidase IV inhibitor indicated for improvement of glycemic control in type II diabetes.
LAF237 is specifically disclosed in Example 1 of WO 00/34241. LAF237 can be formulated as described in WO 00/34241, or in the International Patent Application No. EP2005/000400 (application number).
Since vildagliptin is sensitive to moisture, one of the main emphases during the Market Formulation (MF) development was product stability. Hydrolysis is the main degradation pathway for vildagliptin. The stability of vildagliptin is known to be affected by initial moisture content of the tablet, excipients with high intrinsic moisture and the amount of excipients present in the tablet (% drug load). The current validated vildagliptin formulation is a DC (direct compression) tablet with a 25% drug load.
Considering the water-sensitivity of vildagliptin, Clinical service form (CSF) and Market Formulation (MF) development was planned to focus on techniques that would not require the use of water, such as direct compression.
Vildagliptin is classified as Category II, therefore, no special handling practices are required.
The vildagliptin drug substance (DS) is sensitive to moisture. Very tight packaging is necessary. Current retest date is 30 months with storage at 25° C.
It is well known that patient adherence to a drug regimen indirectly correlates with frequency of dosing i.e. greater adherence is seen with a once daily (OD) dosing regimen compared to a twice daily (BID) dosing regimen. The majority of data currently available for vildagliptin is derived from studies based on the immediate release (IR) formulation of vildagliptin given BID.
Replacing the 50 mg IR BID dose with a OD modified release dose will provide the dual benefit of dosing convenience to the patient and a innovative OD product for treating patients.
The present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation, capable of being compressed, preferably directly compressed, into a tablet having adequate hardness/friability, an acceptable disintegration time, low sensitivity to moisture, improved stability, an acceptable dissolution pattern and improved pharmacokinetic profile in treated patients. The pharmaceutical tablet formulation, can also be used in e.g. a capsule, tablet, compressed table, direct compressed tablets, granule.
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation, comprising per 400 mg tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
Terms
“DPP-IV inhibitor” means a compound that inhibits enzymatic activity of DPP-IV [Classification by IUBMB; EC3.4.14.5]. The compound may be either peptidyl or non-peptidyl. As long as the DPP-IV inhibitor retains its inhibitory activity, the form may be different before and after administration into the living body. Namely, the DPP-IV inhibitor may be “active metabolites” which have DPP-IV inhibitory activity after undergoing structural changes through metabolism in the living body. Further, the DPP-IV inhibitor may be a “prodrug” that is changed into an activated form by reactions with enzymes, stomach acids, etc. under in vivo physiological conditions. In addition, the DPP-IV inhibitory activity can be confirmed by utilizing, for example, the method by Raymond et al. (Diabetics, 1998, 47:1253-1258).
Specific examples of the DPP-IV inhibitor include
(1) A compound of the formula:
(wherein ring A is a 5- to 10-membered aromatic ring which may be substituted; R1 and R2 are each a hydrocarbon group which may be the same or different and may be substituted, or a heterocyclic group which may be substituted; X is a bond, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—, or —NR3— (R3 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted); and L is a divalent hydrocarbon group) described in WO 02/062764.
The compound represented by formula (I) may be an anhydrous or hydrous substance, as well as a prodrug.
Suitable examples of the compound represented by formula (I) include the following compounds.
Compound I-a
A compound wherein the ring A is a benzene ring which may have 1 or 2 substitutions selected from:
1) a cyano group;
2) a C1-10 alkyl group (preferably, ethyl) or a C2-10 alkenyl group (preferably, ethenyl) which may be substituted with a carbamoyl group or a carboxyl group, respectively;
3) a hydroxyl group which may be substituted (preferably, a 1-10 C alkoxy group (preferably, methoxy, isopropoxy) which may have 1 to 3 substituents selected from a carbomoyl group, a carboxyl group and a 2-5 C alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably, methoxycarbonyl); a hydroxyl group; a 7-13 C aralkyloxy group (preferably, benzyloxy)) more preferably carbamoylmethoxy);
4) an acyl group (preferably, a C1-6 alkyl-carbonyl (preferably acetyl), carbamoyl, mono- or di-(C1-6 alkyl which may have 1 to 3 substituents selected from a halogen atom and a C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl)-carbamoyl (preferably, methylcarbamoyl, ethylcarbamoyl, propylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl, trifluoroethylcarbamoyl, ethoxycarbonylmethylcarbamoyl, etc.) C3-10 cycloalkyl-carbamoyl (preferably, cyclopropylcarbamoyl), C7-13 aralkyl-carbamoyl (preferably, benzylcarbamoyl), a nitrogen-containing heterocycle-carbonyl which may be substituted with hydroxyl (preferably, pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, piperidinocarbonyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (preferably, methylsulfonyl), a C1-6 alkylsulfinyl (preferably, methylsulfinyl), carboxyl, C1-6 alkoxy-carbonyl (preferably, methoxycarbonyl), and thiocarbamoyl);
5) an amino group which may be substituted (preferably, carbamoylamino);
6) a thiol group (preferably, a 1-10 C alkylthio group which may be substituted with a carbamoyl group (preferably methylthio);
7) a heterocyclic group which may be substituted (an aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, tetrasolyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl) or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably, dioxoisoindole, 5-oxooxadiazole-3-yl, 5-oxothiaxialole 3-yl), respectively, which may have 1 or 2 substituents preferably selected from a C1-6 alkyl group which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms (preferably, methyl, trifluoromethyl), a carboxyl group, a 2-8 calkoxy carbonyl (preferably, ethoxycarbonyl), a cyano group, a carboamoyl group, an amino group, a mono- or di-C2-10 alkanoylamino group (e.g. acetylamino isopentanoylamino), C1-10 alkoxy-carbonylamino group (e.g. methoxycarbonylamino), a carbamoylamino group, a mono- or di-C1-10 alkyl-carbamoylamino group (e.g., methylcarbamoylamino, dimethylcaramoylamino), a C6-14 aryl-carbonylamino group (e.g., benzoylamino), a C3-10 cycloalkyl-carbonylamino group, a C7-13 aralkyloxy-carbonylamino, dimethylsulfonylamino), a mono- or di-C1-10 alkyl sulfonyl amino group (e.g., methyl sulfonyl amino, dimethyl sulfonylamino), a C6-14 arylsulfonylamino group and a C1-6 alkoxy-carbamoylamino group (e.g., methylcarbamoylamino);
8) a benzene ring, which may have 1 or 2 substituents selected from amidino groups; R1 is a 4-10 C alkyl group (preferably, isobutyl, neopentyl) or a 4-10 cycloalkylalkyl group (preferably, cyclopropylmethyl); R2 is a 6-14 C aryl group (preferably phenyl) which may have 1 or 2 substituents selected from a halogen atom (preferably, fluorine, chlorine) and C1-6 alkyl (preferably methyl); X is a bond; and L is C1-10alkylene (preferably, —CH2—).
Compound I -b
A compound wherein the ring A is a benzene ring which may have 1 or 2 substituents selected from:
1) a C1-10 alkyl group (preferably, ethyl) or a C2-10 alkenyl group (preferably, ethenyl) which may be substituted with a 2-8 C alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably, ethoxycarbonyl) or a carbamoyl group, respectively;
2) a hydroxyl group which may be substituted (preferably, a 1-10 C alkoxy group (preferably, methoxy) which may be substituted with a carbamoyl group; more preferably, carbamoylmethoxy);
3) an acyl group (preferably, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, carboxyl);
4) a heterocyclic group which may be substituted (an aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably, furyl, rhienyl, oxazoyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, tetrasolyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, triazoyl) or a non-aromatic heterocyclic group (preferably, 5-oxooxadiazole-3-yl), which may have 1 or 2 substituents preferably selected from a C1-6 alkyl group (preferably, methyl), a carboxyl group, a 2-8 C alkoxycarbonyl group (preferably, ethoxycarbonyl), a cyano group, a carbamoyl group, an amino group, a mono- or di-C2-10 alkanoylamino group (e.g., acetylamino, isopentanoylamino), C1-10 alkoxy-carbonylamino group (e.g. methoxycarbonylamino), a carbamoylamino group, a mono- or di-C1-10 alkyl-carbamoylamino group (e.g., methylcarbamoylamino, dimethylcarbamoylamino group), a C6-14 aryl-carbonylamino group (e.g., benzoylamino), a C3-10 cycloalkyl-carbonylamino group (e.g., methylsulfonylamino, dimethylsulfonylamino), C6-14 arylsulfonylamino group and a C1-6 alkoxy-carbamoylamino group (e.g., methoxycarbamoylamino)); R1 is a 4-10 C alkyl group (preferably, isobutyl, neopentyl) or a 4-10 C cycloalkylalkyl group (preferably, cyclopropylmethyl); R2 is a 1-10 C alkyl group (preferably, butyl) which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms; X is —O—; and L is C1-10 alkylene (preferably, —CH3—).
Among the compounds represented by formula (I), preferably are, especially, 1-[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethylamino]acetyl-2-cyano(S)-pyrrolidone; 1-[(3-hydroxy-adamant-1-ylamino)-acetyl]-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile; 2-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-butoxy-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carbonitrile; 2-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-butoxy-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid; 2-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-butoxy-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide; ethyl 2-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-butoxy-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate; (E) 3-[3-(aminomethyl)-4-butoxy-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-2-propenamide; (E)-3-[3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-4-phenyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]-2-propenamide; 3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolinecarboxamide; 2-{[3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-4-phenyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]oxy}acetamide.
(2) A compound represented by a formula
(wherein f is 1 or 2; g is 0, 1 or 2; X is —CH2—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2— or —NR3— (R3 is a hydrogen atom or a C1-6 alkyl group); R is a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, —CHO, —B(OH)2, P(O)(O—R3), CC—R4, or CH═N—R5 (R4 is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, C1-6 alkyl group, cyano group, nitro group, —OR3, —CO2R3, or —COR3 (R3 indicates the same meaning as aforementioned); R5 is a phenyl group, hydroxyl group, —OR3, —OCOR3, or benzyloxy group (R3 indicates the same meaning as aforementioned); and A indicates an amino acid residue which may be substituted) described in WO 95/15309 etc.
In the formula, the C1-6 alkyl group indicated by the R3 includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, isohexyl, 1,1-dimethyl, 2,2-dimentylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl and the like.
The amino acid residue in “amino acid residue which may be substituted” indicated by A includes a group in which OH of a carboxyl group constituting α- or β-amino acids has been removed from these amino acids.
Herein, α-amino acids include, for example, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, citrulline, ornithine, homocystein and the like.
β-Amino acids include, for example, β-alanine, β-aminocyclopropanoic acid, β-aminocyclobutanoic acid, β-aminocyclopentanoic acid, β-aminocyclohexanoic acid, β-aminocycloheptanoic acid, β-aminocyclooctanoic acid. The β-amino acids may have unsaturated bonds in a carbon chain constituting the amino acids.
The α- and β-amino acids as described above may be in any of D-, L-, and DL-forms, preferably in the natural type of L form.
The said amino acid residue may have 1 or 2 substituents on an amino group constituting the amino acid or on the side chain of the amino acid.
The said “substituted on the amino group” includes preferably a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted and a piperidinyl group which may be substituted.
A hydrocarbon group in the “hydrocarbon group which may be substituted” includes, for example, a C1-6 alkyl group, a C3-12 cycloalkyl group, a C2-6 alkenyl group, a C3-12 cycloalkenyl group, a C2-6 alkenyl group, a C4-12 cycloalkadienyl group, a C6-14 aryl group (preferably, phenyl group), a C7-15 aralkyl group (preferably, benzyl group, phenethyl group), an adamantly group, a bicycle [2,2,1]heptyl group, a bicyclo[3,1,1]heptyl group and the like.
The hydrocarbon group may have 1 to 3 substituents at substitutable positions, and such substitutions include, for example, a halogen atom (preferably, fluorine, chlorine); a cyano group; a hydroxyl group which may be substituted with an acyl group; a hydroxymethyl group; a C1-6 alkoxy group which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms (preferably fluorine); and an amino group which may be mono- or di-substituted with a C6-14 aryl group which may be substituted or a heterocyclic group which may be substituted.
Herein, an acyl group on the “hydroxyl group which may be substituted with an acyl group” includes, for example, the one exemplified as a substitutent on ring A in the said compound I-a.
A C6-14 aryl group in the “C6-14 aryl group which may be substituted” includes, for example, a phenyl group or a naphthyl group.
A heterocyclic group in the “heterocyclic group which may be substituted” includes, for example, a pyridiyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a pyrazyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a quinoxalyl group and the like.
The C6-14 aryl group and heterocyclic group may have 1 to 3 substituents at substitutable positions and such substituents include, for example, a halogen atom (preferably, fluorine, chlorine, bromine); a cyano group; a nitro group; a C1-6 alkyl group; a C1-6 alkoxy group which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms (preferably fluorine); a carboxyl group; a carbamoyl group; a C1-6 alkylsulfonyl group (preferably, methanesulfonyl group); an aminosulfonyl group which may be mono- or di-substituted with C1-6 alkyl group (preferably diemethylaminosulfonyl group).
Especially preferable for a substituent in the said “hydrocarbon group which may be substituted” is a 5-nitro-2-pyridylamino group, 5-cyano-2-pyridylamino group, 2-pyrimidylamino group, 2-pyrazylamino group and the like.
A substitutent in the said “piperidinyl group which may be substituted” includes, for example, a C1-6 alkyl group; a hydroxymethyl group, “a C6-14 aryl group which may be substituted” and “a heterocyclic group which may be substituted” exemplified in the said “amino group which may be mono- or di-substituted with C6-14 aryl group which may be substituted or the heterocyclic group which may be substituted.” The number of substituents is, for example, 1 to 3.
The said “substituent on the side chain of an amino acid” includes, for example, a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, a hydroxyl group, a C1-10 alkoxy group which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms (preferably fluorine), an acyl group, and amino group which may be substituted and the like.
Herein, a hydrocarbon in the said “hydrocarbon group which may be substituted” includes, for example, a C1-10 alkyl group, a C3-12 group, a C2-10 alkenyl group, a C3-12 cycloalkenyl group and the like.
The hydrocarbon group may have 1 to 3 substituents at substitutable positions, and such substituents include, for example, an amino group, a C1-6 alkyl-carbonylamino group (preferably, acetylamino group), a hydroxyl group, a C1-6 alkoxy group, a heterocyclic group (preferably, pyridyl group) and the like.
The said “acyl group” is preferably a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic-carbonyl group which may be substituted. The “nitrogen-containing heterocyclic which may be substituted” includes nitrogen-containing heterocycles ((preferably, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isooxazole, etc.) which may have 1 to 3 substituents selected from, for example, a halogen atom (preferably, fluorine, chlorine, bromine), a cyano group, a nitro group, a C1-6 alkyl group (e.g., trifluoromethyl group) which may be substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms (preferably fluorine), a C1-6 alkoxy group, an amino group which may be mono- or di-substituted with C1-6 alkyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxy group and a C1-6 alkyl-oxycarbonyl group.
A substituent in the said “amino group which may be substituted” includes a C1-6 alkyl group, etc. which may have 1 to 3 substituents selected from, for example, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, a C1-6 alkyl-oxycarbonyl group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group (preferably, pyridyl). These substituents may be coupled with a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group and the like which is on the side chain of an amino acid.
A suitable example of the compound represented by formula (II) includes N-(N′-substituted glycyl)-2-cyano-pyrrolidine derivatives such as (2S)-1-{{{2-[(5-cyanopyridine-2-yl)amino]ethyl}amino}acetyl}-2-cyano-pyrrolidine (DPP-728) (described in WO 98/19998) represented by the formula:
(2S)-1-{[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl}-2-cyano-pyrrolidine (1-[(3-Hydroxy-adamant-1-ylamino)-acetyl]-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile) (also known as LAF237 or vildagliptin) (described in WO 00/34241 represented by the formula:
(2S)-1-{{{2-[(pyrimidine-2-ylpiperidine-4-yl}amino}-acetyl-2-cyano-pyrrolidine (described in WO 02/30890).
(2S)-1-{{{2-[(pyridine-2-yl)amino]ethyl}amino}acetyl}-2-cyano-pyrrolidine and (S)-1-{1-[5-(N,N′-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-2-pyridylamino]-2-methyl-propylaminolacetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile (K-361) (described in WO 02/51836); thiazoline or pyrrolidine derivatives such as L-threo-isoleucylthiazoline (P32/98), L-allo-isolencylthiazoline, L-threo-isoleucylpyrrolidine, L-allo-isoleucylpyrrolidine and L-valylpyrrolidine (described in WO 01/72290) represented by the formula
(3) N-substituted 2-cyanopyrrole and 2-cyanopyrroline derivatives described in WO 01/55105. Preferably, (S,S)-1-(2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutylyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile.
(4) Heterocyclic compounds described in WO 02/02560. Preferably, 7-benzyl-8-[6-hydroxymethyl)-1,4-diazepam-1-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione.
(5) Pyrrolidine derivatives of a condensed ring with cyclopropane described in WO 01/68603. Preferably, (1S,3S,5S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutyryl]-3-cyano-2-azabicyclo[3,1,0]hexane.
(6) Proline derivatives described in WO 02/14271. Preferably, (2S)-1-[(2S,4S)-4-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)amino-2-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl]-2-cyanopyrrolidine.
(7) Cyanopyrrolidine derivatives described in WO 02/38541. Preferably, (2S,4S)-1-[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methyl-pentanoyl]-2-cyano-4-fluoropyrrolidine, (2S,4S)-2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-[(1-hydroxymethyl)cyclopentylamino]acetylpyrrolidine, and (2S,4S)-2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-[(1-hydroxy-3-adamanylamino]acetylpyrrolidine.
(8) Compounds such as P93/01 described in WO 02/02560, WO 03/055881, WO 03/040174, WO 03/037327, WO 03/035057, WO 03/035067, WO 03/024942, WO 03/024965, WO 03/004498, WO 03/004496, WO 03/000250, WO 03/002530, WO 03/002531, WO 03/002553, WO 03/000180, WO 03/000181, EP 1258476, WO 02/51836, WO 02/68420, U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,969, etc.
(9) Another preferred DPP-4 inhibitor is the compound BMS-477118 disclosed in WO 2001068603 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,767 (compound of example 60) also known as is (1S,3S,5S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxytricyclo(3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-yl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile, benzoate (1:1) as depicted in Formula M of the patent application WO 2004/052850 on page 2, and the corresponding free base, (1S,3S,5S)-2-[(2S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-1-yl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonitrile (M′) and its monohydrate (M″) as depicted in Formula M of the patent application WO 2004/052850 on page 3. The compound BMS-477118 is also known as saxagliptin.
(10) Another preferred inhibitor is the compound GSK23A disclosed in WO 03/002531 (example 9) also known as (2S,4S)-1-((2R)-2-Amino-3-[(4-methoxybenzyl)sulfonyl]-3-methylbutanoyl)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride.
(11) Other preferred DPP-IV inhibitors are described in the patent application WO 03/004498 especially examples 1 to 33 and most preferably the compound of the formula
described by the example 7 and also known as MK-0431 or Sitagliptin (INN).
(12) Other preferred DPP-IV inhibitors are described in the patent applications WO 2004/037169 especially those described in the examples 1 to 48 and WO 02/062764 especially the described examples 1 to 293, even preferred are the compounds 3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolinecarboxamide and 2-([3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-4-phenyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]oxy}acetamide described on page 7 and also in the patent application WO2004/024184 especially in the reference examples 1 to 4.
Specific examples of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose include: Metholose SB-4 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 4 mPa·s), TC-5 RW (commercial name, Sinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 6 mPa·s), TC-5 S (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 15 mPa·s), Metholose 60SH-50 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity at 20° C.: about 50 mPa·s), Metholose 65SH-50 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 50 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH-100 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 100 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH-100SR (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 100 mPa·s), Metholose 65SH-400 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: 400 mPa·s), Metholose 65SH-1500 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 1500 mPa·s), Metholose 65SH-4000 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous at 20° C.: about 1000 mPa·s), Metholose 65SH-1000 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 1000 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH-1000 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: 4000 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH 1000SR (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 4000 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH-30000 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 30000 mPa·s), Metholose 90SH-100000 (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 100000 mPa·s), and Metholose 90SH-100000SR (commercial name, Shinetsu Chemical Industry Co. Ltd.—made) (viscosity of 2 wt. % aqueous solution at 20° C.: about 100000 mPa·s).
“Sustained release preparation” or “modified release preparation” herein means a preparation wherein “the elution rate of the drug at 30 min after starting the test” is less than 85% when conducting, for example, the Second Method (paddle method) of the Elution Test Method in Japan Pharmacopoeia using 900 mL of an appropriate test solution when the rotating counts of the drug in the preparation eluted by 100% into the test solution is below ⅓ the saturation solubility of the drug. Also, the conventional test solutions in the pharmaceutical technical field, e.g., water, a butter solution and the like are used. “preparation” means a pharmaceutical formulation or unit dosage form e.g. tablet, granule.
In addition, a preparation wherein the elution rate of a drug at 30 min after starting the test is not less than 85% when conducing the Second Method (paddle method) of the Elution Test Method in Japan Pharmacopoeia under conditions similar to the above is referred to as an immediate release preparation in this specification.
Dosage forms or unit dosage forms of the present sustained release preparation include, for example, an oral formulation such as a tablet, capsule (including a microcapsule), granule, or powder; and a parenteral formulation such as a suppository (e.g., rectal suppository, vaginal suppository, etc.), and these can be safely administered orally or parenterally, respectively. Of these forms, an oral formulation such as a tablet, capsule, or granule is preferred.
The sustained release preparation of the invention can be manufactured by mixing the DPP-IV inhibitor and hydrophilic polymer and molding them. Herein, the mixing and molding are performed according to conventional pharmaceutical methods. Also, when performing the said mixing and molding, a pharmacologically acceptable carrier may be used.
Herein, the pharmacologically acceptable carriers include different types of conventional organic or inorganic carrier substances, for example, excipients, lusters, binders, disintegrators, and the like as base materials for the preparation. Further, additives for a preparation such as preservatives, antioxidants, coloring agents, and sweeteners may also be used as needed.
When the DPP-IV inhibitor used in the sustained release preparation of the invention is basic, an organic acid may be added to regulate elution behavior of the sustained release preparation. Generally, since solubility of a basic drug is greater in the acidic condition than in the neutral condition, the drug elution from the sustained release preparation may vary depending on the surrounding pH. In such a case, change of the drug elution property based on the surrounding pH can be reduced by use of an organic acid. Since the pH in the body may vary in individual patients, reducing changes of the drug elution based on the surrounding pH is extremely significant for obtaining a uniform drug effect for various patients.
The organic acids include, for example, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, etc. Of these, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, etc. are preferred.
The sustained release preparation of the invention has less toxicity and fewer side effects, accordingly it can be administered to mammals (e.g. humans, bovines, horses, dogs, cats, monkeys, mice, and rats) as a preventative and therapeutic agent for various diseases.
The sustained release preparation of the invention may be used as a preventative and therapeutic agent, for example, for diseases such as diabetes (e.g. type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pregnancy diabetes), hyperlipidemia (e.g. hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoHDLemia, postprandial hyperlipidemia), arterial sclerosis, Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), Impaired Fasting Glycemia (IFG), and diabetic complications (e.g., neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataract, angiopathy of large vessel, osteopenia, diabetic hyperosmolar coma, infectious diseases (e.g., respiratory infection, urinary tract infection, digestive system infection, dermal soft tissue infection, lower limb infection), diabetic gangrene, dry oral cavity, decrease of audition, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral circulation disorder) and as an agent for reducing blood sugar and the like.
The sustained release preparation of the invention may prevent Abnormal Tolerance, Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) or Impaired Fasting Glycemeia (IFG) from developing into diabetes.
Further, the sustained release preparation of the invention can be used to improve pancreatic (β-cell) function, pancreatic (β-cell) regeneration, acceleration of pancreatic (β-cell) regeneration, etc.
Since the DPP-IV inhibitor is an agent accelerating glucose-depending insulin secretion which exhibits selectively accelerating action on insulin secretion in a patient with high blood sugar (e.g., patients who have not less than 126 mg/dL of blood sugar value at fasting or not less than 140 mg/dL of 2-hour value after 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (75 g OGTT)). The sustained release preparation of the invention is useful as a safe preventative and therapeutic agent for diabetes with less risk for blood vessel complication, induction of hypoglycemia, etc., which are harmful effects of insulin.
While the dosing amount of the sustained release preparation of the present invention varies depending on the subject, administration route, target disease, etc., for oral administration to an adult patient with diabetes, for example, a single dose of the DPP-IV inhibitor, which is the active ingredient, should usually be about 0.01-100 mg/kg weight, preferably 0.05-30 mg/kg weight, more preferably 0.1-10 mg/kg weight, and ideally be administered once or twice a day. Preferably, the sustained release preparation should be administered to continuously obtain DPP-IV inhibitory action in the living body during from before a meal to at least 2 hours after a meal (preferably 4 hours after a meal).
The sustained release preparation's release duration of the DPP-IV inhibitor in the living body should preferably be 1 to 24 hours; more preferably, 2 to 14 hours.
Usually, when using a DPP-IV inhibitor to prevent or treat diabetes, it is necessary to take the DPP-IV inhibitor before every meal since GLP-1, which is a substrate of DPP-IV, is secreted upon intake of food. However, since the sustained release preparation of the invention can release the DPP-IV inhibitor over a long time, it exhibits sufficient inhibitory effect of DPP-IV, even when taken once a day.
The sustained release preparation of the invention may be used in combination with drugs (hereinafter, referred to as concomitant drugs) such as a therapeutic agent for diabetes, a therapeutic agent for diabetic complications, an antihyperlipidemia agent, a depressor, and anti-obesity agent, a diuretic, and an antithromotic agent. In this case, the medication time of the sustained release preparation of the invention and the concomitant drug is not limited. Thus, these may be simultaneously administered to a subject, or administered at a different time, respectively. Further, the sustained release preparation of the invention and the concomitant drug may be administered as two preparations containing one active ingredient each, or administered as a single preparation containing both active ingredients.
The dosing amount of the concomitant drug can be appropriately selected based on the dose clinically used. The ratio of the sustained release preparation of the invention to the concomitant drug can be appropriately selected based on the subject, administration route, target disease, symptom, combination, etc. For example, when the subject is human, 0.01-100 parts by weight to 1 part by weight of the concomitant drug based on the DPP-IV inhibitor, which is an active ingredient of the sustained release preparation, may be used.
The said therapeutic agents for diabetes (antidiabetic) include, for example, insulin preparations (e.g., animal insulin preparations extracted from the pancreas of a bovine or swine; human insulin preparations synthesized in genetic engineering sing E. coli or yeast; zinc insulin; zinc protamine insulin; fragments or derivatives of insulin (e.g., INS-1, etc.)), insulin-resistance-improving agents (e.g. Pioglitazone hydrochloride, Lociglytazone (maleate), GI-262570, Reglixane (JTT-501), Netoglitazone (MCC-555), YM-440, KRP-297, CS-011, FK-614, Ragaglitazar (NN-622), Tesaglitazar (AZ-242), DMS-298585, EML-16336, compounds described in WO 99/58510 (e.g., (E)-4-[4-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolylmethoxy)benzyloxyimino]-4-phenylbutyric acid)), PPARγ agonist, PPARγ antagonist, PPARγ/αdual agonist, α-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. Voglibose, Acarbose, Migritol, Emiglytate, biguanide agents (e.g., Phenformin, Metformin, Buformine or their salts) (e.g. hydrochloride, furmarate, succinate)), accelerators of insulin secretion (sulfonylurea agents (e.g., Tolbutamide, Glibenclamide, Gliclazide, Chlorpropamide, Tolazamide, Acetohexamide, Glyclopyramide, Glymepyride, Glypizide, Glybuzole, etc.), Repaglinide, Senaglinide, Nateglinide, Mitiglinide or their calcium salt hydrates), GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., GLP-1, NN-2211, AC-2993 (exedin-4), BIM-51077, Alb (8,35) h GLP-1 (7,37) NH2), amyline agonists (e.g., Plamlintide, phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors (e.g. vanadic acid), β3 agonists (e.g., CL-316243, SR-58611-A, UL-TG-307, SB-226552, AJ-9677, BMS-196085, AZ40140), inhibitors of neosugar (e.g., glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor, glucagon antagonist, somatostatin receptor agonist), sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors (e.g., T-1095), etc.
The therapeutic agents for diabetic complications include inhibitors of aldose reductase (e.g., Toirestat, Epalrestat, Zenarestat, Zopolrestat, Minalrestat, Phydarestat, SNK-860, CT-112), neurotrophy factor and its increasing agents (e.g., NGF, NT-3, BDNF, accelerators of neurotrophin production/secretion (e.g., 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-methyl-1-imidazolyl)-5-[3-(2-methylphenoxy)propyl]oxazole etc.)) described in WO 01/14372), ACE inhibitors (e.g., ALT946, Pimagedine, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (ALT766), (EXO-226), active oxygen-crasing agents (e.g., thiocitic acid), cerebrovascular dilators (e.g., Tiapride, Mexiletine).
The anti-hyperdilidemia agents include statin compounds which are inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis (e.g., Cerivastatin, Pravastatin, Simvastatin, Rovastatin, Atorvastatin, Fluevastatin, Itavastatin, or their salts (e.g., sodium salts)), inhibitors or squalene synthase (e.g., compounds described in WO 97/10224, for example, N-[[(3R,5S)-1-(3-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-chloro-5-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,5-terahydro-4,1-benzooxazepine-3-yl]acetyl]piperidine-4-azetic acid etc.), fibrate compounds (e.g., Benzafibrate, Clofibrate, Simfibrate, Clinofibrate), ACAT inhibitors (e.g., Avsimibe, Eflucimibe), anion exchange resins (e.g., Cholestyramine), Probucol, nicotinic acid drugs (e.g., nicomol, niceritrol), ethyl icosapentoate, plant sterols (soysterol), γ-oryzanol, etc.
The depressors include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., Captropril, Enalapril, Delapril), angiotensin II antagonists (e.g., Candesartan, Cilexetil, Losartan, Eprosartan, Valsartan, Telmisartan, Irbesartan, Tasosartin), calcium antagonists (e.g., Manidipine, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, Efonidipine, Nicardipine), potassium channel opening drugs (e.g., Levcromakalim, L-27152, AL671, NIP-121), Clonidine, etc.
The anti-obesity agents include, for example, central anti-obesity agents (e.g., Dexphenfluramine, Phenfluramine, Phentelmine, Sibutramine, Anfepramone, Dexanfetamine, Mazindol, Phenylpropanolamine, Kobenzorex, pancreatic lipase inhibitors (e.g., Orlistat), β3 agonists (e.g., CL 316243, SR-58611-A, UL-TG-307, SB-226552, AJ-9677, BMS-196085, AZ40140), peptidyl anorectics (e.g., Leptin, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)), cholecystokinin agonists (e.g., FPL-15849)), etc.
The diuretics include, for example, xanthine derivative (e.g., sodium salicylate theobromine, calcium salicylate theobromine), thiazide preparations (e.g. ethiazide, cyclopentiazide, trichlormethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bentylhydrochlorothiazide, penfluthizide, polythiaside, methichlothiazide), anti-aldosterone preparations (e.g., spylonoacetone, trimetellen), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide), chlorbenzenesufonamide preparations (e.g., chlortalidone, meflucide, idapamide), azocernide, isosorbide, ethacrynic acid, pyrcladnide, bromethanide, flocemide, etc.
The antithrombotic agents include, for example, heparin (e.g., heparin sodium, heparin calcium, dalteparin sodium), warfarin (e.g., warfarin potassium), antithrombin agents (e.g., aragatroban), thrombolytics (e.g. urokinase, tisokinase, alteplase, nateplase, monteplase, pamiteplase), platelet aggregation inhibitors (e.g., flolopidine hydrochloride, cllostazol, ethyl icosapentoate, beraprost sodium, sarpogrelate hydrochloride), etc.
The concomitant drugs are preferably insulin preparations, insulin-resistance improving agents, α-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanide agents, insulin secretion accelerators (preferably sulfonyl urea), etc.
Further, the present invention relates to “a drug comprising a combination of two or more preparations with DPP-IV inhibitor and different releasing rates of the DPP-IV inhibitor.”
Herein, “the DPP-IV inhibitor-containing preparation” may be any preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor, either a sustained release or immediate release preparation. In addition, the release control mechanism of the DPP-IV inhibitor in the “DPP-IV inhibitor-containing preparation” has no particular limitations, and the preparation may be any that releases the DPP-IV inhibitor; by passive diffusion accompanying degradation of the preparation; by response to change of the surrounding pH; by the inner pressure of the swollen inside of the preparation caused by intake of the surrounding water; immediate release by the preparation's disintegration or dissolution, and the like.
Herein, “preparations that release the DPP-IV inhibitor by passive diffusion” include, for example, the sustained release preparation of the invention, (preferably, a matrix tablet using hydrophylic polymers (e.g., hyroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and polyethyleneoxide), a matrix tablet using lipophilic base materials (e.g., carnauba wax, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated rape oil, polyglycerin fatty acid esters), a tablet or a granule coated with sustained release base materials (e.g., cellulose polymers such as ethylcellulose, acrylic acid polymers such as aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer RS (Eudragit RS (commercial name, Rohm Pharma Co. Ltd.—made), ethyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer suspension (Eudragit NE (commercial name, Rohm Pharma Co., Ltd.—made), etc.
The “preparations that release DPP-IV inhibitor from the preparation by degradation of the preparation” include, for example, a capsule containing polyglycolated glycerides (e.g. Gelucire10/13 (commercial name, GATTEFOSSE Co. Ltd.—made)), etc.
The “preparations that release DPP-IV inhibitor in response to change of the surrounding pH” include, for example, a tablet or granule coated with enteric base materials (acrylic acid polymers such as methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit L (commercial name, Rohm Pharma Co. Ltd.—made)), methacrylate copolymer LD (Eudragit L-30D55 (commercial name, Rohm Pharma Co. Ltd.—made)), methylacrylate copolymer S (Eudragit S (commercial name, Rohm Pharma Co. Ltd.—made)), etc.
The “preparations that release DPP-IV inhibitor by the inner pressure of the swollen inside of the preparation caused by intake of the surrounding water” include, for example an osmotic system, i.e., Concerta™ (Alza Co. Ltd., Fort Washington, Pa.), etc.
The “preparations that release DPP-IV inhibitor immediately by the preparation's disintegration or dissolution” include, for example, those that are obtained by mixing the DPP-IV inhibitor with a pharmacologically acceptable carrier and then carrying out molding. Herein, the pharmacologically acceptable carrier includes those similar to the sustained release preparation of the invention. Also, mixing and molding can be performed according to conventional pharmaceutical techniques.
The release control mechanism of the “two or more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors” constituting the present drug of the invention may be either same or different from each other. The “two ore more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors” may be a single preparation or plural preparations independent to each other. The single preparation includes a single capsule containing two ore more preparations containing the DPP-IV inhibitor; a multi-layer tablet (preferably a 2-layer tablet) or nucleated tablet having multiple release controlling parts, and the like.
The present drug of the invention should preferably be composed of a combination of a sustained release preparation containing a DPP-IV inhibitor and an immediate release preparation containing a DPP-IV inhibitor, and by adopting such a combination, the excellent DPP-IV inhibitory action can be obtained immediately after administration and be maintained over a long term.
While the content of the DPP-IV inhibitor in the sustained release preparation containing a DPP-IV inhibitor varies depending on the type of DPP-IV inhibitor, amount of preparation, etc., the content is, for example 20-30% by weight, preferably 25-35% by weight, and ideally 25% by weight.
Dosage forms of the DPP-IV inhibitor-containing preparation are similar to those of the sustained release preparation of the present invention.
The present drug of the invention has lower toxicity and fewer side effects, accordingly it can be administered to mammals (e.g., humans, bovines, horses, dogs, cats, monkeys, mice, and rats) as preventative and therapeutic agents of various diseases similarly to the said sustained release preparation of the invention.
The dosage of the present drug of the invention may be combined with the two or more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors at administration. Such a dosage form includes, for example, 1) administration as a single preparation of two ore more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors, 2) simultaneous administration as multiple preparations of two or more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors, 3) administration at different times of multiple preparations of two or more preparations containing DPP-IV inhibitors, etc.
While the dosing amount of the drug of the invention varies depending on the subject, administration route, target disease, etc., when orally administering it to an adult patient with diabetes, for example, the usual does of DPP-IV inhibitor, which is the active ingredient should be about 0.01-100 mg/kg weight, preferably 0.5 mg/kg weight, more preferably 0.1-10 mg/kg weight, and these amounts should ideally be administered once or twice a day. Preferably, the drug of the invention should be administered to continuously obtain action of the DPP-IV inhibitor in the living body from before a meal to at least 2 hours after a meal preferably to 4 hours after a meal.
The present drug of the invention may be used in combination with the concomitant drug similar to the case of the sustained release preparation of the present invention.
The present invention further relates to “the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor, which may decrease DPP-IV activity in blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably, 10 to 85%) 1 hr after administration”, “the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor which may decrease DPP-IV activity in blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably, 10 to 85%) 8 hrs after administration”, “the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor which may decrease DPP-IV activity in blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably, 10 to 85%) 12 hrs after administration”, “the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor, which may decrease DPP-IV activity in the blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably, 10 to 85% over 1 to 8 hrs after administration”, “the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor, which may decrease DPP-IV activity in blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably, 10 to 85%) over 1 to 12 hrs after administration”, and the like.
Herein, the blood plasma in “DPP-IV activity in blood plasma” means peripheral venous blood plasma. Although the DPP-IV activity and its decrease rate may vary depending on the type of blood plasma (e.g., venous, arterial or portal blood plasma), any release-controlled preparations belong to the present invention of “release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor” as long as they can decrease DPP-IV activity in peripheral venous blood plasma by 10 to 90% (preferably 10 to 85%).
The present invention of the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor can decrease DPP-IV activity in blood plasma by 10 to 90%, preferably 10 to 85%, more preferably 10 to 80%, most preferably 15 to 75%.
The DPP-IV activity in blood plasma can be measured according to, for example, “the method of Raymond et al., Diabetes, Vol. 47, p. 1253-1258, 1998.” As long as the said decrease rate of the DPP-IV activity in blood plasma is within normal errors, it may be different from the said values (10, 15, 75, 80, 85, 90%). Further, the decrease rate of the DPP-IV activity in blood plasma may be different from the said values depending on the method of measuring DPP-IV activity in blood plasma. For example, if measuring conditions such as substrate type, substrate concentration, reaction time, diluted multiples of blood plasma, and the like of DPP-IV activity in blood plasma are different from those in the method described in the above literature, the decrease rate of the DPP-IV activity in blood plasma may be greater than those described above, for example, the value of 90% may be over 95%.
Among preparations containing the DPP-IV inhibitor of the present invention, the “release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor” of the present invention is a preparation wherein release of the DPP-IV inhibitor is controlled.
Such a preparation is preferably the inventive sustained release preparation. Also, among the drugs of the invention, “a drug comprising a combination of sustained release preparation containing a DPP-IV inhibitor and an immediate release preparation containing a DPP-IV inhibitor” is preferable.
The release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor of the present invention has lower toxicity and fewer side effects, accordingly it can be administered to mammals (e.g., humans, bovines, horses, dogs, cats, monkeys, mice, and rats) as preventative and therapeutic agents of various diseases similarly to the sustained release preparation of the invention.
While the dosing amount of the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor of the present invention varies depending on the subject, administration route, target disease, etc., when orally administering it to an adult patient with diabetes, for example, the usual does of DPP-IV inhibitor, which is the active ingredient, should be about 0.01-100 mg/kg weight, preferably 0.05-30 mg/kg weight, more preferably 0.1-10 mg/kg weight, and ideally administered once or twice a day. Preferably, the release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor of the present invention should be administered so that the action of the DPP-IV inhibitor in the living body is continuously obtained from before a meal to at least about 2 hours after a meal (preferably 4 hours after a meal).
The release-controlled preparation containing the DPP-IV inhibitor of the present invention may be used in combination with a concomitant drug as in the case of the sustained release preparation of the invention.
Specific examples of a microcrystalline cellulose include, for example Avicel® PH102 and 101 (FMC Biopolymer, Philadelphia, Pa.).
Specific examples of a magnesium stearate include, for example Synpro® Magnesium Stearate NF-Vegetable Grade (Ferro Corp., Walton Hills, Ohio).
Specific examples of a lactose include, for example, Lactose DT and Lactose SD.
In addition, tablets often contain a diluent or filler which are added to increase the bulk weight of the blend resulting in a practical size for compression. One, two, three or more diluent and/or filler can be selected. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable fillers and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include, but are not limited to, confectioner's sugar, compressible sugar, dextrates, dextrin, dextrose, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, sorbitol, sucrose and talc. The filler and/or diluent, e.g., may be present in an amount from about 15% to about 55% or from about 15% to about 45% by weight of the composition. Most preferably the above described compositions comprise one or two fillers selected from microcrystalline cellulose such as Avicel PH 102 and lactose.
Lubricants are typically added to prevent the tableting materials from sticking to punches, minimize friction during tablet compression and allow for removal of the compressed tablet from the die. Such lubricants are commonly included in the final tablet mix in amounts usually about or less than 1% by weight. The lubricant component may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Examples of such lubricants include stearic acid, talc and magnesium stearate. Magnesium stearate reduces the friction between the die wall and tablet mix during the compression and ejection of the tablets. It helps prevent adhesion of tablets to the punches and dies. Magnesium stearate also aids in the flow of the powder in the hopper and into the die. It has a particle size range of 450-550 microns and a density range of 1.00-1.80 g/mL. It is stable and does not polymerize within the tableting mix. The preferred lubricant, magnesium stearate is also employed in the formulation. Preferably, the lubricant is present in the tablet formulation in an amount of from about 0.25% to about 6%; also preferred is a level of about 0.5% to about 4% by weight; and most preferably from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight. Other possible lubricants include talc, polyethylene glycol, silica and hardened vegetable oils. In an optional embodiment of the invention, the lubricant is not present in the formulation, but is sprayed onto the dies or the punches rather than being added directly to the formulation.
While the present invention is described in more detail in the following Experimental Details, the present invention is not limited to these and the uses of the invention may be varied as long as the scope is not exceeded.
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation C) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation D) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation E) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation F) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation G) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation H) comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
A pharmaceutical tablet formulation as described herein wherein the filler is selected from lactose and microcrystalline cellulose.
A pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation I) as described herein comprising at least two fillers preferably lactose and microcrystalline cellulose. In an embodiment, the lactose is present in an amount from 1 to 8% preferably 1 to 5% by weight and microcrystalline cellulose is present in an amount from 25 to 35% by weight
A pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation J) as described herein wherein 20-30% by weight on a dry weight basis of a DPP-IV inhibitor especially LAF237 is contained in the formulation.
A pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation K) as described herein wherein the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is present in an amount from 34% to 46% preferably from 38% to 42% by weight.
A formulation as described herein wherein the compound (DPP-IV inhibitor) is 1-[(3-hydroxy-adamant-1-ylamino)-acetyl]-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile (LAF237 or vildagliptin).
A formulation (Formulation L), capsule, granule or tablet as described herein wherein vildagliptin (LAF237) is a crystalline form of vildagliptin (crystal “Form A”), characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern with peaks at about 16.6°, 17.1°, 17.2°+/−0.3 degrees 2-theta or characterized by an X-ray diffraction pattern with peaks at about 12.0°, 13.5°, 16.6°, 17.1°, 17.2°, 20.1°, 22.5°, 27.4°, 28.1°, +/−0.3 degrees 2-theta. Such a crystal form is described in the International patent application No. PCT/US2006/001473
The term “vildagliptin” covers any crystalline form, preferably the crystal form “A” of vildagliptin.
The subject invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
wherein R is substituted adamantyl and n is an integer from 0 to 3, preferably vildagliptin; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
In an embodiment, relative to the weight of the formulation:
In another embodiment, relative to the weight of the formulation:
In a further embodiment, the tablet formulation further comprising a lactose. In an embodiment, the lactose is present in an amount from 1% to 8% by weight. In an additional embodiment the lactose is in an amount of about 4% by weight.
In an embodiment, the DPP-IV inhibitor is selected from [S]-1-[2-(5-cyano-2-pyridinylamino)ethylamino]acetyl-2-pyrrolidine carbonitrile monohydrochloride, vildagliptin, L-threo-isoleucyl thiazolidine, Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, 3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-1-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolinecarboxamide and 2-{[3-(aminomethyl)-2-isobutyl-4-phenyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolyl]oxy}acetamide and optionally pharmaceutical salts thereof.
In an embodiment, the compound (DPP-IV inhibitor) is 1-[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethylamino]acetyl-2-cyano(S)-pyrrolidone or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention concerns a composition or unit dosage form as described herein wherein the compound (DPP-IV inhibitor) is vildagliptin or a salt thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the compound vildagliptin is present in the formulation or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation A), comprising per 400 mg tablet the following ingredients:
The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation (Formulation B), comprising per 600 mg tablet the following ingredients:
In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprises combining the ingredients in the amounts recited above.
The subject invention also provides a method of inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations effective to inhibit the activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the subject.
In an embodiment, the subject is a human being.
The subject invention also provides a method of treating a condition alleviated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition in a subject suffering from the condition comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective dose of any of the herein-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations, unit dosage forms e.g. capsule, tablet, compressed table, direct compressed tablets, granule.
The subject invention also covers the use of any of the herein-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations, unit dosage forms e.g. capsule, tablet, compressed table, direct compressed tablets, granule, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition alleviated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition in a subject suffering from the condition comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective dose of any of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
The subject invention also covers the use of any of the herein-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations, unit dosage forms e.g. capsule, tablet, compressed table, direct compressed tablets, granule for the treatment of a condition alleviated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition in a subject suffering from the condition comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective dose of any of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Preferably the condition alleviated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition is selected from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, arthritis, obesity, allograft transplantation, calcitonin-osteoporosis, Heart Failure, Impaired Glucose Metabolism), IGT (Impaired Glucose Tolerance), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease, modulating hyperlipidemia, modulating conditions associated with hyperlipidemia or for lowering VLDL, LDL and Lp(a) levels, cardiovascular or renal diseases e.g. diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or in large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy, mesanglial hypertrophy, neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive disorders, to produce a sedative or anxiolytic effect, to attenuate post-surgical catabolic changes and hormonal responses to stress, to reduce mortality and morbidity after myocardial infarction, the treatment of conditions related to the above effects which may be mediated by GLP-1 and/or GLP-2 levels.
In an embodiment, the condition is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
In another embodiment, the condition is obesity, arthritis, or osteoporosis. In a further embodiment, the subject is a human being.
The subject invention further provides a method of treating a condition alleviated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition in a subject suffering from the condition comprising administering to subject a therapeutically effective amount of any of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical tablet formulations in combination with a therapeutically effective dose of an anti-diabetic or arthritis drug.
In an embodiment, the subject is a human being.
The subject invention also provides a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising per unit dosage form e.g. per tablet the following ingredients:
In one embodiment, the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations also contains a filler. In one embodiment, the filler is lactose. In another embodiment, the filler is microcrystalline cellulose. In a further embodiment the filler is microcrystalline cellulose and lactose.
In another embodiment, the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations also contains a lubricant. In one embodiment, the lubricant is preferably magnesium stearate.
In yet another embodiment, relative to the weight of the formulation, the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is present in the herein described formulations in an amount from 30% to 50% by weight.
In an embodiment, the hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is present in the herein described formulations in an amount from 34% to 46% preferably from 38% to 42% by weight.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation, wherein in the unit dosage form, the ratio of the weight of vildagliptin to the weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is of 0.16 to 2.5, preferably 0.3 to 1.16 or 0.4 to 1.
Preferably the herein expressed ratios or % are expressed on a dry weight basis.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation, wherein in the unit dosage form, vildagliptin is present in an amount of 100 mg to 200 mg, preferably 100 mg, 150 mg, or 200 mg or the corresponding amount of any of its salt.
The herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation can also be used in any unit dosage form, for example, an oral formulation such as a tablet (including multilayer tablets), capsule (including a microcapsule, capsules containing several e.g. two compartments), granule, or powder; or a parenteral formulation such as a suppository or any other pharmaceutical delivery system. Preferably the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation are used in the form of capsule, granule or tablet.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns a pharmaceutical multilayer tablet wherein the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation, represents one of the tablet layers. This can be done as a multilayer tablet (one over the other) or as a coating one layer surrounding the other one.
Preferably the present invention also concerns a pharmaceutical multilayer tablet wherein the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation, represents one layer and a formulation comprising a further active ingredient represent the second layer and/or third layer. Preferably the further active ingredient is a glitazone (e.g. pioglitazone or rosiglitazone) or metformin. Preferably the further or second layer is an immediate release formulation. The herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation can represent the middle layer and the immediate release formulation comprising a further active ingredient can represent the two external layers. The herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation can represent the central layer and the immediate release formulation comprising a further active ingredient can represent the surrounding coating layer.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns a pharmaceutical tablet obtained by compression of the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns the above pharmaceutical tablet obtained by compression of the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation, wherein the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulation is subject to roller compaction before compression into tablet.
In a further embodiment, the present invention also concerns the above pharmaceutical tablet wherein the hardness range is of between 10 to 13 Kp, for the 100 mg vildagliptin tablet, and between 11 to 25 Kp for the 150 mg vildagliptin tablet.
In the development of the herein described pharmaceutical compositions, the applicant has discovered that the compressed tablets especially direct compressed tablet is particularly advantageous if the particles comprising the DPP-IV inhibitor especially LAF237, have a particle size distribution of less than 250 μm preferably between 10 to 250 μm.
Thus in a further embodiment the present invention concerns the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations, wherein the dispersion contains particles comprising DPP-IV inhibitor preferably LAF237, in free form or in acid addition salt form, and wherein at least 60%, preferably 80% and most preferably 90% of the particle size distribution in the formulation is less than 250 μm or preferably between 10 to 250 μm.
The present invention concerns the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations, wherein the dispersion contains particles comprising DPP-IV inhibitor preferably LAF237, in free form or in acid addition salt form, and wherein at least 60%, preferably 80% and most preferably 90% of the particle size distribution in the formulation is greater than 10 μm.
The term “wherein at least 60%, preferably 80% and most preferably 90%” means at least 60%, preferably at least 80% and most preferably at least 90%.
The term “wherein at least at least 25%, preferably 35% and most preferably 45%” means at least 25%, preferably at least 35% and most preferably at least 45%.
In particular the present invention concerns the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations, wherein the dispersion contains particles comprising DPP-IV inhibitor preferably LAF237, in free form or in acid addition salt form, and wherein at least 25%, preferably 35% and most preferably 45% of the particle size distribution in the formulation is between 50 to 150 μm.
The selected particle size distribution provides an acceptable dissolution profile, as well as acceptable degrees of hardness, friability, Tablet breaking strength, Dispersion Quality and resistance to chipping, as well as a proper disintegration time, required flow and cohesive properties necessary to obtain an acceptable solid dosage form, Improved manufacturing robustness, required compactibility.
Particle size of drug, e.g. LAF237 particles size, is controlled by crystallization, drying and/or milling/sieving (non limiting examples are described below). Particle size can also be comminuted using roller compaction and milling/sieving. Producing the right particle size is well known and described in the art such as in “Pharmaceutical dosage forms: volume 2, 2nd edition, Ed.: H. A. Lieberman, L. Lachman, J. B. Schwartz (Chapter 3: SIZE REDUCTION)”.
Multiple particle sizes have been studied and it has been discovered that the herein described specific size range provides unexpected good results for direct compaction.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION BY ANALYTICAL SIEVING: Particle size distribution is measured using Sieve analysis, Photon Correlation Spectroscopy or laser diffraction (international standard ISO 13320-1), or electronic sensing zone, light obstruction, sedimentation or microscopy which are procedures well known by the person skilled in the art. Sieving is one of the oldest methods of classifying powders by particle size distribution. Such methods are well known and described in the art such as in any analytical chemistry text book or by the United State Pharmacopeia's (USP) publication USP-NF (2004—Chapter 786—(The United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, Md.)) which describes the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enforceable standards. The used techniques are e.g. described in Pharmaceutical dosage forms: volume 2, 2nd edition, Ed.: H. A. Lieberman, L. Lachman, J. B. Schwartz is a good example. It also mentions (page 187) additional methods: Electronic sensing zone, light obstruction, air permeation, sedimentation in gas or liquid.
In an air jet sieve measurement of particle size, air is drawn upwards, through a sieve, from a rotating slit so that material on the sieve is fluidised. At the same time a negative pressure is applied to the bottom of the sieve which removes fine particles to a collecting device. Size analyses and determination of average particle size are performed by removal of particles from the fine end of the size distribution by using single sieves consecutively. See also “Particle Size Measurement”, 5th Ed., p 178, vol. 1; T. Allen, Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 1997, for more details on this. For a person skilled in the art, the size measurement as such is thus of conventional character.
The herein described formulations can also be in the form of a layer in a multi or 2-layer tablet.
The herein described formulations can also be in the form of capsules, tablets, compressed tables, direct compressed tablets, granules.
The DPP-IV inhibitor compounds especially vildagliptin, useful in this invention are hygroscopic, presents stability problems, and are not inherently compressible into tablets. Consequently, there is a need to provide a free-flowing and cohesive composition capable of being compressed, preferably directly, into strong tablets with an acceptable in vitro dissolution, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profile.
The Paddle method to measure the drug dissolution rate (% of release) is used with 1000 ml of 0.01N HCl. Such methods are well known and described in the art such as in any analytical chemistry text book or by the United State Pharmacopeia's (USP) publication USP-NF (2004—Chapter 711) which describes the US Food and Drug Administration (MA) enforceable standards.
In a further embodiment, the present invention concerns two pharmaceutical tablet formulations comprising respectively 100 mg or 150 mg of vildagliptin and providing a vildagliptin release profile particularly adapted for providing an improved pharmacokinetic profile. The resulting pharmacokinetic profile result in an improved treatment quality of the patient.
Thus, the present invention concerns;
1) a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising 100 mg of vildagliptin or a salt thereof, preferably compressed in the form of a sustained release tablet, wherein;
between 10% and 16% preferably between 11% and 15% of vildagliptin is released after 0.5 hour,
between 18% and 24% preferably between 19% and 23% of vildagliptin is released after 1 hour,
between 30% and 36% preferably between 31% and 35% of vildagliptin is released after 2 hours,
between 46% and 52% preferably between 47% and 51% of vildagliptin is released after 4 hour,
between 58% and 64% preferably between 59% and 63% of vildagliptin is released after 6 hours,
between 67% and 73% preferably between 68% and 72% of vildagliptin is released after 8 hours,
between 74% and 80% preferably between 75% and 79% of vildagliptin is released after 10 hours,
between 80% and 86% preferably between 81% and 85% of vildagliptin is released after 12 hours,
between 91% and 97% preferably between 92% and 96% of vildagliptin is released after 18 hours,
between 95% and 100% preferably between 96% and 100% of vildagliptin is releaSed after 24 hours.
2) a pharmaceutical tablet formulation comprising 150 mg of vildagliptin or a salt thereof, preferably compressed in the form of a sustained release tablet, wherein;
between 3.8% and 9.8% preferably between 4.8% and 8.8% of vildagliptin is released after 0.25 hour,
between 8.1% and 14.1% preferably between 9.1% and 13.1% of vildagliptin is released after 0.5 hour,
between 14.7% and 20.7% preferably between 15.7% and 19.7% of vildagliptin is released after 1 hours,
between 25.3% and 31.3% preferably between 26.3% and 30.3% of vildagliptin is released after 2 hour,
between 40.9% and 46.9% preferably between 41.9% and 45.9% of vildagliptin is released after 6 hours,
between 62.1% and 68.1% preferably between 63.1% and 67.1% of vildagliptin is released after 8 hours,
between 76.5% and 82.5% preferably between 77.5% and 81.5% of vildagliptin is released after 10 hours,
between 83.5% and 89.5% preferably between 84.5% and 88.5% of vildagliptin is released after 12 hours,
between 88.5% and 94.5% preferably between 89.5% and 93.5% of vildagliptin is released after 18 hours.
For the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations the Paddle method to measure the drug dissolution rate (% of release) has been used.
Preferably the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations comprise a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, preferably between 20% and 60%, between 30% and 50% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
Preferably the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations comprise a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution, preferably between 20% and 60%, or between 30% and 50% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution.
Preferably the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations comprising 150 mg or 100 mg of vildagliptin are in the form of a tablet or multilayer tablet.
Preferably the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations comprising 150 mg or 100 mg of vildagliptin comprise any of the herein described pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Preferably the above described two pharmaceutical tablet formulations are in the form of a tablet obtained by compression of a pharmaceutical tablet formulation as herein described, wherein the pharmaceutical tablet formulation is subject to roller compaction befoke compression into tablet.
Preferably the above described pharmaceutical tablets comprise 100 mg of vildagliptin or a salt thereof wherein the tablet hardness range is of between 10 to 13 Kp.
Preferably the above described pharmaceutical tablets comprise 150 mg of vildagliptin or a salt thereof wherein the tablet hardness range is of between 11 to 25 Kp.
In a further aspect, the present invention concerns the use of the herein described pharmaceutical formulations, capsules, tablets, compressed tables, direct compressed tablets, granules for the treatment of conditions, such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, arthritis, obesity, allograft transplantation, calcitonin-osteoporosis, Heart Failure, Impaired Glucose Metabolism), IGT (Impaired Glucose Tolerance), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease, modulating hyperlipidemia, modulating conditions associated with hyperlipidemia or for lowering VLDL, LDL and Lp(a) levels, cardiovascular or renal diseases e.g. diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or in large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy, mesanglial hypertrophy, neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive disorders, to produce a sedative or anxiolytic effect, to attenuate post-surgical catabolic changes and hormonal responses to stress, to reduce mortality and morbidity after myocardial infarction, the treatment of conditions related to the above effects which may be mediated by GLP-1 and/or GLP-2 levels.
In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a method of treating conditions, such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, arthritis, obesity, allograft transplantation, calcitonin-osteoporosis, Heart Failure, Impaired Glucose Metabolism), IGT (Impaired Glucose Tolerance), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease, modulating hyperlipidemia, modulating conditions associated with hyperlipidemia or for lowering VLDL, LDL and Lp(a) levels, cardiovascular or renal diseases e.g. diabetic cardiomyopathy, left or right ventricular hypertrophy, hypertrophic medial thickening in arteries and/or in large vessels, mesenteric vasculature hypertrophy, mesanglial hypertrophy, neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive disorders, to produce a sedative or anxiolytic effect, to attenuate post-surgical catabolic changes and hormonal responses to stress, to reduce mortality and morbidity after myocardial infarction, the treatment of conditions related to the above effects which may be mediated by GLP-1 and/or GLP-2 levels, comprising administering to a warm-blooded animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amounts of a pharmaceutical tablet formulation, capsules, tablets, compressed tables, direct compressed tablets, granules as herein described.
Preferably, the condition is selected from such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, calcitonin-osteoporosis, Heart Failure, Impaired Glucose Metabolism, IGT (Impaired Glucose Tolerance), neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson disease, modulating hyperlipidemia, modulating conditions associated with hyperlipidemia or for lowering VLDL, LDL and Lp(a) levels.
In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a process for preparing a tablet, in unit dosage form, which comprises:
In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a process for preparing a tablet, in unit dosage form, which comprises:
In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a process for preparing a tablet, in unit dosage form, which comprises:
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a 100 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form which is;
i-1) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 100 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 15.8 ng/mL+/−6.85 ng/mL to about 173 ng/mL+/−52 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following oral administration of said dosage form in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
i-2) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 100 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 26.3 ng/mL+/−13.1 ng/mL to about 175 ng/mL+/−62.5 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following administration of said dosage form on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
i-3) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 100 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 26.9 ng/mL+/−14.1 ng/mL to about 186 ng/mL+/−80.6 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following administration of said dosage form on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
ii-1) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-inf) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1073 to about 1825 ng·h/mL i.e. 1449 ng·h/mL+/−376 ng·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
ii-2) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-24) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1001 to about 1977 ng·h/mL i.e. 1489 ng·h/mL+/−488 n·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
ii-3) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-24) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1103 to about 2173 ng·h/mL i.e. 1638 ng·h/mL+/−535 n·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
iii-1) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 3.61 hr+/−1.44 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
iii-2) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 2.59 hr+/−1.4 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
iii-3) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 3.74 hr+/−1.44 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
iv-1) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 205 ng/ml+/−47 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
iv-2) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 200 ng/ml+/−64 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
iv-3) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 245 ng/ml+/−68 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
v-1) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 85.64%+/−12.76% following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
v-2) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 87.78%+/−16.37% following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
v-3) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 90.20%+/−7.35% following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
vi-1) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
vi-2) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
vi-3) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 100 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
Preferably the 100 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, preferably between 20% and 60%, between 30% and 50% or between 34% and 46% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
Preferably the 100 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution, preferably between 20% and 60%, or between 30% and 50% or between 34% and 46% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution.
Preferably the 100 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises any of the hereinabove described pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Preferably the 100 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a pharmaceutical tablet formulations selected from the herein described formulations A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, or L.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form which is;
i-a) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 150 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 30.7 ng/mL+/−21.9 ng/mL to about 223 ng/mL+/−77.3 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following oral administration of said dosage form in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
i-b) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 150 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 48.7 ng/mL+/−25.8 ng/mL to about 223 ng/mL+/−99.7 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following administration of said dosage form on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
i-c) a solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprising about 150 mg of vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean maximum plasma concentration of vildagliptin ranging from about 44.6 ng/mL+/−28.5 ng/mL to about 263 ng/mL+/−84.4 ng/mL between about 0.5 and about 16 hours following administration of said dosage form on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
ii-a) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-inf) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1346 to about 3196 ng·h/mL i.e. 2271 n·h/mL+/−925 n·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
ii-b) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-24) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1277 to about 3207 n·h/mL i.e. 2242 n·h/mL+/−965 ng·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
ii-c) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean AUC(0-24) of vildagliptin ranging from about 1643 to about 3273 ng·h/mL i.e. 2458 ng·h/mL+/−815 ng·h/mL following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
iii-a) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 3.57 hr+/−1.17 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
iii-b) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 2.87 hr+/−1.59 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
iii-c) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean tmax of vildagliptin of 4.13 hr+/−1.24 hr following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
iv-a) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 257 ng/ml+/−59 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
iv-b) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 272 ng/ml+/−111 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
iv-c) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean Cmax of vildagliptin of 308 ng/ml+/−91 ng/ml following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
v-a) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 90.04%+/−11.91% following oral administration of said dosage form, in a patient not treated with vildagliptin before said administration and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 1 of the above described study), and/or
v-b) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 90.4%+/−17.50% following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 9 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient has been served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning administration of said dosage form (day 9 of the above described study), and/or
v-c) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing an arithmetic mean % inhibition of DPP-IV activity over 24 hours of 91.64%+/−8.47% following oral administration of said dosage form, on day 10 in a patient treated with said dosage form once a day since day 1 and wherein said patient is under fasted conditions (day 10 of the above described study), and/or
vi-a) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
vi-b) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
vi-c) a solid oral dosage form comprising about 150 mg vildagliptin free base, or a respective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a carrier medium, said dosage form providing a pharmacokinetic profile as substantially depicted in
Preferably the 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, preferably between 20% and 60%, between 30% and 50% or between 34% and 46% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
Preferably the 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution, preferably between 20% and 60%, or between 30% and 50% or between 34% and 46% by weight on a dry weight basis of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with an apparent viscosity of 80,000 cP to 120,000 cP (nominal value 100,000 cP) when present in a 1% solution.
Preferably the 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises any of the hereinabove described pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Preferably the 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a pharmaceutical tablet formulations selected from the herein described formulations A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K or L.
Any of the above described 100 mg or 150 mg vildagliptin sustained release solid oral pharmaceutical dosage form wherein;
“pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic polymer which can retard diffusion of an active ingredient” are known in the art e.g. Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose.
Experimental Details
I. Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacture
A. Selected Formulation and Process Composition
A dry blend process with roller compaction was developed for direct compression, as shown in the process flow diagram (
Process
The selected manufacturing process is shown in
B. Formulation and Alternative Variants
Several formulation variants were evaluated as potential clinical service forms (CSF) in order to provide the requested release rate profile. The term clinical service forms (CSF) means a formulation adapted for administration to a patient. Several types of release rate profiles were studied; in particular a slow and fast. The profile rate was determined by the amount and type of polymer selected and/or tablet technology. The Market Formulation (MF) selected is a specific slow release rate profile (see Section I.A.) particularly adapted for a once a day dosage regimen and production of compressed tablets. Examples of the fast release rate formulations are shown in Tables 2-3 to 2-7 and alternate formulations with slow release profiles are shown in Tables 2-8 to 2-10.
Bi-layer tablet technology was evaluated using a 50 mg immediate release (IR) tablet in one layer, and an 150 mg MR as the second layer as shown in Table 2-7.
The amount of vildagliptin DS and HPMC K100M were varied in each layer to provide a suitable release rate profile. For example, the DS was varied from 25 mg to 50 mg (immediate release layer) and 150 mg to 175 mg (modified release layer). The amount of HPMC K100M was varied from 29% to 40% (modified release layer).
Another exploratory slow release variant was the HPMC concentration was reduced to 30%, with and without roller compaction, as shown in Tables 2-8 and 2-9. This change did not have an effect on the dissolution profile. However, 30% HPMC K100M exhibited a lower flow quality; 0.21 and 0.37, for both non-roller compacted and roller compacted material, respectively, when compared to 40% HPMC K100M. Filming was also observed during compression with 30% HPMC K100M.
Selection of Formulations for the Manufacture of Clinical Variants
The four formulations selected for further clinical evaluation comprised of both types of release rate profiles (slow and fast) at two dosage strengths (100 mg and 200 mg). The batch size was 4,000 tablets (or 3.1 kg). Pre-compression was required to meet the hardness and/or friability requirements. The slow formulation contained 40% HPMC K100M as shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-10. The fast formulation contained 20% HPMC K100 LVP as shown in Tables 2-3 and 2-4.
Formulation Rationale
1-[(3-Hydroxy-adamant-1-ylamino)-acetyl)-pyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile i.e. vildagliptin DS (Drug Substance) is highly water soluble (up to 125 mg/mL) and so requires polymers that can act as substantial diffusion barriers for a dramatic reduction in drug dissolution and diffusion. A once a day MR dosage form is likely to require a significant level of polymer load for retarding drug diffusion. During the development, the applicant has selected monolithic formulation with low risk for dose dumping, eliminating coating technologies in favor of a matrix formulation. After intensive studies on compatibility, ability to retard diffusion pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, and regulatory acceptance requirements the applicant narrowed the polymer choice to hydrophilic polymers, especially hydroxpropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC).
Major and Critical Findings During Formulation Development
A critical excipient is the control release polymer, HPMC, as the K100M grade. During the CSF development, various control release polymers were evaluated alone, or in combination, in order to achieve the desired release profile. HPMC, K100M grade, provided the best match to the desired release profile. The “slow” formulation was selected after evaluation in man.
As previously mentioned, pre-compression was utilized during the clinical batch manufacture. Experiments were conducted to further evaluate the CSF formulation and the need for pre-compression.
The compression profile for the CSF formulation containing 40% HPMC is shown in
The data indicated that the compression profile and friability could be improved with pre-compression. Additional studies were conducted to improve the compression profile and to avoid the use of pre-compression.
As shown in
It was determined that an improvement in the compression profile was achieved using roller compaction. As shown in
As shown in
The roller compaction process was scaled to a 50 mm Bepex roller compactor using a linear relationship developed for a 50 mm Fitzpatrick roller compactor (in lb/in units, model IR520) and a 50 mm Bepex (in KN units) roller compactor. As shown in
Overview of Compositions Including CSF in Clinical Studies
See Section “B. Formulation and Alternative Variants.”
C. Manufacturing Process
All variants were manufactured as detailed in the process flow chart shown in
The effect of roller compaction was evaluated with 30% and 40% HPMC. Roller compaction was utilized to densify the powder blend prior to compression. The effect of Fitzpatrick (Chilsonator®, model IR220) roller compactor at compaction forces from 500 to 10,000 lb/in on a powder blend containing 40% HPMC, are shown in
The data indicated that with increasing roller compaction force, led to a decrease in tablet hardness. As shown in
The effect of roller compaction on tablet friability is shown in
The key criteria for the final process was based on the dissolution profile. Since a PK/safety study was conducted in vivo using the 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg tablets, the formulation containing 40% HPMC K100M was desired. Roller compaction was added to the process to improve the compression profile. As shown in
The physical properties of the various powder blends are shown in Tables 2-12 and 2-13.
The use of roller compaction indicated an increase in the powder flow quality and an increase in bulk density. This was limited by the roller compaction force, where tablets from 5,000 lb/in and 10,000 lb/in force exhibited a poor friability of 0.6% and >10%, respectively (100 mg tablets).
The effect of roller compaction on the sieve analysis is shown in
Equipment Used
Statement on the Up-Scaling Potential and Robustness of the Final Process
Roller compaction improved bulk powder flow and compression profile without the use of pre-compression. The acceptable hardness range was 10 to 13 Kp and 11 to 25 Kp for the 100 mg and 150 mg tablets, respectively. Lamination was observed at compression forces greater than 18 KN for the 150 mg tablet. The formulation does not appear to be dwell time sensitive. The lab phase FMI activities will start pending the confirmation of the FMI tablet shape and size for the 100 mg strength.
II. Analytical Investigations for Stress Tests of Variants
A. Elaboration of Analytical Methods Assay and Related Substances
The assay of vildagliptin and the quantitation of degradation products of vildagliptin were performed by a gradient HPLC method [AM54001B(AS6105)]. The sample was extracted with methanol and diluted to target concentration using 10:90 methanol/acetonitrile and then chromatographed using a reverse phase HPLC method with UV detection at 210 nm.
Drug Release
Dissolution of vildagliptin from six 100 mg vildagliptin tablets was determined under the test conditions elaborated in Table 3-1
Samples obtained were analyzed by using an isocratic reverse phase HPLC method [AM50161A(AS6105)] with UV detection at 2010 nm. Same experimental have been done for the 150 mg and 200 mg tablets.
B. Analytical Results Stability Protocol
The technical and clinical batches slow and fast formulations of CSF were put on stability and the stability was monitored up to 12 months. The stability of technical batches of MF variants, 100 mg and 150 mg is currently ongoing as shown in the protocol, Table 3-2.
Stability Results
Specifications
Tentative analytical specifications were laid down in specifications during early development of vildagliptin 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg tablets [AS6105B].
III. Conclusions
A Clinical Service Form (CSF) was developed to provide a “slow” release profile containing 40% HPMC K100M as the controlled release polymer. A direct compression powder blend was developed for the 100 mg and 150 mg strengths. It was determined that the use of roller compaction improved the compression profile and bulk powder flow of the CSF. Roller compaction exhibits a dissolution profile similar to the CSF (which was tested in vivo in humans). The formulation does not appear to be effected by roller compaction roll speed, or dwell time on compression.
For the CSF 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg strengths, the stability data are available up to 12 months at 25° C./60% RH and 30° 60% RH. The appearance, assay, purity and dissolution data were found to within specification limits after 12 months at 30° C./60% RH. These data support a 24 month re-test period with specification “do not store above 25° C.” for 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg modified release tablets. The composition of vildagliptin 150 mg modified release tablets is bracketed by 100 mg and 200 mg strengths. Therefore, the stability of 150 mg tablets is expected to be same as 100 mg and 200 mg strengths. Thus a re-test period similar to that of 100 and 200 mg strengths is applied for 150 mg tablets. The stability profile of 100 mg and 150 mg tablets manufactured by roller compaction after 6W, 40° C./75% RH was found to be comparable to that of CSF formulations. Thus, the stability does not appear to be affected by the inclusion of roller compaction step in the manufacturing process.
The roller compacted formulation containing 40% or 30% HPMC K100M has been selected.
Preferred formulations are described in the below table:
The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
The material in the desired particle size range can be produced from any form of LAF237 e.g. amorphous form or crystal form, by mechanical stress. This stress can be mediated by impact, shear or compression. In most commercially available grinding equipment a combination of these principles occurs. For LAF237 preferably a mechanical impact or jet mill is used. The most preferable mechanical impact mill can be equipped with different kind of beaters, screens, liners or with pin plates. For our process preferably an impact mill with plate beater and a slit screen 5*2.5 cm is used. The impact speed should be variable between 20 and 100 m/s (as peripheral speed) to adapt to any batch to batch variation. In our case a peripheral speed of the beater of about 40-50 m/s is used.
Study Synopsis and Assessment Schedule
Title of study: A randomized, open-label, three period, cross-over study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability, of two new LAF237 100 mg and 150 mg modified release formulations in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Objectives:
Primary Objective
Secondary Objective(s)
Design: This study is a single center, randomized, open-label, three-period, crossover design study. A total of 27 patients with type 2 diabetes (both male and female) are enrolled. Each subject participate in a 28 day screening period, three base-line periods, three 11-day treatment periods separated by two 7-day washout periods and a study completion evaluation.
Subjects are randomized to the following 3 treatment sequence groups under William's design.
Treatment A:
Treatment B:
Treatment C:
Patients receiving metformin therapy are required to stop taking metformin for at least 21 days prior to dosing on Day 1. On the evening of Day −1, patients who satisfy all inclusion/exclusion criteria at screening (Days −28 to −2) enter the study center for verification of inclusion/exclusion criteria, baseline evaluations and subsequent randomization to one of three sequences. Patients remain domiciled until the morning of Day 3 (48 h after the first dose of LAF237 is given).
On Day 1 of each treatment period, patients receive the first dose of LAF237 following an over night fast of 10-12 hours. They continue to fast for 5 hours post-dose. Patients are discharged from the site after the Day 3 morning dose of LAF237 with study drug medication, instructions on how to administer drug at home during the out-patient treatment days (Days 3 to 7) and a dosing diary.
The modified release formulation of LAF237 (100 mg and 150 mg) are administered once daily before breakfast and the 50 mg LAF237 is administered twice daily, once before breakfast and once before dinner. A dosing diary is kept by the patients for all non-domiciled doses.
Patients return to the site on the morning of Day 5 for pre-dose pharmacokinetic sample collection. They are admitted to the site at least 10 h prior to the Day 8 morning dose of LAF237 and remain domiciled until the morning of Day 12 (48 h after the Day 10 dose is given). On Day 9, patients are served an ADA breakfast within 30 minutes of the morning dose of LAF237.
Meal times on all domiciled days are strictly enforced. Breakfast are served within 30 minutes of the morning dose, except on days 1 and 10 when patients fast for 5 hours after dosing. Lunch, dinner and a snack are served 5, 10 and 12 hours post-dose, respectively.
Number of subjects: 27 patients with type 2 diabetes (male and female)
Criteria for Inclusion:
Criteria for Exclusion:
Investigational Drug:
LAF237 100 mg MR (herein described preferred modified release MR formulation)
LAF237 150 mg MR (herein described preferred modified release MR formulation)
LAF237 50 mg (as described in the U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/604274)
Duration of treatment: 46 days total study length, including washout periods.
Treatment A (LAF237 100 mg MR OD): Single dose treatment on Day 1 and 8 days of multiple dose treatment starting on Day 3.
Treatment B (LAF237 150 mg MR OD): Single dose treatment on Day 1 and 8 days of multiple dose treatment starting on Day 3.
Treatment C (50 mg BID): BID dose treatment on Day 1 and 8 days of multiple dose treatment starting on Day 3.
Two 7 day wash out periods between above treatments.
Assessments and Evaluations:
Background, Demographic and Administrative Assessments
Safety and Tolerability Assessments
Pharmacokinetic Assessments
Pharmacodynamic Assessments
DPP-IV Activity will be Measured on Days 1, 9 and 10.
Glucose Samples on Day 9.
Statistical Methods
Sample Size: The sample size is determined based on a two one-sided t-test at 5% significance level (Chen et. al. 1997) for PK parameters. When test-reference ratio is equal to 0.95, a sample size of 24 subjects allow at least 88% power to meet the bioequivalence criterion, i.e., to have the 90% Cl for test-reference ratio of a bioavailability measure contained in the bioequivalence range of (0.8, 1.25) if intrasubject CV is not greater than 0.20, or 72% power if the intra-subject CV is equal to 0.25. The intrasubject CV values used in the sample size determination are derived from a previous study of similar formulation (LAF237A2214) in healthy subjects in which the largest observed intrasubject CV is around 0.20 for Cmax.
Statistical analysis: An analysis of variance (ANOVA) are performed on log transformed AUC and Cmax data using the PROC MIXED SAS procedure. The sources of variation included in the ANOVA model are sequence, subject (sequence), period, and treatment, with subject (sequence) as random effect. Using the ESTIMATE statement of the PROC MIXED SAS procedure, the contrast are constructed between the test and the reference treatments to obtain the p-value, the estimated mean difference, an the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the log-scale test-reference difference. The anti-logs of the estimated mean difference and the 90% CI constitute the ratio of geometric means and the 90% CI for the true test-reference ratio. The outputs from the comparison are tabulated.
For comparison of bioavailability between MR OD and IR BID, the test will be the MR OD and, the reference are IR BID. The LAF237 AUC and Cmax are compared between the two treatments within the ANOVA.
The PD endpoints are analyzed using the same ANOVA model as described above.
Drug Administration
On Days 1, 3, 5, 8, 9 and 10 study medication are administered by the study center personnel with 240 mL of water between 0700 and 0800, after at least a 10-hour fast. All subjects are dosed within a maximum of a 1-hour interval. Subjects must be instructed not to chew the medication, but to swallow it whole. The investigator has to check each subject's mouth to ensure that the medication was swallowed. Unless performing a study assessment, subjects have to rest quietly in the upright position for the next 4 hours. With the exception of Days 1 and 10 when the first meal is served 5 hours post-dose, an ADA breakfast is served within 30 minutes of dosing.
During Treatment C, patients receive the evening dose of 50 mg LAF237 30 minutes prior to dinner.
General Study Conditions and Restrictions
Definition of Study Phases
Screening
“Screening” is defined as assessments made for 2 to 28 days prior to initiation of the study (i.e. prior to the day of first dosing, Day 1) to determine eligibility for entry into this study. Potentially eligible subjects whose screening examinations show any disqualifying abnormality may have the examination repeated ONCE if the investigator wishes to enroll the subject.
Baseline
If not yet domiciled, subjects should be admitted to the study site at least 10-hours prior to dosing in each treatment period. “Baseline” is defined as the period of a subject's continuous presence at the study facility to 30 minutes prior to the administration of the study drug (i.e. Day −1). Baseline activities include safety assessments, as outlined in the Study synopsis and on the Assessment schedule.
Treatment Period(s)
Each treatment period includes the predose activities (within 30 minutes prior to dosing), drug administration, the postdose evaluations until 24-hours after dosing, and—if applicable—the washout period until predose of the following treatment period.
End of Study
End of study evaluations will be performed on the last day of the last treatment period, prior to discharge from the study site.
Domiciling and Physician Coverage
Patients are confined to the study center for at least 10 hours before administration of study drug on Day 1 until one hour after study drug is administered on Day 3. Patients return to the study center on the morning of day 5 for pre-dose blood collection. Patients are domiciled at least 10 hours before study drug is administered on Day 8 until 48 hours after the Day 10 morning dose of LAF237 is received.
Presence of a physician on site is expected at a minimum for the first 2 hours after dosing during each period. A physician shall be available by pager at all other times throughout the study.
Dietary, Fluid and Other Restrictions
During recruitment, informed consent review, and baseline period, the subjects is informed and reminded of the following restrictions:
On all domiciled days, except Days 1 and 10, patients receive the study drug 30 minutes prior to an ADA breakfast and an overnight fast of 10 hours. On Day 1 and 10, no breakfast is served.
During Treatment C, patients also receive the evening dose of study drug 30 minutes prior to dinner. The tested drug should be administered with 240 mL (8 fl oz) of water. No fluid intake apart from the fluid given at the time of drug intake is allowed from 2 h before until 2 h after dosing. Otherwise, subjects should have a fluid intake of at least 200 mL every 4 hours during waking hours in addition to fluid taken with meals and medication.
During domiciled days, lunch and dinner are served at 5 hours and 10 hours post dose, respectively, and a large snack is served at 12 hours post dose.
Subjects follow a standard weight maintaining diet while domiciled on non-dosing days. No other food is consumed at any time during confinement. Subjects should consume the entire contents of the meal. Meals should be similar in caloric content and distribution for all subjects on the day of dosing.
When meal and blood draw times coincide, blood is drawn BEFORE the meal is provided. Intake of xanthine (e.g., caffeine) containing food or beverages must be discontinued 48 hours before dosing. Consumption of such foods and beverages (i.e., coffee, tea, and soda, chocolate) is not permitted at any time while the subjects are domiciled. If a deviation occurs during the domicile period, it must be noted on the Comments CRF page.
Backgrounds Demographic and Administrative Assessments
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Subject selection is to be established by checking through all standard inclusion/exclusion criteria. A relevant record (e.g. checklist) must be stored with the source documentation at the study site. Violation of any entry criterion excludes a subject from enrollment into the study unless granted specific clearance by the sponsor.
Drug Administration Record
Date and time of dose administration is recorded in the Dosage administration record section of the CRF and—if applicable—on the Blood collection CRF page for pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic evaluations.
Meal Record
The date and start time of meal consumption is recorded in the appropriate section of the CRF for all domiciled days.
Study Completion Information
Information on the date the subject last took drug, the subject's completion or discontinuation of the study and the reason for discontinuation of the study is recorded on the Study completion CRF page.
Pharmacokinetic Assessments
Blood collection All blood samples is taken by either direct venipuncture or an indwelling cannula inserted in a forearm vein.
LAF237: For each scheduled LAF237 sample, collect a 2 mL blood sample into a sodium or lithium heparin tube at the times specified in the assessment schedule.
Handling of Blood Samples
Immediately after each tube of blood is drawn, it should be inverted gently several times to insure the mixing of tube contents (e.g., anticoagulant). Avoid prolonged sample contact with the rubber stopper. Place the tube upright in a test tube rack (e.g. surrounded by ice or at room temperature) until centrifugation. Within 15 minutes, centrifuge the sample between 3 and 5° C. for 15 minutes at approximately 2500 rpm. Transfer all available plasma to a polypropylene screw-cap tube and freeze at −70° C. or below within 60 minutes of venipuncture.
Analytical Method(s)
Analytes, media and methods: LAF237 in plasma by LC-MS-MS; LLOQ at 2 ng/mL.
Pharmacodynamic assessments: All blood samples are taken either by direct venipuncture or an indwelling cannula inserted in a forearm vein from each patient.
Glucose: For each scheduled glucose sample, collect a 2 mL blood sample into a sodium flouride (grey top) tube at the times specified in the assessment schedule. The central laboratory to be used for analysis of plasma glucose samples has not been determined at this point. Once determined, a protocol supplement do outline the sample handling and data transfer procedures.
DPP-IV: DPP-IV measurements is conducted by Novartis Laboratory. For each scheduled sample collection for DPP-4 enzymatic analysis, collect a 1 ml blood sample into a tube containing potassium EDTA. Invert gently several times to mix the contents of the tube. Avoid prolonged sample contact with the rubber stopper. Place the tube upright in rack surrounded by ice until centrifugation. Within 15 minutes after collection, centrifuge the sample between 3 and 5° C. for 15 mins at approximately 2500 rpm. Transfer all available plasma to a polypropylene screw-cap micro tube and freeze at −70° C. or below within 60 minutes of venipuncture
For labeling and shipment instructions, see Part B, Section 9.
Data Analysis
Analysis of the data will be under the direction of Novartis personnel.
General Statistical Considerations
Sample Size Determination
The sample size is determined based on a two one-sided t-test at 5% significance level (Chen et. al. 1997—Chen K W, Chow S C, Li G (1997). A note on sample size determination for bioequivalence studies with higher-order crossover designs. J Parmarcokin, Biopharm. 25: 753-765.) for PK parameters. When test-reference ratio is equal to 0.95, a sample size of 24 subjects allows at least 88% power to meet the bioequivalence criterion, i.e., to have the 90% CI for test-reference ratio of a bioavailability measure contained in the bioequivalence range of (0.8, 1.25) if intrasubject CV is not greater than 0.20, or 72% power if the intra-subject CV is equal to 0.25. The intrasubject CV values used in the sample size determination are derived from a previous study of similar formulation [LAF237A2214] in healthy subjects in which the largest observed intrasubject CV is around 0.17 for Cmax.
Background, Demographic and Administrative Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics are provided for background and demographic variables such as age, weight, height, gender and race.
Relevant medical history, current medical conditions, results of laboratory screens, drug tests and any other relevant information are listed.
Safety and, Tolerability Data Analysis
All subjects who received at least one treatment are included in the safety and tolerability evaluation.
Pharmacokinetic Data Analysis
All completed subjects are included in the pharmacokinetic data analysis.
Pharmacokinetic Variables
The following pharmacokinetic parameters are evaluated for each treatment period: AUC0-t, AUC(0-∞), Cmax, tmax, t1/2, and Cmax/AUC(0-t).
Biofluid concentrations are expressed in mass per volume units. All concentrations below the limit of quantitation or missing data are labeled as such in the concentration data listings. Concentrations below the limit of quantitation are treated as zero in summary statistics and for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters.
Descriptive statistics of pharmacokinetic parameters include mean, SD, and CV, min and max. When a geometric mean is presented it is stated as such. A range of values is presented for selected variables. Since tmax is generally evaluated by a nonparametric method, median values and ranges are given for this parameter.
Pharmacokinetic parameters are determined based on non-compartmental method(s) using WinNonlin Pro.
Statistical Methods for Pharmacokinetic Analyses
An analysis of variance (ANOVA) are performed on log-transformed AUC and Cmax data using the PROC MIXED SAS procedure. The sources of variation included in the ANOVA model are sequence, subject (sequence), period, and treatment, with subject (sequence) as random effect. Using the ESTIMATE statement of the PROC MIXED SAS procedure, the contrast are constructed between the test and the reference treatments to obtain the p-value, the estimated mean difference, an the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the log-scale test-reference difference. The anti-logs of the estimated mean difference and the 90% CI constitute the ratio of geometric means and the 90% CI for the true test-reference ratio. The outputs from the comparison are tabulated.
For comparison of bioavailability between MR OD and IR BID, the test treatment is the MR OD and the reference is IR BID. The LAF237 AUC and Cmax are compared between the two treatments within the ANOVA.
Pharmacodynamic Data Analysis
All subjects who complete the trial with evaluable pharmacodynamic (PD) measurements are included in the data analysis.
Pharmacodynamic Variables
Following glucose parameters may be derived for treatment comparison:
In order not to lose data from subjects due to missing values, the algorithm below are employed to replace missing values:
Statistical Methods for Pharmacodynamic Analyses
The glucose parameters are analyzed using the same ANOVA model as described above for statistical analysis of PK parameters.
In addition, timepoint-wise comparison of glucose concentration are performed using the same ANOVA model as described above.
Results:
Results:
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60689719 | Jun 2005 | US | |
| 60690309 | Jun 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11916931 | Dec 2007 | US |
| Child | 12968885 | US |
