Patent Grant
8091300
The field of the invention relates to building materials and, more specifically, to components used to construct building panels and other building structures.
Home buyers of today demand products that are cost-effective, flexible in use, and visually pleasing. In addition, home buyers desire an immense variety of choice in the areas of architectural styles and floor plans. For instance, some buyers may desire homes with traditional floor plans and construction materials while others may prefer more contemporary styles and materials.
In the construction industry, the cost of materials, labor, and land are some factors that are typically taken into account when constructing a building or other structure. In order to reduce the cost of some or all of these factors and still meet the demands of buyers, various materials have been developed such as cement board siding, high efficiency energy saving windows, and engineered wood products. In other examples, prefabrication techniques have been used to construct homes in factories.
Unfortunately, the previous materials, products, and approaches described above have not necessarily decreased the cost of constructing buildings and still meet the design needs of customers. For instance, prefabrication approaches can only provide design versatility at the expense of high fabrication costs. In addition, the quality of the home constructed using such techniques is often inadequate due to the necessity of using low cost materials to reduce the overall home cost. As a result of these problems, previous approaches for home construction have proven inadequate to provide a cost-effective product while at the same time meeting the design requirements of consumers.
A modular building block is provided that facilitates the construction of cost-effective building structures while at the same time providing a wide variety of design choices for consumers. Structures utilizing these blocks are also provided. A method of manufacturing these blocks is also provided along with an automated ordering, manufacturing, and distribution process allowing a customer to place an order for a building block having a specific structure and allowing the building block to be automatically manufactured and delivered to an end user (e.g., a construction contractor).
As mentioned, the blocks may be assembled into a variety of different structures. The same configuration of blocks need not be used throughout the entire structure (i.e., the function of particular blocks used in the structure may vary from location to location within the structure). Consequently, blocks providing structural reinforcement properties or resistive to certain forces may be used in some portions of the structure while other blocks having other or different properties may be used in other areas of the structure. In so doing, great flexibility is provided in designing a particular structure and costs are significantly decreased since the same type of block does not necessarily have to be used throughout the entire structure. Additionally, when assembled into a structure no additional support (or other types) of materials are needed to complete the structure (i.e., the assembled block structure is the entire structure).
The blocks can be used in a wide variety of structures such as the walls of buildings. The walls provide shelter and protection for building occupants, contribute to structural strength of the building as a whole, and facilitate the integration of auxiliary systems (e.g., electrical or plumbing systems). Other examples of structures and functions may also be provided.
In addition to being used to form building walls, the blocks can be used in floor, roof, foundation, or other types of assemblies. The assemblies formed can be precut, preassembled, and easily shipped to job sites where the assemblies can be easily incorporated into buildings or other structures.
The materials, blocks, design processes, manufacturing processes, and distribution processes described herein can also be used in any type of building, storage vessel, bridge, retaining walls and levees, aerospace structure, or high rise structure. The structures and processes described herein also facilitate the fabrication of complex shapes such as domes, cylinders, spheres, and cones. Corners and intersections can also be prefabricated as well as trims for door and window openings or end of wall terminations. In another example, a component panel arrangement could provide air/space for conventional integration of plumbing components, electrical components, insulation components, or other types of components.
In some these embodiments, a block for use in a building panel includes a plurality of layer components. Each of the layer components is separately formed from the others. Each of the layer components provides a load-bearing support function, an environmental protection function, and/or a utility function to mention a few examples. The constructive material used to form each of the layer components and a configuration of each of the layer components are selected so as to allow the building panel to meet at least one predetermined criteria when the block is disposed in the building panel and coupled to other blocks.
The predetermined criteria may relate to or be any number of requirements. For example, the predetermined criteria may be a structural support requirement, an environmental protection requirement, a utility conduit requirement, and an aesthetic requirement. Other examples or types of criteria are possible.
The constructive material of each layer component may be selected to resist a force or forces. For example, these forces to which resistance may be provided may include bending forces, tension forces, compression forces, torsion forces, shear forces, and/or thermal forces. Other examples of forces are possible and these may be resisted as well.
In some of these embodiments, at least one of the layer components is a protective layer. The constructive material of the protective layer may be a vapor barrier material, a waterproofing barrier material, and a breathable wrap material to mention a few examples.
In other embodiments, at least one of the layer components is a utility component. The utility component may be insulation, an electrical conduit, and a plumbing conduit to mention a few examples.
In still others of these embodiments, one of the layer components is a load bearing component. The load bearing component may be constructed from a material such as steel, plywood, plastic, fiberglass, and concrete. Other examples of materials may also be used.
In others of these embodiments, a building panel includes a plurality of blocks coupled together via a plurality of coupling mechanisms. The blocks are coupled together directly via the coupling mechanisms and without the use of an intervening building structure (such as a wooden board). Each of the plurality of blocks includes a plurality of layer components. Each of the layer components is separately formed from the others and each of the layer components provides a building function within the building panel. The building function may be a load-bearing support function, an environmental protective function, and/or a utility function to mention a few examples. A constructive material and a configuration of each of the layer components are selected to allow the building panel to meet at least one predetermined criteria when each of the blocks is disposed in the building panel and coupled to other blocks.
The coupling arrangements may be any number of mechanisms and may be configured in a variety of different ways. For example, at least some of the coupling mechanisms may be a locking pin arrangement. Other examples of coupling mechanisms are possible.
The building panel so provided according to the present approaches may be any number of different construction elements or structure. For example, the building panel may be a wall panel, a truss, a floor panel, an interior load bearing panel, an exterior load bearing panel, an interior non-load bearing panel, an exterior non-load bearing panel, and a floor. Other examples of structures are possible.
In others of the embodiments, a block for use in a building panel includes a first layer component, a second layer component, and a third layer component. The different layer components may be separately formed from the others. The first layer component is configured to provide a first building function and the first layer component being constructed from a first material.
The second layer component is formed separately from the first layer component and is connected to the first layer component. The second layer component is configured to provide a second building function and the second layer component is constructed from a second material.
The third layer component is formed separately from the first layer component and the second layer component. The third layer component is connected to the second layer component and is configured to provide a third building function. The third layer component is constructed from a third material.
The second layer component is disposed between the first layer component and the third layer component. The first building function, the second building function, and the third building function may be a load-bearing support function, an environmental protection function, and/or a utility function. Other examples are possible.
The constructive material and a configuration of each of the first layer component, the second layer component, and the third layer component are selected to allow the building panel to meet at least one predetermined criteria when the block is disposed in the building panel and coupled to other blocks.
The predetermined criteria may be or relate to any number of requirements. For example, the predetermined criteria may be a structural support requirement, an environmental protection requirement, a utility conduit requirement, and/or an aesthetic requirement. Other examples are possible.
In others of these embodiments, at least one of the first material, the second material, and the third material is selected to resist a force. The force may be a bending force, a tension force, a compression force, a torsion force, a shear force, and/or a thermal force. Other examples of forces are possible.
In some examples, at least one of the first layer component, second layer component, and third layer component is a protective layer. The protective layer may be a vapor barrier material, a waterproofing barrier material, a durable barrier material, and/or a breathable wrap. Other examples of protective layers are possible.
In still other examples, at least one of the first layer component, second layer component, and third layer component is a utility component. The utility component may be insulation, an electrical conduit, and/or a plumbing conduit. Other examples are possible.
In yet other embodiments, at least one of the first layer component, second layer component, and third layer component is a load bearing component. The load bearing component may be constructed from a material selected such as steel, plywood, plastic, fiber glass and concrete. Other examples are possible. In some examples, the first material, second material, and third material are different from the others. In other examples, at least two of the first material, second material, and third material are constructed from the same material.
Various coupling arrangements may be provided to couple the components of the building block together. For example, the coupling arrangements may utilize one or more coupling pins, braces, and/or brackets. Other types of coupling arrangements may also be used. The coupling elements provide a rigid connection between the blocks.
In another example, the blocks can be assembled end-to end into a beam or truss. In this regard, the blocks provide resistance to a load force acting on the beam and require no additional components to provide this force or load resistance.
Multiple functions are integrated into the same block. For example, structural support, protective functions (e.g., occupant safety and protection from the environment) and utility functions can be integrated into the same block.
Advantageously, the above described approaches have a high degree of design and structural flexibility and are customizable and not limited to specific architectural designs or floor plans. Material, labor, and construction costs are reduced. The present approaches also allow for structural openings (e.g., windows and doors) to be placed almost anywhere in the structure while maintaining structural integrity. The building blocks can be fabricated using automated processes and entire buildings can be prefabricated as building blocks, precut, marked, and palletized for shipping. The use of scarce resources (e.g., lumber) can also be reduced by using these approaches. Moreover, constructing a building is greatly simplified and the cost is reduced. Furthermore, various types of computer software or computer processes may facilitate the design, fabrication, delivery, and construction processes. When assembled into structure, the blocks provided herein provide the above-mentioned functions (e.g., structural integrity) without the use of additional structures, elements, and/or materials.
a-f are perspective views of a block comprising various components according to the present invention;
a-g are examples of various types of blocks comprising various components according to the present invention;
h-l are examples of various structures formed by blocks according to the present invention;
a-c is a diagram of a wall structure comprising a plurality of blocks according to the present invention;
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions and/or relative positioning of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of various embodiments of the present invention. Also, common but well-understood elements that are useful or necessary in a commercially feasible embodiment are often not depicted in order to facilitate a less obstructed view of these various embodiments of the present invention. It will further be appreciated that certain actions and/or steps may be described or depicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in the art will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence is not actually required. It will also be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.
As used herein, “truss” denotes a structure comprised of one or more triangular units (constructed with straight members), and whose ends are connected at joints (also referred as nodes). External forces and the reactions to these forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the structural members to be either tensile or compressive forces.
As used herein, the term “space frame” denotes a system of structural members arranged in three-dimensional structural groups. The three-dimensional arrangement makes the space frame more dimensionally stable because it can be designed to support (or resist) forces in any direction. A space truss may use triangulated units in three-dimensions. Consequently, a space frame is not necessarily a space truss (although in some situations in may be).
Many of the examples provided herein are space frames. They utilize planer trusses in two dimensions but uses moment connections in the third dimension. The individual blocks may uses planer trusses or may be “truss-like.”
As used herein a “moment” is a force that causes rotation or has tendency to cause rotation. Shear and bending forces occur with moment connections. A torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied moment. A “bending” (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. When the length is considerably longer than the width and the thickness, the element is called a beam. A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending.
As used herein, a “shear stress” is a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face of a material, as opposed to a normal stress which is applied perpendicularly. Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist “in-plane” loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. For example, they are built in wood, concrete, and CMU (masonry).
As used herein, “compression” is the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress, resulting in reduction of volume. The opposite of compression is tension. Compression is a pushing force. “Compressive stress” is the stress that, when applied, acts towards the center of that material. When a material is subjected to compressive stress, then this material is under compression. Usually, compressive stress applied to bars, columns, and so forth and leads to shortening.
As used herein, “tension” is the magnitude of the pulling force exerted by a string, cable, chain, or similar object on another object. Tension is a pulling force. “Tensile stress” (also referred to as normal stress or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the tensile stress may be increased until the reach of tensile strength, namely the limit state of stress.
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When cement is used, the components may be formed using the hot mold casting technique as described herein. Using this technique advantageously speeds the chemical reactions used in cement resulting in faster production using less space. It will be appreciated that the hot mold casting described herein may also be used for the production of other construction-related items such as roof tile (e.g., simulated wood shake), floor tile, architectural stone casting, pottery, or cultured stone veneers.
As mentioned, various types of aggregates may also be used to form the components of the block. In one example, a Wollastonite aggregate with a high aspect length to diameter (e.g., 15:1) is used. Ceramic microspheres may be used in any of the materials to provide weight reduction.
In one example, a batch of material may be formed for use in block components that includes seven pounds of Portland cement, three pounds of Calcium Aluminate Cement, 1 pound of Pozzolin (highly reactive metakaolin) and a microfiber aggregate (e.g., nyad g, Wollastonite). In addition, 0.1 pounds of fiber reinforcement (e.g., a polyvinyl acetate fiber) and glass spheres (e.g., 3m Scotchlite) may be used. The batch may be 0.43% water, use 0.2 pounds of a polymer admix (e.g., Vinnepas 5044n), be 0.2% retarder (e.g., citric acid), be 2.25% water reducer (e.g., Melflux 2651), be 1% accelerator (e.g., lithium carbonate), and include a Rheological stabilizer such as Melvis 200.
In another example, a calcium sulfo-aluminate cement may be used. This cement is specifically manufactured as a rapid setting, high early strength cement. Higher compressive strengths can be achieved with this type of cement, and may be less detrimental to the environment as a result of manufacturing methods.
With the use of polyvinyl acetate fibers (pva) a polymer additive is preferably not used. With other types of fibers such as glass, a polymer may be used. Additionally, Portland cement can be replaced with either type-f or type-c fly ash (having a compositional range of 10 to 40% of total Portland cement). Further, a Pozzolan type reaction can be created, in addition to the typical reactions of the cement, with the introduction of various types of materials such as silica fume, reactive metakaolin, or micron 3.
In another example of a mix, 160 pounds of material (mix) may be created. In this example, the mix includes 60 pounds of Portland cement; 20 pounds of calcium aluminate cement; 20 pounds of fly ash; 10 pounds of reactive metakaolin; 15 pounds of calcium silicate (e.g., Nyad G Wollastonite used as a microfiber aggregate); 35-42 pounds of water (e.g., 0.35-0.42 water/cement). In this approach, the mix is 1-1.5% high range water reducer (e.g., Melflux 2651) by weight of cementatious material; 0.05-1% accelerator (e.g., lithium carbonate) by weight of cementatious material; and 0.05-5% Rheological stabilizer (e.g., Melvis 200) by weight of cementatious material.
A reinforcing component 104 is placed parallel to and then coupled to the outer component 102. Additionally, the reinforcing component 104, in one example, may provide seismic relief functions. The coupling between the various components of the block may utilize pins, screws, nails, adhesive, or any suitable approach and/or material.
The reinforcing component 104 may include a first reinforcing sub-component 104a and a second reinforcing sub-component 104b. The reinforcing component 104 may be constructed using any number of patterns or structures but in one approach is constructed using a truss-like structure as described elsewhere in this specification. In one example, the trusses of the reinforcing component 104 may be formed from concrete that are reinforced with metal rods, wires, roping, or fibers. The type and diameter of the reinforcement component (e.g., fiber) used for the reinforcement along with the quality and layout of the reinforcement component provides the desired strength characteristics for the reinforcing component 104. Sheet metal panels can be used as an alternate structural bracing panel or in addition to the seismic component.
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The vertical electrical conduits 108a, 108b, 108c, 108d and horizontal electrical conduits 110a and 110b may be in the form of pipes or pipe-like structures that are used to hold any type of electrical component such as wires, wire cables, fiber optic cables, or the like. Alternatively, the vertical electrical conduits 108a, 108b, 108c, 108d and horizontal electrical conduits 110a and 110b may be in the form of a hollow channel having any type of cross section (e.g., circular, elliptical, square, or rectangular).
In an alternate approach, the vertical electrical conduits 108a, 108b, 108c, 108d and horizontal electrical conduits 110a and 110b may be used for plumbing components to provide plumbing functions. In this case, the conduits may be pipes. Other uses for the conduits are possible. Alternatively, providing air-space between panels can be used as an alternative to the building services component to allow for the use of conventional building system approaches.
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The outside component 242, inside component 244, seismic restraint component 246, vertical conduit component 248, and horizontal conduit component 250 may be constructed of any suitable material such as cement (e.g., Portland cement), woods, woven wire, plastics, metals, CAC or any combination of these or other materials. Polymers, reducers, and specialized aggregates can be used as ingredients of these materials. These materials provide for rigidity and compressive strength. The outside component 242, inside component 244, seismic restraint component 246, vertical conduit component 248, and horizontal conduit component 250 may be coupled together in parallel by pins or any suitable coupling arrangement (not shown).
The seismic restraint component 246 may be constructed using any number of patterns or configurations but in one approach is a truss-like structure as described elsewhere in this specification. In one example, the seismic restraint component 246 may be formed from concrete and reinforced with metal rods, wires, fiber, or roping. The type and diameter of the particular reinforcement used along with the quality and layout of the reinforcement provides the desired strength characteristic. The component 246 provides lateral bracing. When this block is used in conjunction with a vertical loading component, it creates a truss.
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The outside component 262, inside component 264, seismic restraint component 266, vertical conduit component 268, and horizontal conduit component 270 may be constructed of any suitable material such as cement (e.g., Portland cement), woods, woven wire, plastics, metals, CAC or any combination of these or other materials. Polymers, reducers, and specialized aggregates can be used as ingredients of these materials. These materials provide for rigidity and compressive strength. The outside component 262, inside component 264, seismic restraint component 266, vertical conduit component 268, and horizontal conduit component 270 may be coupled together in parallel by pins or any suitable coupling arrangement (not shown).
The seismic restraint component 266 is larger in size than the seismic restraint component 266 shown in
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The outside component 282, inside component 284, seismic restraint component 286 may be constructed of any suitable material such as cement (e.g., Portland cement), woods, woven wire, plastics, metals, CAC or any combination of these or other materials. Polymers, reducers, and specialized aggregates can be used as ingredients of these materials. These materials provide for rigidity and compressive strength. The components may be coupled together by pins or any suitable coupling arrangement.
The seismic restraint component 286 may be constructed using any number of patterns or configurations but in one approach is a truss-like structure as described elsewhere in this specification. In one example, the seismic restraint component 286 may be formed from concrete and reinforced with metal rods, wires, fiber, or roping. The type and diameter of the particular reinforcement used along with the quality and layout of the reinforcement provides the desired strength characteristic.
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Metal plates can be used to provide addition strength for any of the blocks or structures described herein. Referring now to
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If vertical load and seismic relief components are used, the vertical load component (i.e., outer and inner panel) and the lateral bracing component (seismic panel) may be assembled together to create a truss. The two components can be fabricated as one panel component. Advantageously, these separate components allow easier incorporation of the building system components.
As shown, the horizontal members 302, vertical members 304, and diagonal members 306 are formed together in one mold so that they form one piece. Alternatively, each of the horizontal members 302, vertical members 304, and diagonal members 306 may be formed separately and attached together with some attachment mechanism (e.g., glue, screws, or pins). In still another, some of the horizontal members 302, vertical members 304, and diagonal members 306 may be formed separately and some formed together.
Each of the horizontal members 302, vertical members 304, and diagonal members 306 may be formed from materials such as such as cement (e.g., Portland cement), woods, woven wire, plastics, metals, CAC or any combination of these or other materials. Polymers, reducers, and specialized aggregates can be used as ingredients of these materials. These materials provide for rigidity and compressive strength. The horizontal members 302, vertical members 304, and diagonal members 306 may be formed about reinforcing wire, rope, or fiber for increased strength and stability. Pin connectors 308 may be used to connect the component to other components and form a block.
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The labels may utilize any kind of numbering scheme to indicate how a particular block is to be positioned relative to the other blocks to be assembled. For instance, one approach uses a reference system whereby one element represents a row and another element represents a column for placement of each of the blocks 504. In this example, a value of A-1 indicates a particular block should be placed in the first row and first column, and a block labeled C-3 indicates this particular block should be placed in the third row, third column. Other labeling schemes may also be used to facilitate placement and assembly of the blocks.
An opening 508 is configured to be a door. Floor lines 512 occur between the first and second floors of the structure. The blocks between the floor lines 512 may be configured in specific ways to engage or couple to the floor. Openings 514 are 516 are configured to be windows. Highlighted blocks 510 to indicate that the blocks require modification (e.g., painting, sanding, or the addition of other elements). The highlighted areas indicate areas of special attention. This may include custom block fabrication, standard block modification or additional panel components. The openings 508, 514, and 516 are positioned and are of suitable dimensions so as to not detract from the structural integrity of the building panel 502.
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At step 604, reinforcement connector pins are added to the mold. More specifically, these pins are attached to the metal base plates.
At step 606, reinforcement windings are added. Specifically, as the metal base plates move along the conveyor, a continuous reinforcement (e.g., carbon fiber, wire rope, cable) is attached to the reinforcement connection pins. The number and/or size of the reinforcement windings vary depending upon tensile strength requirements of the block. The winding is applied to the mold in a continuous operation.
If a fiber reinforcement is used for the winding, the bonding matrix (e.g., the material applied around the winding in the mold channel to provide the structure of the component) may be thermoset or thermoplastic. In this case, the speed of the conveyor is adjusted to allow the base a sufficient amount of time to cool. The length of the conveyor may be adjusted based upon the length of the setting or cooling. In some preferred approaches, a bonding matrix that is resistant to heat and alkali is used. Heat curing can be used to cure the winding, for example, when the winding is a fiber reinforcement and the material used for the component is resin.
At step 608, preheating of the base plate occurs. At this step, the base plate travels through an oven and the oven heats the mold sections including the base plate. The mold sections may be heated by convective heating, conductive heating, or a combination of both convective and conductive heating. Other techniques such as microwave heating and ultrasound may also be used. Preferably, the heating is evenly applied to the plate so as to maintain dimensional accuracy and prevent warping of the mold. Operating temperatures may be as high as possible without causing the bonding matrix or material to boil prior to setting. For example, the temperature may be 120-300 degrees Fahrenheit.
At step 610, as the preheated base mold moves along the conveyor belt, preheated mold sides are placed onto the base mold. Tapered alignment pins may be used to accurately index the sides. At step 612, a flexible belt is applied and rolls along the top of the mold assembly to act as a mold top. The belt applies pressure on the mold sides and the applied pressure thereby locking the mold assembly into position.
At step 614, a matrix or material is poured or injected into the mold. In one example, cement is selected as the matrix and is dispensed at a matrix dispensing point that is positioned just ahead of the mold top. The dispensing point dispenses the matrix continuously, thereby filling the area of the completed mold assembly. Alternatively, the cement may be pressed into the mold. Advantageously, when cement is used as the bonding matrix, the method of hot mold casting described herein speeds the chemical reaction occurring in the cement causing the cement to set faster than would normally occur.
At step 616, when the cement matrix is sufficiently set for a de-mold time period, the mold top, sides, and base are removed and prepared for reuse. For example, the mold components may be cleaned, sprayed with a mold release, and preheated. At step 618, blocks are cut and palletized for delivery.
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At station 702, the base mold 701 is assembled and placed on the conveyor belt 703. Step 602 may be performed at the station 702 where metal base plates are aligned on a conveyor belt system. As mentioned, the conveyor belt 703 may be angled downward, for example, at a 30 degree angle.
At station 704, reinforcement connector pins 705 are added (step 604) and at station 706, the continuous reinforcement windings 707 are added (step 606). Specifically, as mentioned, these reinforcement connection pins 705 are attached to the base mold 701 and as the base mold 701 moves along the conveyor belt 703, continuous reinforcement windings 707 (e.g., carbon fiber, wire rope) are attached to the reinforcement connection pins 705.
At station 708, heating of the base plate takes place as mentioned at step 608. An oven 709 may be used for this purpose.
At station 710, mold sides 711 are attached (step 610) to the base mold 701. At station 712, cement matrix is poured (steps 612 and 614). At station 714, a mold top (e.g., formed by a surface of a top conveyor belt 721) is applied and the mold sides 711 and base 701 are removed (step 616). The mold sides 711 may be returned to be used by utilizing a path 713 and the base can be returned for reuse via a path 715. At station 716, block components are cut (step 618) and stacked.
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When the customer 1002 requests or it is determined to route the request or order to the factory 1000, the management module 1004 determines whether the order is for a block having customized and un-built components. In this case, the order is routed to a block component fabrication operations module 1008, which constructs the block components for later assembly. Alternatively, the management module 1004 may determine that the block can be constructed from already manufactured components. In this case, the order is routed to a building fabrication operations module 1012, which is used to assemble the components into a block. In another example, the management module 1004 may determine a need to ship components to a distributor 1014 for sale or assembly. In this case, the order is routed to a block component supply coordinator 1010 that facilitates this process.
The computer software used in the system of
More specifically, the design module 1030 can assist an architect or designer during the design and construction document phase of a project. The design module may be a stand-alone module used by a customer. The design module 1030 may assist with wall layouts, evaluate door and window placement, identify problems areas and propose alternatives, generates floor and roof panels, create parts and/or materials lists, perform cost analysis, and generate other details for the plans.
The fabrication module 1032 can be used to take the information created in the design module (e.g., the materials list) and converts the information into data that is used to fabricate the building blocks. The fabrication module 1032 may be integrated with the assembly line process control system to fully automate the block component production. For example, the fabrication module 1032 may determine quantities of each composite component, cut the components into particular shapes, mark the components, assemble the block components to create a wall panel, and palletize the components and prepare the components for shipment. The fabrication module 1032 can evaluate, route, and create machine code.
In one example of the operation of the system of
More specifically, the block component fabrication lines 1018a-d are used to construct block components. For example, the lines may have mold preparation, reinforcement, casting, and cutting operations. From there, components are sent to a storage area 1020.
The project assembly lines 1022a-d are used to assemble the blocks from the components. These include component stacking, block assembly, labeling, and palletizing the finished block. At the end of these assembly lines 1022a-d, a complete block has been assembled. Robotic handling may be used to move the components from the assembly lines 1018a-d to the storage area 1020, from the storage area 1020 to the assembly lines 1022a-d, and from the assembly lines 1022a-d to the shipping area 1024.
Components in the storage area 1020 may be sent to retail or distributor 1014. From the retail/distributor 1014, the components may be sent to a licensed fabricator 1006 for assembly into blocks.
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A polygon-shaped frame with four or more sides can deform when force is applied. The length of the sides does not change; however, the shape of the frame does change. If the polygon-shaped frame is triangulated (i.e., a member such as member 1120 as shown in
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The first protective layer 1202 may be an exterior cladding. For example, the layer 1202 may be a fiber cement board, wood, or masonry. Other examples of materials may also used in construction of this layer.
The second protective layer 1204 may be a weatherproofing layer. In this respect, it may be a vapor barrier, a waterproofing layer (i.e., constructed of some waterproof material), or constructed from Tyvec™. Other examples of materials are possible.
The structural component 1206 may be a planar truss (or space frame in other examples). In this respect, the structural component is a system of structural members arranged in a three-dimensional structural group. As described with respect to the examples of
Insulation 1208 may be disposed within the structural component 1206. For example, various foam or other types of insulation may be used.
The third protective layer 1210 may be used for interior cladding. In this respect, it may be a gypsum wallboard or a fiber cement board. Other examples of materials may also be used for the third protective layer.
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The first protective layer 1302 may be an exterior cladding. For example, the layer 1302 may be a fiber cement board, wood, or masonry. Other examples of materials may also used in construction of this layer.
The second protective layer 1304 may be a weatherproofing layer. In this respect, it may be a vapor barrier, a waterproofing layer (i.e., constructed of some waterproof material), or constructed from Tyvec™. Other examples of materials are possible.
The structural component 1300 is a combination of two sub-assemblies 1301 and 1303. Structural component 1301 integrates the structural load bearing component and seismic component to form a planer truss. Structural component 1303 integrates the structural load bearing component function and seismic component function to form a planer truss. The two sub-assemblies 1301 and 1303 are connected with struts 1311 to form a space frame. The structural component 1306 is arranged to resist loads in all directions.
Insulation 1308 may be disposed within the structural component 1306. For example, various foam or other types of insulation may be used.
The third protective layer 1310 may be used for interior cladding. In this respect, it may be a gypsum wallboard or a fiber cement board. Other examples of materials may also be used for the third protective layer.
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Modular truss section 1450 can be assembled as shown in
Referring now to
The first protective layer 1502 may be an exterior cladding. In this example, the layer 1502 is a fiber cement board with continuous triangulated reinforcing attached to connector pins in the panel. This reinforcing restrains the brackets from causing panel edge breakout under loading conditions. Other examples of materials may also used in construction of this layer.
The second protective layer 1504 may be a weatherproofing layer. In this respect, it may be a vapor barrier, a waterproofing layer (i.e., constructed of some waterproof material), or constructed from Tyvec™. Other examples of materials are possible.
Insulation 1508 includes two insulation blocks 1509 and 1511 that are coupled together with a connection bracket 1512. For example, various foam or other types of insulation may be used.
The third protective layer 1510 may be used for interior cladding. In this respect, it may be a gypsum wallboard or a fiber cement board. Other examples of materials may also be used for the third protective layer.
As used herein, “composite construction” exists when two different materials are bound together so strongly that they act together as a single unit from a structural point of view. When this occurs, it is called “composite action.” One common example involves steel beams supporting concrete floor slabs. If the beam is not connected firmly to the slab, then the slab transfers all of its weight to the beam and the slab contributes nothing to the load carrying capability of the beam. However, if the slab is connected positively to the beam with studs, then a portion of the slab can be assumed to act compositely with the beam. In effect, this composite creates a larger and stronger beam than would be provided by the steel beam alone. The structural engineer may calculate a transformed section as one step in analyzing the load carry capability of the composite beam.
In some examples described herein, the protective layer (or shell), load bearing component, and utility component all act together structurally in composite action. For instance, the example of
Referring now to
The first protective layer 1602 may be an exterior cladding. For example, the layer 1602 may be a fiber cement board, wood, or masonry. Other examples of materials may also used in construction of this layer.
The first and second structural components 1604 and 1606 are load bearing and seismic relief components. In this regard, they may be sheet metal panels that are bolted or otherwise secured together.
The second protective layer 1608 may be used for interior cladding. In this respect, it may be a gypsum wallboard or a fiber cement board. Other examples of materials may also be used for the third protective layer.
Referring now to
The first protective layer 1702 may be an exterior cladding. For example, the layer 1702 may be a fiber cement board, wood, or masonry. Other examples of materials may also used in construction of this layer. The layer 1702 may be two perpendicular sheets coupled together to cover faces 1703 and 1705 of the first structural components.
The first and second structural components 1704 and 1706 are load bearing and seismic relief components. In this regard, they may be sheet metal panels that are bolted or otherwise secured together by the bolts 1710 and 1712. The components 1704 and 1706 may be formed in any shape so as to have corners and intersections. As shown in
The second protective layer 1708 may be used for interior cladding. In this respect, it may be a gypsum wallboard or a fiber cement board. Other examples of materials may also be used for the third protective layer. The layer 1702 may be two perpendicular sheets coupled together to cover faces 1703 and 1705 of the first structural components.
Referring now to
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More specifically, a first connector assembly 1978 for a first block includes connector brackets 1952, and spaces 1954. Bolt holes 1956 extend through the spacers and brackets and mounting holes 1958 extend through the brackets. A second connector assembly 1980 for a second block includes connector brackets 1962, and spaces 1964. Bolt holes 1966 extend through the brackets and spacers and mounting holes 1968 extend through the brackets. Bolts extend through the bolt holes 1956 and 1966 to mount the bracket assembly to the block or panel.
The connector brackets 1952 and 1962 are configured to overlap. A connector pin 1970 (e.g., and expansion bolt) inserts through the bracket connectors to hold the two assemblies (and thereby the two blocks) together. It will be appreciated that the size, dimensions, and number or brackets and spacers can vary according the needs of a particular structure or system.
Referring now to
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In one advantage of the arrangement of
Referring now to
The box 2402 is integrally formed with or attached to the block component 2410. A bolt 2405 is fitted into the pin/connector and fit into place. Using this approach (and another bolt opposite bolt 2405 that connects to the component 2412), adjacent blocks or block components 2410 and 2412 can be connected together in a secure and rigid connection. Other examples of connection arrangements may also be used to provide a rigid connection between the blocks or block components.
In many of these examples, a first block performs a structural function while the second block does not perform a structural function. In this regard, the same configuration of blocks need not be used throughout the entire structure (i.e., the function and structure of particular blocks used in the structure may vary from location to location within the structure). Consequently, blocks providing structural reinforcement properties or resistive to certain forces may be used in some portions of the structure while other blocks having other properties may be used in other areas of the structure. In so doing, great flexibility is provided in designing a particular structure and costs are significantly decreased since the same type of block may be used throughout the entire structure. The blocks may also be of non-uniform size and may be configured (e.g., cut) into a variety of different shapes. As described elsewhere herein, a grid pattern (e.g., in a blueprint format) of a structure can be created that assigns coordinates to particular blocks and allows users to assemble the blocks into the overall structure quickly and efficiently. This grid pattern may be generated manually or automatically.
As mentioned, structures using the blocks described herein can be easily and automatically designed and suitable construction documents (e.g., blueprints and part lists) created to aid in the assembly of these structures. In one example, an architect or other designer may enter various design parameters (e.g., forces to be resisted, utilities to be used, dimensions, and so forth) of a structure to be built (e.g., a house). For example, an architect can create a virtual building and/or otherwise enter these into a computer via a suitable user interface (e.g., a keypad on a personal computer). A process may be executed whereby the automatic selection of blocks having different configurations is performed. This process may also create a parts list indicating the blocks or block types to be used, their number, their configuration. Blueprints (e.g., using a grid pattern) can also automatically be generated which show the location of particular blocks.
Many advantages may be obtained using this approach. For example, the architect is in a controlling role and maintains this roll during the construction process. The construction process is streamlined and delivery times are increased. When design changes are made, a materials list and orders are updated immediately.
Referring now to
The prefabricator at step 2506 builds, for example, wall assembly, floor assembly and roof assembly, and these are sent at step 2508 to a building site where the builder consults assembly instructions 2510 (also sent by the architect or other designer) to assemble the building at step 2512.
Referring now to
Thus, building blocks are provided that have a high degree of design and structural flexibility and have uses that are not limited to specific architectural designs or floor plans. Material, labor, and construction costs are reduced in manufacturing and assembling the blocks. The present approaches also allow for structural openings (e.g., windows and doors) to be placed almost anywhere in structures formed from the blocks while maintaining structural integrity. The building blocks can be fabricated using automated processes and entire buildings can be prefabricated as building blocks, precut, marked, and palletized for shipping. Consequently, constructing a building is greatly simplified and costs are significantly reduced. Various types of computer software or computer processes may also be used for the design, fabrication, delivery, and construction processes.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of modifications, alterations, and combinations can be made with respect to the above described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and that such modifications, alterations, and combinations are to be viewed as being within the scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/557,956, filed Nov. 8, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,743,565 and entitled “Modular Building Block System and Method of Manufacture,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100319279 A1 | Dec 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11557956 | Nov 2006 | US |
| Child | 12825008 | US |
