The features and advantages of the present invention may be better understood by reference to the accompanying figures in which:
Certain non-limiting embodiments of the present invention are directed to a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body comprising a blade support piece and at least one blade piece fastened to the blade support piece. The modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body may further comprise at least one insert pocket in the at least one blade piece. The blade support piece, the at least one blade piece, and any other piece or portion of the modular bit body may independently comprise at least one material selected from cemented hard particles, cemented carbides, ceramics, metallic alloys, and plastics.
Further non-limiting embodiments are directed to a method of producing a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body comprising fastening at least one blade piece to a blade support piece of a modular fixed cutter earth boring bit body. The method of producing a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body may include any mechanical fastening technique including inserting the blade piece in a slot in the blade support piece, welding, brazing, or soldering the blade piece to the blade support piece, force fitting the blade piece to the blade support piece, shrink fitting the blade piece to the blade support piece, adhesive bonding the blade piece to the blade support piece, attaching the blade piece to the blade support piece with a threaded mechanical fastener, or mechanically affixing the blade piece to the blade support piece.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body. Conventional earth boring bits include a one-piece bit body with cutting inserts brazed into insert pockets. The conventional bit bodies for earth boring bits are produced in a one piece design to maximize the strength of the bit body. Sufficient strength is required in a bit body to withstand the extreme stresses involved in drilling oil and natural gas wells. Embodiments of the modular fixed cutter earth boring bit bodies of the present invention may comprise a blade support piece and at least one blade piece fastened to the blade support piece. The one or more blade pieces may further include pockets for holding cutting inserts, such as PDC cutting inserts or cemented carbide cutting inserts. The modular earth-boring bit bodies may comprise any number of blade pieces that may physically be designed into the fixed cutter earth boring bit. The maximum number of blade pieces in a particular bit or bit body will depend on the size of the earth boring bit body, the size and width of an individual blade piece, and the application of the earth-boring bit, as well as other factors known to one skilled in the art. Embodiments of the modular earth-boring bit bodies may comprise from 1 to 12 blade pieces, for example, or for certain applications 4 to 8 blade pieces may be desired.
Embodiments of the modular earth-boring bit bodies are based on a modular or multiple piece design, rather than a solid, one-piece, construction. The use of a modular design overcomes several of the limitations of solid one-piece bit bodies.
The bit bodies of the present invention include two or more individual components that are assembled and fastened together to form a bit body suitable for earth-boring bits. For example, the individual components may include a blade support piece, blade pieces, nozzles, gauge rings, attachment portions, shanks, as well as other components of earth-boring bit bodies.
Embodiments of the blade support piece may include, for example, holes and/or a gauge ring. The holes may be used to permit the flow of water, mud, lubricants, or other liquids. The liquids or slurries cool the earth-boring bit and assist in the removal of dirt, rock, and debris from the drill holes.
Embodiments of the blade pieces may comprise, for example, cutter pockets for the PDC cutters, and/or individual pieces of blade pieces comprising insert pockets.
An embodiment of the modular earth-boring bit body 20 of a fixed cutter earth-boring bit is shown in
Further, the attachment portion 21, the shank 22, blade support piece 23, and blade pieces 24 may each independently be made of any desired material of construction that may be fastened together. The individual pieces of an embodiment of the modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body may be attached together by any method such as, but not limited to, brazing, threaded connections, pins, keyways, shrink fits, adhesives, diffusion bonding, interference fits, or any other mechanical connection. As such, the bit body 20 may be constructed having various regions or pieces, and each region or piece may comprise a different concentration, composition, and crystal size of hard particles or binder, for example. This allows for tailoring the properties in specific regions and pieces of the bit body as desired for a particular application. As such, the bit body may be designed so the properties or composition of the pieces or regions in a piece change abruptly or more gradually between different regions of the article. The example, modular bit body 20 of
The use of the modular construction for earth boring bit bodies overcomes several of the limitations of one-piece bit bodies, for example: 1) The individual components of a modular bit body are smaller and less complex in shape as compared to a solid, one-piece, cemented carbide bit body. Therefore, the components will suffer less distortion during the sintering process and the modular bit bodies and the individual pieces can be made within closer tolerances. Additionally, key mating surfaces and other features, can be easily and inexpensively ground or machined after sintering to ensure an accurate and precision fit between the components, thus ensuring that cutter pockets and the cutting inserts may be located precisely at the predetermined positions. In turn, this would ensure optimum operation of the earth boring bit during service. 2) The less complex shapes of the individual components of a modular bit body allows for the use of much simpler (less sophisticated) machine tools and machining operations for the fabrication of the components. Also, since the modular bit body is made from individual components, there is far less concern regarding the interference of any bit body feature with the path of the cutting tool or other part of the machine during the shaping process. This allows for the fabrication of far more complex shaped pieces for assembly into bit bodies compared with solid, one-piece, bit bodies. The fabrication of similar pieces may be produced in more complex shapes allowing the designer to take full advantage of the superior properties of cemented carbides and other materials. For example, a larger number of blades may be incorporated into a modular bit body than in a one-piece bit body. 3) The modular design consists of an assembly of individual components and, therefore, there would be very little waste of expensive cemented carbide material during the shaping process. 4) A modular bit body allows for the use of a wide range of materials (cemented carbides, steels and other metallic alloys, ceramics, plastics, etc.) that can be assembled together to provide a bit body having the optimum properties at any location on the bit body. 5) Finally, individual blade pieces may be replaced, if necessary or desired, and the earth boring bit could be put back into service. In the case of a blade piece comprising multiple pieces, the individual pieces could be replaced. It is thus not necessary to discard the entire bit body due to failure of just a portion of the bit body, resulting in a dramatic decrease in operational costs.
The cemented carbide materials that may be used in the blade pieces and the blade support piece may include carbides of one or more elements belonging to groups IVB through VIB of the periodic table. Preferably, the cemented carbides comprise at least one transition metal carbide selected from titanium carbide, chromium carbide, vanadium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, tantalum carbide, molybdenum carbide, niobium carbide, and tungsten carbide. The carbide particles preferably comprise about 60 to about 98 weight percent of the total weight of the cemented carbide material in each region. The carbide particles are embedded within a matrix of a binder that preferably constitutes about 2 to about 40 weight percent of the total weight of the cemented carbide.
In one non-limiting embodiment, a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit body according to the present disclosure includes a blade support piece comprising a first cemented carbide material and at least one blade piece comprised of a second cemented carbide material, wherein the at least one blade piece is fastened to the blade support piece, and wherein at least one of the first and second cemented carbide materials includes tungsten carbide particles having an average grain size of 0.3 to 10 μm. According to an alternate non-limiting embodiment, one of the first and second cemented carbide materials includes tungsten carbide particles having an average grain size of 0.5 to 10 μm, and the other of the first and second cemented carbide materials includes tungsten carbide particles having an average grain size of 0.3 to 1.5 μm. In yet another alternate non-limiting embodiment, one of the first and second cemented carbide materials includes 1 to 10 weight percent more binder (based on the total weight of the cemented carbide material) than the other of the first and second cemented carbide materials. In still another non-limiting alternate embodiment, a hardness of the first cemented carbide material is 85 to 90 HRA and a hardness of the second cemented carbide material is 90 to 94 HRA. In still a further non-limiting alternate embodiment, the first cemented carbide material comprises 10 to 15 weight percent cobalt alloy and the second cemented carbide material comprises 6 to 15 weight percent cobalt alloy. According to yet another non-limiting alternate embodiment, the binder of the first cemented carbide and the binder of the second cemented carbide differ in chemical composition. In yet a further non-limiting alternate embodiment, a weight percentage of binder of the first cemented carbide differs from a weight percentage of binder in the second cemented carbide. In another non-limiting alternate embodiment, a transition metal carbide of the first cemented carbide differs from a transition metal carbide of the second cemented carbide in at least one of chemical composition and average grain size. According to an additional non-limiting alternate embodiment, the first and second cemented carbide materials differ in at least one property. The at least one property may be selected from, for example, modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance, fracture toughness, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, coefficient of thermal expansion, and coefficient of thermal conductivity.
The binder of the cemented hard particles or cemented carbides may comprise, for example, at least one of cobalt, nickel, iron, or alloys of these elements. The binder also may comprise, for example, elements such as tungsten, chromium, titanium, tantalum, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, and carbon up to the solubility limits of these elements in the binder. Further, the binder may include one or more of boron, silicon, and rhenium. Additionally, the binder may contain up to 5 weight percent of elements such as copper, manganese, silver, aluminum, and ruthenium. One skilled in the art will recognize that any or all of the constituents of the cemented hard particle material may be introduced in elemental form, as compounds, and/or as master alloys. The blade support piece and the blade pieces, or other pieces if desired, independently may comprise different cemented carbides comprising tungsten carbide in a cobalt binder. In one embodiment, the blade support piece and the blade piece include at least two different cemented hard particles that differ with respect to at least one property.
Embodiments of the pieces of the modular earth boring bit may also include hybrid cemented carbides, such as, but not limited to, any of the hybrid cemented carbides described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/735,379, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
A method of producing a modular fixed cutter earth-boring bit according to the present invention comprises fastening at least one blade piece to a blade support piece. The method may include fastening additional pieces together to produce the modular earth boring bit body including internal fluid courses, ridges, lands, nozzles, junk slots and any other conventional topographical features of an earth-boring bit body. Fastening an individual blade piece may be accomplished by any means including, for example, inserting the blade piece in a slot in the blade support piece, brazing, welding, or soldering the blade piece to the blade support piece, force fitting the blade piece to the blade support piece, shrink fitting the blade piece to the blade support piece, adhesive bonding the blade piece to the blade support piece (such as with an epoxy or other adhesive), or mechanically affixing the blade piece to the blade support piece. In certain embodiments, either the blade support piece or the blade pieces has a dovetail structure or other feature to strengthen the connection.
The manufacturing process for cemented hard particle pieces would typically involve consolidating metallurgical powder (typically a particulate ceramic and powdered binder metal) to form a green billet. Powder consolidation processes using conventional techniques may be used, such as mechanical or hydraulic pressing in rigid dies, and wet-bag or dry-bag isostatic pressing. The green billet may then be presintered or fully sintered to further consolidate and densify the powder. Presintering results in only a partial consolidation and densification of the part. A green billet may be presintered at a lower temperature than the temperature to be reached in the final sintering operation to produce a presintered billet (“brown billet”). A brown billet has relatively low hardness and strength as compared to the final fully sintered article, but significantly higher than the green billet. During manufacturing, the article may be machined as a green billet, brown billet, or as a fully sintered article. Typically, the machinability of a green or brown billet is substantially greater than the machinability of the fully sintered article. Machining a green billet or a brown billet may be advantageous if the fully sintered part is difficult to machine or would require grinding rather than machining to meet the required final dimensional tolerances. Other means to improve machinability of the part may also be employed such as addition of machining agents to close the porosity of the billet. A typical machining agent is a polymer. Finally, sintering at liquid phase temperature in conventional vacuum furnaces or at high pressures in a SinterHip furnace may be carried out. The billet may be over pressure sintered at a pressure of 300-2000 psi and at a temperature of 1350-1500° C. Pre-sintering and sintering of the billet causes removal of lubricants, oxide reduction, densification, and microstructure development. As stated above, subsequent to sintering, the pieces of the modular bit body may be further appropriately machined or ground to form the final configuration.
One skilled in the art would understand the process parameters required for consolidation and sintering to form cemented hard particle articles, such as cemented carbide cutting inserts. Such parameters may be used in the methods of the present invention.
Additionally, for the purposes of this invention, metallic alloys include alloys of all structural metals such as iron, nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum, cobalt, etc. Ceramics include carbides, borides, oxides, nitrides, etc. of all common elements.
It is to be understood that the present description illustrates those aspects of the invention relevant to a clear understanding of the invention. Certain aspects of the invention that would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and that, therefore, would not facilitate a better understanding of the invention have not been presented in order to simplify the present description. Although embodiments of the present invention have been described, one of ordinary skill in the art will, upon considering the foregoing description, recognize that many modifications and variations of the invention may be employed. All such variations and modifications of the invention are intended to be covered by the foregoing description and the following claims.
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/795,290, filed Apr. 27, 2006.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60795290 | Apr 2006 | US |