Patent Grant
8647035
1. Technical Field
This disclosure generally relates to modular nut plate assemblies and methods of using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Rivetless nut plates are often installed into structural workpieces in order to couple components to the workpieces. Conventional nut plates may include a bracket and a nut coupleable to the bracket. The nut can receive an externally threaded component (e.g., a bolt or a screw) after the bracket has been secured to the workpiece. When the installed nut plate supports an attached component, a flat face of the bracket can bear against the workpiece to help distribute loads to the workpiece, thereby preventing excessive stresses in the workpiece.
One type of conventional bracket has an expandable one-piece sleeve that a user can insert into an opening of the workpiece. The sleeve is then displaced radially against a tubular surface of the workpiece that defines the workpiece opening. Unfortunately, the one-piece sleeve has a fixed longitudinal length rendering the bracket unsuitable for installation in workpiece openings having longitudinal lengths that are significantly different from the length of the sleeve. A large variety of brackets having sleeves of different dimensions must therefore be kept in stock to install nut plates in different sized openings.
Some embodiments disclosed herein include a rivetless nut plate assembly for connecting two or more components. The installed nut plate assembly resists a wide range of static loads, dynamic loads, and combinations thereof. The nut plate assembly includes a retainer assembly with a tubular section, which includes an expandable member and an outer tubular body that surrounds the expandable member. The expandable member and outer tubular body cooperate to achieve a desired fit with the components. In certain embodiments, the tubular section is closed-ended. In other embodiments, the tubular section has an open end.
In some embodiments, the nut plate assembly includes an expandable member and a nut retainer. The expandable member and a tubular body of the nut retainer cooperate to fixedly couple the nut retainer to the components. The nut retainer retains a threaded nut for receiving an externally threaded portion of another component. Loads can be applied to the nut retainer via the nut while the nut retainer minimizes, limits, or substantially eliminates unwanted damage to the components. In some embodiments, the expandable member extends through the tubular body and is used to radially-expand the tubular body to provide a desired grip length.
The tubular body of the nut retainer and the expandable member can be radially expanded together. For example, the expandable member in the form of a bushing can be radially expanded by a mandrel so as to radially expand the tubular body and the workpiece. The radially-expanded expandable member, in some embodiments, achieves high levels of expansion of the tubular body, which in turn causes sufficient expansion of the workpiece to improve fatigue performance of the workpiece.
An assembly installable in a hole in a workpiece, in some embodiments, includes a cage configured and dimensioned to receive and retain nuts having different configurations (e.g., different shapes, different sizes, etc.) one at a time. In certain embodiments, the cage includes a first flexible retention element and a second flexible retention element. The first and second flexible retention elements are spaced apart to receive a nut therebetween. An abutment portion is configured to lay against the workpiece and defines a throughhole. A retainer includes a mounting plate receivable by the cage. An expandable member is connected to the mounting plate. The expandable member is configured to pass through the throughhole to move the mounting plate into the cage and to position the expandable member in the hole of the workpiece. The expandable member is expanded to form an interference fit with the workpiece while the abutment portion is between the mounting plate and the workpiece.
The cage may be a non-metallic cage. The cage may be made mostly of plastic by weight. The cage, in some embodiments, is a unitary molded non-metallic part. In other embodiments, the cage is a stamped metal part. The first flexible retention element, the second flexible retention element, and the abutment portion are connected together such that the first and second flexible retention elements deflect away from one another to receive the nut while the expandable member is axially and rotationally fixed to the workpiece. The abutment portion is geometrically congruent to a face of the mounting plate of the retainer, and the abutment portion may contact the workpiece when the expandable member extends through the throughhole and extends through the hole of the workpiece. The retainer may be configured to nest between the first flexible retention element and the second flexible retention element when a nut is held by the cage. The expandable member may have a first end coupled to the mounting plate, a second end opposing the first end, and a passageway extending between the first and second ends. The passageway is enlarged proximate to the second end.
A cage may be summarized as including a non-metallic nut retaining section and a non-metallic abutment portion connected to the nut retaining section. The abutment portion includes a throughhole. A retainer includes a mounting section and a tubular section. The tubular section extends away from the mounting section. The mounting section holds the cage against a workpiece when the mounting section is received by the cage and the tubular section extends away from the cage and through both the throughhole of the abutment portion and an opening in the workpiece. The cage may be made, in whole or in part, of a polyamide-imide material. The cage, in some embodiments, may include a first material with an ultimate strength less than about 20 percent of an ultimate strength of a material of the tubular member.
An installation includes a workpiece and a retainer assembly. The workpiece comprises a first side, a second side, and an opening extending between the first and second sides. The retainer assembly includes a cage that has a first flexible retention element, a second flexible retention element, and an abutment portion. The first flexible retention element includes a first opening. The second flexible retention element includes a second opening. The first flexible retention element and the second flexible retention element are spaced apart to receive a nut. The abutment portion is between the first and second flexible retention elements and includes a throughhole. A retainer includes a mounting plate and a bushing. The mounting plate is received by the cage. The bushing is connected to the mounting plate and extends through the opening of the workpiece. The bushing has been expanded to couple the mounting plate to the workpiece.
The cage and the retainer may be made of different materials. The cage, in some embodiments, may be made of a material with an ultimate strength that is substantially less than an ultimate strength of material of the retainer. The retainer may comprise a material with an ultimate strength that is greater than both an ultimate strength of material of the cage and an ultimate strength of material of the workpiece.
The bushing may extend along an entire longitudinal length of the opening in the workpiece. The portion of the bushing that forms an interference fit with the workpiece may have an axial length of at least about 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, or 2.5 mm. Other axial lengths are also possible, if needed or desired.
A method of installing a first nut plate assembly and a second nut plate assembly in a workpiece may be summarized as including expanding a first tubular body of the first nut plate assembly in a first hole of the workpiece to fix the first tubular body to the workpiece. The first nut plate assembly includes a first cage. A first nut is inserted into the first cage by moving flexible retention elements of the first cage away from one another. A second tubular body of the second nut plate assembly is expanded in a second hole of the workpiece to fix the second tubular body to the workpiece. The second nut plate assembly includes a second cage that is geometrically congruent to the first cage. A second nut is inserted into the second cage by moving flexible retention elements of the second cage away from one another. The second nut can be geometrically different from the first nut.
A method of installation may be summarized as including positioning a first nut plate assembly in a first opening of a workpiece. The first nut plate assembly includes a first nut and a first cage. The first nut is inserted into a first receiving space between a first pair of outwardly extending retention elements of the first cage to snap fit the first nut to the first cage. A second nut plate assembly is positioned in a second opening of the workpiece. The second nut plate includes a second nut and a second cage. The second cage has a second receiving space that is substantially identical to the first receiving space. The second nut is inserted into the second receiving space to snap fit the second nut to the second cage.
The first cage may be geometrically congruent to the second cage. For example, both the first cage and second cage may have approximately the same dimensions and shape. The first and second cages may include mostly a non-metallic material by weight. Inserting the second nut into the second receiving space may include spreading a pair of outwardly extending retention elements of the second cage away from each other a distance that is greater than a distance that a first pair of outwardly extending retention elements of the first cage are spread apart as the first nut is inserted into the first cage.
At least some embodiments of the modular nut plate assemblies have common parts to reduce part counts. The nut plate assemblies can be installed without problems often associated with selecting appropriate components to install with each nut plate. A single cage design may be used to install different types of nuts. Advantageously, the nuts can be replaced without removing the nut plate. The modular nut plate assemblies can be packaged in kits. The kits can include an array of different nuts that provide different amounts of clearance, floating, or the like. The kits can also include protective caps, sealing material, and other components for the final installation.
An assembly may be summarized as including a retainer made of metal, a cage made of plastic, and a nut made of metal. The nut can be passivated and one or more dry film lubricants can be on the nut. If a workpiece is made of non-metallic materials (for example, CFRP), the retainer can be made of stainless steel. In certain embodiments, the cage is made of a metallic material, such as stainless steel, for high temperature applications. Metallic cages have enhanced dimensional stability as compared to plastic cages, especially in high temperature applications. If the workpiece is made of aluminum, the retainer can also be made of aluminum or other compatible material.
A nut cage assembly may be summarized as including components that can be replaced with other components with substantially different designs without appreciably altering the amount of float. In certain embodiments, an installed nut is replaced with another nut with different dimensions or configurations without appreciably changing the amount of float and/or clearance.
A common cage design, in some embodiments, is suitable for accepting a wide variety of elements, such as sealed nuts, open nuts, or quick release elements without any appreciable minimum grip length adjustment. In certain embodiments, a first nut includes tapered elongated members that mechanically couple to a cage. The first nut is replaced with a second nut that has generally rectangular elongated members. The second nut cooperates with the cage to provide approximately the same amount of float as the first nut. In other embodiments, the second nut cooperates with the cage to provide a different amount of float than the first nut. A wide range of different types of nuts may be installed in the cage during the service life of the workpiece without uninstalling the cage.
An assembly for retaining a nut may be summarized as including a nut retainer and a bushing. The nut retainer includes a nut retaining section and an expandable tubular body connected to the nut retaining section. The nut retaining section includes an abutment portion configured to contact a workpiece when the expandable tubular body is positioned in an opening of the workpiece. The expandable tubular body includes a body inner surface that surrounds a tubular body passageway and that defines a tubular body inner perimeter. The bushing includes a bushing outer surface defining a first outer perimeter and a bushing inner surface at least partially surrounding a bushing passageway. The first outer perimeter of the bushing is substantially equal to or smaller than the body inner perimeter. The bushing passageway is adapted to receive a mandrel capable of radially expanding the bushing and the tubular body when the tubular body circumferentially surrounds the bushing so as to produce an interference fit between the tubular body and the workpiece and an interference fit between the bushing outer surface and the body inner surface.
An installation may be summarized as including a workpiece and a retainer. The workpiece includes a first side, a second side, and an opening extending between the first and second sides. The opening has a longitudinal length. The retainer assembly includes a tubular section that has been expanded to provide radial expansion along at least most of the longitudinal length of the workpiece opening. In some embodiments, at least 50% of the longitudinal length of the workpiece opening is expanded. In some embodiments, at least 75% of the longitudinal length of the workpiece opening is expanded to significantly increase fatigue performance of the workpiece. In some embodiments, at least 90% of the longitudinal length of the workpiece opening is expanded to significantly increase fatigue performance of material of the workpiece proximate to the first and second sides.
The retainer assembly, in some embodiments, includes a nut and a retainer including a nut retaining section and an expanded tubular body. The nut retaining section is adapted to receive and retain the nut and to physically contact the first side of the workpiece. The expanded tubular body extends through at least a portion of the opening and has a passageway. The retainer assembly further includes an expanded bushing that extends through the passageway of the tubular body and has a bushing passageway. The tubular section of the retainer assembly includes the tubular body of the retainer and the bushing.
A method of installation may be summarized as including positioning a tubular body of a nut retainer in an opening of a workpiece such that a nut retaining section of the retainer is on a first side of the workpiece and the tubular body extends away from the nut retaining section towards a second side of the workpiece opposing the first side. The nut retaining section is adapted to receive and hold a nut. A bushing is positioned in a passageway of the tubular body of the nut retainer. The bushing is expanded using a mandrel to cause radial expansion of both the tubular body and a surface of the workpiece that defines the opening.
A method of installation may be summarized as including positioning a nut retainer in an opening of the workpiece. A portion of the retainer is on one side of the workpiece and another portion of the retainer is on the other side of the workpiece and/or within the opening. At least a portion of the nut retainer can receive and hold a nut. A bushing is positioned in a passageway of the nut retainer. The bushing can be expanded using the mandrel so as to cause radial expansion of both the tubular body and a surface of the workpiece that defines the opening.
A kit may be summarized as including a nut plate assembly including a cage, a retainer, and a plurality of nuts that have substantially different configurations. Each of the nuts is coupleable to the nut plate. The retainer includes an expandable tubular section positionable in an opening of a workpiece. In certain embodiments, the kit includes a first nut with a pair of substantially rectangular elongated members configured to pass through a pair of openings in the cage. The kit also includes a second nut with a pair of substantially tapered elongated members configured to pass through the pair of openings in the cage. The components of the kit can be packaged together in sealed packaging.
The cage, in some embodiments, comprises mostly a metallic material. In certain embodiments, the cage comprises at least 85%, 90%, or 95% by weight of a metallic material such as aluminum, steel, titanium, or other suitable metal that can be formed via, for example, a machining process and/or molding process. Metal cages are especially well suited for high temperature applications to provide dimensional stability. In certain embodiments, the cage comprises at least 85%, 90%, or 95% by weight of a plastic. Such cages are well suited for installation in workpieces made of non-metal materials.
In some embodiments, the cage of the kit and a first one of the nuts provides a first amount of float for one of the nuts when the first one of the nuts is installed. The cage and a second one of the nuts provide a second amount of float of the second nut when the second nut is installed. The first amount of float is substantially equal to the second amount of float. In other embodiments, the first amount of float is different from the second amount of float. In certain embodiments, the first amount of float is about 0.03 inch and the second amount of float is about 0.06 inch. In other embodiments, one or both of the first and second amount of floats can be about 0.12 inch.
A cage of a nut plate assembly and a first nut cooperate to provide a first amount of bolt clearance when the first nut is installed in the cage. The cage and a second nut are configured to cooperate to provide a second amount of bolt clearance when the second nut is installed. The first amount of bolt clearance can be different from or substantially equal to the second amount of bolt clearance. In certain embodiments, a ratio of the first amount of bolt clearance to the second amount of bolt clearance is greater than or equal to about 1, 2, or 3. The nuts can include an open nut, a closed nut, or a quick release nut. The first and second nuts can be interchanged any number of times to provide different bolt clearances or float distances.
A method of installing a first nut plate assembly and a second nut plate assembly may be summarized as including coupling a first bolt to a first nut of the first nut plate assembly to provide a first bolt clearance. A second bolt is coupled to a second nut of the second nut plate assembly to provide a second bolt clearance. The second bolt clearance is different from or substantially equal to the first bolt clearance. In certain embodiments, a ratio of the first bolt clearance to the second bolt clearance is equal to or greater than about 1.5, 2, or 3. In certain embodiments, one or both of the first and second bolt clearances can be substantially equal to about 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, or ranges encompassing such bolt clearances. The amount of nut float, bolt clearance, or the like can be selected based on the size of an opening of a workpiece, the dimensions of a bolt, or other dimensions of the installation.
An installation may be summarized as including a workpiece and a nut plate assembly. The workpiece has an opening. The nut plate assembly is installed in the opening. A nut of the nut plate assembly includes a non-metal cap having a closed end and an open end. A sealing assembly of the nut is positioned in the open end of the cap. A nut element is between the closed end of the cap and the sealing assembly. In certain embodiments, both the cap and a retainer assembly of the nut plate assembly comprise the same polymer material. The retainer assembly, in some embodiments, includes a cage. In other embodiments, the cap is a dome cap made of a non-metal and the retainer assembly is made of a different type of non-metal material.
The nut plate assembly, in some embodiments, includes a plastic retainer assembly that receives the nut. The retainer assembly and the nut can cooperate to provide a desired type of seal, such as a fluid tight seal.
A nut plate assembly may be summarized as including a retainer assembly and a nut that cooperate to seal an opening in a workpiece in which the nut plate assembly is installed. In some embodiments, the nut plate assembly can provide a fluid tight seal to prevent a pressurized a fluid (e.g., air, gas, etc.) from escaping past the nut plate assembly. A protective cap can form a seal with the workpiece.
The nut plate assembly, in some embodiments, can be in the form of a non-arcing nut plate assembly to inhibit, limit, or substantially prevent arcing even when relatively high electrical loads are applied, such as due to a lightning strike. Different components of the nut plate assembly can be made of electrically insulating materials that cooperate to inhibit or prevent arcing. In certain embodiments, most or substantially all of the external surfaces of the nut plate assembly are formed of non-metal materials. In certain embodiments, the nut includes a non-metal dome cap that surrounds internal components of the nut plate assembly. At least a portion of the retainer assembly can also be formed of a non-metal material. For example, a cage of the retainer assembly can be formed of a plastic material. The dome cap and the retainer assembly can cooperate to surround and encapsulate the internal components.
A nut plate assembly may be summarized as including a cap, a retainer assembly, or other components with dielectric properties that provide resistance to arcing, for example, when subjected to high electrical current loads. High electrical current loads can be associated with lightning strikes or electrical malfunctions. The nut plate assembly can reduce or eliminate damage associated with such high electrical current loads. In certain embodiments, the cap is made of a polymer, such as TORLON®. The problem of lightning strikes is particularly significant if the nut plate is installed near to or in a wall of a fuel tank because arcing, sparks, or burning material could cause an explosion. The nut plate assembly can thus be installed near to or in fuel tanks.
In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. The assemblies and processes disclosed herein can be used to couple together a desired number of components. The components can include, without limitation, workpieces, connectors, mounting components, and the like. The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used to describe the illustrated embodiments and are used consistently with the description of non-limiting exemplary applications. The terms proximal and distal are used in reference to the user's body when the user operates an installation system, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”
As used in this specification and the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a nut plate assembly that includes “a bushing” includes a nut plate assembly with a single bushing or a nut plate assembly with two or more bushings, or both. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The illustrated nut plate assembly 100 has a multi-piece tubular section 130 that includes the bushing 126 and a tubular body 136 of the nut retainer 122 circumferentially surrounding the bushing 126. The tubular section 130 has been expanded to fixedly couple the nut plate assembly 100 to the workpiece 110. A mounting component (e.g., a screw, bolt, threaded member, and the like) can be threadably coupled to the nut 120 such that the mounting component is coupled to the workpiece 100 by the nut plate assembly 100.
The nut plate assembly 100 can be installed in various types of workpieces. As used herein, the term “workpiece” is broadly construed to include, without limitation, a parent structure, such as a thin sheet of metal, a structural component, etc., having at least one opening suitable for receiving at least a portion of the nut plate assembly 100, and/or an assembly, such as an aircraft. The opening can be a through-hole or other type of hole. The illustrated opening 106 of
The illustrated retaining section 140 includes a pair of flexible retention elements 150, 152 extending away from the abutment portion 144 and partially surrounding a longitudinal axis 158 of the tubular body 136. The retention elements 150, 152 include apertures 160, 162, respectively. The nut 120 can spread the retention elements 150, 152 outwardly, as indicated by the arrows 154, 156 of
Referring again to
The tubular body 136 can have various cross-sectional profiles, including, without limitation, a circular profile, a polygonal profile, an elliptical profile, or the like. The tubular body 136 shown in
Various types of manufacturing processes can be used to make the nut retainer 122. For example, stamping processes, machining processes, bending processes, molding processes, and the like can be employed. In some embodiments, a flat sheet of metal is cut (e.g., die cut) into a desired configuration. The cut piece of metal is then stamped to form the illustrated nut retaining section 140, illustrated as a cage. The nut retaining section 140 is then coupled to the tubular body 136. Molding processes include, without limitation, injection molding, compression molding, or the like. Injection molding can include, but is not limited to, metal injection molding, reaction injection molding, injection-compression molding, or other processes for shaping moldable materials. For example, the nut retaining section 140 can be a non-metallic part comprising one or more thermoplastics, thermosets, composites, or combinations thereof. A thermoset or thermosetting material is generally a plastic that becomes permanently hardened when set. In some embodiments, the nut plate assembly 100 is made, at least in part, of a polyamide-imide material. TORLON® is one type of polyamide-imide material that has suitable mechanical properties for a long service life, even if the TORLON® components experience significant loads. In some embodiments, the nut retaining section 140 is made, in whole or in part, of TORLON®, or other type of polyamide-imide.
The tubular body 136 can be made of a material, or combination of materials, that permits radial expansion. The tubular body 136 can experience plastic deformation to form a permanent interference fit with the workpiece 110 and elastic deformation to contract onto and form a permanent interference fit with the bushing 126. The expanded tubular body 136, in some embodiments, radially contracts (e.g., elastically contracts) onto the bushing 126. In some embodiments, the tubular body 136 experiences only permanent deformation. Such embodiments are well suited for the simultaneous expansion of the bushing 126 and the tubular body 136, as discussed in connection with
In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of
The illustrated nut 120 can be snapped into the retainer 122 of
Other types of nuts can be utilized with the nut retainer 122. For example, one-piece or multi-piece nuts can be incorporated into the nut plate assembly 100. U.S. application Ser. No. 11/445,951, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses such nuts. In some embodiments, the nut 120 is in the form of a conventional nut. The nuts can also be closed-ended nuts. Closed-ended nuts can be multi-piece components, such as those discussed in connection with
Referring to
The bushing 126 includes a first end 210, a second end 212 opposing the first end 210, and a body 214 that extends between the first and second ends 210, 212. The bushing 126 further includes an inner surface 220 defining a passageway 221 and an outer surface 222. The outer surface 222 includes an outer perimeter 224 that is sized to closely fit (e.g., to provide a clearance fit with a minimal amount of clearance, a slight clearance fit, or the like) within the tubular body 136 of the retainer 122. The bushing 126 can thus be easily inserted into the tubular body 136 and then expanded.
The installation tool 244 includes a main body 247 that is coupled to a grip 248. The user can manually grasp the grip 248 to comfortably hold and accurately position the installation system 240. The illustrated grip 248 is a pistol grip; however, other types of grips can be utilized. The installation tool 244 can be driven electrically, hydraulically, or pneumatically. In some embodiments, the main body 247 houses a mechanical drive system that drives the expansion mandrel 246, preferably along a predetermined path (e.g., a line of action) in a proximal direction, towards the installer, and/or distal direction, away from the installer. A pair of fluid lines 251, 252 provides pressurized fluid (e.g., pressurized gas, liquid, or combinations thereof) to a drive system that actuates the expansion mandrel 246. One of ordinary skill in the art can select the type of drive system used to achieve the desired motion of the mandrel 246.
Referring to
The illustrated outer surface 184 of the tubular body 136 and the outer surface 222 of the bushing 126 have been radially expanded to provide substantially equal radial expansion throughout at least most of the opening longitudinal length LO. In some embodiments, the entire length LO of the opening 106 is expanded. Induced compressive stresses in the workpiece material 273 surrounding or adjacent to the opening 106 may improve fatigue performance of the installation. Additionally, the radially-expanded nut retainer 122 of
The installed bushing 126 can help inhibit, limit, or substantially eliminate relative movement between the workpiece 110 and the retainer assembly 121, even if another component coupled to the retainer assembly 121 via the nut 120 is subjected to various loading conditions, such as axial loads or torsional loads, including static loading and cyclic loading. The bushing 126 can prop the tubular body 136 against the workpiece 110.
The mandrel 246 can be reused or discarded. If reused, the mandrel 246 can be returned to a manufacturer to be reassembled into another nut plate assembly 100. The manufacturer of the nut plate assembly may or may not provide a refund or other incentive to encourage the return of mandrels. In some embodiments, the mandrel 246 is disposable.
In some embodiments, the mandrel 246 is a split mandrel, solid mandrel, mandrel assembly (e.g., a mandrel assembly with movable components), or the like. A wide range of different types of installation systems can be used to install components of nut retainer assemblies. U.S. Pat. No. 7,509,829, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses mandrel assemblies, methods, and components that are especially well suited for one-sided installation. The mandrel assemblies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,509,829 can radially expand a retainer without passing the entire mandrel through the retainer. Mandrel assemblies can be modified based on, for example, the desired amount of radial expansion, installation times, configuration of the retainer, desired induced stresses in the workpiece, or the like. Sleeves (e.g., split sleeves), lubricants, and the like can be used with mandrels to achieve the desired installation. For example, split sleeves and one-piece mandrels can be used to install a retainer having an integral bushing.
A longitudinal length LTS of the tubular section 274 can be adjusted based on the thickness of a workpiece. Expandable members of different lengths can be used to increase or decrease the longitudinal length LTS of the tubular section 274. The tubular section 274 of
Referring to
The first section 285 has a longitudinal length that is substantially equal to a length of the nut retainer tubular body 280. The second section 286 has a longitudinal length that is substantially equal to a length of a section of the workpiece opening 287 extending between the end 290 of the tubular body 280 and an outer face 291 of the workpiece 289. The illustrated second section 286 of
Referring to
At least a portion of the second section 286 can have a transverse profile that is substantially geometrically congruent to a transverse profile of at least a portion of the opening 287 before and/or after the installation process. In some embodiments, the second section 286 has a transverse profile that is slightly smaller than the transverse profile of the opening 287 such that a slight interference fit is formed between the second section 286 and the opening 287 before expansion. The second section 286 can then be expanded to cause corresponding expansion of the opening 287.
To install the nut plate assembly 272 of
In some embodiments, both the outer surface 283 of the tubular body 280 of
A uniform perimeter region 316 may be positioned adjacent to the maximum perimeter portion 312 of the tapered region 304. The uniform perimeter region 316 can be useful during the manufacturing of the mandrel assembly 301. In some embodiments, the mandrel 301 may not have a uniform perimeter region in order to reduce the axial length of the mandrel 301. The maximum perimeter portion 312, for example, can extend from the receiving surface 306.
The receiving surface 306 is positioned near the tapered region 304 and includes an outer perimeter 317 sized to receive an expandable member, such as the bushing 126 or bushing 284 described above. The outer perimeter 317 can be sized to receive (e.g., loosely receive with a clearance fit) an expandable member so as to minimize, limit, or substantially prevent damage to the inner surface of the expandable member. For example, when the bushing 126 of
The outer perimeter of the bushing 126 is sized to be equal to (e.g., maximum tolerance conditions) or at least slightly smaller than the inner perimeter 188 of the radially-expanded retainer 122. This relative sizing allows the bushing 126 to be passed (e.g., pulled, pushed, or both) into the retainer 122 such that the bushing 126 props open the tubular body 136. In some embodiments, the bushing 126 can be inserted into the tubular body 136 without damaging the bushing 126. The relative size of the radially expanded tubular body 136 can also permit the bushing 126 to be passed into the radially expanded tubular body 136 so that the tubular body 136 can contract (e.g., collapse, constrict, and the like) about the bushing 126. For example, the tubular body 136 can elastically contract to produce an interference fit with the bushing 126, which both supports and limits the radial contraction of the tubular body 136.
Referring to
The height of the shoulder 318 can be selected based on the configuration of the bushing 126 and the installation process.
Referring to
One type of engagement portion 313 may be a silver coating applied for wear purposes. The coating may include an amount of silver iodide to enhance lubricity of the silver coating. Alternatively or additionally, the portion 313 can be made, in whole or in part, of a polymer, such as synthetic resin lubricants like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), TEFLON®, nylon, NEDOX® CR+, blends, mixtures, and combinations thereof. These materials can be generally referred to as “soft” because they are generally softer than the main bushing material (e.g., bushing material comprising steel). Thus, these relatively soft engagement portions are generally more prone to being damaged during the installation process.
Referring again to
The illustrated collar 308 includes internal threads that engage a threaded region 320 of the mandrel 301. The collar 308 can be rotated about the threaded region 320 to adjust the distance between the shoulder 318 and the face 309 of the collar 308 for contacting the bushing 126. The collar 308, once placed on the mandrel 301, may be torqued down to provide at least a slight compression force on the bushing 126 depending on the compressive strength capacity of the bushing 126. In this manner, the collar 308 and shoulder 318 cooperate to limit or substantially prevent axial movement of the bushing 126 along the mandrel 301.
Referring to
The retainer 430 of
The mounting plate 460 of
The retainer 430 can have a one-piece construction or a multi-piece construction. In one-piece embodiments, a single piece of material is monolithically formed into a desired configuration via a machining process, a molding process, combinations thereof, or the like. For example, the mounting plate 460 can be integrally formed with the expandable member 463. In multi-piece embodiments, the mounting plate 460 can be a stamped plate that is coupled (e.g., welded) to an extruded or machined expandable member 463.
With continued reference to
The cage 422 further includes an abutment portion 540 and stops 560, 562. The stops 560, 562 can physically contact the tabs 473 to minimize, limit, or substantially prevent rotational movement of the retainer 430 with respect to the cage 422. The illustrated stops 560, 562 are thickened sections of a sidewall 520.
The abutment portion 540 is a generally planar member that extends inwardly from the sidewall 520 and defines a throughhole 530. The retention elements 500, 502 and the abutment portion 540 can be connected together such that the retention elements 500, 502 can be deflected away from one another in order to receive the nut 420. In some embodiments, the abutment portion 540 has a face 541 that is substantially geometrically congruent to a face 544 (see
Referring again to
The nut 420 can be made, in whole or in part, of a material (for example, metal) that is substantially more rigid than the material of the non-metallic cage 422. Such embodiments are well suited for manual installation.
In some embodiments, the cage 422 and the retainer 430 are made of the same material. Such embodiments are well suited for reducing corrosion between components of the nut plate assembly 400. In high temperature applications, both the cage 422 and the retainer 430 can be made of metal, such as stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or any other suitable metal that maintains its dimensional stability even at high temperatures (e.g., at temperatures above 400° C.). In some embodiments, for example, both the cage 422 and the retainer 430 are made of a metallic material to inhibit, reduce, or eliminate corrosion at the contact interfaces.
The composition of the components of the nut plate assembly 400 can be selected based on known design criteria, including desired overall weight, strength to weight ratios, impact resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance, corrosive properties, electrical properties, fatigue resistance properties, dimensional stability, combinations thereof, or the like. The composition of the components can also be selected based on the properties of the workpiece. If the nut plate assembly 400 is to be installed in a composite workpiece, the cage 422 can be made of a material that is softer than the composite material to minimize, limit, or substantially prevent damage (including wear, corrosion, cracking, or the like) to the workpiece. Even though the cage 422 is made of a relatively soft material (e.g., TORLON®), the nut 420 can be repeatedly removed from the cage 422 without irreversibly damaging the cage 422. Relatively high clamp up forces may thus be achieved without damaging the workpiece. If the nut plate assembly 400 is to be installed in a metal workpiece, the cage 422 can be made of metal.
The cage 422 can comprise a material with an ultimate strength or yield strength that is less than about half of an ultimate strength or yield strength, respectively, of a material of the retainer 430. In some embodiments, for example, the cage 422 comprises a polyamide-imide material with a yield strength in a range of about 100 MPa to about 110 MPa, and the retainer 430 can comprise a material with a yield strength greater than about 200 MPa. Such retainer 430 can be made of aluminum, steel, titanium, combinations thereof, or the like. In some embodiments, the retainer 430 comprises a material with a yield strength greater than both a yield strength of the cage 422 and a yield strength of the workpiece. For example, the retainer 430 can be made of metal, the cage 422 can be made of plastic, and the workpiece can be made of a composite material, such as CFRP.
Coatings (e.g., metallic coatings or non-metallic coatings, or both) can be formed onto the nut cage assembly 400. In some embodiments, the cage 422 is a non-metallic part that is partially coated with metal. The metal coating can provide an aesthetically appealing appearance. In some embodiments, the coated cage 422 comprises at least 75%, 85%, 90%, or 95% by weight of a non-metallic material. Additionally or alternatively, the expandable member 463 can be coated with one or more lubricants to facilitate installation. In certain embodiments, a dry film lubricant facilitates sliding of a mandrel assembly along the expandable member 463.
The expandable member 463 can extend along an entire longitudinal length of the opening 582. In some embodiments, a length of the section of the expandable member 463 that forms an interference fit with the workpiece 584 has a length of at least about 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, or 3 mm. The length can be selected based on the desired grip length. The expandable member 463, in some embodiments, can be sufficiently long to provide a grip length of at least about 1.5 mm for many types of aerospace applications.
The mandrel assembly 600 includes an inner member 604 and a slotted outer member 602 that slides along the inner member 604. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,509,829, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, the slotted outer member 602 can slide in a direction indicated by an arrow 630 past a transition section 632 (e.g., a stepped or tapered section). As the outer member 602 slides along the transition section 632, the outer member 602 moves to a collapsed configuration (illustrated in dashed line in
As the outer member 602 moves along the tapered section 632, the outer member 602 expands such that the maximum circumference of a tapered section 620 is larger than an inner diameter of the throughhole 480 of the retainer 430. The mandrel assembly 600 can be moved in a direction indicated by the arrow 630 to bring the tapered section 620 into physical contact with the expandable member 463 to begin the expansion process.
To facilitate the expansion process, the retainer 430 includes a chamfer 650 extending about the throughhole 480. The tapered section 620 can slide along the chamfer 650 to align the mandrel assembly 600 with the throughhole 480. The retainer 430 can have other types of features to reduce installation time, improve installation consistency, or the like.
Because nuts may have different shapes and dimensions, the retention elements 500, 502 can be spread apart (indicated by arrows 640, 642) a wide range of distances. To receive relatively large nuts without experiencing significant damage, the cage 422 can be made of a resilient material capable of experiencing significant elastic deformation. The cage 422 can be provided with different types of features to achieve different types of snap-fits.
The cage 422 of
A component can be threadably coupled to an internal threaded portion 660 of
The nut 722 can be generally similar or identical to the nut 420 discussed in connection with
The nut 726 has tapered elongated members 752, 754 connected to an annular mounting plate 760. A hollow nut 762 is connected to the annular mounting plate 760 resting against an abutment portion 761 of the cage 716. The hollow nut 762 is an open-ended tubular member with internal threads 763. The angles of taper, the widths, and thicknesses of the elongated members 752, 754 can be selected to achieve the desired interaction with the cage 716.
The nut 728 includes a circular mounting plate 772, generally rectangular elongated members 782, 784, and a closed-ended nut 790. The nut 728 is well suited for installation in wet settings.
The highly flexible cages 712, 714, 716, 718 can receive and hold a wide range of different types of components. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,468,104; 6,077,010; 6,183,180; and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/928,641; 11/445,951, which are all incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose nuts, (including closed-ended nuts, open-ended nuts, multi-piece nuts, etc.), housings, caps, nut/cap assemblies, fasteners, and other components that can be incorporated into the nut plate assemblies discloses herein. The cages provide dimensional stability, even after a long service life, so that different devices can be coupled to the workpiece using the nut plate assemblies.
The nut plate assemblies 702, 704, 706, 708 can be installed sequentially or concurrently. A single mandrel assembly can be used to install the nut plate assemblies 702, 704, 706, 708 sequentially. Alternatively, multiple installers can concurrently install the nut plate assemblies 702, 704, 706, 708 to reduce overall installation time.
The installation techniques and equipment for installing the nut plate assemblies 702, 704, 706, 708 can be selected based on the design of the components of the assemblies. The nut plate assemblies 702, 704, 706, 708 can be contained in prepackaged kits that contain an array of nuts so that the user can select an appropriate nut for an application. A retainer 792 of the nut plate assembly 702 can be installed in a first hole of the workpiece 700 using a multi-piece mandrel. A retainer 794 of the nut plate assembly 704 can be installed in a hole of the workpiece 700 using a split sleeve and a one-piece mandrel.
The illustrated nut 724 has a plate 810 that is closely received by tabs 812, 814, 816, 818 of the retainer 794. The shape of the plate 810 and the tabs 812, 814, 816, 818 cooperate to allow the nut 724 to float with a desired amount of movement.
If the workpiece 950 is a wall of a tank or other pressurized structure, a fluid tight seal (e.g., a liquid tight seal, a gas tight seal, or both) can be formed between the workpiece 950 and the retainer 920. If the workpiece 950 is a fuel tank of an aircraft, the backside 953 (i.e., the inside chamber of the fuel tank) can be highly pressurized. A fluid tight seal 956 (see
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,487,767 and 6,990,722; and application Ser. No. 10/928,641 (corresponding to U.S. Publication No. US2006/0045649) disclose different types of fasteners, deformable regions/features, installation apparatuses, expandable portions, and installation techniques that can be used in combination with or incorporated into the nut plate assembly 900, as well as with other embodiments and features disclosed herein. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,487,767 and 6,990,722; and application Ser. No. 10/928,641 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. By way of example, the retainer 920 can be installed using the techniques disclosed in the incorporated patents and/or application.
Features can be incorporated into the nut plate assemblies disclosed herein to facilitate installation, enhance performance, improve aesthetics, reduce installation times, or the like. For example, retainers can include one or more wave relieving geometric features (e.g., wave relieving geometric features disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/796,545, filed Apr. 27, 2007, corresponding to U.S. Publication No. US2007/0289351), wave inhibitors (e.g., wave inhibitors disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/399,817), or the like. An expandable portion or member of a retainer can include a wave inhibitor in the form of a tapered section adapted to radially expand the workpiece. The tapered section can accommodate displaced material (e.g., material of the expandable member and/or workpiece) so as to substantially prevent stress concentrations associated with the displaced material in the region of the workpiece radially adjacent to the wave inhibitor. Such wave inhibitors are especially well suited for controlling or limiting compressive stresses in composite workpieces or other types of workpieces susceptible to damage due to significant stress gradients. Accordingly, substantially uniform stresses can be produced throughout the thickness of the workpiece.
Various types of manufacturing processes can be used to make the various embodiments described herein. Stamping processes, machining processes, bending processes, extrusion processes, molding processes, or the like can be used to produce the disclosed features and components disclosed herein. To form a metal nut retainer, a flat sheet of metal can be cut and formed into a desired configuration. To form a non-metallic nut retainer, an injection molding process can be used to mold a non-metallic material into a desired configuration. Different parts or features of the nut retainer assemblies can be made of different materials to enhance performance, increase strength to weight ratios, reduce overall weight, improve fatigue performance, reduce installation times, combinations thereof, or the like.
The nut plate assemblies disclosed herein can provide a high-level electrical conductivity, sealing (with or without added sealants), enhanced hole compression strength, enhanced fatigue performance, increased bearing strength for reduced fastener diameters, and reduce wear along workpiece holes. The nut plate assemblies can have reduced installation times as compared to conventional rivetless nut plates. Because common parts are used, there is a reduced part count and reduced difficulty in selecting appropriate components to install with each nut plate. If nut plate assemblies are installed in aerospace applications, nut plates with the same or similar cage designs can be installed to avoid or mitigate problems associated with installing multiple cage designs. The nut cage assemblies with plastic components have a relatively low weight and enhanced versatility with respect to corrosion. Plastic cages are especially well suited for use with metal, composite, and plastic workpieces.
Different clearances (e.g., fastener shank clearances, throughhole clearances, or the like) can be provided using a single modular nut plate assembly. Nuts with different configurations can be installed to provide different amounts of float for 5 mm bolt clearance, 3 mm bolt clearance, 1.5 mm bolt clearance, 1 mm bolt clearance, or the like. The distance of nut float can be about 0.03 inch (0.76 mm), 0.06 inch (1.52 mm), 0.12 inch (3.05 mm), or the like. An installer can select an appropriate nut for achieving the desired amount of float for a desired bolt clearance. For example, an installer can select a type of nut plate assembly based on installation conditions, such as whether the nut plate assembly will be subjected to high temperatures and/or low temperatures. Based on operating conditions and environment (e.g., a wet environment, such as a fuel tank), the nut (e.g., a quick release member, an open member, or a closed member, or the like) can be selected. The fastener size and amount of nut float, fastener clearance (e.g., bolt clearance), or the like can be selected. The installer can select an appropriate combination of components to provide the desired installation. Because the nut plate assemblies are modular, components can be easily mixed and matched to provide for different installations and different fits throughout the service of the workpiece.
The installed nut element 1040 of
Referring again to
One or more retention features can be molded or otherwise provided on the inner surface 1048 (
The illustrated sealing assembly 1042 has an annular shape and includes a washer 1070 and a sealing element 1072. In some embodiments, the washer 1070 and the sealing element 1072 are co-molded to minimize or eliminate separation. In other embodiments, the washer 1070 is bonded or otherwise coupled to the sealing element 1072. For example, a sealing material can be applied between the cap 1020 and the sealing assembly 1042.
The sealing assembly 1042 can be made, in whole or in part, of one or more metals, rubbers, polymer, elastomers, or other types of materials that can provide sealing capability. The washer 1070 can be made, in whole or in part, of metal to provide a metal-to-metal interface with the nut element 1040. The sealing element 1072 can be made of a non-metal material (e.g., rubber, polymers, plastics, elastomers, or combinations thereof), and can be in the form of an O-ring, gasket, compressible annular member, or other type of sealing component. Advantageously, the sealing element 1072 can provide electrical resistance to prevent or inhibit arcing between the washer 1070 and other metal components. A wide range of different types of electrically insulating materials (e.g., rubber, plastic, or the like) can be used to form the sealing element 1072. In some embodiments, the sealing element 1072 is made of silicon.
The nut element 1040 of
The nut plate assembly 1003 can be installed in a wide range of different types of workpieces, such as panels, bulkheads, structural aircraft components, or the like. The nut plate assembly 1003 is especially well suited for installation in workpieces that are sensitive to high loads due to its relatively light weight. Such workpiece 1010 may be made of a composite material. Components of the nut plate assembly 1003 can be made of relatively lightweight plastics or other lightweight materials.
The cap 1020 can comprise an electrically insulating material to prevent exposure of highly conductive surfaces (e.g., metal surfaces of the nut element 1040) to the surrounding environment. In some embodiments, the cap 1020 provides resistance to arcing (e.g., arcing due to lightning strikes). The insulating material can be plastics, polyimides, polyamide, polyamide-imide materials, nylon, polyurethane, polyester, polyvinyl-chloride, or combinations thereof. The cap 1020 and the sealing assembly 1042 can define a non-metal/non-metal interface, and the nut element 1040 and the sealing assembly 1042 can form a metal-to-metal interface that is spaced well-apart and electrically insulated from the retainer assembly 1021 and/or workpiece 1010. Such an arrangement can inhibit or prevent arcing, even if relatively high electrical loads are applied to the workpiece 1010. Accordingly, different portions or components of the nut plate assembly 1003 can be made of non-conducting materials to prevent electrical pathways.
The retainer assembly 1021 of
Components of the nut plate assembly 1003 can provide enhanced performance (e.g., chemical resistance, corrosion resistance, electrical resistance, or the like) for a long service life. If the nut plate assembly 1003 will be exposed to corrosive substances, the cap 1020 can be made of a corrosion resistant material (e.g., a chemically corrosion resistant material). Even after a relatively long service, the cap 1020 can be easily removed. Thus, the nut plate assembly 1003 can exhibit less significantly less corrosion than conventional nut plates with metal-to-metal interfaces.
With continued reference to
The protective cap 2020 can be made of metal, plastic, or other suitable material and can inhibit, limit, or substantially prevent contaminants from reaching internal components of the nut plate assembly 2001. The protective cap 2020 includes a closed end 2021, a tubular body 2022, and a cage retention section 2023. The closed ended nut 2011 can be inserted into a cap chamber 2025 to bring an end 2027 of the cap 2020 against a workpiece 2013.
A sealing material 2030 surrounds the periphery of the cap 2020 and can comprise one or more polymers (e.g., polysulfide, silicon, or the like), rubber, or the like. The sealing material 2030 can be a bead of a polysulfide sealant that extends about the entire periphery of the cap 2020 to form a seal, such as an airtight seal or water tight seal. The composition of the material 2030 can be selected to withstand working pressures and/or to provide corrosion protection, electrical insulation, or desired mechanical properties (e.g., high strength properties) and the like. In other embodiments, sealing members (e.g., O-rings, gaskets, or the like) can form a seal between the protective cap and the workpiece. Sealant materials can be used to form seals between other components of nut plate assemblies disclosed herein. For example, a sealing material can seal the cap 1020 of
To install the cap 2020, the cap 2020 can be placed over the closed ended nut 2011. The section 2023 can be moved over a cage 2042. The open end 2027 can be held against the workpiece 2010, while the sealing material is applied along the interface of the cap 2020 and workpiece 2010. In some embodiments, the material is applied manually. In other embodiments, tools are used to apply the sealing material 2030. If the sealing material 2030 is a thermoplastic, the material can be heated and applied. As the material cools, it can help limit movement of the cap 2020. The sealing member 2030 can thus both form a seal and mechanically couple the cap 2020 to the workpiece 2010.
The cap 2020 has coupling features that mate with the coupling features 2040 of the cage 2042. The illustrated portion of the cap 2020 in
To remove the cap 2020, the cap 2020 is moved away from the workpiece 2010. The coupling features 2040 can be slid out of the coupling features 2050 as the cap 2020 is pulled off the cage 2042. In this manner, the cap 2020 can be conveniently installed and removed as desired.
A wide range of different types of coupling features can be utilized. Such coupling features can include, without limitation, recesses, protrusions, slots, pins, or the like. In other embodiments, the inner surface of the cap 2020 can include protrusions, such as partially spherical protrusions. The coupling features of the cage 2040 can be recesses (e.g., recesses similar to the recesses 2050 of the cap 2020).
The dimensions and/or configurations of the assemblies disclosed herein can be selected based different design principles. The retainer and cage assemblies can provide one or more surfaces (e.g., a curved surface or a round surface) that are generally concentric to a throughhole for receiving a fastener (e.g., a threaded bolt). The surface (e.g., surfaces 475a-d and 477 of
A base of the nut or the “nut footprint” can establish compatibility with the nut retainer and/or cage. For floating functional elements, the nut footprint can be defined by one or more protrusions. In some embodiments, the nut footprint is defined by a round flange that can define a nut bearing area. In other embodiments, the nut footprint is defined by a pair of opposing flats or a pair of nut feet or elongate members. The nut bearing area contributes to axial tensile performance and limits float while the nut feet couple with the nut retainer/cage to provide resistance to torque and pushout.
Float of the functional element can be selected such that the radial float (±) of the functional element is greater than about half of the maximum clearance between the fastener and the throughhole in the assembly. The float is established by the nut bearing area within the retainer bearing area. Because the retainer bearing area is constrained (e.g., constrained by the dimensions of the nut dome, for example, to accept the nut dome), the nut bearing area can be equal to the retainer bearing area minus the maximum fastener clearance minus applicable tolerances. The width of the nut feet can be evaluated to ensure that that contact with the cage window does not interfere with the desired float. A workable range and a dimension for the nut bearing area diameter and the nut foot width are listed in Table 1 below.
To assemble a nut into a retainer and a cage, a protruding foot (e.g., elongate member 472 of
Non-floating embodiments can have functional elements with dimensions selected based on the size of other components. A nut retainer and cage each can provide surface(s) (e.g., an arcuate or round surface) that is generally concentric to a fastener throughhole. The surface(s) area can be referred to as the retainer bearing area. The retainer bearing area can be bounded by a plurality of tabs, such as four up-turned tabs. The size of the retainer bearing area can be dictated by the functional element with the largest dimensions, such as a sealed nut dome. Access to the windows is provided between two opposing sets of up-turned tabs in the cage. Contact between the sealed nut dome and the up-turned tabs provides resistance to torque loads. Contact between the sealed nut dome and the cage window provides resistance to pushout loads.
The portion of the non-floating functional element that establishes compatibility with the retainer/cage is the base of the non-floating functional element. If the non-floating functional element is a sealed nut dome, the nut footprint can establish compatibility with the retainer cage. For non-floating functional elements, the nut footprint is defined by the geometry that closely matches the retainer/cage geometries. Multiple contact points between the sealed nut dome and the retainer/cage to resist torque loads while two nut feet (e.g., elongate members) on opposing sides extend into the cage windows to resist pushout loads. The non-floating sealed nut dome may not experience significant float, if any, within the retainer/cage.
In order to install the sealed nut dome into the retainer/cage assembly, the sealed nut dome can be positioned such that one of the protruding nut feet is passed through one of the cage openings or windows as far as possible. The extent to which the nut can be fitted into the cage window is limited by contact between the nut footprint and the up-turned tabs on the retainer. Once in this position, a load is applied to the sealed nut dome (e.g., an axial load, rotational load, or both) in order to force the opposing sealed nut dome feet into the opposing cage windows. The material of the cage that defines the windows flexes to allow the sealed nut dome foot to pass into the respective windows and rebound in order to keep the sealed nut dome in place. The sealed nut dome can be removed in a similar manner. A workable range and an exemplary dimension for the distance across the nut feet for each size are presented in Table 2 below. (The distance between the windows is the same as presented in Table 1 for the floating nut.)
Various types of coatings can be applied to contact surfaces, including the contact surfaces between nut plate assemblies and the workpiece, to mitigate or avoid corrosion. Coatings can also be applied to contact surfaces between components of the nut plate assemblies. The coatings may comprise, without limitation, one or more anti-corrosion materials, lubricants, sealants, combinations thereof, or the like. Components can also be passivated to provide non-reactive surfaces.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the above U.S. patents, patent applications and publications referred to in this specification, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,566,662; 3,892,121; 4,187,708; 4,423,619; 4,425,780; 4,471,643; 4,524,600; 4,557,033; 4,809,420; 4,885,829; 4,934,170; 5,083,363; 5,096,349; 5,405,228; 5,245,743; 5,103,548; 5,127,254; 5,305,627; 5,341,559; 5,380,136; 5,433,100; 6,183,180; 6,487,767; 6,990,722; and 7,509,829; and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/603,857; 10/726,809; 10/619,226; 10/633,294, 10/928,641; 11/653,196; 11/445,951; 11/796,545; 12/399,817; 61/082,098; and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/051065 are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects can be modified, if necessary or desired, to employ devices, features, elements (e.g., housings, caps, nut elements, sealing assembly, fasteners, bushings, mandrels, and other types of expandable members), and concepts of the various patents, applications, and publications to provide yet further embodiments. For example, the nut plate assemblies disclosed herein can be installed using the mandrels or other installation tools disclosed in the incorporated patents and applications.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/287,149, filed on Dec. 16, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/334,105, filed on May 12, 2010. Each of these two provisional applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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