Patent Grant
9741459
This application claims priority, under Section 371 and/or as a continuation under Section 120, to PCT Application No. PCT/IB2011/003330, filed on Jun. 2, 2011.
The present invention generally relates to systems, methods and containers for storing hazardous waste material and, more particularly, to systems, methods and containers for storing nuclear waste material.
Despite a proliferation of systems for handling and storing hazardous waste materials, prior art systems are still unable to effectively confine and control the unnecessary spread of hazardous waste contamination to areas remotely located from the hazardous waste material filling stations. Therefore, an urgent need exists for hazardous waste processing/storing systems that effectively minimize and/or eliminate unnecessary hazardous material contamination.
A modularized process flow facility plan in accordance with the present invention may be implemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, and a composition of matter. In an exemplary system implementation of in accordance with the present invention, a modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing of a hazardous waste material, is provided. Said modularized system comprising a plurality of cells for processing and/or storing said hazardous waste material, each cell including at least one respective area for manipulating a hazardous waste container, each cell being isolated from all of the other cells, and each cell being held at a predetermined negative pressure or range of pressures relative to all of the other cells. The modularized system may be configured in numerous ways depending on the spatial arrangement of the plurality of cells. The plurality of cells may be arranged in numerous ways, including as a single row of contiguous cells or as a plurality of rows of contiguous cells.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the modularized system for storing hazardous waste material comprises (a) a container configured to scalingly contain hazardous waste material; (b) a first cell, the first cell comprising a first area for manipulating the container; and (c) a second cell, the second cell comprising a second area for manipulating the container, the second cell being isolated from the first cell, the first cell held at a first pressure P1 and the second cell held at a second pressure P2, the first pressure P1 being less than the second pressure P2. In one embodiment of the system for processing and/or storing said hazardous waste material, the first cell comprises a filling station. In a further embodiment, the filling station includes (i) a blender configured to mix the hazardous waste material with additives; (ii) a hopper coupled to the blender; and (iii) a fill nozzle coupled to the hopper and configured to transfer the hazardous waste material and additive mixture into the container.
In one embodiment of an exemplary system for processing and/or storing said hazardous waste material in accordance with the present invention, the first cell does not exchange air with the second cell while at least the container is being filled by the filling station. In another embodiment, the filling station includes an off-gas sub-system having a vacuum nozzle configured to couple to the container. In yet another embodiment, the second cell comprises a baking and sealing station. In a further embodiment, the baking and sealing station is configured to seal a filling port of the container. In another embodiment, the baking and sealing station includes an orbital welder. In a further embodiment, the baking and sealing station includes a welding station, a bake-out furnace and an off-gas system having a vacuum nozzle configured to couple to the container.
In another exemplary implementation, the modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing, of a hazardous waste material comprises (a) a first cell, the first cell comprising a first area for manipulating the container; (b) a second cell, the second cell comprising a second area for manipulating the container, the second cell being isolated from the first cell, the first cell held at a first pressure P1 and the second cell held at a second pressure P2, the first pressure P1 being less than the second pressure P2; and (c) a third cell, the third cell being isolated from the first cell and the second cell, the second cell and third cell configured to allow the container to be transferred from the second cell to the third cell. In one embodiment, the first cell is held at a first negative pressure P1, the second cell is held at a second negative pressure P2 and the third cell is held at a third negative pressure P3, the first negative pressure P1 being greater than the second negative pressure P2 and the third negative pressure 23 and the second negative pressure 22 being greater than the third negative pressure P3. In another embodiment, the third cell comprises a hot isostatic pressing station.
In another exemplary implementation of the modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing of a hazardous waste material, the modularized system comprises (a) a first cell, the first cell comprising a first area for manipulating the container; (h) a second cell, the second cell comprising a second area for manipulating the container, the second cell being isolated from the first cell, the first cell held at a first pressure P1 and the second cell held at a second pressure 22, the first pressure P1 being less than the second pressure P2; (c) a third cell, the third cell being isolated from the first cell and the second cell the second cell and third cell configured to allow the container to be transferred from the second cell to the third cell; and (d) a fourth cell, the fourth cell being isolated from the first cell, the second cell and the third cell, the third cell and fourth cell configured to allow the container to be transferred from the third cell to the fourth cell. In one embodiment, the first cell is held at a first negative pressure P1, the second cell is held at a second negative pressure P2, the third cell is held at a third negative pressure P3, and the fourth cell is held at a fourth negative pressure P4, the first negative pressure P1 being greater than the second negative pressure P2, the third negative pressure P3 and the fourth pressure P4, the second negative pressure P2 being greater than the third negative pressure P3 and the fourth negative pressure P4, and the third negative pressure P3 being greater than the fourth negative pressure P4. In another embodiment, the fourth cell comprises a cooling and packing station.
In another exemplary modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing of a hazardous waste material in accordance with the present invention, the modularized system further comprises an interlock, the interlock coupling the first cell to the second cell and configured to allow the container to be transferred from the first cell to the second cell while maintaining at least one seal between the first cell and the second cell. In one embodiment, the interlock includes decontamination equipment. In yet another exemplary modularized system, the modularized system further comprises a recycle line configured to add secondary hazardous waste into the container. In another embodiment, the secondary hazardous waste includes mercury evacuated from previous containers. In yet another embodiment, the secondary hazardous waste includes an evacuation filter used during evacuation of previous containers.
In an embodiment, the modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing of a hazardous waste material in accordance with the present invention, the plurality of cells may have any suitable spatial arrangement, including a lateral arrangement of cells, a vertical arrangement of cells or a combination of laterally arranged cells and vertical arranged cells. In one embodiment, the modularized system comprises a plurality of cells spatially arranged in a single row of contiguous cells, wherein each cell is isolated from an adjacent cell. In another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be spatially arranged in a single row of contiguous cells, wherein each cell may be isolated from an adjacent cell by at least one common side wall. In another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be arranged vertically in space in single column of contiguous cells, wherein each cell is isolated from an adjacent cell by at least one common wall. In yet another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be spatially arranged in a plurality of rows of contiguous cells.
In one embodiment, the modularized system for processing, storing and/or disposing of a hazardous waste material in accordance with the present invention comprises a first cell and a second cell, and a third cell, the first cell being adjacent the second cell and contiguous therewith, and the third cell being adjacent the third cell and being contiguous therewith, wherein said first cell, the second cell and the third cell are spatially arranged in a single row of cells.
The modular system in accordance with the present invention may be used to process liquid or solid hazardous waste material. The hazardous waste material may be a radioactive waste material. A radioactive liquid waste may include aqueous wastes resulting from the operation of a first cycle solvent extraction system, and/or the concentrated wastes from subsequent extraction cycles in a facility for reprocessing irradiated nuclear reactor fuels. These wastes may contain virtually all of the nonvolatile fission products, and/or detectable concentrations of uranium and plutonium originating from spent fuels, and/or all actinides formed by transmutation of the uranium and plutonium as normally produced in a nuclear reactor. In one embodiment, the hazardous waste material includes calcined material.
There is disclosed herein a system for storing hazardous waste material, the system comprising:
a container configured to sealingly contain hazardous waste material;
a first cell, the first cell comprising a first area for manipulating the container; and
a second cell, the second cell comprising a second area for manipulating the container, the second cell being isolated from the first cell, the first cell held at a first pressure and the second cell held at a second pressure, the first pressure being less than the second pressure.
Preferably, the first cell comprises a filling station.
Preferably, the filling station includes:
a blender configured to mix the hazardous waste material with additives;
a hopper coupled to the blender; and
a fill nozzle coupled to the hopper and configured to transfer the hazardous waste material and additive mixture into the container.
Preferably, the hazardous waste material includes calcined material.
Preferably, the first cell does not exchange air with the second cell while at least the container is being filled by the filling station.
Preferably, the filling station includes:
an off-gas sub-system having a vacuum nozzle configured to couple to the container.
Preferably, the second cell comprises a baking and sealing station.
Preferably, the baking and sealing station is configured to seal a filling port of the container.
Preferably, the baking and sealing station includes an orbital welder.
Preferably, the baking and sealing station includes a welding station, a bake-out furnace and an off-gas system having a vacuum nozzle configured to couple to the container.
The system of any of the preceding claims further comprising:
a third cell, the third cell being isolated from the first cell and the second cell, the second cell and third cell configured to allow the container to be transferred from the second cell to the third cell.
Preferably, the third cell comprises a hot isostatic pressing station.
Preferably, the third cell is held at a third pressure, the third pressure being greater than the second pressure.
The system of any of the preceding claims further comprising:
a fourth cell, the fourth cell being isolated from the first cell, the second cell and the third cell, the third cell and fourth cell configured to allow the container to be transferred from the third cell to the fourth cell.
Preferably, the fourth cell comprises a cooling and packing station.
Preferably, the fourth cell is held at a fourth pressure, the fourth pressure being greater than the third pressure.
The system of any of the preceding claims further comprising:
an interlock, the interlock coupling the first cell to the second cell and configured to allow the container to be transferred from the first cell to the second cell while maintaining at least one seal between the first cell and the second cell.
Preferably, the interlock includes decontamination equipment.
The system of any of the preceding claims further comprising:
a recycle line configured to add secondary hazardous waste into the container.
Preferably, the secondary hazardous waste includes mercury evacuated from previous containers.
Preferably, the secondary hazardous waste includes an evacuation filter used during evacuation of previous containers.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of embodiments of the systems, methods and containers for storing hazardous waste material, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings of exemplary embodiments. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
In the drawings:
Reference will now be made in detail to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings
Nuclear waste, such as radioactive calcined material, can be immobilized in a container that allows the waste to be safely transported in a process known as hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In general, this process involves combining the waste material in particulate or powdered form with certain minerals and subjecting the mixture to high temperature and high pressure to cause compaction of the material.
In some instances, the HIP process produces a glass-ceramic waste form that contains several natural minerals that together incorporate into their crystal structures nearly all of the elements present in HLW calcined material. The main minerals in the glass-ceramic can include, for example, hollandite (BaAl2Ti6O16), zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7), and perovskite (CaTiO3). Zirconolite and perovskite are the major hosts for long-lived actinides, such as plutonium, though perovskite principally immobilizes strontium and barium. Hollandite principally immobilizes cesium, along with potassiume, rubidium, and barium.
Treating radioactive calcined material with the HIP process involves, for example, filling a container with the calcined material and minerals. The filled container is evacuated and sealed, then placed into a HIP furnace, such as an insulated resistance-heated furnace, which is surrounded by a pressure vessel. The vessel is then closed, heated, and pressurized. The pressure is applied isostatically, for example, via argon gas, which, at pressure, also is an efficient conductor of heat. The combined effect of heat and pressure consolidates and immobilizes the waste into a dense monolithic glass-ceramic sealed within the container.
Following hot isostatic pressing, as shown in
Modular system 400 in accordance with the present invention may be used to process liquid or solid hazardous waste material. The hazardous waste material may be a radioactive waste material. A radioactive liquid waste may include aqueous wastes resulting from the operation of as first cycle solvent extraction system, and/or the concentrated wastes from subsequent extraction cycles in a facility for reprocessing irradiated nuclear reactor fuels. These waste materials may contain virtually all of the nonvolatile fission products, and/or detectable concentrations of uranium and plutonium originating from spent fuels, and/or all actinides formed by transmutation of the uranium and plutonium as normally produced in a nuclear reactor. In one embodiment, the hazardous waste material includes calcined material.
Modular system 400 may be divided into two or more cells. In one embodiment, modular system 400 includes at least four separate cells. In one embodiment, modular system 400 includes four separate cells. In one such embodiment, the series of cells include a first cell 217, which may be a filling cell, a second cell 218, which may be a bake-out and vacuum sealing cell, a third cell 232 which may be a process cell, and a fourth cell 230 which may be a cooling and packaging cell, each of which will be discussed in more detail below.
In one embodiment, first cell 217 includes a feed blender 212 configured to mix a hazardous waste material with one or more additives. In one embodiment, a container feed hopper 214 is coupled to feed blender 212. In one embodiment, container feed hopper 214 is coupled with a fill system to transfer the hazardous waste material and additive mixture into container 216. In some embodiments, calcined material is transferred from a surge tank 205 to a calcined material receipt hopper 207 configured to supply feed blender 212. In some embodiments, additives are supplied to feed blender 212 from hopper 210. In some embodiments, the additives are transferred to hopper 210 from tank 201.
After being filled, container 216 is removed from first cell 217 and transferred to second cell 218 where bake-out and vacuum sealing steps take place. In some embodiments, the bake-out process includes heating container 216 in a furnace 290 to remove excess water, for example, at a temperature of about 400° C. to about 500° C. In some embodiments, off-gas is removed from container 216 during the bake-out process and routed through line 206, which may include one or more filters 204 or traps 219 to remove particulates or other materials. In further embodiments, a vacuum is established in container 216 during the bake-out process and container 216 is sealed to maintain the vacuum.
After the bake-out and sealing steps, according to some embodiments, container 216 is transferred to third cell 232 where the container 216 is subjected to hot isostatic pressing or RIP, for example, at elevated temperature of 1000° C. 1250° C. and elevated argon pressure supplied from a compressor 234 and argon source 236. In some embodiments, hot isostatic pressing results in compaction of container 216 and the waste material contained therein. After the hot isostatic pressing, according to some embodiments, container 216 is transferred to fourth cell 230 for cooling and/or packaging for subsequent loading 203 for transport and storage.
Modular system 400 may be configured in numerous ways depending on the spatial arrangement of the plurality of cells. In an embodiment, the plurality of cells may have any suitable spatial arrangement, including a lateral arrangement of cells, a vertical arrangement of cells or a combination of laterally arranged cells and vertical arranged cells. In one embodiment, modular system 400 comprises a plurality of cells spatially arranged in a single row of contiguous cells, wherein each cell is isolated from an adjacent cell. In another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be spatially arranged in a single row of contiguous cells, wherein each cell may be isolated from an adjacent cell by at least one common side wall. In another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be arranged vertically in space in single column of contiguous cells, wherein each cell is isolated from an adjacent cell by at least one common wall. In yet another embodiment, the plurality of cells may be spatially arranged in a plurality of rows of contiguous cells.
In one embodiment, modular system 400 includes a first cell 217, a second cell 218, and a third cell 232, first cell 217 being adjacent second cell 218 and contiguous therewith, and third cell 232 being adjacent to second cell 218 and being contiguous therewith, wherein first cell 217, second cell 218 and third cell 232 are spatially arranged in a single row of cells.
Modular system 400 may contain one or more assembly lines that move containers 216 sequentially through modular system 400. As illustrated in
In some embodiments, as described above, the plurality of cells for manipulating container 216 includes at least first cell 217, second cell 218, third cell 232 and fourth cell 230. In other embodiments, any number of cells may be provided. In some embodiments, the cells may be held at different pressures relative to adjacent cells to control contamination from spreading between cells. For example, each subsequent cell may have a higher pressure than the previous cell such that any air flow between cells flows toward the beginning of the process, in some embodiments, first cell 217 is held at a first pressure P1 and second cell 218 is held at a second pressure P2, in one embodiment, first pressure P1 is less than second pressure P2. In such embodiments, first cell 217 does not exchange air with second cell 218 at least during the time when container 216 is being manipulated in first cell 217. In another such embodiment, an air interlock 241 (see
I. First Cell
Exemplary embodiments of first cell 217 are illustrated in
Container and Method of Filling a Container
Containers of various designs may be used in accordance with the various embodiments of the present disclosure. A schematic container 216, which may be a HIP can, is shown throughout in
According to some embodiments, container 500 generally includes body 510, lid 520, filling port 540, and evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, container 500 also includes filling plug 550 configured to engage with filling port 540. In further embodiments, container 500 also includes evacuation plug 570 configured to engage with evacuation port 560. In yet further embodiments, container 500 includes lifting member 530.
Body 510 has a central longitudinal axis 511 and defines interior volume 516 for containing nuclear waste materials or other materials according to certain embodiments of the invention, in some embodiments, a vacuum can be applied to interior volume 516. In some embodiments, body 510 has a cylindrical or a generally cylindrical configuration having closed bottom end 515. In some embodiments, body 510 is substantially radially symmetric about central longitudinal axis 511. In some embodiments, body 510 may be configured to have the shape of any of the containers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,453, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, body 510 is configured similarly to body 110 of container 100 shown in
Body 510 may be constructed from any suitable material known in the art useful in hot isostatic pressing of nuclear waste materials. In some embodiments, body 510 is constructed of material capable of maintaining a vacuum within body 500. In some embodiments, body 510 is constructed from a material that is resistant to corrosion. In some embodiments, body 510 is made from a metal or metal alloy, for example, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, and alloys thereof.
In some embodiments, container 500 includes a lid 520 opposite closed bottom end 515. Lid 520, in some embodiments, is integrally formed with body 510. In other embodiments, lid 520 is formed separately from body 510 and secured thereto, for example, via welding, soldering, brazing, fusing or other known techniques in the art to form a hermetic seal circumferentially around lid 520. In some embodiments, lid 520 is permanently secured to body 510. Referring to
In some embodiments, container 500 further includes a filling port 540 having an outer surface 547, an inner surface 548 defining a passageway in communication with interior volume 516, and configured to couple with a filling nozzle. In some embodiments, the nuclear waste material to be contained by container 500 is transferred into interior volume 516 through filling port 540 via the filling nozzle. In some embodiments, filling port 540 is configured to at least partially receive the filling nozzle therein. In some embodiments, inner surface 548 of filling port 540 is configured to form a tight seal with a filling nozzle so as to prevent nuclear waste material from exiting interior volume 516 between inner surface 548 of filling port 540 and the filling nozzle during filling of container 500.
Filling port 540 may extend from lid 520 as shown in the exemplary embodiment of
Referring particularly to
Container 500, in some embodiments, further includes a filling plug 550 configured to couple with filling port 540, in some embodiments, filling plug 550 is configured and dimensioned to be at least partially received in filling port 540 as generally shown in
Filling plug 550, in some embodiments, is configured to abut inner surface 548 when coupled to filling port 540. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 includes a portion having a diameter substantially equal to an internal diameter of filling port 540. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 includes a first portion 552 having a diameter substantially equal to Df1. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 alternatively or additionally includes a second portion 553 having a diameter substantially equal to Df2. In some embodiments, second portion 553 is configured to abut surface 544 when filling plug 550 is coupled with filling port 540. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 further abuts end surface 545 when filling plug 550 is coupled with filling port 540.
In some embodiments, filling plug 550 when coupled with filling port 540 creates a seam 546. In some embodiments, seam 546 is formed at an interface between filling plug 550 and end surface 545 of second end 543 of filling port 540. In some embodiments, seam 546 is located between external surface 551 of filling plug 550 and external surface 547 of filling port 540. In some embodiments, external surface 551 of filling plug 550 is substantially flush with external surface 547 of filling port 540 proximate seam 546. Seam 546 extends circumferentially around a portion of filling plug 550 according to some embodiments.
Filling port 540 and filling plug 550 may be secured together according to some embodiments by any suitable method known in the art. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 is threadably coupled with filling port 540. According to some of these embodiments, at least a portion of inner surface 548 is provided with internal threads that are configured to engage with external threads provided on at least a portion of filling plug 550 such that, for example, filling plug 550 may be screwed into filling port 540. In some embodiments, one or more of portions 552 and 553 may be provided with external threads that engage with internal threads provided on inner surface 548 of filling port 540. In other embodiments, filling port 540 and filling plug may be coupled via an interference or friction fit. In some embodiments, container 500 includes a gasket (not shown) positioned within filling port 540 to aid in sealing filling port 540 with filling plug 550. In some embodiments, a gasket is positioned between filling plug 550 and surface 544
In some embodiments, filling port 540 and filling plug 550 may be permanently secured together after filling of container 500 with the nuclear waste material or other desired contents, in some embodiments, filling port 540 and filling plug 550 may be mechanically secured together. In some embodiments, filling port 540 may be fused with filling plug 550. In some embodiments, filling port 540 and filling plug 550 may be soldered or brazed together. In some embodiments, filling port 540 and filling plug 550 may be welded together along seam 546, for example, by orbital welding. In other embodiments, an adhesive or cement may be introduced into seam 546 to seal filling port 540 and filling plug 550 together.
In some embodiments, container 500 includes an evacuation port 560 having an outer surface 567 and an inner surface 568 defining a passageway in communication with interior volume 516. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 is configured to allow venting of air or other gas from interior volume 516. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 is configured to couple with an evacuation nozzle, as described further below, for evacuating air or other gas from interior volume 516 in some embodiments, the evacuation nozzle is connected with a ventilation or vacuum system capable of drawing air or other gas from interior volume 516 through evacuation port 560.
Evacuation port 560 may extend from lid 520 as shown in the exemplary embodiment of
Referring particularly to
According to some embodiments of the invention, evacuation port 560 is provided with a filter 590. In some embodiments, filter 590 is sized to span across the passageway defined by evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is positioned within evacuation port 560 at or proximate to first end 562 and has a diameter substantially equal to De1. In some embodiments, the filter 590 is sealingly engaged to inner surface 568 of evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, the filter 590 is secured to inner surface 568 of evacuation port 560, for example, via welding, soldering, brazing, or the like, in one embodiment, filter 590 is a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. In some embodiments, filter 590 is a single layer of material. In some embodiments, filter 590 is multi-layer material. In some embodiments, filter 590 is made from sintered material. In some embodiments, filter 590 is made from metal or metal alloy, for example, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, iron, titanium, tantalum, nickel, and alloys thereof, in some embodiments, filter 590 is made from a ceramic, for example, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2). In some embodiments, filter 590 includes carbon or a carbon compound, for example, graphite. In some embodiments, the material of filter 590 is chosen so that upon heating the filter densities into a solid and non-porous material. In some embodiments, the material of filter 590 is chosen wherein at a first temperature filter 590 is porous to air and/or gas but prevents passage of particles and at a second temperature filter 590 densities into a non-porous material, wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature.
In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a predetermined dimension through evacuation port 560 while allowing passage of air or other gas. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 100 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 75 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 50 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 25 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 20 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 15 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 12 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 10 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 8 μm through evacuation port 560, in some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 5 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 1 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 0.5 μm through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, filter 590 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 0.3 μm through evacuation port 560.
Container 500, in some embodiments, further includes an evacuation plug 570 configured to couple with evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 is configured and dimensioned to be at least partially received in evacuation port 560 as generally shown in
In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 includes a portion having a diameter substantially equal to or slightly less than an internal diameter of evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 includes a first portion 572 having a diameter substantially equal to or slightly less than De1. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 alternatively or additionally includes a second portion 573 having a diameter substantially equal to De2. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 alternatively or additionally includes intermediate portions 574 and 575 having respective diameters substantially equal to or slightly less than De3 and De4.
In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 when coupled with evacuation port 550 creates a seam 566. In some embodiments, seam 566 is formed at an interface between evacuation plug 570 and second end 563 of evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, seam 566 is located between external surface 571 of evacuation plug 570 and external surface 567 of evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, external surface 571 of evacuation plug 570 is substantially flush with external surface 567 of evacuation port 560 proximate seam 566. Seam 566 extends circumferentially around a portion of evacuation plug 570 according to some embodiments.
According to some embodiments of the invention, evacuation plug 570 is configured to be at least partially received within evacuation port 560 in a filling configuration such that air and/or other gas is allowed to exit from interior volume 516 of container 500 through filter 590 and through evacuation port 560 between inner surface 568 of evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 and evacuation port 560 are coupled in the filling configuration such that a gap 582 of sufficient dimension to allow for air and/or other gas to pass there through is maintained between evacuation plug 570 and evacuation port 560 to provide a pathway for air and/or other gas to evacuated from interior volume 516. In some embodiments, gap 582 extends circumferentially around at least a portion of evacuation plug 570. In some embodiments, air and/or other gas is allowed to pass through gap 582 and through seam 566 in the filling configuration. In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 and evacuation port 560 are coupled in the filling configuration such that a space 581 is maintained between evacuation plug 570 and filter 590. When present, space 581 should be of sufficient distance along the axial direction (e.g., along axis 561) to allow for air and/or other gas to pass through filter 590.
In some embodiments, container 500 is further configured to transition from the filling configuration to a closed configuration wherein the evacuation plug 570 is coupled with evacuation port 560 such that air and/or other gas is not allowed to pass through evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 is hermetically sealed by the evacuation plug 570 in the dosed configuration. In some embodiments, the closed configuration allows a vacuum to be maintained in interior volume 516. In some embodiments, in the closed configuration, evacuation plug 570 is at least partially received within evacuation port 560 to close and seal the passageway defined by evacuation port 560 to prevent material from passing therethrough.
In some embodiments, a gasket 580 is provided between evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570. In some embodiments, gasket 580 aids in sealing the evacuation port 560 with the evacuation plug 570 in the closed configuration. Gasket 580, in some embodiments, surrounds at least a portion of evacuation plug 570. In the embodiment of
In some embodiments, evacuation plug 570 is threadably coupled with evacuation port 560. According to some of these embodiments, at least a portion of inner surface 568 is provided with internal threads that are configured to engage with external threads provided on at least a portion of evacuation plug 570 such that, for example, evacuation plug 570 may be screwed into evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, one or more of portions 572, 573, 574, and 575 may be provided with external threads that engage with internal threads provided on inner surface 568 of evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, the filling configuration includes partially engaging the external threads of evacuation plug 570 with the internal threads of evacuation port 560 (e.g., partially screwing evacuation plug 570 into evacuation, port 560) and the closed configuration includes fully engaging the external threads of evacuation plug 570 with the internal threads of evacuation port 560 (e.g., fully screwing evacuation plug 570 into evacuation port 560).
In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570 may be permanently secured together. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570 may be mechanically secured together. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 may be fused with evacuation plug 570. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570 may be soldered or brazed together. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570 may be welded together along seam 566, for example, by orbital welding. In such embodiments, the weld is placed between the evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 570 away from the gasket 580 so not to disrupt the hermetic seal maintaining the atmosphere in the container 500. In other embodiments, an adhesive or cement may be introduced into seam 566 to seal evacuation port 560 and evacuation plug 550 together.
Referring to
In the exemplary embodiment shown, lifting member 530 includes a generally cylindrical projection 532 extending from lid 520 substantially co-axial with central longitudinal axis 511. In some embodiments, lifting member 530 is radially symmetric about central longitudinal axis 511. In some embodiments, lifting member 530 is positioned on lid 520 between filling port 540 and evacuation port 560. In some embodiments, lifting member 530 includes a groove 533 that extends at least partially around the circumference of projection 532. In further embodiments, lifting member 530 includes a flange 534 that partially defines groove 533.
According to some embodiments, container 600 generally includes body 610, lid 620, and filling port 640. In some embodiments, container 600 also includes filling plug 650 configured to engage with filling port 640.
Body 610 has a central longitudinal axis 611 and defines interior volume 616 for containing nuclear waste materials or other materials according to certain embodiments of the invention. In some embodiments, a vacuum can be applied to interior volume 616. In some embodiments, body 610 has a cylindrical or a generally cylindrical configuration having closed bottom end 615, in some embodiments, body 610 is substantially radially symmetric about central longitudinal axis 611. In some embodiments, body 610 may be configured to have the shape of any of the containers described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,453, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, body 610 is configured similarly to body 110 of container 100 shown in
Body 610 may be constructed from any suitable material known in the art useful in hot isostatic pressing of nuclear waste materials. In some embodiments, body 610 is constructed from a material that is resistant to corrosion. In some embodiments, body 610 is made from a metal or metal alloy, for example, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, and alloys thereof.
In some embodiments, container 600 includes a lid 620 opposite closed bottom end 615. Lid 620, in some embodiments, is integrally formed with body 610. In other embodiments, lid 620 is formed separately from body 610 and secured thereto, for example, via welding, soldering, brazing, fusing or other known techniques in the art to form a hermetic seal circumferentially around lid 620. In some embodiments, lid 620 is permanently secured to body 610. Referring to
In some embodiments, container 600 further includes a filling port 640 having an outer surface, a stepwise inner surface 647 and a lower inner surface 648 defining a passageway in communication with interior volume 616, and configured to couple with a filling nozzle. In some embodiments, the nuclear waste material to be contained by container 600 is transferred into interior volume 616 through filling port 640 via the filling nozzle, in some embodiments, filling port 640 is configured to at least partially receive the filling nozzle therein. In some embodiments, stepwise inner surface 647 and/or lower inner surface 648 of filling port 640 is configured to form a tight seal with a filling nozzle so as to prevent nuclear waste material from exiting interior volume 616 between stepwise inner surface 647 and lower inner surface 648 of filling port 640 and the filling nozzle during filling of container 600.
Filling port 640 may extend from lid 620 as shown in the exemplary embodiment of
Referring particularly to
In some embodiments, filling port 640 is provided with a flange 634 at least partially defining a groove 633. In some embodiments, flange 634 and groove 633 extend circumferentially around filling port 640. In some embodiments, flange 634 and groove 633 are radially symmetric about axis 641. In some embodiments, flange 634 and/or groove 633 are configured to engage with a carrier for lifting or transporting container 600.
Container 600, in some embodiments, further includes a filling plug 650 configured to couple with filling port 640. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 is configured and dimensioned to be at least partially received in filling port 640 as generally shown in
Filling plug 650, in some embodiments, is configured to abut stepwise inner surface 647 when coupled to filling port 640. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 includes a first portion 673 having a diameter substantially equal to Dg2. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 alternatively or additionally includes a second portion 675 having a diameter substantially equal to Dg3. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 alternatively or additionally includes a third portion 674 having a diameter substantially equal to Dg4. In some embodiments, first portion 673 is configured to abut surface 649 when filling plug 650 is coupled with filling port 640.
In some embodiments, filling plug 650 when coupled with filling port 640 creates a seam 646. In some embodiments, seam 646 is formed at an interface between filling plug 650 and end surface 645 of second end 643 of filling port 640. In some embodiments, seam 646 is located between an external surface of filling plug 650 and an external surface of filling port 640. In some embodiments, the external surface of filling plug 650 is substantially flush with the external surface of filling port 640 proximate seam 646. Seam 646 extends circumferentially around a portion of filling plug 650 according to some embodiments.
Filling port 640 and filling plug 650 may be secured together according to some embodiments by any suitable method known in the art. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 is threadably coupled with filling port 640. According to some of these embodiments, at least a portion of inner surface 648 is provided with internal threads that are configured to engage with external threads provided on at least a portion of filling plug 650 such that, for example, filling plug 650 may be screwed into filling port 640. In some embodiments, one or more of portions 652 and 653 may be provided with external threads that engage with internal threads provided on inner surface 648 of filling port 640. In other embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug may be coupled via an interference or friction fit.
In some embodiments, a gasket 680 is provided between filling port 640 and filling plug 650. In some embodiments, gasket 680 aids in sealing the filling port 640 with the filling plug 650 in a closed configuration. Gasket 680, in some embodiments, surrounds at least a portion of filling plug 650. In the embodiment of
In some embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug 650 may be permanently secured together after filling of container 600 with the nuclear waste material or other desired contents. In some embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug 650 may be mechanically secured together. In some embodiments, filling port 640 may be fused with filling plug 650. In some embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug 650 may be soldered or brazed together. In some embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug 650 are configured to provide a hermetic seal. In some embodiments, filling port 640 and filling plug 650 may be welded together along seam 646, for example, by orbital welding. In such embodiments, the weld is placed between the filling plug 650 and filling port 640 away from the gasket 680 so as not to disrupt the hermetic seal maintaining the atmosphere in the container 600. In other embodiments, an adhesive or cement may be introduced into seam 646 to seal filling port 640 and filling plug 650 together.
According to some embodiments of the invention, filling plug 650 is provided with a filter 690. In some embodiments, filter 690 is sized to span the circular end section 670 of filling port 650. In some embodiments, the filter 690 is sealingly engaged to circular end section 670 of filling plug 650. In some embodiments, the filter 690 is secured to circular end section 670 of filling plug 650, for example, via welding, soldering, brazing, or the like. In some embodiments, filter 690 is secured to filling plug 650 with a mechanical fastener 695, such as a screw, nail, bolt, staple, or the like, in one embodiment, filter 690 is a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. In some embodiments, filter 690 is a single layer of material. In some embodiments, filter 690 is multi-layer material. In some embodiments, filter 690 is made from sintered material. In some embodiments, filter 690 is made from metal or metal alloy, for example, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, iron, titanium, tantalum, nickel, and alloys thereof in some embodiments, filter 690 is made from a ceramic, for example, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminosilicates (eg. Al2SiO5) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2). In some embodiments, filter 690 includes carbon or a carbon compound, for example, graphite. In some embodiments, the material of filter 690 is chosen so that upon heating the filter densifies into a solid and non-porous material. In some embodiments, the material of filter 690 is chosen wherein at a first temperature filter 690 is porous to air and/or gas but prevents passage of particles and at a second temperature filter 690 densifies into a nonporous material, wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature.
In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a predetermined dimension through filling port 640 while allowing passage of air or other gas when filling plug 560 is coupled with filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 100 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 75 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 50 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 25 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 20 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 15 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 12 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 10 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 8 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 5 μm though filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 1 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 0.5 μm through filling port 640. In some embodiments, filter 690 is configured to prevent passage of particles having a dimension greater than 0.3 μm through filling port 640.
According to some embodiments of the invention, filling plug 650 is configured to be at least partially received within filling port 640 in a filling configuration such that air and/or other gas is allowed to exit from interior volume 616 of container 600 through filter 690 and between stepwise inner surface 647 of filling port 640 and filling plug 650. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 and filling port 640 are coupled in the filling configuration such that a gap (not shown) of sufficient dimension to provide a pathway for air and/or other gas to evacuated from interior volume 616. In some embodiments, the gap extends circumferentially around at least a portion of filling plug 650. In some embodiments, air and/or other gas is allowed to pass through the gap and through scam 646 in the filling configuration.
In operation, the interior volume of a container 216 is filled with material by coupling a filling port 540 to a filling nozzle 260 wherein container 216 is place under a negative pressure prior to filling or container 216 is simultaneously evacuated during the filling process according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the filling port 540 is configured to tightly fit around the filling nozzle 260 to prevent material from exiting container 216 between the filling port 540 and the filling nozzle 260. In some embodiments, the filling of container 216 continues until the desired amount of material has been added to container 216. In some embodiments, a predetermined volume of material is added to container 216. In some embodiments, a predetermined weight of material is added to container 216.
With reference to
After filling container 500 with the desired amount of material, filling nozzle 260 is replaced with filling plug 550 to close and seal filling port 540. In some embodiments, filling port 540 is hermetically sealed with filling plug 550. In some embodiments, filling plug 550 is welded to filling port 540. In some embodiments, an orbital welder 242 is used to weld filling plug 550 to filling port 540.
In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 may be provided with evacuation plug 570. As previously described, evacuation plug 570 may be threadably coupled with evacuation port 560 in a first open configuration to allow air and/or other gas to pass through filter 590 and between evacuation plug 570 and evacuation port 560 and in a second closed configuration to hermetically seal and close evacuation port 560, in some embodiments, after filling is complete, evacuation port 560 is closed by evacuation plug 570. In some embodiments, evacuation port 560 is closed while evacuation nozzle 300 is coupled to evacuation port 560.
With reference to
After filling container 600 with the desired amount of material, filling nozzle 260 is replaced with filling plug 650 to close and seal filling port 640 according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, container 600 is returned to the atmospheric pressure (e.g. the pressure of first cell 217) after filling.
The system of
In some embodiments, container 216 is filled at about 25° C. to about 35° C. In other embodiments, container 216 is filled at a temperature up to 100° C.
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment, the amount of hazardous material transferred to a container is carefully controlled to ensure that container 216 is substantially full without overfilling container 216, in some embodiments, a weight verification system connected to hopper 214 and container 216 ensures that the proper amount of material is transferred. In some embodiments, equal volumes between hopper and container in combination with weight verification system connected to hopper 214 and container 216 ensure that the proper amount of material is transferred. In some embodiments, the weight verification system includes a processor 280 and a plurality of weigh scales 277. In some embodiments, a first scale 277 is coupled to the hopper 214 and configured to determine an initial hopper weight; a second scale 278 is coupled to the container 216 and configured to determine a container fill weight; and a processor 280 is coupled to the first scale 277 and the second scale 278 and configured to compare the initial hopper weight to the container fill weight. In some embodiments, initial hopper weight is the weight between flange 294 and flange 295 including hopper 214. In some embodiments, initial hopper weight means the weight of hazardous material within the hopper prior to filling container 216. In some embodiments, container fill weight means the weight of hazardous material in container 216 during the filling process and/or at the end of the filling process. In one embodiment, hopper 214 includes a volume substantially equal to a volume of container 216.
In some embodiments, one or more vibrators 281 are provided to one or more components of filling system 299 to help ensure that all of the material is transferred from hopper 214 to container 216. In some embodiments, one or more vibrators 281 are configured to apply a vibrating force to one or more components of system 299 in order to assist in transferring the material to container 216. In some embodiments, vibrators 281 are configured to provide at least a force in a vertical direction. In some embodiments, vibrators 281 are configured to provide at least a force in a lateral direction. In one embodiment, at least one vibrator 281 is coupled to hopper 214, for example, to shake material from hopper 214 to container 216. In one embodiment, at least one vibrator 281 is coupled to a bottom of container 216. In one such embodiment, vibrator 281 coupled to bottom of container 216 is configured to provide vibration to container 216 in at least a vertical direction. In one embodiment, at least one vibrator 281 is coupled to a sidewall of the container 216. In one such embodiment, vibrator 281 coupled to the sidewall of container 216 is configured to provide vibration to container 216 in at least a lateral direction. The one or more vibrators 281, in some embodiments, are coupled a processor configured to control activation and/or operation (e.g., frequency) of vibrators 281. In some embodiments, processor 280 is coupled to the one or more vibrators 281. In some embodiments, one or more vibrators 281 are activated if container 216 is determined to be under-filled, for example, where the material to be transferred has been held up inside the system. In one embodiment, one or more vibrators 281 are activated if the container fill weight is less than the initial hopper weight.
Referring to
In some embodiments, filling nozzle 260 is sealed with filling port 272 of container 216 to prevent spilling of the hazardous waste material from container 216. In one embodiment, filling nozzle 260 extends into filling port 272 to prevent waste material from interfering with the seal between a filling plug (e.g. filling plug 650) and filling port 272 after removing filling nozzle 260. In some embodiments, outer surface 263 of distal end 262 includes at least one seal 273 to form a seal with filling port 272. In another embodiment, at least one seal 273 includes at least one o-ring. In one embodiment, at least one seal 273 includes two o-ring seals. In some embodiments, outer surface 263 includes a second seal 275 to form a seal with filling port 272. In some embodiments, filling port 272 has the configuration of filling port 640 of container 600, and at least one of seals 273 and 275 engages with lower inner surface 648 to form a seal therewith. In some embodiments, at least one of seals 273 and 275 engages with lower inner surface 648 at a position between first end 642 and where filter 690 engages filling port 640 as shown in
In one embodiment, filling nozzle 260 further includes a sensor 274 disposed in valve head 265. In one embodiment, sensor 274 is configured to determine a level of hazardous material in container 216. In one embodiment, sensor 274 extends distally from valve body 264. In another embodiment, sensor 274 is coupled to a wire 268 that extends through valve stem 267. In one embodiment, sensor 274 is coupled to a wire 268 that extends through valve stem 267. Suitable sensors may include contact type sensors including displacement transducer or force transducer. In such embodiments, a displacement transducer senses filling powder height. In such embodiments, a force transducer includes a stain gauge on thin membrane that is deflected by the filling powder front. Suitable sensors may also include non contact type sensors including sonar, ultrasonic, and microwave. In one embodiment, a drive mechanism operates valve stem 267. In one embodiment, drive mechanism 289 includes a pneumatic cylinder 285. In some embodiments, a lift mechanism 282 is configured to lift container 216 toward filling nozzle 262. In one embodiment, lift mechanism 282 includes at least one damper 283.
In one embodiment, the system for transferring hazardous waste material into the sealable container further comprises a vacuum nozzle 271 configured to be in fluid communication with container 216. In one embodiment, vacuum nozzle 271 extends through distal end 288 of valve body 261. In another embodiment, vacuum nozzle 271 includes a filter 279 proximate the distal end 262 of valve body 261. In certain embodiments, the system in accordance with the present invention further comprises a vacuum nozzle 271 scalingly and removeably couplable with the exhaust port 292, vacuum nozzle 271 being in sealed fluid communication with the valve body 261 in a filling configuration.
In one embodiment, first cell 217 does not exchange air with subsequent cells while at least container 216 is being filled by the filling system 299. Referring to
Referring to
II. Second Cell
Exemplary embodiments of second cell 218 and certain components thereof are illustrated in
In one embodiment, second cell 218 includes a baking and sealing station 243. In certain embodiments, second cell 218 further includes a welding station. Referring to
In one embodiment, referring to
Referring again to
Evacuation of the air and/or other gas from container 216, in some embodiments, is achieved by coupling container 216 with an evacuation system.
Referring again to
As illustrated, evacuation nozzle 300 in some embodiments is coupled to filling plug 650 and/or filling port 640 of container 600. In some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 its around filling plug 650 and filling port 640, in some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 is configured to at least partially surround filling plug 650 and filling port 640 when filling plug 650 is coupled with filling port 640. In some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 forms a circumferential seal with filling port 640 when coupled thereto. In some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 seats against flange 634. In some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 includes a gasket that engages with an external surface of filling port 640 to form a hermitic seal therewith when evacuation nozzle is coupled with filling port 640.
In some embodiments, filling plug 650 may be threadably coupled with filling port 640 in a first open configuration to allow air and/or other gas to pass through filter 690 and between filling plug 650 and filling port 640 and in a second closed configuration to hermetically seal and close filling port 640. In some embodiments, air and/or other gas is allowed to pass between filling plug 650 and filling port 640 and through seam 646. In some embodiments, evacuation nozzle 300 is configured to withdraw air and/or other gas from interior volume 616 of container 600 when filling plug 650 and filling port 640 are in the first open configuration. In some embodiments, after air and/or other gas is withdrawn from interior volume 616, a vacuum is created within interior volume 616 and filling plug 650 is used to hermetically seal filling port 640 in the closed configuration so as to maintain the vacuum.
In some embodiments evacuation nozzle 300 is fitted with a torque 304 having a stem 303. In some embodiments, stem 303 has a proximal end and a distal end, said distal end being configure to mate with a recess in filling plug 650, and the proximal end being coupled to a handle. In some embodiments, the handle of torque 304 is manipulated to threadably tighten filling plug 650 to filling port 640, thereby forming a tight seal between the filing plug 650 and filling port 640. In some embodiments, torque 304 is manipulated with a drive shaft.
In some embodiments, when the bake-out process is completed, the vacuum is maintained, on container 600 through the evacuation system. In some embodiments, when the vacuum reaches a set point, the vacuum is verified, for example using vacuum transducer 301 as described above herein, and filling port 640 is dosed (e.g., hermetically sealed) by fling plug 650 and the evacuation system is removed. In some embodiments, filing plug 650 is then welded to filling port 640. In some embodiments, filling plug 650 is welded to filling port 640 by an orbital welder 242, which may be positioned in a welding station in second cell 218. An embodiment of an orbital welding station is illustrated, in
While the foregoing description of the evacuation system and orbital welder 242 makes reference to container 600, it should be understood that these elements may be similarly used on other configurations for container 216. For example, in other embodiments, these elements may be similarly used to evacuate, seal, and weld container 500 at evacuation port 560. In these embodiments, where container 500 also includes a separate filling port 540, filling port 540 may be similarly closed (e.g., by filling plug 550) and welded scaled by orbital welder 242 prior to the bake-out process.
With reference again to
III. Third Cell
Exemplary embodiments of third cell 232 are illustrated in
Referring to
In a further embodiment, third cell 232. Includes a sealable door 240. In one embodiment, scalable door 240 couples third cell 232 and second cell 218 and is configured to allow container 216 to be transferred from second cell 218 to third cell 232. In a further embodiment, second cell 218 and third cell 232 each include a roller conveyer 246 configured to allow container 216 to be loaded thereon and transported within and/or between second 218 and third cell 232.
Hot isostatic pressing, according to some embodiments, includes positioning containment 231 holding container 216 in a hot isostatic pressing vessel 251. In some embodiments, container 231 is positioned by robotic arms 252. In some embodiments, the hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 is provided with an argon atmosphere (e.g., from argon source 236 via argon line 202) which can be heated and pressurized. In some embodiments, for example, the hot isostatic pressing process is performed by heating containment 231 holding container 216 to about 1000° C. to about 1250° C. in the hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 for about 2 hours to about 6 hours. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 is controlled to be about 4300 psi to about 15000 psi during the hot isostatic pressing process. In some embodiments, compressors (e.g., 234) protected by in-line filtration are used to control the argon atmosphere of the hot isostatic pressing vessel 251. In some embodiments, the argon used during the hot isostatic pressing process is filtered and stored in a manner that conserves both argon and pressure. Referring to
With reference to container embodiments illustrated in
In some embodiments, after hot isostatic pressing is complete, containment 231 and container 216 is allowed to cool within the hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 to a temperature sufficient for removal (e.g., about 600 EC). In some embodiments, hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 includes a cooling jacket having cooling fluid (e.g., water) flowing therethrough. In some embodiments, the cooling jacket is supplied with cooling water at a rate of about 80 gpm to about 100 gpm.
In some embodiments, containment 231 holding container 216 is removed from hot isostatic pressing vessel 251 and transferred to a cooling cabinet for cooling. In some embodiments, the cooling cabinet is supplied with a cooling fluid (e.g., water). In some embodiments, the cooling cabinet is supplied with cooling water at a rate of about 10 gpm, in some embodiments, containment 231 and container 216 are allowed to cool in the cooling cabinet for about 12 hours. Following cooling in the cooling cabinet, containment 231 holding container 216 is placed on a roller conveyor 246 for transport to fourth cell 230.
IV. Fourth Cell
Exemplary embodiments of fourth cell 230 are illustrated in
In a further embodiment, referring to
In a further embodiment, fourth cell 230 includes a moveable shielded isolation door 240. In one embodiment, sealable door 240 is coupled to fourth cell 230 and third cell 232 and is configured to allow container 216 to be transferred from third cell 232 to fourth cell 230. In a further embodiment, each of third cell 232 and fourth cell 230 includes a roller conveyer 246 configured to allow container 216 to be loaded thereon and transported within and/or between third cell 232 and fourth cell 230. In yet another embodiment, fourth cell 230 includes an orbital welder 255.
In some embodiments, after transport to fourth cell 230, containment 231 is opened and container 216 checked for evidence of container failure deformation, expansion, breakage, etc.). In the event of failure of container 216, according to some embodiments, container 216 and containment 231 are moved to a decontamination chamber within fourth cell 230, decontaminated and returned to second cell 218 for possible recovery. If there is no evidence of failure of container 216, container 216 is removed from containment 231 and transferred to a cooling and packing station 250 in fourth cell 230 according to some embodiments. In a further embodiment, cooling and packing station 250 includes a set of at least one or more cooling stations. In one embodiment, at least one or more cooling stations 253 configured to receive and hold processed container 216 for final cooling. In some embodiments, container 216 is passively cooled in cooling station 253. In some embodiments, container 216 is actively cooled in cooling station 253.
In some embodiments, after final cooling, container 216 is packaged in fourth cell 230 for transport and storage. In some embodiments, one or more cooled containers 216 are placed in a canister. In some embodiments, the canister containing one or more containers 216 is then welded shut, for example, using an orbital welder 255. In some embodiments, the canister can then be transported for storage.
Referring to
In some embodiments, secondary waste produced by modular system 400 of the present invention may be collected and transferred to containers 216 for processing in accordance with steps of process flow 200. In some embodiments, for example, secondary waste is added to feed blender 212, mixed with calcined materials and/or additives, and transferred to a container 216 via a filling nozzle for subsequent hot isostatic pressing. Secondary waste, as used herein according to certain embodiments, refers to hazardous waste materials which are removed from container 216 and/or materials which are contaminated with hazardous waste materials during steps of the present invention. In some embodiments, the secondary waste is converted to a form suitable for transferring via the filling nozzle before introducing the secondary waste into a container 216.
In some embodiments, secondary waste includes materials filtered or trapped from the off gases evacuated from container 216. In one such embodiment, secondary waste includes mercury captured from off gas evacuated from a container 216 during processing, for example, by one or more traps 219 as described above herein. The mercury may be transformed into an amalgam by mixing the mercury with one or more other metals and transferred to another container 216 for further processing according to one example of this embodiment.
In some embodiments, secondary waste further includes system components which may have been contaminated by or in direct contact with hazardous waste material. The contaminated components may be combusted, crushed, pulverized, and/or treated in another manner prior to feeding to a container 216. In one such example, secondary waste includes a used cell or exhaust line filter (e.g., filter 204), which may contain hazardous waste materials, in some embodiments, the used filter may be combusted and the resulting ashes are fed to a container 216 for further processing.
In some embodiments, at least 50% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing. In some embodiments, at least 60% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing. In some embodiments, at least 70% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing, in some embodiments, at least 80% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing. In some embodiments, at least 90% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing, in some embodiments, at least 95% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing. In some embodiments, at least 99% by weight of the secondary waste produced by modular system 400 is collected for processing.
Method of Processing Hazardous Waste Using a Modular System
In some embodiments, the systems, method and components described herein provide for a method of storing hazardous waste material comprising a plurality of steps and performed in a modular system. In some embodiments, one or more of the steps described herein can be performed in an automated manner. In a first cell, hazardous waste material is added to a container via a filling nozzle coupled to a filling port of the container. Various embodiments of such filling nozzle are described herein. The container is configured to scalingly contain the hazardous waste material. In one embodiment, the container further includes an evacuation port. In one embodiment, the container is evacuated prior to adding the hazardous waste material by connecting a filling nozzle having a connector coupled to a vacuum system to thereby place the container under a negative pressure. In another embodiment, the container is evacuated during adding of the hazardous waste material via an evacuation nozzle coupled to an evacuation port of the container to thereby maintain the container under a negative pressure during the adding step. In some embodiments, the amount of hazardous waste material added to the container is verified by measuring the weight of the container after filling. Various embodiments of weight verification systems are described herein. In some embodiments, the amount of hazardous waste material added to the container is verified by comparing the weight (or change in weight) of the container after filling to the weight of hazardous waste material prior to filling. In one embodiment, a filling plug is inserted into the filling port to form a plugged container after the hazardous waste material is added to the container to close the filling port. In another embodiment, a filling plug is inserted into the filling port and an evacuation plug is inserted into the evacuation port prior to sealing the filling port to form a plugged container.
The plugged container is then transferred from the first cell to the second cell via the moveable shielded isolation door. In one embodiment, the plugged cell is transferred from the first cell to the second cell via the moveable shielded isolation door and then into an interlock area containing contamination equipment.
In the second cell, the plugged container is connected to an evacuation nozzle coupled to an evacuation system and the container is heated. In some embodiments, the container is heated in a bake-out furnace to remove excess water and/or other materials. In some embodiments, off-gas including air and/or other gas is removed from container during heating, for example, through the use of the evacuation nozzle, in one embodiment, the evacuation nozzle is coupled to the evacuation port of the container. In such an embodiment, the evacuation plug is closed while the evacuation nozzle is couple to the evacuation nozzle. In one such embodiment, the evacuation port includes an evacuation plug which is threadably coupled to the evacuation port. The evacuation plug allows air and/or gas to pass through a filter, located in the evacuation port, and between the evacuation plug and the evacuation port in a heating configuration. Prior to heating the container, the evacuation port is at least partially opened. The container is then heated. Following the heating step, the evacuation port is placed in a closed configuration and is sealed in one embodiment. In one such embodiment, the vacuum on the container is maintained for a period of time following the heating step prior to sealing. Optionally, the maintenance of the vacuum in the container is verified. In one such embodiment, the sealing step is performed by welding an evacuation plug to the evacuation port to seal the evacuation port. In such an embodiment, the welding is performed using an orbital welder.
In another embodiment, the evacuation nozzle is coupled to the filling port of the container, in such an embodiment, the filling plug is closed while the evacuation nozzle is couple to the evacuation nozzle. In one such embodiment, the filling port includes a filling plug which is threadably coupled to the filling port. The filling plug allows air and/or gas to pass through a filter, located in the filling plug, and between the filling plug and the filling port in a heating configuration. Prior to heating the container, the filling port is at least partially opened. The evacuated container is then heated. Following the heating step, the filling port is closed in a closed configuration and is sealed. In one such embodiment, the vacuum on the container is maintained for a period of time following the heating step prior to sealing. Optionally, the maintenance of the vacuum in the container is verified, in one such embodiment, the sealing step is performed by welding the filling plug to the filling port to seal the filling port. In such an embodiment, the welding is performed using an orbital welder.
Following the sealing step, the sealed container is transferred from the second cell to the third cell via a second moveable shielded isolation door. In some embodiments, the sealed container is transferred from the second cell to the third cell inside a containment. The sealed container is then subjected to hot isostatic pressing. In some embodiments, the sealed container is subjected to hot isostatic pressing while inside the containment. In some embodiments, hot isostatic pressing includes subjecting the sealed container to a high temperature, high pressure argon atmosphere. In some embodiments, the sealed container is initially cooled in a cooling cabinet after hot isostatic pressing. Following the hot isostatic pressing, the container is transferred from the third cell to the fourth cell via a third moveable shielded isolation door. In the fourth cell, according to seine embodiments, the container undergoes final cooling. In further embodiments, the container is packaged in a canister for transport and storage.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the exemplary embodiments shown and described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments shown and described, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. For example, specific features of the exemplary embodiments may or may not be part of the claimed invention and features of the disclosed embodiments may be combined. Unless specifically set forth herein, the terms “a”, “an” and “the” are not limited to one element but instead should be read as meaning “at least one”.
It is to be understood that at least some of the figures and descriptions of the invention have been simplified to focus on elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the invention, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements that those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate may also comprise a portion of the invention. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not necessarily facilitate a better understanding of the invention, a description of such elements is not provided herein.
Further, to the extent that the method does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the particular order of the steps should not be construed as limitation on the claims. The claims directed to the method of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the steps may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2011/003330 | 6/2/2011 | WO | 00 | 2/5/2014 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/164337 | 12/6/2012 | WO | A |
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