The contents of the text file named “HOBE-001-02US_SeqList.txt,” which was created on Aug. 6, 2021 and is 7.6 MB in size, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating at least one symptom of a disease in a subject. In some cases, the disease is a mental disorder or a disease of the central nervous system. The present disclosure teaches treatment of the disease by modulating (e.g., increasing) the amount of endogenous GABA in a subject's body. In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches modulating (e.g., increasing) the amount of GABA produced in the subject's gut by bacteria in the gut. For example, the present disclosure teaches administration to a subject in need thereof bacteria that are capable of producing GABA (e.g., inside a human gut).
The present disclosure also relates to methods of culturing previously uncultured bacterial strains. For instance, the present disclosure teaches the previously uncultured bacterial strain Evtepia gabavorous KLE1738. As set forth herein, newly uncultured bacterial strains such as Evtepia gabavorous KLE1738 can be cultured by providing growth factors necessary for the bacteria's growth and reproduction.
Also disclosed are methods of identifying bacterial strains capable of producing certain growth factors. For instance, described herein are methods of identifying bacterial strains capable of producing GABA, for instance under physiologically relevant conditions such as at a physiologically relevant pH.
The gut microbiome affects certain gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, obesity, heart disease, type I and II diabetes, and colon cancer.
Microbiological studies have so far been limited, by necessity, to cultivable microorganisms. By some estimates, in external environments, 99% of bacteria are thought to be uncultured. The development of new techniques for culturing previously uncultured or unculturable bacteria can thus help to expand the scope of microbiology research.
The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating diseases such as mental illness or diseases of the central nervous system. In some embodiments, the present disclosure teaches therapeutic compositions comprising one or more bacteria (e.g., purified bacteria) that are capable of producing GABA. The bacteria can be capable of producing GABA under physiologically relevant conditions, including within a human gut. The present disclosure also provides methods of treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic composition comprising GABA-producing bacteria. As set forth herein, the GABA-producing bacteria can produce GABA in the subject's gut. The GABA can diffuse into other systems of the subject's body (e.g., the circulatory and nervous systems). There, the endogenous GABA can act as a neurotransmitter. In some embodiments, increased levels of GABA (e.g., in the nervous system) can improve the symptoms of the mental illness or disease of the central nervous system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides methods for identifying bacteria that produce GABA in humans at a physiologically relevant pH range and uses for these bacteria to modulate GABA levels in humans to treat mental illness.
The present disclosure also relates to a method of culturing previously uncultivated bacterial species. For instance the present disclosure teaches the isolation and characterization of a bacterial species KLE1738, provisionally named Evtepia gabavorous. Growth of E. gabavorous requires the presence of the growth factor GABA, which can be supplied by GABA-producing bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis KLE1758.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a therapeutic composition comprising at least one purified bacterial population consisting of bacteria capable of producing GABA in a subject in need thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one bacterial population consists of a bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence at least about 95% identical to a 16S rDNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. 1-31 set forth in Table 1. In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Bacteroides caccae KLE1911; Bacteroides clarus KLE1930; Bacteroides dorei KLE1912; Bacteroides finegoldii KLE1931; Bacteroides fragilis KLE1958; Bacteroides massiliensis KLE1932; Bacteroides ovatus KLE1770; Bacteroides stercoris KLE1933; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron KLE1934; Bacteroides uniformis KLE1913; Bacteroides vulgatus KLE1910; Bacteroides xylanisolvens KLE1935; Bifidobacterium adolescentis KLE 1879; Blautia obeum KLE1914; Blautia wexlerae KLE1916; Butyricimonas virosa KLE1938; Clostridium perfringens KLE1937; Clostridium sordellii KLE1939; Clostridium sp. KLE1862; Clostridium sp. KLE1918; Coprobacillus sp. KLE1779; Coprococcus sp. KLE1880; Dorea longicatena KLE1917; Eggerthella lenta KLE1926; Eubacterium rectale KLE1922; Gordonibacter pamelaeae KLE1915; Oscillibacter sp. KLE1928; Parabacteroides distasonis KLE2020; Parabacteroides merdae KLE1863; Ruminococcus gnavus KLE1940; Turicibacter sanguinis KLE1941, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of a bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence at least about 95% identical to a 16S rDNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. 32-274 set forth in Table 2. In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence having at least 95% similarity to the 16S rDNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. 305-2217 set forth in Table 10. In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria comprising a DNA sequence which encodes an enzyme selected from: glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof, is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 70% similar in DNA sequence to any one of Seq. ID. Nos. 275-304 set forth in Table 3.
In some embodiments, the glutamate decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 4. In some embodiments, the putrescine aminotransferase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 5. In some embodiments, the gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 6. In some embodiments, the arginine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 7. In some embodiments, the agmatinase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 8. In some embodiments, the omithine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 9.
In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence having at least 95% similarity to a reference bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Escherichia coli MG1655; Escherichia coli Nissle 1917; or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA at a physiologically relevant pH. In some embodiments, the bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA at a pH range between about 4.5 and about 7.5. In some embodiments, the bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA inside the human gut.
In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a probiotic, prebiotic, a capsule, a tablet, a caplet, a pill, a troche, a lozenge, a powders, a granule, a medical food, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition is administered as a fecal transplant.
In some embodiments, the bacteria are capable of producing GABA via expression of any combination of glutamate decarboxylase, putrescine aminotransferase, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, arginine decarboxylase, agmatinase, and/or ornithine decarboxylase.
In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition further comprises a purified bacterial strain that is cytotoxic or cytostatic to a GABA-consuming bacteria. In some embodiments, the GABA-consuming bacteria is Evtepia gabavorous or Firmicutes bacterium MGS:114.
In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition further comprises a prebiotic capable of stimulating the growth or GABA-production levels of a GABA-producing bacteria.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutic composition comprising at least one purified bacterial population consisting of bacteria capable of producing GABA in a subject in need thereof.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of a therapeutic composition comprising at least one purified bacterial population consisting of bacteria capable of producing GABA in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides the use of a therapeutic composition comprising at least one purified bacterial population consisting of bacteria capable of producing GABA for the treatment of a disease.
In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a mental disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the mental disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, anxiety disorders, addiction, social phobia, treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TR-MDD), major depressive disorder and its subtypes (melancholic depression, atypical depression, catatonic depression, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder), Neurodegenerative amyloid disorders (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases) orthostatic tremor, Lafora disease, restless leg syndrome, neuropathic pain, pain disorders, dementia, epilepsy, stiff-person syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, autism spectrum disorder, sleep disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, treating a disease or disorder comprises decreasing at least one symptom of the disease or disorder, such as fatigue, insomnia, motor dysfunction, stress, persistent anxiety, persistent sadness, social withdrawal, substance withdrawal, irritability, thoughts of suicide, thoughts of self-harm, restlessness, low sex drive, lack of focus, seizures, memory loss, anger, bouts of emotional reactivity, confusion, pain, and muscle spasms, loss of appetite, altered intestine motility, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one bacterial population consists of a bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence at least about 95% identical to a 16S rDNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. of 1-31 set forth in Table 1. In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria selected from the group consisting of: Bacteroides caccae KLE1911; Bacteroides clarus KLE1930; Bacteroides dorei KLE1912; Bacteroides finegoldii KLE1931; Bacteroides fragilis KLE1958; Bacteroides massiliensis KLE1932; Bacteroides ovatus KLE1770; Bacteroides stercoris KLE1933; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron KLE1934; Bacteroides uniformis KLE1913; Bacteroides vulgatus KLE1910; Bacteroides xylanisolvens KLE1935; Bifidobacterium adolescentis KLE 1879; Blautia obeum KLE1914; Blautia wexlerae KLE1916; Butyricimonas virosa KLE1938; Clostridium perfringens KLE1937; Clostridium sordellii KLE1939; Clostridium sp. KLE1862; Clostridium sp. KLE1918; Coprobacillus sp. KLE1779; Coprococcus sp. KLE1880; Dorea longicatena KLE1917; Eggerthella lenta KLE1926; Eubacterium rectale KLE1922; Gordonibacter pamelaeae KLE1915; Oscillibacter sp. KLE1928; Parabacteroides distasonis KLE2020; Parabacteroides merdae KLE1863; Ruminococcus gnavus KLE1940; Turicibacter sanguinis KLE1941, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of a bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence at least about 95% identical to a 16S rDNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. of 32-274 set forth in Table 2.
In some embodiments, the at least one bacterial population consists of a bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence at least about 95% identical to any one of Seq ID Nos. 305-2217 set forth in Table 10.
In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria comprising a DNA sequence which encodes an enzyme selected from: glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof, is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 70% similar to a DNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. 275-304 set forth in Table 3.
In some embodiments, the glutamate decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 4. In some embodiments, the putrescine aminotransferase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 5. In some embodiments, the gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 6. In some embodiments, the arginine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 7. In some embodiments, the agmatinase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 8. In some embodiments, the omithine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 9.
In some embodiments, the bacteria is genetically engineered to produce GABA. In some embodiments, the bacteria is engineered to produce GABA via expression of glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, wherein the glutamate decarboxylase; putrescine aminotransferase; gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; arginine decarboxylase; agmatinase; ornithine decarboxylase; or a combination thereof, is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 70% similar in DNA sequence selected from one of Seq. ID. Nos. of 275-304 set forth in Table 3.
In some embodiments, the glutamate decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 4. In some embodiments, the putrescine aminotransferase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 5. In some embodiments, the gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 6. In some embodiments, the arginine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 7. In some embodiments, the agmatinase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 8. In some embodiments, the ornithine decarboxylase is encoded by a DNA sequence at least 95% similar in DNA sequence to a gene with a EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID found in Table 9.
In some embodiments, the at least one purified bacterial population consists of bacteria comprising a 16S rDNA sequence having at least 95% similarity to a reference bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Escherichia coli MG1655; Escherichia coli Nissle 1917; or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA at a physiologically relevant pH. In some embodiments, the bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA at a pH range between about 4.5 and about 7.5. In some embodiments, bacterial population consists of bacteria capable of producing GABA inside the human gut. In some embodiments, the composition is administered as a fecal transplant. In some embodiments, the composition is administered as a probiotic. In some embodiments, the bacteria are capable of producing GABA via expression any combination of glutamate decarboxylase, putrescine aminotransferase, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, arginine decarboxylase, agmatinase, ornithine decarboxylase, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the at least one bacterial strain is cytotoxic or cytostatic to a GABA-consuming bacteria. In some embodiments, the GABA-consuming bacteria is Evtepia gabavorous or Firmicutes bacterium MGS:114.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an initial amount of GABA in the subject's stool. In some embodiments, the initial amount of GABA in the subject's stool is below about 8 μg per gram of wet or dry stool. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's stool is increased relative to the initial amount after administering the therapeutic composition.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an initial amount of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's stool. In some embodiments, the initial amount of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's stool is less than about 10% of total bacteria as measured by 16S sequence mapping. In some embodiments, at least one GABA-producing bacteria is increased in the subject's stool relative to the initial amount of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's stool after administering the therapeutic composition.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an initial amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum is below about 10 μg per liter of blood. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum is increased relative to the initial amount after administering the therapeutic composition.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an amount of GABA in the subject's brain. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's brain is below about 1.0 mM/kg. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's brain is increased relative to the initial amount after administering the therapeutic composition.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an initial amount of expression of GABA-producing enzymes in the subject's stool. In some embodiments, the GABA-producing enzymes are selected from glutamate decarboxylase, putrescine aminotransferase, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase, arginine decarboxylase, agmatinase, ornithine decarboxylase, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the initial amount of enzyme expression is measured by qPCR. In some embodiments, the expression of enzymes is increased relative to the initial amount of enzyme expression after administering the therapeutic composition.
In some embodiments, the method of treating a subject further comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment by determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA by measuring an initial amount of GABAergic response in the subject's brain. In some embodiments, the amount of the GABAergic response in the subject's brain is increased relative to the initial amount after administering the therapeutic composition. In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition comprises a prebiotic capable of stimulating the growth or GABA production of GABA-producing bacteria.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of culturing a GABA-dependent bacteria, comprising disposing at least one live GABA-dependent bacterial cell on a suitable substrate, and providing a source of GABA.
In some embodiments, the suitable substrate is agar. In some embodiments, providing a source of GABA comprises co-culturing with another bacterial strain, said strain is capable of producing GABA. In some embodiments, GABA is added to the substrate. In some embodiments, the GABA-dependent bacteria is E. gabavorous.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of identifying a bacterial strain or strains capable of producing GABA at a physiologically relevant pH of the human intestinal tract, comprising:
(a) dispersing a sample believed to contain GABA-producing bacteria within a substrate, the substrate being at least partially permeable to GABA,
(b) contacting the substrate loaded with potential GABA-producing bacteria with a GABA-dependent bacterium; and
(c) identifying a GABA-producing bacteria by observing the formation of a colonies of the GABA-dependent bacteria around potential GABA-producing bacteria in the substrate.
In some embodiments, the substrate is being buffered to maintain the pH at a physiologically range found in the human gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the GABA-dependent bacteria is Egabavorous. In some embodiments, the pH range is between about 4.5 and about 7.5.
The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating mental illness or disease of the central nervous system in a subject and therapeutic compositions for the same. The method can comprise administering to the subject a bacterium and/or multiple bacteria capable of producing endogenous GABA in the subject's gut at a physiologically relevant pH. The present technology can have the advantage of alleviating the symptoms of a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system without the aid of synthetic medications (e.g., antidepressants), which can have unwanted side-effects, or in combination with existing medications. Additionally, the present technology can have the advantage of further improving the digestive health of the subject, such as improving intestinal motility and reducing gastrointestinal pain. Additional features and advantages of the present technology will be apparent to one of skill in the art upon reading the Detailed Description of the Invention, below.
The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating or decreasing a symptom of a disease in a subject. The disease can be a mental illness or a disease of the central nervous system. After identifying a subject with a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system, the method can comprise determining whether the subject would benefit from an increase in endogenous GABA, for instance by measuring the amount of GABA in the subject's stool, blood serum, or other bodily fluids, measuring levels of GABA in different regions of the brain, measuring the GABAergic response in different regions in the brain, measuring activity of GABA producing enzymes in stool, or by measuring the amount of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's stool. The method can further comprise administering to the subject a GABA-producing bacterium or bacteria that can be capable of producing GABA in the subject's gut, (e.g., at a physiologically relevant pH of the gut).
Some bacteria produce GABA from gamma-aminobutyrate to maintain intracellular pH homoeostasis in order to overcome acid stress. As set forth herein, the production of GABA by microbes (e.g., bacteria) in the human gut can impact the health of a subject. For instance, GABA produced by bacteria in the human gut can act as a neurotransmitter to treat a mental illness, a disease of the central nervous system, or improve gastrointestinal health in a subject.
As used herein “administer” and “administration” encompasses embodiments in which one person directs another to consume a bacteria or a bacterial composition in a certain manner and/or for a certain purpose, and also situations in which a user uses bacteria or a bacterial composition in a certain manner and/or for a certain purpose independently of or in variance to any instructions received from a second person. Non-limiting examples of embodiments in which one person directs another to consume a bacteria or bacterial composition in a certain manner and/or for a certain purpose include when a physician prescribes a course of conduct and/or treatment to a patient, when a parent commands a minor user (such as a child) to consume bacteria or a bacterial composition, when a trainer advises a user (such as an athlete) to follow a particular course of conduct and/or treatment, and when a manufacturer, distributer, or marketer recommends conditions of use to an end user, for example through advertisements or labeling on packaging or on other materials provided in association with the sale or marketing of a product.
The term “isolated” encompasses a bacterium or other entity or substance that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature, such as human stool, or in an experimental setting, such as a Petri plate consisting of artificial growth medium), and/or (2) produced, prepared, purified, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated bacteria may be separated from at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or more of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated bacteria are more than about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components (such as other bacterial species). The terms “purify,” “purifying” and “purified” refer to a bacterium or other material that has been separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated either when initially produced or generated (e.g., whether in nature or in an experimental setting), or during any time after its initial production, as recognized by those skilled in the art of bacterial cultivation. A bacterium or a bacterial population may be considered purified if it is isolated at or after production, such as from a material or environment containing the bacterium or bacterial population, and a purified bacterium or bacterial population may contain other materials up to about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or above about 90% and still be considered “isolated.” In some embodiments, purified bacteria and bacterial populations are more than about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. In the instance of bacterial compositions provided herein, the one or more bacterial types present in the composition can be independently purified from one or more other bacteria produced and/or present in the material or environment containing the bacterial type. Bacterial compositions and the bacterial components thereof are generally purified from residual habitat products.
As used herein, “probiotic” is understood to mean “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”, as currently defined by the World Health Organization.
As used herein, “prebiotic” is understood to mean an ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microbiota that may (or may not) confer benefits upon the host.
As used herein, “medical food” is understood to mean “a food which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation”, as defined by 5(b) of the Orphan Drug Act (21 U.S.C. 360ee (b) (3)).
As used herein “initial amount” is understood to mean the amount of a substance, e.g., GABA in an aliquot of sample prior to administration of GABA-producing bacteria to the subject. Initial amount can be measured in terms of concentration. For instance, an initial amount can be measured in terms of micrograms of substance per milliliter of sample, e.g., micrograms of GABA per milliliter of blood or serum (μg GABA/mL blood or serum). The initial amount of can also be measured, for instance, as the amount of GABA in regions of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex prior to administration of the GABA-producing bacteria. The amount of GABA can be represented in terms of millimoles of GABA per kg tissue (mmol GABA per kg of brain tissue). The initial amount can also be measured, for instance, as the amount of GABA in a subject's stool sample prior to administration of GABA-producing bacteria to the subject. The amount of GABA can be represented in terms of micrograms of GABA per gram of stool (μg GABA/g stool). The initial amount can also be the level of expression of GABA producing enzymes in the stool (log change of reads), as measured by qPCR or other appropriate method. Unless otherwise defined herein, stool is weighed when wet or dry, i.e., without active drying, and within one hour of production of the stool. For instance, the stool can be weighed within 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, or within 5 minutes of production of the stool.
As used herein, a “GABAergic response” means the response of a given organ (e.g., the brain or vagus nerve) to differences in the concentrations of GABA, GABA producing bacteria, or prebiotics to which it is exposed. A GABAergic response can include a change in concentrations of GABA as well as expression levels and/or activity of different GABAA, GABAB, and/or GABAc receptors.
“GABA-producing bacteria” is understood to mean bacteria that can produce measurable quantities of GABA, as detected by LC/MS, ELISA, or other appropriate analytical assays. In some embodiments, GABA-producing bacteria can produce GABA under the physiological conditions in a human, e.g., under the pH, and temperature of the human gut.
“Physiologically relevant pH” of the human intestinal tract is understood to mean a pH range that exists in the body. For instance, a pH range that is physiologically relevant to the human gut can be in the range of about 4.5 to about 7.5.
The term “gut” is understood to refer to the human gastrointestinal tract, also known as the alimentary canal. The gut includes the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestines (cecum and colon) and rectum.
As used herein, “bacteria” or “bacterial strain” is understood to mean a species of bacteria. A “bacterium” is understood as a single bacterial cell of a given species.
The term “treating” with regard to a subject, refers to improving at least one symptom of the subject's disorder. Treating includes curing, improving, or at least partially ameliorating the disorder.
The term “EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ ID” refers to an accession number, which when used as in input for databases such as the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), GenBank, or DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), via their respective internet websites, enables access to information, such as nucleotide sequence of a gene, and the bacterium encoding that sequence in its genome. The EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ ID is used in this application as a convenient means to access sequence information.
The term “GABA” is understood to mean gamma-aminobutyric acid (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA has the chemical structure:
GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABA can be a difficult compound to deliver therapeutically due to efflux and half-life limitations. For example, in rodents, the brain efflux rate of GABA was found to be 17 times higher than the influx rate. Additionally, GABA only has a half-life of only 17 minutes in mice. Accordingly, because of the short half-life of GABA in vivo, oral GABA supplementation can be ineffective, as it may require frequent dosing, even with slow release capsules.
The present disclosure provides for delivering a therapeutic composition of one or more bacteria that can produce GABA within the intestinal tract, in order to consistently deliver GABA into systemic circulation (e.g., into the nervous system). The endogenously produced GABA can also activate vagal nerve receptors directly. This can mitigate the inherent half-life of GABA.
In some embodiments, the microbiome can influence GABA levels and the GABAergic response in the brain. For instance, germ-free animals can have substantially reduced luminal and serum levels of GABA. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this suggests the microbiome is important in regulating levels of this important neurotransmitter. As set forth herein, GABAergic modulation by microbiome intervention (e.g., using methods and compositions described herein) can have therapeutic potential.
In some embodiments, GABA can play a role in mental illness or disease of the central nervous system. For instance, in some embodiments, low levels of GABA can be associated with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, anxiety disorders, addiction, social phobia, treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TR-MDD), major depressive disorder and its subtypes (melancholic depression, atypical depression, catatonic depression, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder), Neurodegenerative amyloid disorders (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases) orthostatic tremor, Lafora disease, restless leg syndrome, neuropathic pain, pain disorders, dementia, epilepsy, stiff-person syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, autism spectrum disorder, sleep disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As set forth herein, the present disclosure provides increasing the amount of endogenous GABA in a subject can decrease levels of mental illness or disease of the central nervous system in the subject.
In some embodiments, GABA produced by gut bacteria can play a role in mental illness or disease of the central nervous system via the vagus nerve, connecting the intestinal tract to the peripheral and central nervous systems.
In some embodiments, GABA produced by gut bacteria can play a role in mental illness or disease of the central nervous system via affecting circulating levels of systemic GABA in the host, which can influence the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Bacteria can produce GABA using a variety of different pathways. Set forth below are exemplary pathways that bacteria and other microbes can use to produce GABA (e.g., in vivo). As set forth below, any of the GABA production pathways described herein can be naturally occurring in a given bacterium. Alternatively, a necessary enzyme or grouping of enzymes can be added to the DNA sequence of a bacteria to enable the bacteria to produce GABA.
In some embodiments, microbes can produce GABA using the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme (e.g., glutamate decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.15). In some embodiments, glutamate decarboxylase is capable of directly converting glutamate to GABA.
In some embodiments, microbes can produce GABA using the putrescine to 4-aminobutanal pathway. The microbes can then convert 4-aminobutanal to GABA. In some embodiments, putrescine aminotransferase (for instance, putrescine aminotransferase EC 2.6.1.82) can be used to convert putrescine to 4-aminobutanal. The 4-aminobutanal can then be converted in the presence of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (e.g., gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.19)) to GABA.
In some embodiments, microbes can produce GABA using the arginine to agmatine to putrescine Pathway. Once the putrescine is produced, it can be converted as described above (e.g., using the putrescine to 4-aminobutanal pathway) to GABA. In some embodiments, arginine decarboxylase (e.g., arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19)) can convert arginine to agmatine. Agmatine can then be converted to putrescine using agmatinase (e.g., agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11)).
In some embodiments, ornithine decarboxylase (e.g., ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17)) can be used to convert ornithine to putrescine. Once the putrescine is produced, it can be converted as described above (e.g., using the putrescine to 4-aminobutanal pathway) to GABA.
The present disclosure provides bacterial strains (e.g., purified strains) and therapeutic compositions comprising the same for administration to a subject in need thereof. The bacteria can be naturally occurring, or can be engineered (e.g., through strain engineering or selection) to produce GABA. In some embodiments, one strain of GABA-producing bacteria can be administered to a subject. In some embodiments, multiple strains of GABA-producing bacteria can be administered to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more bacteria (e.g., purified bacteria) can act synergistically. For instance, the multiple bacteria can act synergistically to produce high levels of GABA. In some embodiments, the one or more bacteria can also help to reduce the number of GABA-consuming bacteria in a human gut. Accordingly, any one, or any combination of the GABA-producing bacteria taught herein can be administered to a subject in need thereof.
In some embodiments, the bacteria taught herein can produce GABA at physiologically relevant conditions, such as under the conditions of the human gut. In some embodiments, the GABA-producing bacteria taught herein can produce GABA a pH relevant to the human gut is between about 4.5 and about 7.5. For instance, the pH can be about 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 7.5, or any value between about 4.5 and 7.5.
The ability to produce GABA at physiologically relevant pH is important in view of the pH restrictions of GABA production in many bacteria. For example, E. coli is unable to produce GABA above a pH of 4.5. Instead, without wishing to be bound by theory, it can use conversion of glutamate to GABA coupled with GABA export, for example, as a means to neutralize the intracellular environment. Accordingly the present disclosure bacteria capable of producing GABA at a pH relevant to the host environment, such as the more neutral large intestines (e.g., between about pH 4.5 and about pH 7.5). In some embodiments, the bacteria taught herein can also produce GABA under other relevant conditions that exist within the human gut. That is, the GABA-producing bacteria taught herein can produce GABA in the absence of oxygen, in a nutrient-competitive and fluctuating environment, and in the absence of light.
In some embodiments, the GABA-producing bacteria can be identified by having a 16S nucleic acid sequence substantially similar to the 16S sequences of reference bacteria listed in Table 1, with a Seq. ID. No. of 1-31. In some embodiments, the GABA-producing bacteria can have at least 90% 16S sequence similarity to the 16S sequences given in Table 1 (e.g., at least 91% similarity, at least 92% similarity, at least 93% similarity, at least 94% similarity, at least 95% similarity, at least 96% similarity, at least 97% similarity, at least 98% similarity, at least 99% similarity, at least 99.5% similarity, at least 99.9% similarity, or 100% similarity).
In some embodiments, the GABA-producing bacteria can be identified by NCBI Taxon ID of the organism they are most related to by 16S sequence. These bacteria include those belonging to the same NCBI Taxon assignment as Bacteroides caccae KLE1911; Bacteroides clarus KLE1930; Bacteroides dorei KLE1912; Bacteroides finegoldii KLE1931; Bacteroides fragilis KLE1958; Bacteroides massiliensis KLE1932; Bacteroides ovatus KLE1770; Bacteroides stercoris KLE1933; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron KLE1934; Bacteroides uniformis KLE1913; Bacteroides vulgatus KLE1910; Bacteroides xylanisolvens KLE1935; Bifidobacterium adolescentis KLE 1879; Blautia obeum KLE1914; Blautia wexlerae KLE1916; Butyricimonas virosa KLE1938; Clostridium perfringens KLE1937; Clostridium sordellii KLE1939; Clostridium sp. KLE1862; Clostridium sp. KLE1918; Coprobacillus sp. KLE1779; Coprococcus sp. KLE1880; Dorea longicatena KLE1917; Eggerthella lenta KLE1926; Eubacterium rectale KLE1922; Gordonibacter pamelaeae KLE1915; Oscillibacter sp. KLE1928; Parabacteroides distasonis KLE2020; Parabacteroides merdae KLE1863; Ruminococcus gnavus KLE1940; Turicibacter sanguinis KLE1941, and combinations thereof.
Bacteroides caccae KLE1911
Bacteroides clarus KLE1930
Bacteroides dorei KLE1912
Bacteroides finegoldii KLE1931
Bacteroides fragilis KLE1958
Bacteroides massiliensis KLE1932
Bacteroides ovatus KLE1770
Bacteroides stercoris KLE1933
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron KLE1934
Bacteroides uniformis KLE1913
Bacteroides vulgatus KLE1910
Bacteroides xylanisolvens KLE1935
Bifidobacterium adolescentis KLE1879
Blautia obeum KLE1914
Blautia wexlerae KLE1916
Butyricimonas virosa KLE1938
Clostridium perfringens KLE1937
Clostridium sordellii KLE1939
Clostridium sp. KLE1862
Clostridium sp. KLE1918
Coprobacillus sp. KLE1779
Coprococcus sp. KLE1880
Dorea longicatena KLE1917
Eggerthella lenta KLE1926
Eubacterium rectale KLE1922
Gordonibacter pamelaeae KLE1915
Oscillibacter sp. KLE1928
Parabacteroides distasonis KLE2020
Parabacteroides merdae KLE1863
Ruminococcus gnavus KLE1940
Turicibacter sanguinis KLE1941
Also disclosed herein are bacteria that are predicted to be capable of producing GABA (e.g., under physiologically relevant conditions and/or in the human gut). Bacteria are identified as being candidate GABA producing bacteria if they have encoded in their genome enzymes involved in GABA biosynthesis. In some embodiments, the bacteria that are predicted to be capable of producing GABA can be identified by having a 16S nucleic acid sequence substantially similar to the 16S sequences of reference bacteria listed in Table 2, with a Seq. ID. No. of 32-274. In some embodiments, the predicted GABA-producing bacteria can have at least 90% 16S sequence similarity to the 16S sequences given in Table 2, with a Seq. ID. No. of 32-274 (e.g., at least 91% similarity, at least 92% similarity, at least 93% similarity, at least 94% similarity, at least 95% similarity, at least 96% similarity, at least 97% similarity, at least 98% similarity, at least 99% similarity, at least 99.5% similarity, at least 99.9% similarity, or 100% similarity).
Abiotrophia defective
Acetobacter okinawensis
Achromobacter arsenitoxydans
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
Acidovorax sp.
Acidovorax sp.
Acidovorax sp.
Acidovorax sp.
Acidovorax sp.
Actinoplanes friuliensis
Aeromonas enteropelogenes
Aeromonas hydrophila
Afipia birgiae
Afipia clevelandensis
Afipia sp.
Agrobacterium albertimagni
Agrobacterium sp.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Akkermansia muciniphila
Alcaligenes faecalis
Alicychphilus denitrificans
Alistipes finegoldii
Alistipes indistinctus
Alistipes onderdonkii
Alistipes putredinis
Alistipes shahii
Aquamicrobium defluvii
Arenimonas donghaensis
Arthrobacter sp.
Azospirillum sp.
Bacillus bataviensis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus endophyticus
Bacillus weihenstephanensis
Bacteroidaceae bacterium
Bacteroides acidifaciens
Bacteroides caccae
Bacteroides cellulosilyticus
Bacteroides dorei
Bacteroides eggerthii
Bacteroides finegoldii
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides gallinarum
Bacteroides intestinalis
Bacteroides massiliensis
Bacteroides oleiciplenus
Bacteroides ovatus
Bacteroides rodentium
Bacteroides salyersiae
Bacteroides sartorii
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides stercoris
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides uniformis
Bacteroides vulgatus
Bacteroides xylanisolvens
Barnesiella intestinihominis
Bhargavaea cecembensis
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Bifidobacterium angulatum
Bifidobacterium dentium
Bifidobacterium ruminantium
Blastococcus sp.
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Bordetella trematum
Bosea sp.
Bradyrhizobium sp.
Brevibacillus borstelensis
Brevundimonas diminuta
Brevundimonas naejangsanensis
Brucella abortus
Brucella melitensis
Brucella neotomae
Burkholderia mallei
Burkholderia multivorans
Carnobacterium gallinarum
Caulobacter crescentus
Caulobacter sp.
Cellulomonas flavigena
Cellulomonas sp.
Cellulosimicrobium cellulans
Cetobacterium somerae
Citrobacter amalonaticus
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium perfringens
Comamonas granuli
Corynebacterium variabile
Cupriavidus basilensis
Cupriavidus sp.
Dechloromonas agitata
Deinococcus geothermalis
Delftia tsuruhatensis
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
Desulfovibrio sp.
Devosia riboflavina
Eggerthella sp.
Ensifer adhaerens
Enterococcus casseliflavus
Enterococcus flavescens
Escherichia coli
Eubacterium limosum
Eubacterium nodatum
Eubacterium saphenum
Fusobacterium periodonticum
Gordonia sputi
Gordonia terrae
Gordonibacter pamelaeae
Halomonas stevensii
Halomonas titanicae
Hoeflea sp.
Intrasporangium calvum
Janibacter hoylei
Kaistia granuli
Kineococcus radiotolerans
Lactobacillus coleohominis
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactococcus garvieae
Lactococcus lactis
Lautropia mirabilis
Leucobacter salsicius
Luteimonas huabeiensis
Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum
Marinobacter lipotyticus
Marmoricola sp.
Megasphaera micronuciformis
Megasphaera sp.
Mesorhizobium sp.
Methanobrevibacter arboriphilus
Methylobacterium radiotolerans
Methylobacterium sp.
Microbacterium sp.
Micromonospora aurantiaca
Mogibacterium Mogibacterium
Morganella morganii
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
Neisseria sicca
Neorhizobium galegae
Nocardia rhamnosiphila
Nocardiopsis alkaliphila
Nocardiopsis ganjiahuensis
Nocardiopsis synnemataformans
Nocardiopsis valliformis
Novosphingobium nitrogenifigens
Ochrobactrum intermedium
Odoribacter laneus
Odoribacter splanchnicus
Oerskovia turbata
Pannonibacter phragmitetus
Pantoea vagans
Parabacteroides distasonis
Parabacteroides goldsteinii
Parabacteroides johnsonii
Parabacteroides merdae
Parabacteroides sp.
Parabacteroides sp.
Paracoccus denitrificans
Paracoccus sp.
Paracoccus yeei
Parvimonas Parvimonas
Pectobacterium carotovorum
Phyllobacterium sp.
Polaromonas sp.
Porphyromonas bennonis
Proteus mirabilis
Providencia alcalifaciens
Providencia burhodogranariea
Providencia rettgeri
Pseudacidovorax intermedius
Pseudoalteromonas sp.
Pseudochrobactrum sp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas alcaligenes
Pseudomonas chloritidismutans
Pseudomonas chlororaphis
Pseudomonas japonica
Pseudomonas knackmussii
Pseudomonas mendocina
Pseudomonas monteilii
Pseudomonas oleovorans
Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas savastanoi
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Pseudomonas synxantha
Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudonocardia sp.
Ralstonia solanacearum
Raoultella planticola
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Rhizobium sp.
Rhodococcus defluvii
Rhodococcus pyridinivorans
Rikenella microfusus
Robinsoniella sp.
Roseomonas cervicalis
Roseomonas sp.
Salmonella enterica
Sanguibacter keddieii
Shewanella baltica
Shewanella sp.
Shinella zoogloeoides
Starkeya novella
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptomyces atroolivaceus
Streptomyces coelicollavus
Streptomyces olindensis
Streptomyces rimosus
Streptomyces roseoverticillatus
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces toyocaensis
Streptomyces turgidiscabies
Synergistes sp.
Tannerella sp.
Thauera terpenica
Variovorax paradoxus
Variovorax sp.
Xanthomonas axonopodis
In some embodiments, bacteria can be engineered to produce GABA (e.g., under the conditions of the human gut). The bacteria can be engineered using techniques of molecular biology, or can be evolved using the process of selection to produce GABA in the human gut.
As set forth above, GABA can be produced by multiple pathways within a microbial cell. For example, GABA can be produced by the glutamate pathway, the putrescine to 4-aminobutanal pathway, the arginine to agmatine to putrescine pathway, the L-ornithine to putrescine pathway, or by a combination of pathways. In some embodiments, bacteria can be engineered to contain one or more enzymes in any one of the above pathways that can enable the bacteria to produce GABA or a necessary precursor to GABA.
A variety of different host bacteria can be engineered to produce GABA. For instance, in some embodiments, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, can be genetically modified or selected through evolution to produce GABA. In some embodiments, the bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) can be modified to express or overexpress glutamate decarboxylase A or glutamate decarboxylase B. The bacteria can also be made to produce GABA by one or more of the other pathways described herein.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, an engineered GABA-producing strain can be identified as having a specific enzyme encoded in its genomes. For example, the enzyme can be glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15); putrescine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.82); gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.19); arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19); agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11); ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17); or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the GABA-producing strain can be engineered to contain an enzyme that has at least 50% similarity with with the representative sequences listed in Table 3 (e.g., at least 60% similarity, at least 70% similarity, at least 80% similarity, at least 90% similarity, at least 91% similarity, at least 92% similarity, at least 93% similarity, at least 94% similarity, at least 95% similarity, at least 96% similarity, at least 97% similarity, at least 98% similarity, at least 99% similarity, at least 99.5% similarity, at least 99.9% similarity, or 100% similarity). The enzyme classes, as identified by their Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers, are listed in Table 3.
Representative examples of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) are given below in Table 4 and identified by their EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the glutamate decarboxylase set forth in Table 3 or Table 4. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the glutamate decarboxylase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of glutamate decarboxylase given in Table 4 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 100% nucleotide similarity).
Representative examples of putrescine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.82) are given below in Table 5 and identified by their EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the putrescine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.82) set forth in Table 3 and Table 5. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the putrescine aminotransferase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of putrescine aminotransferase given in Table 5 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 100% nucleotide similarity).
Representative examples of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.19) are given below in Table 6 and identified by their EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.19) set forth in Table 3 and Table 6. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase given in Table 6 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 100% nucleotide similarity).
Representative examples of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) are given below in Table 7 and identified by their EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) set forth in Table 3 and Table 7. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the arginine decarboxylase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of arginine decarboxylase given in Table 7 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 100% nucleotide similarity).
Representative examples of agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11) are given below in Table 8 and identified by their EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the agmatinase (EC 3.5.3.11) set forth in Table 3 and Table 8. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the agmatinase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of agmatinase given in Table 8 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 10000 nucleotide similarity).
Representative examples of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) are given below in Table 9 and identified by their EMBL/GENBANK/DDBJ ID numbers. Any of the bacteria given in Table 10 can be engineered with any version of the ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) set forth in Table 3 and 9. For instance, the bacteria can be engineered with a version of the ornithine decarboxylase enzyme that has at least 50% nucleotide similarity with any of the versions of ornithine decarboxylase given in Table 9 (e.g., at least nucleotide 60% similarity, at least 70% nucleotide similarity, at least 80% nucleotide similarity, at least 90% nucleotide similarity, at least 91% nucleotide similarity, at least 92% nucleotide similarity, at least 93% nucleotide similarity, at least 94% nucleotide similarity, at least 95% nucleotide similarity, at least 96% nucleotide similarity, at least 97% nucleotide similarity, at least 98% nucleotide similarity, at least 99% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.5% nucleotide similarity, at least 99.9% nucleotide similarity, or 100% nucleotide similarity).
A variety of microbes (e.g., bacteria) can be engineered to produce GABA (e.g., by engineering one or more of the enzymes set forth in Table 2). For instance, any of the bacteria set forth in Table 10 can be engineered to produce GABA. In other words, a bacteria having a 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence that is at least 50% similar to that set forth in Table 10 below can be engineered (e.g., with one of the enzymes in Tables 3-9) to produce GABA. The bacteria may have a 16S rDNA sequence that is at least 60% similar, at least 70% similar, at least 80% similar, at least 90% similar, at least 91% similar, at least 92% similar, at least 93% similar, at least 94% similar, at least 95% similar, at least 96% similar, at least 97% similar, at least 98% similar, at least 99% similar, at least 99.5% similar, or 100% similar to the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence given in Table 10.
As set forth in Example 8, E. coli was engineered to overexpress glutamate decarboxylase, which without wishing to be bound by theory, led to the expression of GABA by the engineered E. coli. As shown in
As set forth in Example 8, Expression, e.g., overexpression of glutamate decarboxylase in E. coli (e.g., gadA or gadB), resulted in induction of E. gabavorous KLE1738 growth to levels seen with B. fragilis KLE 1758. For instance,
In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides compromising one or more repressors of GABA production, (e.g., gadX or gadW). In some embodiments, these repressors can regulate the pH restrictions of GABA production in E. coli, is a way to increase native GABA production. This can be achieved, for instance, via gene deletions, insertions, or substitutions, as known by those skilled in the art of molecular biology.
Altering the pH of growth media for KLE1738 did not change the GABA-dependency phenotype. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this suggests that engineering bacteria to overexpress glutamate decarboxylase is an effective way to produce GABA, as well as induce the growth of E. gabavorous.
In addition to E. coli, other bacteria can be engineered to produce GABA (e.g., at a physiologically relevant pH, such as between 4.5 and 7.5). For instance, any of the bacteria set forth in Table 10 can be engineered to produce GABA (e.g., at a physiologically relevant pH, such as between 4.5 and 7.5). For example, the bacteria can be engineered to contain DNA that codes for one or more enzymes set forth in Table 3-9. Set forth in Table 10 is also a sequence ID number for the 16S nucleotide sequence of the listed bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria that are engineered to produce GABA can have at least 90% 16S sequence similarity to the 16S sequences given in Table 10 (e.g., at least 91% similarity, at least 92% similarity, at least 93% similarity, at least 94% similarity, at least 95% similarity, at least 96% similarity, at least 97% similarity, at least 98% similarity, at least 99% similarity, at least 99.5% similarity, at least 99.9% similarity, or 100% similarity).
Abiotrophia defectiva
Abiotrophia para-adiacens
Abiotrophia sp.
Acetanaerobacterium
elongatum
Acetivibrio cellulolyticus
Acetivibrio ethanolgignens
Acetobacter aceti
Acetobacter fabarum
Acetobacter lovaniensis
Acetobacter malorum
Acetobacter orientalis
Acetobacter pasteurianus
Acetobacter pomorum
Acetobacter syzygii
Acetobacter tropicalis
Acetobacteraceae bacterium
Acholeplasma laidlawii
Achromobacter denitrificans
Achromobacter piechaudii
Achromobacter xylosoxidans
Acidaminococcus fermentans
Acidaminococcus intestini
Acidaminococcus sp.
Acidilobus saccharovorans
Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans
Acidovorax sp.
Acidovorax sp.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter genomo sp.
Acinetobacter haemolyticus
Acinetobacter johnsonii
Acinetobacter junii
Acinetobacter lwoffii
Acinetobacter parvus
Acinetobacter radioresistens
Acinetobacter schindleri
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Acinetobacter sp.
Actinobacillus minor
Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
Actinobacillus succinogenes
Actinobacillus succinogenes
Actinobacillus ureae
Actinobaculum massiliae
Actinobaculum schaalii
Actinobaculum sp.
Actinobaculum sp.
Actinomyces cardiffensis
Actinomyces europaeus
Actinomyces funkei
Actinomyces genomo sp.
Actinomyces genomo sp.
Actinomyces genomo sp.
Actinomyces georgiae
Actinomyces israelii
Actinomyces massiliensis
Actinomyces meyeri
Actinomyces naeslundii
Actinomyces nasicola
Actinomyces neuii
Actinomyces odontolyticus
Actinomyces oricola
Actinomyces orihominis
Actinomyces oris
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces sp.
Actinomyces urogenitalis
Actinomyces viscosus
Adlercreutzia equolifaciens
Aerococcus sanguinicola
Aerococcus urinae
Aerococcus urinaeequi
Aerococcus viridans
Aeromicrobium marinum
Aeromicrobium sp.
Aeromonas allosaccharophila
Aeromonas enteropelogenes
Aeromonas hydrophila
Aeromonas jandaei
Aeromonas salmonicida
Aeromonas trota
Aeromonas veronii
Afipia genomo sp.
Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
Aggregatibacter segnis
Agrobacterium radiobacter
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrococcus jenensis
Akkermansia mucimphila
Alcaligenes faecalis
Alcaligenes sp.
Alcaligenes sp.
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris
Alicyclobacillus contaminans
Alicyclobacillus
cycloheptanicus
Alicyclobacillus herbarius
Alicyclobacillus pomorum
Alicyclobacillus sp.
Alistipes finegoldii
Alistipes indistinctus
Alistipes onderdonkii
Alistipes putredinis
Alistipes shahii
Alistipes sp.
Alistipes sp.
Alistipes sp.
Alkahphilus metalliredigenes
Alkahphilus oremlandii
Alloscardovia omnicolens
Alloscardovia sp.
Anaerobaculum
hydrogenfformans
Anaerobiospirillum
succiniciproducens
Anaerobiospirillum thomasii
Anaerococcus hydrogenalis
Anaerococcus lactolyticus
Anaerococcus octavius
Anaerococcus prevotii
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus sp.
Anaerococcus tetradius
Anaerococcus vaginalis
Anaerofustis stercorihominis
Anaeroglobus geminatus
Anaerosporobacter mobilis
Anaerostipes caccae
Anaerostipes sp.
Anaerotruncus colihominis
Anaplasma marginate
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus
Aneurinibacillus danicus
Aneurinibacillus migulanus
Aneurinibacillus terranovensis
Aneurinibacillus
thermoaerophilus
Anoxybacillus contaminans
Anoxybacillus flavithermus
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Arcobacter butzleri
Arcobacter cryaerophilus
Arthrobacter agilis
Arthrobacter arilaitensis
Arthrobacter bergerei
Arthrobacter globiformis
Arthrobacter nicotianae
Atopobium minutum
Atopobium parvulum
Atopobium rimae
Atopobium sp.
Atopobium sp.
Atopobium sp.
Atopobium sp.
Atopobium vaginae
Aurantimonas coralicida
Aureimonas altamirensis
Auritibacter ignavus
Averyella dalhousiensis
Bacillus aeolius
Bacillus aerophilus
Bacillus aestuarii
Bacillus alcalophilus
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus atrophaeus
Bacillus badius
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus circulans
Bacillus clausii
Bacillus coagulans
Bacillus firmus
Bacillus flexus
Bacillus fordii
Bacillus gelatini
Bacillus halmapalus
Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus herbersteinensis
Bacillus horti
Bacillus idriensis
Bacillus lentus
Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus megaterium
Bacillus nealsonii
Bacillus niabensis
Bacillus niacini
Bacillus pocheonensis
Bacillus pumilus
Bacillus safensis
Bacillus simple
Bacillus sonorensis
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sp.
Bacillus sphaericus
Bacillus sporothermodurans
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thermoamylovorans
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus weihenstephanensis
Bacteroidales bacterium
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroidales genomo sp.
Bacteroides acidifaciens
Bacteroides barnesiae
Bacteroides caccae
Bacteroides cellulosilyticus
Bacteroides clarus
Bacteroides coagulans
Bacteroides coprocola
Bacteroides coprophilus
Bacteroides dorei
Bacteroides eggerthii
Bacteroides faecis
Bacteroides finegoldii
Bacteroides fluxus
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides galacturonicus
Bacteroides hekogenes
Bacteroides heparinolyticus
Bacteroides intestinalis
Bacteroides nordii
Bacteroides oleiciplenus
Bacteroides ovatus
Bacteroides pectinophilus
Bacteroides plebeius
Bacteroides pyogenes
Bacteroides salanitronis
Bacteroides salyersiae
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides stercoris
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides uniformis
Bacteroides ureolyticus
Bacteroides vulgatus
Bacteroides xylanisolvens
Bacteroidetes bacterium
Bacteroidetes bacterium
Bacteroidetes bacterium
Barnesiella intestinihominis
Barnesiella viscericola
Bartonella bacilliformis
Bartonella grahamii
Bartonella henselae
Bartonella quintana
Bartonella tamiae
Bartonella washoensis
Bdellovibrio sp.
Bifidobacteriaceae genomo sp.
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Bifidobacterium angulatum
Bifidobacterium animalis
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Bifidobacterium breve
Bifidobacterium catenulatum
Bifidobacterium gallicum
Bifidobacterium infantis
Bifidobacterium
kashiwanohense
Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium
pseudocatenulatum
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum
Bifidobacterium scardovii
Bifidobacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium sp.
Bifidobacterium thermophilum
Bifidobacterium urinalis
Bilophila wadsworthia
Bisgaard Taxon
Bisgaard Taxon
Bisgaard Taxon
Bisgaard Taxon
Blastomonas natatoria
Blautia coccoides
Blautia glucerasea
Blautia glucerasei
Blautia hansenii
Blautia hydrogenotrophica
Blautia luti
Blautia producta
Blautia schinkii
Blautia sp.
Blautia stercoris
Blautia wexlerae
Brachybacterium alimentarium
Brachybacterium
conglomeratum
Brachybacterium
tyrofermentans
Brachyspira aalborgi
Brachyspira pilosicoli
Brachyspira sp.
Brachyspira sp.
Brachyspira sp.
Brevibacillus agri
Brevibacillus brevis
Brevibacillus centrosporus
Brevibacillus choshinensis
Brevibacillus invocatus
Brevibacillus laterosporus
Brevibacillus parabrevis
Brevibacillus reuszeri
Brevibacillus sp.
Brevibacillus thermoruber
Brevibacterium aurantiacum
Brevi bacterium casei
Brevi bacterium epidermidis
Brevibacterium frigoritolerans
Brevibacterium linens
Brevibacterium mcbrellneri
Brevibacterium paucivorans
Brevibacterium sanguinis
Brevibacterium sp.
Brevibacterium sp.
Bryantella formatexigens
Buchnera aphidicola
Bulleidia extructa
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum
Butyricimonas virosa
Butyrivibrio crossotus
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
Caldimonas manganoxidans
Caminicella sporogenes
Candidatus arthromitus
Candidatus sulcia
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Capnocytophaga genomo sp.
Capnocytophaga gingivalis
Capnocytophaga granulosa
Capnocytophaga ochracea
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sp.
Capnocytophaga sputigena
Cardiobacterium hominis
Cardiobacterium valvarum
Carnobacterium divergens
Carnobacterium
maltaromaticum
Catabacter hongkongensis
Catenibacterium mitsuokai
Catonella genomo sp.
Catonella morbi
Catonella sp.
Cedecea davisae
Cellulosimicrobium funkei
Cetobacterium somerae
Chlamydiales bacterium
Chlamydiales bacterium
Chlamydiales bacterium
Chloroflexi genomo sp.
Christensenella minuta
Chromobacterium violaceum
Chryseobacterium anthropi
Chryseobacterium gleum
Chryseobacterium hominis
Citrobacter amalonaticus
Citrobacter braakii
Citrobacter farmeri
Citrobacter freundii
Citrobacter gillenii
Citrobacter koseri
Citrobacter murliniae
Citrobacter rodentium
Citrobacter sedlakii
Citrobacter sp.
Citrobacter sp.
Citrobacter werkmanii
Citrobacter youngae
Cloacibacillus evryensis
Clostridiaceae bacterium
Clostridiaceae bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales bacterium
Clostridiales genomo sp.
Clostridiales sp.
Clostridiales sp.
Clostridiales sp.
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium aerotolerans
Clostridium aldenense
Clostridium aldrichii
Clostridium algidicarnis
Clostridium algidixylanolyticum
Clostridium aminovalericum
Clostridium amygdalinum
Clostridium argentinense
Clostridium asparagiforme
Clostridium baratii
Clostridium bartlettii
Clostridium beijerinckii
Clostridium bifermentans
Clostridium bolteae
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium cadaveris
Clostridium carboxidivorans
Clostridium carnis
Clostridium celatum
Clostridium celerecrescens
Clostridium cellulosi
Clostridium chauvoei
Clostridium citroniae
Clostridium clariflavum
Clostridium clostridioforme
Clostridium coccoides
Clostridium cochlearium
Clostridium cocleatum
Clostridium colicanis
Clostridium colinum
Clostridium disporicum
Clostridium estertheticum
Clostridium falla
Clostridium favososporum
Clostridium felsineum
Clostridium frigidicarnis
Clostridium gasigenes
Clostridium ghonii
Clostridium glycolicum
Clostridium
glycyrrhizinilyticum
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium hathewayi
Clostridium hiranonis
Clostridium histolyticum
Clostridium hylemonae
Clostridium indolis
Clostridium innocuum
Clostridium irregulare
Clostridium isatidis
Clostridium kluyveri
Clostridium lactatifermentans
Clostridium lavalense
Clostridium leptum
Clostridium limosum
Clostridium malenominatum
Clostridium mayombei
Clostridium methylpentosum
Clostridium nexile
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium orbiscindens
Clostridium oroticum
Clostridium paraputrificum
Clostridium phytofermentans
Clostridium piliforme
Clostridium putrefaciens
Clostridium quinii
Clostridium ramosum
Clostridium rectum
Clostridium saccharogumia
Clostridium saccharolyticum
Clostridium saccharolyticum
Clostridium sardiniense
Clostridium sartagoforme
Clostridium scindens
Clostridium septicum
Clostridium sordellii
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sp.
Clostridium sphenoides
Clostridium spiroforme
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium sporosphaeroides
Clostridium stercorarium
Clostridium sticklandii
Clostridium straminisolvens
Clostridium subterminale
Clostridium sulfidigenes
Clostridium symbiosum
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium thermocellum
Clostridium tyrobutyricum
Clostridium viride
Clostridium xylanolyticum
Collinsella aerofaciens
Collinsella intestinalis
Collinsella stercoris
Collinsella tanakaei
Comamonadaceae bacterium
Comamonadaceae bacterium
Comamonadaceae bacterium
Comamonadaceae bacterium
Comamonadaceae bacterium
Comamonas sp.
Conchiformibius kuhniae
Coprobacillus cateniformis
Coprobacillus sp.
Coprobacillus sp.
Coprococcus catus
Coprococcus comes
Coprococcus eutactus
Coprococcus sp.
Coriobacteriaceae bacterium
Coriobacteriaceae bacterium
Coriobacteriaceae bacterium
Corynebacterium accolens
Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes
Corynebacterium appendicis
Corynebacterium
argentoratense
Corynebacterium atypicum
Corynebacterium aurimucosum
Corynebacterium bovis
Corynebacterium canis
Corynebacterium casei
Corynebacterium confusum
Corynebacterium coyleae
Corynebacterium durum
Corynebacterium efficiens
Corynebacterium falsenii
Corynebacterium flavescens
Corynebacterium genitalium
Corynebacterium glaucum
Corynebacterium
glucuronolyticum
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Corynebacterium hansenii
Corynebacterium imitans
Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii
Corynebacterium
lipophiloflavum
Corynebacterium macginleyi
Corynebacterium mastitidis
Corynebacterium matruchotii
Corynebacterium minutissimum
Corynebacterium mucifaciens
Corynebacterium propinquum
Corynebacterium
pseudodiphtheriticum
Corynebacterium
pseudogenitalium
Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis
Corynebacterium
pyruviciproducens
Corynebacterium renale
Corynebacterium resistens
Corynebacterium riegelii
Corynebacterium simulans
Corynebacterium singulare
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sp.
Corynebacterium sundsvallense
Corynebacterium
tuberculostearicum
Corynebacterium tuscaniae
Corynebacterium
ureicelerivorans
Corynebacterium variabile
Cronobacter malonaticus
Cronobacter sakazakii
Cronobacter turicensis
Cryptobacterium curtum
Cupriavidus metallidurans
Cytophaga xylanolytica
Deferribacteres sp.
Deferribacteres sp.
Deferribacteres sp.
Deinococcus radiodurans
Deinococcus sp.
Delftia acidovorans
Dermabacter hominis
Dermacoccus sp.
Desmospora activa
Desmospora sp.
Desulfitobacterium frappieri
Desulfitobacterium hafniense
Desulfobulbus sp.
Desulfotomaculum nigrificans
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis
Desulfovibrio piger
Desulfovibrio sp.
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Dialister invisus
Dialister micraerophilus
Dialister microaerophilus
Dialister pneumosintes
Dialister propionicifaciens
Dialister sp.
Dialister succinatiphilus
Dietzia natronolimnaea
Dietzia sp.
Dietzia sp.
Dietzia timorensis
Dorea formicigenerans
Dorea longicatena
Dysgonomonas gadei
Dysgonomonas mossii
Edwardsiella tarda
Eggerthella lenta
Eggerthella sinensis
Eggerthella sp.
Eggerthella sp.
Eggerthella sp.
Eikenella corrodens
Enhydrobacter aerosaccus
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter asburiae
Enterobacter cancerogenus
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cowanii
Enterobacter hormaechei
Enterobacter sp.
Enterobacter sp.
Enterobacter sp.
Enterobacter sp.
Enterobacter sp.
Enterobacteriaceae bacterium
Enterobacteriaceae bacterium
Enterobacteriaceae bacterium
Enterococcus avium
Enterococcus caccae
Enterococcus casseliflavus
Enterococcus durans
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus gallinarum
Enterococcus gilvus
Enterococcus hawaiiensis
Enterococcus hirae
Enterococcus italicus
Enterococcus mundtii
Enterococcus raffinosus
Enterococcus sp.
Enterococcus sp.
Enterococcus sp.
Enterococcus sp.
Enterococcus thailandicus
Eremococcus coleocola
Erysipelothrix inopinata
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Erysipelothrix tonsillarum
Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
Escherichia albertii
Escherichia coli
Escherichia fergusonii
Escherichia hermannii
Escherichia sp.
Escherichia sp.
Escherichia sp.
Escherichia vulneris
Ethanoligenens harbinense
Eubacteriaceae bacterium
Eubacterium barkeri
Eubacterium biforme
Eubacterium brachy
Eubacterium budayi
Eubacterium callanderi
Eubacterium cellulosolvens
Eubacterium contortum
Eubacterium coprostanoligenes
Eubacterium cylindroides
Eubacterium desmolans
Eubacterium dolichum
Eubacterium eligens
Eubacterium fissicatena
Eubacterium hadrum
Eubacterium hallii
Eubacterium infirmum
Eubacterium limosum
Eubacterium moniliforme
Eubacterium multiforme
Eubacterium nitritogenes
Eubacterium nodatum
Eubacterium ramulus
Eubacterium rectale
Eubacterium ruminantium
Eubacterium saburreum
Eubacterium saphenum
Eubacterium siraeum
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium sp.
Eubacterium tenue
Eubacterium tortuosum
Eubacterium ventriosum
Eubacterium xylanophilum
Eubacterium yurii
Ewingella americana
Exiguobacterium acetylicum
Facklamia hominis
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Filifactor alocis
Filifactor villosus
Finegoldia magna
Flavobacteriaceae genomo sp.
Flavobacterium sp.
Flavonifractor plautii
Flexispira rappini
Flexistipes sinusarabici
Francisella novicida
Francisella philomiragia
Fulvimonas sp.
Fusobacterium canifelinum
Fusobacterium genomo sp.
Fusobacterium genomo sp.
Fusobacterium gonidiaformans
Fusobacterium mortiferum
Fusobacterium naviforme
Fusobacterium necrogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Fusobacterium periodonticum
Fusobacterium russii
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium sp.
Fusobacterium ulcerans
Fusobacterium varium
Gardnerella vaginalis
Gemella haemolysans
Gemella morbillorum
Gemella morbillorum
Gemella sanguinis
Gemella sp.
Gemella sp.
Gemella sp.
Gemella sp.
Gemmiger formicilis
Geobacillus kaustophilus
Geobacillus sp.
Geobacillus sp.
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Geobacillus thermocatenulatus
Geobacillus thermodenitrificans
Geobacillus
thermoglucosidasius
Geobacillus thermoleovorans
Geobacter bemidjiensis
Gloeobacter violaceus
Gluconacetobacter
azotocaptans
Gluconacetobactercdiazotrophicus
Gluconacetobacter entanii
Gluconacetobacter europaeus
Gluconacetobacter hansenii
Gluconacetobacter johannae
Gluconacetobacter oboediens
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Gordonia bronchialis
Gordonia polyisoprenivorans
Gordonia sp.
Gordonia sputi
Gordonia terrae
Gordonibacter pamelaeae
Gordonibacter pamelaeae
Gracilibacter thermotolerans
Gramella forsetii
Granulicatella adiacens
Granulicatella elegans
Granulicatella paradiacens
Granulicatella sp.
Granulicatella sp.
Granulicatella sp.
Granulicatella sp.
Granulicatella sp.
Grimontia hollisae
Haematobacter sp.
Haemophilus aegyptius
Haemophilus genomo sp.
Haemophilus genomo sp.
Haemophilus haemolyticus
Haemophilus parahaemolyticus
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Haemophilus
paraphrophaemolyticus
Haemophilus parasuis
Haemophilus somnus
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sp.
Haemophilus sputorum
Hafnia alvei
Halomonas elongata
Halomonas johnsoniae
Halorubrum lipolyticum
Helicobacter canadensis
Helicobacter cinaedi
Helicobacter pullorum
Helicobacter sp.
Helicobacter winghamensis
Heliobacterium modesticaldum
Herbaspirillum seropedicae
Herbaspirillum sp.
Histophilus somni
Holdemania filiformis
Hydrogenoanaerobacterium
saccharovorans
Hyperthermus butylicus
Hyphomicrobium sulfonivorans
Hyphomonas neptunium
Ignatzschineria indica
Ignatzschineria sp.
Ignicoccus islandicus
Inquilinus limosus
Janibacter limosus
Janibacter melonis
Janthinobacterium sp.
Johnsonella ignava
Jonquetella anthropi
Kerstersia gyiorum
Kingella denitrificans
Kingella genomo sp.
Kingella kingae
Kingella oralis
Kingella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella variicola
Kluyvera ascorbata
Kluyvera cryocrescens
Kocuria marina
Kocuria palustris
Kocuria rhizophila
Kocuria rosea
Kocuria varians
Lachnobacterium bovis
Lachnospira multipara
Lachnospira pectinoschiza
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Lachnospiraceae genomo sp.
Lactobacillus acidipiscis
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus alimentarius
Lactobacillus amylolyticus
Lactobacillus amylovorus
Lactobacillus antri
Lactobacillus brevis
Lactobacillus buchneri
Lactobacillus casei
Lactobacillus catenaformis
Lactobacillus coleohominis
Lactobacillus coryniformis
Lactobacillus crispatus
Lactobacillus curvatus
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Lactobacillus dextrinicus
Lactobacillus farciminis
Lactobacillus fermentum
Lactobacillus gasseri
Lactobacillus gastricus
Lactobacillus genomo sp.
Lactobacillus genomo sp.
Lactobacillus helveticus
Lactobacillus hilgardii
Lactobacillus hominis
Lactobacillus iners
Lactobacillus jensenii
Lactobacillus johnsonii
Lactobacillus kalixensis
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens
Lactobacillus kefiri
Lactobacillus kimchii
Lactobacillus leichmannii
Lactobacillus mucosae
Lactobacillus murinus
Lactobacillus nodensis
Lactobacillus oeni
Lactobacillus oris
Lactobacillus parabrevis
Lactobacillus parabuchneri
Lactobacillus paracasei
Lactobacillus parakefiri
Lactobacillus pentosus
Lactobacillus perolens
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus pontis
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Lactobacillus rogosae
Lactobacillus ruminis
Lactobacillus sakei
Lactobacillus salivarius
Lactobacillus saniviri
Lactobacillus senioris
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Lactobacillus tucceti
Lactobacillus ultunensis
Lactobacillus vaginalis
Lactobacillus vini
Lactobacillus vitulinus
Lactobacillus zeae
Lactococcus garvieae
Lactococcus lactis
Lactococcus raffinolactis
Lactonifactor longoviformis
Laribacter hongkongensis
Lautropia mirabilis
Lautropia sp.
Leminorella grimontii
Leminorella richardii
Leptotrichia buccalis
Leptotrichia genomo sp.
Leptotrichia goodfellowii
Leptotrichia hofstadii
Leptotrichia shahii
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leptotrichia sp.
Leuconostoc carnosum
Leuconostoc citreum
Leuconostoc gasicomitatum
Leuconostoc inhae
Leuconostoc kimchii
Leuconostoc lactis
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Leuconostoc
pseudomesenteroides
Listeria innocua
Listeria ivanovii
Luteococcus sanguinis
Lutispora thermophila
Lysinibacillus fusiformis
Lysinibacillus sphaericus
Macrococcus caseolyticus
Mannheimia haemolytica
Marvinbryantia formatexigens
Massilia sp.
Megamonas funiformis
Megamonas hypermegale
Megasphaera genomo sp.
Megasphaera genomo sp.
Megasphaera micronuciformis
Megasphaera sp.
Megasphaera sp.
Metallosphaera sedula
Methanobacterium formicicum
Methanobrevibacter
acididurans
Methanobrevibacter
arboriphilus
Methanobrevibacter curvatus
Methanobrevibacter cuticularis
Methanobrevibacter filiformis
Methanobrevibacter
gottschalkii
Methanobrevibacter millerae
Methanobrevibacter olleyae
Methanobrevibacter orails
Methanobrevibacter
ruminantium
Methanobrevibacter smithii
Methanobrevibacter thaueri
Methanobrevibacter woesei
Methanobrevibacter wolinii
Methanosphaera stadtmanae
Methylobacterium extorquens
Methylobacterium podarium
Methylobacterium radiotolerans
Methylobacterium sp.
Methylobacterium sp.
Methylocella silvestris
Methylophilus sp.
Microbacterium chocolatum
Microbacterium flavescens
Microbacterium gubbeenense
Microbacterium lacticum
Microbacterium oleivorans
Microbacterium oxydans
Microbacterium paraoxydans
Microbacterium phyllosphaerae
Microbacterium schleiferi
Microbacterium sp.
Microbacterium sp.
Microbacterium testaceum
Micrococcus antarcticus
Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus lylae
Micrococcus sp.
Microcystis aeruginosa
Mitsuokella jalaludinii
Mitsuokella multacida
Mitsuokella sp.
Mitsuokella sp.
Mobiluncus curtisii
Mobiluncus mulieris
Moellerella wisconsensis
Mogibacterium diversum
Mogibacterium neglectum
Mogibacterium pumilum
Mogibacterium timidum
Mollicutes bacterium
Moorella thermoacetica
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella lincolnii
Moraxella osloensis
Moraxella sp.
Moraxella sp.
Morganella morganii
Morganella sp.
Morococcus cerebrosus
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycobacterium sp.
Mycoplasma agalactiae
Mycoplasma amphoriforme
Mycoplasma arthritidis
Mycoplasma bovoculi
Mycoplasma faucium
Mycoplasma fermentans
Mycoplasma flocculare
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma orale
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
Mycoplasma penetrans
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycoplasma putrefaciens
Mycoplasma salivarium
Mycoplasmataceae genomo sp.
Myroides odoratimimus
Myroides sp.
Neisseria bacilliformis
Neisseria cinerea
Neisseria elongata
Neisseria flavescens
Neisseria genomo sp.
Neisseria lactamica
Neisseria macacae
Neisseria mucosa
Neisseria pharyngis
Neisseria polysaccharea
Neisseria sicca
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria sp.
Neisseria subflava
Neorickettsia risticii
Neorickettsia sennetsu
Nocardia brasiliensis
Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
Nocardia farcinica
Nocardia purls
Nocardia sp.
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
Novosphingobium
aromaticivorans
Oceanobacillus caeni
Oceanobacillus sp.
Ochrobactrum anthropi
Ochrobactrum intermedium
Ochrobactrum
pseudintermedium
Odoribacter laneus
Odoribacter splanchnicus
Okadaella gastrococcus
Oligella ureolytica
Oligella urethralis
Olsenella genomo sp.
Olsenella profusa
Olsenella sp.
Olsenella sp.
Olsenella uli
Opitutus terrae
Oribacterium sinus
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Oribacterium sp.
Ornithinibacillus bavariensis
Ornithinibacillus sp.
Oscillibacter sp.
Oscillibacter valericigenes
Oscillospira guilliermondii
Oxalobacter formigenes
Paenibacillus barcinonensis
Paenibacillus barengoltzii
Paenibacillus chibensis
Paenibacillus cookii
Paenibacillus durus
Paenibacillus glucanolyticus
Paenibacillus lactis
Paenibacillus lautus
Paenibacillus pabuli
Paenibacillus polymyxa
Paenibacillus popilliae
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus sp.
Paenibacillus timonensis
Pantoea agglomerans
Pantoea ananatis
Pantoea brenneri
Pantoea citrea
Pantoea conspicua
Pantoea septica
Papillibacter cinnamivorans
Parabacteroides distasonis
Parabacteroides goldsteinii
Parabacteroides gordonii
Parabacteroides johnsonii
Parabacteroides merdae
Parabacteroides sp.
Parabacteroides sp.
Parachlamydia sp.
Paracoccus denitrificans
Paraprevotella clara
Paraprevotella xylaniphila
Parascardovia denticolens
Parasutterella
excrementihominis
Parasutterella secunda
Parvimonas micra
Parvimonas sp.
Pasteurella bettyae
Pasteurella dagmatis
Pasteurella multocida
Pediococcus acidilactici
Pediococcus pentosaceus
Peptococcus niger
Peptococcus sp.
Peptococcus sp.
Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus
Peptoniphilus duerdenii
Peptoniphilus harei
Peptoniphilus indolicus
Peptoniphilus ivorii
Peptoniphilus lacrimalis
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptoniphilus sp.
Peptostreptococcaceae
bacterium
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Peptostreptococcus micros
Peptostreptococcus sp.
Peptostreptococcus sp.
Peptostreptococcus sp.
Peptostreptococcus sp.
Peptostreptococcus stomatis
Phascolarctobacterium faecium
Phascolarctobacterium sp.
Phascolarctobacterium
succinatutens
Phenylobacterium zucineum
Photorhabdus asymbiotica
Pigmentiphaga daeguensis
Planomicrobium koreense
Plesiomonas shigelloides
Porphyromonadaceae
bacterium
Porphyromonas
asaccharolytica
Porphyromonas endodontalis
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Porphyromonas levii
Porphyromonas macacae
Porphyromonas somerae
Porphyromonas sp.
Porphyromonas sp.
Porphyromonas sp.
Porphyromonas sp.
Porphyromonas sp.
Porphyromonas uenonis
Prevotella albensis
Prevotella amnii
Prevotella bergensis
Prevotella bivia
Prevotella brevis
Prevotella buccae
Prevotella buccalis
Prevotella copri
Prevotella corporis
Prevotella dentalis
Prevotella denticola
Prevotella disiens
Prevotella genomo sp.
Prevotella genomo sp.
Prevotella genomo sp.
Prevotella genomo sp.
Prevotella genomo sp.
Prevotella heparinolytica
Prevotella histicola
Prevotella intermedia
Prevotella loescheii
Prevotella maculosa
Prevotella marshii
Prevotella melaninogenica
Prevotella micans
Prevotella multiformis
Prevotella multisaccharivora
Prevotella nanceiensis
Prevotella nigrescens
Prevotella oralis
Prevotella oris
Prevotella oulorum
Prevotella pallens
Prevotella ruminicola
Prevotella salivae
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella sp.
Prevotella stercorea
Prevotella tannerae
Prevotella timonensis
Prevotella veroralis
Prevotellaceae bacterium
Prochlorococcus marinus
Propionibacteriaceae bacterium
Propionibacterium
acidipropionici
Propionibacterium acnes
Propionibacterium avidum
Propionibacterium
freudenreichii
Propionibacterium granulosum
Propionibacterium jensenii
Propionibacterium propionicum
Propionibacterium sp.
Propionibacterium sp.
Propionibacterium sp.
Propionibacterium sp.
Propionibacterium sp.
Propionibacterium thoenii
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus penneri
Proteus sp.
Proteus vulgaris
Providencia alcalifaciens
Providencia rettgeri
Providencia rustigianii
Providencia stuartii
Pseudoclavibacter sp.
Pseudoflavonifractor capillosus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas gessardii
Pseudomonas mendocina
Pseudomonas monteilii
Pseudomonas poae
Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes
Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas sp.
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Pseudomonas tolaasii
Pseudomonas viridiflava
Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus
Psychrobacter arcticus
Psychrobacter cibarius
Psychrobacter cryohalolentis
Psychrobacter faecalis
Psychrobacter nivimaris
Psychrobacter pulmonis
Psychrobacter sp.
Pyramidobacter piscolens
Ralstonia pickettii
Ralstonia sp.
Raoultella ornithinolytica
Raoultella planticola
Raoultella terrigena
Rhodobacter sp.
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Rhodococcus
corynebacterioides
Rhodococcus equi
Rhodococcus erythropolis
Rhodococcus fascians
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Robinsoniella peoriensis
Roseburia cecicola
Roseburia faecalis
Roseburia faecis
Roseburia hominis
Roseburia intestinalis
Roseburia inulinivorans
Roseburia sp.
Roseburia sp.
Roseiflexus castenholzii
Roseomonas cervicalis
Roseomonas mucosa
Roseomonas sp.
Roseomonas sp.
Roseomonas sp.
Roseomonas sp.
Rothia aeria
Rothia dentocariosa
Rothia mucilaginosa
Rothia nasimurium
Rothia sp.
Ruminobacter amylophilus
Ruminococcaceae bacterium
Ruminococcus albus
Ruminococcus bromii
Ruminococcus callidus
Ruminococcus champanellensis
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
Ruminococcus gnavus
Ruminococcus hansenii
Ruminococcus lactaris
Ruminococcus obeum
Ruminococcus sp.
Ruminococcus sp.
Ruminococcus sp.
Ruminococcus sp.
Ruminococcus sp.
Ruminococcus torques
Saccharomonospora viridis
Sarcina ventriculi
Scardovia inopinata
Scardovia wiggsiae
Segniliparus rotundus
Segniliparus rugosus
Selenomonas artemidis
Selenomonas dianae
Selenomonas flueggei
Selenomonas genomo sp.
Selenomonas genomo sp.
Selenomonas genomo sp.
Selenomonas genomo sp.
Selenomonas genomo sp.
Selenomonas infeli
Selenomonas noxia
Selenomonas ruminantium
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sp.
Selenomonas sputigena
Serratia fonticola
Serratia liquefaciens
Serratia marcescens
Serratia odorifera
Serratia proteamaculans
Shewanella putrefaciens
Shuttleworthia satelles
Shuttleworthia sp.
Shuttleworthia sp.
Simonsiella muelleri
Slackia equolifaciens
Slackia exigua
Slackia faecicanis
Slackia heliotrinireducens
Slackia isoflavoniconvertens
Slackia piriformis
Slackia sp.
Solobacterium moorei
Sphingobacterium faecium
Sphingobacterium mizutaii
Sphingobacterium multivorum
Sphingobacterium spiritivorum
Sphingomonas echinoides
Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingomonas sp.
Sphingopyxis alaskensis
Spiroplasma insolitum
Sporobacter termitidis
Sporolactobacillus inulinus
Sporolactobacillus nakayamae
Sporosarcina newyorkensis
Sporosarcina sp.
Staphylococcaceae bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus auricularis
Staphylococcus capitis
Staphylococcus caprae
Staphylococcus carnosus
Staphylococcus cohnii
Staphylococcus condimenti
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus equorum
Staphylococcus fleurettii
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus hominis
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Staphylococcus pasteuri
Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius
Staphylococcus saccharolyticus
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus sciuri
Staphylococcus sp.
Staphylococcus sp.
Staphylococcus sp.
Staphylococcus succinus
Staphylococcus vitulinus
Staphylococcus warneri
Staphylococcus xylosus
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas sp.
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus alactolyticus
Streptococcus anginosus
Streptococcus australis
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus canis
Streptococcus constellatus
Streptococcus cristatus
Streptococcus downei
Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Streptococcus equi
Streptococcus equinus
Streptococcus gallolyticus
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus genomo sp.
Streptococcus gordonii
Streptococcus infantarius
Streptococcus infantis
Streptococcus intermedius
Streptococcus lutetiensis
Streptococcus massiliensis
Streptococcus milleri
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus oligofermentans
Streptococcus oralis
Streptococcus parasanguinis
Streptococcus pasteurianus
Streptococcus peroris
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus porcinus
Streptococcus
pseudopneumoniae
Streptococcus pseudoporcinus
Streptococcus ratti
Streptococcus salvarius
Streptococcus sanguinis
Streptococcus sinensis
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
Streptococcus suis
Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus uberis
Streptococcus urinalis
Streptococcus vestibularis
Streptococcus viridans
Streptomyces albus
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces thermoviolaceus
Subdohgranulum variabile
Succinatimonas hippei
Sutterella morbirenis
Sutterella parvirubra
Sutterella sanguinus
Sutterella sp.
Sutterella stercoricanis
Sutterella wadsworthensis
Synergistes genomo sp.
Synergistes sp.
Synergistetes bacterium
Synergistetes bacterium
Synergistetes bacterium
Synergistetes bacterium
Synergistetes bacterium
Syntrophococcus sucromutans
Syntrophomonadaceae
genomo sp.
Tannerella forsythia
Tannerella sp.
Tatlockia micdadei
Tatumella ptyseos
Tessaracoccus sp.
Tetragenococcus halophilus
Tetragenococcus koreensis
Thermoanaerobacter
pseudethanolicus
Thermobifida fusca
Thermofilum pendens
Thermus aquaticus
Tissierella praeacuta
Trabulsiella guamensis
Treponema genomo sp.
Treponema genomo sp.
Treponema genomo sp.
Treponema genomo sp.
Treponema phagedenis
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Treponema sp.
Tropheryma whipplei
Trueperella pyogenes
Tsukamurella paurometabola
Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens
Turicibacter sanguinis
Ureaplasma parvum
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Ureibacillus suwonensis
Ureibacillus terrenus
Ureibacillus thermophilus
Ureibacillus thermosphaericus
Vagococcus fluvialis
Veillonella atypica
Veillonella dispar
Veillonella genomo sp.
Veillonella montpellierensis
Veillonella parvula
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonella sp.
Veillonellaceae bacterium
Veillonellaceae bacterium
Victivallaceae bacterium
Victivallis vadensis
Virgibacillus proomii
Weissella beninensis
Weissella cibaria
Weissella confusa
Weissella hellenica
Weissella kandleri
Weissella koreensis
Weissella paramesenteroides
Weissella sp.
Wolinella succinogenes
Xanthomonadaceae bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris
Xanthomonas sp.
Xenophilus aerolatus
Yokenella regensburgei
Zimmermannella bifida
Zymomonas mobilis
Alistipes shahii
Bacteroides caccae
Bacteroides eggerthii
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides sp.
Bacteroides uniformis
Bacteroides vulgatus
Bacteroides vulgatus
Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Bifidobacterium
pseudocatenulatum
Blautia producta
Blautia producta
Blautia schinkii
Clostridium bolteae
Clostridium butyricum
Clostridium disporicum
Clostridium hathewayi
Clostridium hylemonae
Clostridium innocuum
Clostridium innocuum
Clostridium mayombei
Clostridium nexile
Clostridium orbiscindens
Clostridium symbiosum
Clostridium tertium
Collinsella aerofaciens
Coprobacillus sp.
Coprococcus catus
Coprococcus comes
Dorea formicigenerans
Dorea longicatena
Enterococcus faecalis
Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Eubacterium eligens
Eubacterium rectale
Eubacterium rectale
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
Lachnospiraceae bacterium
Odoribacter splanchnicus
Odoribacter splanchnicus
Parabacteroides merdae
Roseburia intestinalis
Ruminococcus bromii
Ruminococcus gnavus
Ruminococcus obeum
Ruminococcus torques
Streptococcus thermophilus
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus thermophilus
Escherichia coli
Any of the GABA-producing bacteria described herein (e.g., natural bacteria or engineered bacteria), or any combination thereof (including combinations of natural and engineered bacteria) can be incorporated into a therapeutic composition. For instance, the therapeutic compositions can be administered to a patient in need thereof to treat or alleviate the symptom of a mental illness or central nervous system disease.
In some embodiments, bacteria are purified prior to incorporation into a therapeutic composition. For instance, bacteria can be purified so that the population of bacteria is substantially free of other bacteria (e.g., contains at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98%, at least 99% of the specific bacterial strain or strains desired in the composition).
In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition is a probiotic or a medical food comprising at least one GABA-producing bacterial strain. The strain can be administered, for instance, as a probiotic, as capsules, tablets, caplets, pills, troches, lozenges, powders, and/or granules. The strain can also be formulated as a medical food. The GABA-producing bacteria can also be administered as a fecal transplant or suppository.
In some embodiments, the dose of the therapeutic can contain 1×104, 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, 1×108, 1×109, 1×1010, 1×1011 or greater than 1×1011 colony forming units (CFUs) of the desired bacterial species. For instance, the desired bacterial species can be GABA-producing bacteria, bacteria that are capable of inhibiting the growth of GABA-consuming bacteria, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the therapeutic composition or dose unit comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation, including an enteric coating or similar to survive the acidity of the stomach and enabled delivery into the small or large intestines, prebiotics (such as, but not limited to, amino acids (including arginine, glutamate, and ornithine), biotin, fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharides, hemicelluloses (e.g., arabinoxylan, xylan, xyloglucan, and glucomannan), inulin, chitin, lactulose, mannan oligosaccharides, oligofructose-enriched inulin, gums (e.g., guar gum, gum arabic and carregenaan), oligofructose, oligodextrose, tagatose, resistant maltodextrins (e.g., resistant starch), trans-galactooligosaccharide, pectins (e.g., xylogalactouronan, citrus pectin, apple pectin, and rhamnogalacturonan-I), dietary fibers (e.g., soy fiber, sugarbeet fiber, pea fiber, corn bran, and oat fiber) and xylooligosaccharides, polyamines (such as but not limited to spermidine and putrescine), an effective amount of an anti-bacterial agent, anti-fungal agent, anti-viral agent, or anti-parasitic agent, or any combinations of the above. For instance, the therapeutic composition can also be in the form of a yogurt containing one or more purified strains of GABA-producing bacteria.
In one or more embodiments of any of the above-aspects, the mental illness or disease of the central nervous system that can be treated by administration of a therapeutic composition described herein is selected from depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, anxiety disorders, addiction, social phobia, major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TR-MDD), major depressive disorder and its subtypes (melancholic depression, atypical depression, catatonic depression, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder), Neurodegenerative amyloid disorders (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases) orthostatic tremor, Lafora disease, restless leg syndrome, neuropathic pain, pain disorders, dementia, epilepsy, stiff-person syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, autism spectrum disorder, sleep disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
In some embodiments, the method further comprises decreasing at least one symptom of a mental disorder or disease of the central nervous system in the subject selected from the group consisting of fatigue, insomnia, motor dysfunction, stress, persistent anxiety, persistent sadness, social withdrawal, substance withdrawal, irritability, thoughts of suicide, thoughts of self-harm, restlessness, low sex drive, lack of focus, loss of appetite, seizures, memory loss, anger, bouts of emotional reactivity, confusion, pain, and muscle spasms.
The therapeutic compositions described herein can be administered to a patient in need thereof, for instance for the treatment of a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system. In some embodiments, the method of treatment can comprise first diagnosing a patient who can benefit from treatment by a therapeutic composition described herein. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the patient a therapeutic composition described herein.
In some embodiments, the process of identifying a subject with a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system can be carried out by a trained psychologist, psychiatrist, or neurologist. For instance, a psychiatrist, psychologist, or neurologist can diagnose a subject with a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system evaluating the subject's behavior for symptoms of the mental illness or disease of the central nervous system. One of skill in the art will understand that mental illness can also be identified in a subject with the aid of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), (American Psychiatric Association).
In one or more embodiments, the process of identifying a subject with a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system can comprise diagnosing the subject with a mental illness or disease of the central nervous system. In some embodiments, the mental illness or disease of the central nervous system is identified or diagnosed using fMRI. In some embodiments, mental illness or disease of the central nervous system can be identified with standard psychological and neurological surveys, or in other methods known to experts in the field.
In some embodiments, a subject in need of treatment with a therapeutic composition described herein can be identified by identifying low levels of GABA in the subject's blood, serum, stool, or other bodily fluid. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's stool (e.g., the initial amount of GABA in the subject's stool) is below about 8 μg GABA per gram of stool. The amount of GABA can be measured using the wet or dry weight of stool by LC/MS or another technique known in the art. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum (e.g., the initial amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum) is below about 10 μg/L+/−5 μg/L GABA per gram of blood or serum (e.g., as measured by LC/MS). In some embodiments, the amount of GABA in the prefrontal cortex, or other areas of the brain, is below about 1.0 mM/kg, as measured by proton magnetic resonance (PMR), or another similar technique.
In some embodiments, the percentage of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's gut (e.g., the initial amount) represents about 10% of total 16S sequences as measured by sequencing using such methods as 16S rDNA gene Illumina sequencing or quantitative PCR. In some embodiments, the percentage of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's gut represents about 9%, about 8%, about 7%, about 6%, about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, about 2%, about 1%, or less than about 1% of the total 16S sequences measured in the subject's gut.
Determination of the initial amount of GABA in a subject's blood, serum, regions of the brain, or stool can help identify subjects that can benefit from treatment by administration of GABA-producing bacteria. In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in the serum or blood below 10 μg/L GABA can benefit from administration of GABA-producing bacteria. In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in the serum or blood below 100 μg, below 50 μg, below 25 μg, below 20 μg, below 15 μg, below 10 μg, below 9 μg, below 8 μg, below 7 μg, below 6 μg, below 5 μg, below 4 μg, below 3 μg, below 2 μg, below 1 μg, below 0.5 μg, below 0.1 μg, below 0.01 μg, below 10 ng, or below 1 ng, or below 0.1 ng per L of blood or serum can benefit from administration of a GABA-producing bacteria.
In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in the brain, in regions such as the prefrontal cortex (or other areas of the brain), of about 1.0 mM/kg can benefit from treatment by administration of GABA-producing bacteria. In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in the brain, in such regions as the prefrontal cortex (or other areas of the brain), of below 100 mM, below 50 mM, below 25 mM, below 20 mM, below 15 mM, below 10 mM, below 9 mM, below 8 mM, below 7 mM, below 6 mM, below 5 mM, below 4 mM, below 3 mM, below 2 mM, below 1 mM, below 0.5 mM, below 0.1 mM, or below 0.01 mM, or below 0.001 mM GABA can benefit from treatment by administration of GABA-producing bacteria.
In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in stool below 8 μg GABA per gram of stool (wet or dry weight) can benefit from administration of GABA-producing bacteria. In some embodiments, a subject with an initial amount of GABA in the stool below 100 μg, below 50 μg, below 25 μg, below 20 μg, below 15 μg, below 10 μg, below 9 μg, below 8 μg, below 7 μg, below 6 μg, below 5 μg, below 4 μg, below 3 μg, below 2 μg, below 1 μg, below 0.5 μg, below 0.1 μg, below 0.01 μg, below 10 ng, or below 1 ng, or below 0.1 ng per gram of stool can benefit from administration of a GABA-producing bacteria.
In some embodiments of any of the above aspects, the amount of GABA is increased 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent in the subject's stool relative to the initial amount of GABA in the subject's stool, e.g., as measured in step (b) of any of the above-aspects. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA is increased 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent in the subject's blood or serum relative to the initial amount of GABA in the subject's blood or serum, e.g., as measured in step (b) of any of the above-aspects. In some embodiments, the amount of GABA is increased 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent in regions of the subject's brain, such as, but not limited to the prefrontal cortex, relative to the initial amount of GABA in the subject's brain, e.g., as measured in step (b) of any of the above-aspects. In some embodiments, at least one GABA-producing bacteria is increased 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent in the subject's stool relative to the initial amount of GABA-producing bacteria in the subject's stool, e.g., as measured in step (b) in any of the above-aspects. In some embodiments, the level of expression of at least one GABA producing enzyme is increased 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent in the subject's stool relative to the initial level of expression of GABA-producing enzymes in the subject's stool, as measured by qPCR or some other appropriate method, known to those familiar in the field.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, the amount of GABA-consuming bacteria can be reduced, e.g., reduced in the subject's stool, blood serum, and the like. The GABA-consuming bacteria can be, for instance, Evtepia gabavorous or Firmicutes bacterium MGS:114. In some embodiments, GABA-consuming bacteria can be reduced by 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, or more percent.
Accordingly, the present disclosure provides for the treatment of mental illness or disease of the central nervous system comprising administering to the subject GABA-producing bacteria, or prebiotics to stimulate growth or GABA production capabilities of GABA producing bacteria.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of culturing bacteria that require GABA for survival and replication. In some cases, these bacteria were previously uncultured or unculturable. In some cases, the bacteria are cultured by supplying endogenous GABA to the growth medium. In some embodiments, the bacteria are cultured by co-culturing the bacteria with a different bacterium capable of producing GABA (e.g., a bacterium as described above).
In some embodiments, the previously uncultured bacterium is E. gabavorous. E. gabavorous can be cultured on a suitable substrate such as agar. In some embodiments, the agar can contain added GABA. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of culturing E. gabavorous comprising co-culturing E. gabavorous with another bacterial strain, said strain is capable of producing GABA, for instance at conditions that are physiologically relevant and found in to the human gastrointestinal tract (e.g., pH less between about 4.5 and about 7.5).
Without wishing to be bound by theory, some previously unculturable bacteria (e.g., E. gabavorous) may be able to grow in proximity to cultivable organisms producing growth factors necessary for bacteria to survive or grow. Accordingly, the present disclosure teaches the discovery and culture of E. gabavorous in the presence of GABA as a necessary growth factor.
E. gabavorous was identified as a late-growing colony in spatial proximity to Bacteroides fragilis KLE1758. It was found that growth of E. gabavorous KLE1738 was induced in the presence of supernatant derived from Bacteroides fragilis KLE1758. Chemical analysis via HPLC and NMR of Bacteroides fragilis KLE1738 supernatant revealed GABA as the necessary growth factor for E. gabavorous.
As set forth in
As shown in
The 16S nucleotide sequence of E. gabavorous KLE1738 is given in Seq. ID No. 2286.
The genetic sequence of E. gabavorous KLE1738 was identified as set forth in Example 5. The annotated genome (2,500,009 bp) of E. gabavorous is given in the attached Sequence Listing comprising SEQ. ID Nos. 1-2288 and is given in SEQ ID Nos. 2218-2285. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the genome revealed no obvious entry points for metabolism of common sugars or other carbon sources.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it was discovered that transport systems for common sugars or other carbon sources were also incomplete. Without wishing to be bound by theory, their absence suggests a recent loss of function. E. gabavorous is predicted to have a limited set of transporters, including those for methionine, branched-chain amino acids, dipeptides, oligopeptides, and choline/betaine, as predicted in Table 10.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, these amino acids are not usually capable of supporting bacterial growth as single carbon sources, unlike serine, threonine, glutamate, and others. This is supported by the inability of E. gabavorous to grow on the tested amino acids.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the metabolic pathway of E. gabavorous is proposed to be similar to that of Clostridium aminobutyricum, as set forth in
The pH dependency of B. fragilis KLE1758's ability to produce GABA was investigated. As set forth in Example 6, B. fragilis KLE1758 was grown at various pH values, and the supernatant from that growth was analyzed using LCMS. As shown in
Accordingly, it was found that B. fragilis KLE1758 can produce GABA at low pH, whereas it was found to produce primarily glutamate at relatively high pH. As set forth in Example 6 and
The present disclosure also teaches methods of identifying bacteria that can produce GABA. Given the strict requirement of GABA for the growth of E. gabavorous, the present disclosure provides methods of screening for bacteria capable of producing GABA using, for instance, E. gabavorous and/or other GABA-dependent bacterial growth as a bioassay. Importantly, by using buffered media (e.g., buffered agar), the assay technique set forth herein can be used to identify bacteria that are capable of producing bacteri at various pH values (e.g., between about 5.5 to about 7.5).
As set forth in Example 7, a sample that is thought to contain GABA-producing bacteria, such as a human stool sample, can be mixed with molten agar. The agar, containing the bacterial sample, can then be streaked with a dilute solution of E. gabavorous. As shown herein, E. gabavorous cannot grow in the absence of GABA, and therefore any colonies of E. gabavorous that do form will necessarily grow in close spatial proximity to GABA-producers.
Because GABA production by some bacteria, including E. coli, only occurs at a very low pH (e.g., at a pH not relevant to the human gut), the assay method set forth herein was adapted to control the pH of the media, enabling identification of organisms capable of producing GABA at a pH between about 4.5 and about 7.5. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the pH of between about 4.5 and about 7.5 is the relevant pH within the human gut. Accordingly, bacteria that can produce GABA at these pH values can in some embodiments be capable of producing GABA in the human gut.
In other words, by controlling the pH of the growth medium (e.g., by buffering the molten agar), the present disclosure can allow one to distinguish between GABA-producers that are capable of producing GABA at a physiologically relevant pH (e.g., between about 4.5 to about 7.5) from bacteria that are not able to produce GABA at a physiological relevant pH (e.g., bacteria that can only produce substantial quantities of GABA below pH of about 4.5).
Using this method, a number of representatives from multiple genera, including, but not limited to, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Gordonibacter, Dorea, and Clostridium were identified.
In some embodiments of the method of identifying bacteria capable of producing GABA, the substrate is agar. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the substrate with E. gabavorous comprises streaking the agar with a dilute solution of E. gabavorous. The GABA-producing colonies are then identified by growth induction of E. gabavorous. As set forth above, growth E. gabavorous is used to determine if a bacterial strain produces GABA. However, one of skill in the art will understand that any bacteria that has a strict requirement of GABA for growth and survival can likewise be used as described above to identify bacteria that can produce GABA.
The disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples and synthesis examples, which are not to be construed as limiting this disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures herein described. It is to be understood that the examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is intended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure and/or scope of the appended claims.
Unless otherwise noted, all materials were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.) and used directly.
Unless otherwise specified, PCR was performed using the general bacterial primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3′) (set forth in Seq ID No. 2287) and 1492R (5′-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′) (set forth in Seq ID No. 2288) to amplify the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR reaction mixture was 12.5 μL GoTaq Master Mix (Promega), 1 μL 10 μM 27F and 1492R primers, 9.5 μL Nuclease Free Water (Promega), and 1 μL of a colony resuspended in 100 μL sterilized distilled water. The amplification conditions were one cycle of 95° C. for 5 min; 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 s, 55° C. for 30 s; 72° C. for 90 s; and finally one cycle of 72° C. for 7 min. Amplification of PCR reactions were then confirmed using gel electrophoresis on a 0.8% agarose gel loaded saturated with ethidium bromide. Successful PCRs were sequenced by Macrogen Corporation using the 27F primer using the Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA analyzer. Quality control for sequences was performed using DNA Baser (www.DnaBaser.com), in which ends were trimmed until there were more than 75% good bases (defined by having a QV score of higher than 25) in an 18 base window. Identification of phylogenetic neighbors and calculation of pairwise sequence similarity were carried out using the EzTaxon server.
Stool samples from a healthy human donor were collected using a commercially available stool collection vessel. Within 5 minutes of collection, 1 gram of stool was resuspended in 9 mL of sterile 20% glycerol in PBS and homogenized for 30 seconds using a vortex. 1 mL aliquots of this mixture were loaded in cryotubes and stored at −80° C. for cultivation.
All cultivation work was performed in a Coy Anaerobic Vinyl chamber with an atmosphere of 5% hydrogen, 10% CO2, 85% nitrogen. Anaerobically, serial dilutions of thawed stool samples were prepared in PBS and bead spread (7-10 beads/plate) on 1× Fastidious Anaerobic Agar (Accumedia) plates with 2.5% yeast extract (FAAy). Plates were incubated at 37° C. anaerobically for one week, and each day appearance of colonies were tracked by spotting the outside of the plates with different colored markers. At the end of the week, serial dilutions of late forming colonies (appearance after 4-7 days) were prepared in PBS and bead spread on FAAy plates. Nearby (<2 cm), early forming colonies (appearance after 1-3 days) were then resuspended in PBS at a high density. Five μL of this suspension were spotted on the plates with their respective spread-candidate dependent and incubated for up to one week in the chamber, and observed daily. Growth induction of the dependent organism around the spotted helper indicated a positive hit.
A fecal sample from a healthy human donor was diluted and spread-plated on rich medium, and newly formed colonies were noted daily for a week. Late forming colonies (3-7 days) were diluted and spread on a nutrient agar plate, and a heavy inoculum of a neighboring, early forming colony (1-2 days) was spotted, as shown in
One isolate, E. gabavorous KLE1738 (93.22% similar to Flavonifractor plautii ATCC 29863 by 16S rRNA gene sequence), was dependent on Bacteroides fragilis KLE1758 (100% similar to Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25852 by 16S rRNA gene sequence) for growth (
The supernatant of a 48-hour culture of B. fragilis KLE1758 grown in rich medium induced growth of E. gabavorous as shown in
Multiple compounds were tested for the ability to induce the growth of E. gabavorous as shown in
DNA from cells of E. gabavorous grown 48 hours anaerobically on FAAy plates with 1.0 mg/mL GABA was isolated for genome sequencing using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (Mo Bio, San Diego, Calif.) to manufacturer specifications, yielding ˜5.0 μg of high quality DNA. Genomic sequencing and de novo assembly was performed by the Genomic Core at Tufts University in Boston, Mass. The genome of E. gabavorous was sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq using MiSeq V2 500 cycles chemistry with a paired-end 250 bases format. Briefly, 100 ng of genomic DNA was sheared on a Covaris M220 to an average fragment size of around 600 bases. Using the fragmented DNA as input, a sequencing library was prepared with Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA Sample Preparation Kit per the manufacturer instruction. Base calling and demultiplexing was performed on the raw data from the MiSeq using CASAVA and fastq files were generated. De novo assembly of the genome was performed using Edena V3.131028 with a customized parameter optimization pipeline. The best assembled genome, as assessed by the contig statistic, was reported. Assembly yielded 68 contigs (n), with all contigs having a sequence length longer than 200 bases (n:200). 7 contigs with a larger value than the N50 (119748), and the minimal contig length is 355 (min). The N20, N50 and N20 are 33403, 119748 and 204670, respectively. The largest contig length (max) was 344080, and the estimated genome size is 2500009. The draft genome was annotated using the RAST server and the KAAS (KEGG Automatic Annotation Server) analysis tool of the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database. The genome of E. gabavorous was annotated using RAST, and the genomes of CAG:113 and E. gabavorous were compared using RAST.
The absolute amount of glutamate and GABA contained in the B. fragilis KLE1758 supernatant was determined by HPLC, using a fluorophore to aid in detection. Specifically, free amines were labeled for analysis by reacting with the AccQ reagent (Waters) according to manufacturer's protocols. A calibration curve was generated from stock solutions (10 mg/mL) that were prepared by dissolving GABA (2.0 mg) in water (200 μL), glutamate (Glu) (10.2 mg) in water (1020 μL) and cysteic acid (CSA) (16.9 mg) in water (1690 μL). These were serially diluted to generate a concentration gradient. Specifically, stocks were made to final concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL and 0.001 mg/mL. An aliquot of a given stock solution, was added to the AccQ reaction buffer (25 μL final), followed by the addition of the acetonitrile-dissolved AccQ reagent (25 μL). This was reacted for ten minutes at 55-60° C., and then transferred directly to an LCMS vial, fitted with a glass insert. Reaction concentrations of the amino acids were: 20 ng/μL, 10 ng/μL, 5 ng/μL, 2.5 ng/μL, 1 ng/μL, 0.5 ng/μL, 1 ng/μL and 0 ng/μL (control). These samples were injected (10 μL) on an Agilent LCMS, using a gradient of solvent A (water/0.1% formic acid) and B (acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid) over the following time course: 1) 0-40 minutes linear gradient of 2% B to 98% B; 2) 40-45 min isocratic at 98% B; 3) 45-45.5 min linear gradient of 98% B to 2% B; 4) 45.5-55 min isocratic at 2% B. The CSA-AccA derivative eluted at 9.5 min, the Glu-AccQ derivative eluted at 12.1 min and the GABA-AccQ derivative at 12.5 min. The area under the curve, in extracted ion (EIC) mode (m/z=274 for GABA-AccQ, 318 for Glu-AccQ and 340 for CSA-AccQ), was used to develop a calibration curve by plotting area against amount of original Glu, CSA or GABA (in ng) injected. An average of two runs for each tested concentration was used to generate the calibration curve. In the case of GABA and Glu, CSA was added to all reactions, to a final concentration of 2.5 μg/mL, and used as an internal standard.
Triplicate cultures of B. fragilis KLE1758 were grown in BHIych anaerobically for 48 hours, the cells centrifuged, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter. Samples were stored at 4° C. until analysis. To analyze the samples, an aliquot (2 μL) of each sample was added to AccQ reaction buffer (16 μL), CSA internal standard (2 μL of a 50 μg/mL solution in buffer), followed by the addition of the AccQ reagent (20 μL). These samples were heated to 55° C. for ten minutes, and then transferred directly into an LCMS vial fitted with a glass insert. An aliquot of each sample (10 μL) was injected onto the LCMS, and separated following the same injection program as used for the calibration curve. The total EIC area under curves representing GABA, Glu and CSA was determined using ChemStation software (Agilent). Each injection represented 25% of the original media concentration, therefore the total amount of sample determined (in ng) was multiplied by a factor of four to determine the original concentration (in ng/μL=μg/mL). All areas were normalized to the area under the curve of the internal standard (CSA), which was held at constant concentration throughout the experiment. The results are given in
GABA secretion can allow bacteria to survive acid stress. Decarboxylation of glutamate produces GABA, which is exported from the cell in a protonated form, alkalinizing the cytoplasm. E. coli, as well as some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains were shown to produce GABA, but these organisms are typically found at a low abundance in the human intestinal tract, and in the case of E. coli, is dependent on low pH (e.g., about 4.2 and below). Bacteroides fragilis, the helper of E. gabavorous, is a common gut bacterium, but it was found that similarly to E. coli, GABA production by Bacteroides fragilis KLE1758 is only observed at a pH less than about 5.5 as shown in
To accomplish this, the strict GABA requirement of E. gabavorous was utilized to screen for bacteria capable of secreting GABA on heavily buffered medium. Metabolic byproducts of bacterial growth may lower the pH of the medium in the absence of buffer. Stool sample was mixed with molten agar and poured in Petri plates in an anaerobic chamber, and E. gabavorous was spread on top of the agar once solidified. By looking for zones of growth induction of E. gabavorous, and measuring the pH of the agar, bacteria that produce GABA at a pH of between about 6.0 and about 7.0 were identified, as well as those producing GABA at a pH of about 4.5 to about 5.0, as shown in
GABA can be produced by intestinal epithelial cells and by some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, by decarboxylation of glutamate. In E. coli, the decarboxylation of glutamate serves as a mechanism to decrease intracellular pH, and GABA production generally occurs at a low pH. To survey whether E. coli could be engineered to produce GABA, E. coli colones harboring native glutamate decarboxylases (gadA, gadB), or the GABA antiporter, (gadC) in the pCA24N IPTG inducible high-copy number vector, were tested for GABA production via co-cultivation assay with E. gabavorous. Overexpression of glutamate decarboxylase in E. coli (gadA or gadB), resulted in induction of KLE1738 growth to levels seen with B. fragilis, while expression of the GABA antiporter, gadC, did not (
While the present disclosure has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments set forth above, many alternatives, modifications and other variations thereof will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. All such alternatives, modifications and variations are intended to fall within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/084,511 filed on Sep. 12, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,116,804, issued on Sep. 14, 2021, which is a National Application under 35 USC § 371 of International PCT Application PCT/US2017/022091, filed on Mar. 13, 2017, which claims priority to, and benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/307,991, filed Mar. 14, 2016, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This invention was made with government support under 3R01HG005824-02S1 awarded by the National Institute of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Number | Date | Country | |
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62307991 | Mar 2016 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 16084511 | Sep 2018 | US |
Child | 17396330 | US |