Patent Application
20250002713
The present application is based on, and claims priority from JP Application Serial Number 2023-107006, filed Jun. 29, 2023, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates to a molding material.
Heretofore, a molding material containing cellulose fibers, a resin, and the like has been known. For example, JP-A-2000-006142 has disclosed a composite material containing fibers derived from paper and a biodegradable resin.
However, in the case of a composite material formed according to a related technique, if a molding thermal history exists in a manner such that, for example, molded products and/or gate materials formed during molding are melted, pelletized, and again molded, a mechanical strength of the composite material may be degraded in some cases.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a molding material comprising cellulose fibers and a resin, and the resin includes a saturated aliphatic polyester and a highly polar polyester. In a molecular weight distribution curve by a GPC method, the resin described above has a maximum value 2 at a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more and a maximum value 1 at a weight average molecular weight less than that at the maximum value 2, and an area value in the maximum value 2 is smaller than an area value in the maximum value 1.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described. The following embodiments are to explain examples of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not limited at all to the following embodiments and includes variously changed and/or modified embodiments to be performed without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, all the constituents to be described below are not always required to be essential constituents of the present disclosure.
A molding material according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is a molding material which contains cellulose fibers and a resin, and the resin includes a saturated aliphatic polyester and a highly polar polyester. In a molecular weight distribution curve by a GPC method, the resin described above has a maximum value 2 at a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more and a maximum value 1 at a weight average molecular weight less than that at the maximum value 2, and an area value in the maximum value 2 is smaller than an area value in the maximum value 1.
If a molding thermal history exists in a manner such that, for example, molded products and/or gate materials formed during molding are melted, pelletized, and again molded, various characteristics of the resin contained in the molding material are liable to be degraded due to the pyrolysis thereof. In particular, a low-temperature melting resin to be melted at less than 200° C. is liable to be pyrolyzed.
Accordingly, through intensive research carried out by the present inventors, it was found that when the resin appropriately contains high molecular weight components, even if the molding thermal history exists, a mechanical strength, such as Charpy impact strength and/or flexural elastic modulus, is superior.
To the molding material, known molding methods, such as injection molding and press working, may be applied. Molded products formed from the molding material are preferably used, as alternative to polystyrene and the like, for various types of containers, sheets, and housings for office supplies, such as printers, and home appliances.
Hereinafter, various types of raw materials included in the molding material will be described.
The molding material according to this embodiment contains cellulose fibers. The cellulose fibers function as fillers in a molded product and contribute to an increase in volume of the molding material and/or an improvement in physical properties, such as strengths, of the molded product.
The cellulose fibers are derived from plants and are relatively abundant natural materials. Hence, when the cellulose fibers are used, compared to the case in which synthetic fibers are used, reduction in environmental loads can be promoted. The cellulose fibers are also advantageous in terms of procurement and cost of raw materials. In addition, among various types of fibers, the cellulose fibers have a high theoretical strength and also contribute to an improvement in strength of the molded product. As the cellulose fibers, besides the use of virgin pulp, after being defibrated, waste paper, waste cloths, and the like may also be recycled.
Although being primarily formed from cellulose, the cellulose fibers may also contain components other than the cellulose. As the components other than the cellulose, for example, hemicellulose and/or lignin may be mentioned. In addition, the cellulose fibers may be processed by bleaching or the like.
In order to improve the appearance of surfaces of molded products, the cellulose fibers have a fiber length of preferably less than 500 μm and more preferably less than 50 μm. The fiber length of the cellulose fibers can be obtained by a method performed in accordance with ISO 16065-2:2007.
The cellulose fibers are present, with respect to a total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 9 percent by mass or more, more preferably 18 percent by mass or more, even more preferably 27 percent by mass or more, further preferably 36 percent by mass or more, and even further preferably 45 percent by mass or more. In addition, the cellulose fibers are present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 90 percent by mass or less, more preferably 80 percent by mass or less, and further preferably 70 percent by mass or less. When the content of the cellulose fibers is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The molding material according to this embodiment contains a resin, and the resin includes a saturated aliphatic polyester and a highly polar polyester.
The saturated aliphatic polyester has a function as a resin base material and secures impact resistance (toughness) of the molded product. However, the saturated aliphatic polyester has a low compatibility with the cellulose fibers and is liable to cause interfacial peeling therefrom. Hence, since the highly polar polyester is used so as to function as a compatibilizer between the cellulose fibers and the saturated aliphatic polyester, the interface peeling can be suppressed.
The resin is preferably present at a content equal to or less than that of the cellulose fibers described above. In this case, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The saturated aliphatic polyester has plasticity, and when the molded product is manufactured from the molding material, the saturated aliphatic polyester is melted to bind the cellulose fibers to each other. In addition, the saturated aliphatic polyester is responsible together with the cellulose fibers for the physical properties of the molded product. Although the saturated aliphatic polyester may be a polyester having a linear or branched alkylene group, the saturated aliphatic polyester is preferably a linear alkylene-based polyester having a linear alkylene group. Since the linear alkylene-based polyester as described above increases its toughness by the linear alkylene group, the impact strength of the molded product primarily tends to be improved.
As raw material monomers, the saturated aliphatic polyester preferably includes an alkylene dicarboxylic acid which has an alkylene group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an alkylene diol which has an alkylene group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably includes an alkylene dicarboxylic acid which has an alkylene group with 2 to 5 carbon atoms and an alkylene diol which has an alkylene group with 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and further preferably includes an alkylene dicarboxylic acid which has an alkylene group with 2 to 3 carbon atoms and an alkylene diol which has an alkylene group with 3 to 4 carbon atoms. When the saturated aliphatic polyester includes the raw material monomers described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The saturated aliphatic polyester is preferably formed by copolymerization between the above two types of raw material monomers. In addition, the copolymerization is performed by a known synthetic method.
As the alkylene dicarboxylic acid described above, for example, there may be mentioned a linear saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, or sebacic acid. For the synthesis of the saturated aliphatic polyester, at least one of those mentioned above is preferably used.
As the alkylene diol described above, for example, there may be mentioned a divalent alcohol, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, or 1,8-octanediol. For the synthesis of the saturated aliphatic polyester, at least one of those mentioned above is preferably used. The two types of raw material monomers described above are relatively easily available and may also be used for industrial and commercial purposes.
As the saturated aliphatic polyester, at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(butylene succinate), a poly(butylene succinate/adipate), and a poly(ethylene diadipate) is preferably included. Since having biodegradability, those saturated aliphatic polyesters are able to reduce environmental loads of the molded products, and in addition, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The saturated aliphatic polyester is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 9 percent by mass or more, more preferably 18 percent by mass or more, and further preferably 27 percent by mass or more. In addition, the saturated aliphatic polyester is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 50 percent by mass or less and more preferably 45 percent by mass or less. When the content of the saturated aliphatic polyester is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In addition, the content of the saturated aliphatic polyester is preferably larger than a content of the highly polar polyester which will be described below, and a total content of the saturated aliphatic polyester and the highly polar polyester is preferably smaller than the content of the cellulose fibers described above. In the case as described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In addition, when the content of the saturated aliphatic polyester is regarded as 100 parts by mass, the content of the highly polar polyester which will be described below is 10 to 70 parts by mass (preferably 10 to 50 parts by mass and more preferably 10 to 30 parts by mass), and the content of the cellulose fibers described above is 110 to 570 parts by mass (preferably 110 to 300 parts by mass, more preferably 110 to 200 parts by mass, and further preferably 110 to 150 parts by mass). In the case as described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The highly polar polyester improves the compatibility between the cellulose fibers and the saturated aliphatic polyester. Accordingly, wettability of the saturated aliphatic polyester to the cellulose fibers is enhanced, and the flexural strength of the molded product is primarily improved.
The highly polar polyester has a relatively highly polar molecular structure, and in a repeating structure derived from a raw material monomer, the number of oxygen atoms is preferably one or more with respect to two carbon atoms. In the case as described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained. In particular, the highly polar polyester preferably includes, as the raw material monomer, lactic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, oxysuccinic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, serine, threonine, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, and/or vinyl acetate.
In particular, the highly polar polyester preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(lactic acid), a poly(hydroxybutyric acid), a poly(acrylic acid), a poly(methyl acrylate), and a poly(vinyl acetate). In addition, the highly polar polyester may be a copolymer, such as a polyethylene succinic acid, having a structure derived from lactic acid or acetic acid in its molecular structure. Among those mentioned above, the highly polar polyester preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(lactic acid) and a poly(hydroxybutyric acid). Since having biodegradability, those compounds are able to reduce environmental loads, and even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The highly polar polyester is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 2 percent by mass or more, more preferably 5 percent by mass or more, and further preferably 8 percent by mass or more. In addition, the highly polar polyester is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 70 percent by mass or less, more preferably 50 percent by mass or less, even more preferably 30 percent by mass or less, and further preferably 20 percent by mass or less. When the content of the highly polar polyester is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The resin contained in the molding material according to this embodiment may include at least one of other resins other than the saturated aliphatic polyester and the highly polar polyester. As the other resins described above, for example, there may be mentioned an olefin-based resin, such as a polyethylene or a polypropylene, an urethane-based resin, and/or an acrylic-based resin.
In a molecular weight distribution curve by a GPC method, the resin contained in the molding material according to this embodiment has a maximum value 2 at a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more and a maximum value 1 at a weight average molecular weight less than that at the maximum value 2, and an area value in the maximum value 2 is smaller than an area value in the maximum value 1. As described above, since the resin has appropriate high molecular weight components, even when the resin is pyrolyzed by the molding thermal history, the mechanical strength can be maintained.
The GPC method is a gel permeation chromatography and may be performed, for example, by the following procedure. A GPC apparatus (ACQUITY APC, manufactured by Waters) provided with two separation columns (TSKgel SuperHZM-H, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) connected in series is used. After a measurement sample (molding material) is dissolved in chloroform used as an eluent and then filtrated by a filter having a pore diameter of 0.45 μm, a GPC analysis is performed on a dissolved component, so that the molecular weight distribution curve of the resin is obtained. In this case, the column temperature is set to 40° C., and as a detector, an IR detector is used. In addition, as the standard sample, the polystyrenes (manufactured by Agilent) are used.
As a peak calculation method, for example, the following may be performed. A chromatogram is regarded as a linear function, and positions at which the slopes are zero by differentiation are defined as peak tops. The chromatogram is regarded as a linear function, and positions at which the slopes are zero by second order differentiation are defined as peak boundaries. The peaks are divided in a vertical direction through the peak boundary positions, and area values of the areas thus obtained are each calculated. In addition, when the peaks are sufficiently separated from each other, the area values each may be obtained as the single peak. In addition, when two peaks overlapped with each other are sufficiently identified, the peaks are regarded as a shouldered peak, and by drawing a line along the root of a smaller peak, the area values of the two peaks may be respectively calculated. Furthermore, by using peak separation software, the peak areas of the peaks each may be calculated. However, the concordance rate is set to 90% or more.
In the molecular weight distribution curve by the GPC method, although the resin contained in the molding material according to this embodiment has the maximum value 2 at a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more, the weight average molecular weight is preferably 110,000 or more, more preferably 120,000 or more, and further preferably 130,000 or more. In addition, the maximum value 2 is located at a weight average molecular weight of preferably 500,000 or less, more preferably 400,000 or less, and further preferably 300,000 or less. When the maximum value 2 is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In the molecular weight distribution curve by the GPC method, although the resin contained in the molding material according to this embodiment has the maximum value 1 at a weight average molecular weight less than that at the maximum value 2, the maximum value 1 is located at a weight average molecular weight of preferably 150,000 or less, more preferably 120,000 or less, and further preferably 100,000 or less. In addition, the maximum value 1 is located at a weight average molecular weight of preferably 30,000 or more, more preferably 50,000 or more, and further preferably 60,000 or more. When the maximum value 1 is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In addition, (weight average molecular weight at the maximum value 2)/(weight average molecular weight at the maximum value 1) is preferably more than 1.0 to 5.0, more preferably 1.1 to 4.0, even more preferably 1.2 to 3.5, and further preferably 1.5 to 3.0. In the case described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The molding material according to this embodiment may further contain a cross-linking agent. Since the cross-linking agent is contained, the molecular weight distribution of the resin is likely to be controlled, and as a result, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
As the cross-linking agent, a compound having a reaction group capable of cross-linking with a polyester is preferable. In more particular, the cross-linking agent preferably has a reaction group selected from the group consisting of a carbodiimide, an amine, an epoxy, an isocyanate, a protected isocyanate, a carboxylic acid anhydride, and a carboxylic acid. Since a cross-linking agent having the reaction group as described above is able to preferably react with the saturated aliphatic polyester and/or the highly polar polyester, the molecular weight distribution of the resin is likely to be controlled, and as a result, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
As the cross-linking agent, a commercial product may also be used, and for example, there may be mentioned Metabrane P-1901 (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), Denacol EX-321 (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, trimethylolpropane polyglycidyl ether), Denacol EX-211 (manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether), Duranate E402-B80B (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation, isocyanate), Carbodilite HMV-5CA-LC (manufactured by Nisshibo Chemical Inc.), Carbodilite Elastostab H01 (manufactured by Nisshibo Chemical Inc.), Sigma-Aldrich: product No. 188050 (manufactured by Merck, poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride).
The cross-linking agent is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 1 percent by mass or more and more preferably 2 percent by mass or more. In addition, the cross-linking agent is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 10 percent by mass or less, more preferably 8 percent by mass or less, and further preferably 6 percent by mass or less. When the content of the cross-linking agent is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In addition, when a total content of the resin is regarded as 100 parts by mass, the content of the cross-linking agent is preferably 3 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 15 parts by mass, and further preferably 7 to 13 parts by mass. When the content of the cross-linking agent is in the range described above, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The molding material according to this embodiment may contain a flame retardant. As the flame retardant, a known substance may be used. As the flame retardant, for example, there may be mentioned an inorganic-based flame retardant, such as an antimony compound, a metal hydroxide, a nitrogen compound, or a boron compound, or an organic-based flame retardant, such as bromine compound or a phosphorus compound.
As the flame retardant, a commercial product may also be used, and for example, Rabitle FP-110 (manufactured by Mitsui Fine Chemicals, Inc., phosphazene-based flame retardant) or Exolit Op1230 (manufactured by Clariant, phosphoric acid ester-based flame retardant) may be mentioned.
The flame retardant is present, with respect to the total mass of the molding material, at a content of preferably 5 to 30 percent by mass, more preferably 8 to 25 percent by mass, and further preferably 10 to 20 percent by mass. When the content of the flame retardant is in the range described above, while the flame retardancy of the molded product is improved, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
In addition, when a total content of the cellulose fibers, the saturated aliphatic polyester, and the highly polar polyester is regarded as 100 parts by mass, the content of the flame retardant is preferably 1 to 20 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 20 parts by mass, and further preferably 10 to 20 parts by mass. When the content of the flame retardant is in the range described above, while the flame retardancy of the molded product is improved, even if the molding thermal history exists, a more preferable mechanical strength tends to be obtained.
The molding material according to this embodiment may also contain other components, such as a colorant, an insecticide, a fungicide, an antioxidant, an UV absorber, an aggregation inhibitor, and/or a mold release agent.
A method for manufacturing a molding material will be described. As the method for manufacturing a molding material, a known method may be used. In particular, for example, the following methods may be used.
First, the raw materials described above are kneaded by a single screw kneader or a twin-screw kneader to form strands. Subsequently, the strands thus formed are pelletized into a molding material in the form of pellets.
In addition, as the method for manufacturing a molding material, the following method may also be used. First, waste paper and/or pulp materials are coarsely pulverized by a shredder apparatus to form cellulose fibers. In addition, the cellulose fibers, the saturated aliphatic polyester, and the highly polar polyester are weighed and then kneaded, if needed, together with the cross-linking agent and the like. Subsequently, the raw materials thus kneaded are deposited in air to form sheet-shaped deposits. Since the deposits have a low density due to a large amount of air incorporated therein, the air is removed by compression using a calendar apparatus to increase the density. Next, heating is performed in a contactless manner using a heating furnace, and a heat press operation is then performed by a heat press apparatus.
By the heating furnace and the heat press apparatus, the heating is preferably performed at a temperature higher than the melting temperatures of the saturated aliphatic polyester and the highly polar polyester by approximately 20° C. Accordingly, a sheet tends to be formed such that the raw materials are dispersed while being suppressed from being deviated.
Next, the sheet is cut into a desired shape by a shredder apparatus to form a molding material in the form of pellets. The desired shape of the molding material is not particularly limited, and for example, an approximately cubic shape having a side length of 2 to 5 mm may be mentioned. By the method described above, the molding material can be manufactured. In addition, the method for manufacturing a molding material is not limited to that described above.
Hereinafter, although the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In
In accordance with the compositions shown in
The weight average molecular weight of the molding material thus obtained was measured by a GPC method. In particular, a GPC apparatus (ACQUITY APC, manufactured by Waters) provided with two separation columns (TSKgel SuperHZM-H, manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) connected in series was used as a measurement apparatus. After a measurement sample (molding material) was dissolved in chloroform used as an eluent and then filtrated using a filter having a pore diameter of 0.45 μm, a GPC analysis was performed on a dissolved component, so that the molecular weight distribution curve of the resin was obtained. In this case, the column temperature was set to 40° C., an IR detector was used as the detector, and as the standard samples, the polystyrenes (manufactured by Agilent) were used. The peak calculation method was performed as described above.
By using the molding materials according to Examples and Comparative Examples, molding processing was performed by injection molding or press working. In particular, in both the injection molding and the press working, a heating temperature of the molding material was set to 200° C. As an injection molding machine, a THX40-5V (manufactured by Nissei Plastic Industrial Co., Ltd.) was used, and as a press working machine, a hydraulic press PHKS-40ABS (manufactured by Towa Seiki Co., Ltd.) was used.
In addition, the “re-pelle once” in the molding history shown in
As the index of impact strength, the Charpy impact strength was used, and the measurement method was performed in accordance with ISO 179 (JIs K7111). The test piece had a rectangular shape having a long side of 80 mm±2 mm, a short side of 4.0 mm±0.2 mm, and a thickness of 10.0 mm±0.2 mm. As the test equipment, an Impact Tester IT manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho Ltd. was used. In the Charpy impact test, a hammer weight, a lifting angle, a notch height, and a notch angle were set to 4 J (WR2.14 N/m), 150°, 8.0 mm±0.2 mm, and 45°, respectively.
As the index of flexural strength, flexural characteristics were used, and the test method was performed in accordance with ISO 178 (JIS K7171). The test piece had a rectangular shape having a long side of 80 mm±2 mm, a short side of 10.0 mm±0.2 mm, and a thickness of 4.0 mm±0.2 mm. As the test equipment, a 68TM-30 manufactured by Instron was used, and the test was performed at an inter-fulcrum distance of 64 mm.
Based on the test results of respective levels thus obtained, the strengths of the molded products were evaluated in accordance with the following evaluation criteria.
The evaluation results are shown in
From the results shown in
On the other hand, according to the molding materials of Comparative Examples in each of which the structure described above is not satisfied, when the molding thermal history exists, a preferable mechanical strength cannot be obtained.
From the embodiments described above, the following conclusions are obtained.
A molding material according to the present disclosure is a molding material containing cellulose fibers and a resin, and the resin includes a saturated aliphatic polyester and a highly polar polyester. In the molding material described above, in a molecular weight distribution curve by a GPC method, the resin has a maximum value 2 at a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 or more and a maximum value 1 at a weight average molecular weight less than that at the maximum value 2, and an area value in the maximum value 2 is smaller than an area value in the maximum value 1.
The molding material described above may further contain a cross-linking agent.
According to one of the molding materials described above, the cross-linking agent may have a reaction group selected from the group consisting of a carbodiimide, an amine, an epoxy, an isocyanate, a protected isocyanate, a carboxylic acid anhydride, and a carboxylic acid.
According to one of the molding materials described above, a content of the saturated aliphatic polyester may be larger than a content of the highly polar polyester, and a total content of the saturated aliphatic polyester and the highly polar polyester may be equal to or less than a content of the cellulose fibers.
According to one of the molding materials described above, when a content of the saturated aliphatic polyester is regarded as 100 parts by mass, a content of the highly polar polyester may be 10 to 70 parts by mass, and a content of the cellulose fibers may be 110 to 570 parts by mass.
According to one of the molding materials described above, the saturated aliphatic polyester may include, as raw material monomers, an alkylene dicarboxylic acid which has an alkylene group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an alkylene diol which has an alkylene group with 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
According to one of the molding materials described above, the saturated aliphatic polyester may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(butylene succinate), a poly(butylene succinate/adipate), and a poly(ethylene adipate).
According to one of the molding materials described above, the highly polar polyester may have a repeating structure derived from a raw material monomer, and in the repeating structure, the number of oxygen atoms may be one or more with respect to two carbon atoms.
According to one of the molding materials described above, the highly polar polyester may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a poly(lactic acid) and a poly(hydroxybutyric acid).
According to one of the molding materials described above, the cellulose fibers may have a fiber length of less than 500 μm.
One of the molding materials described above may further include a flame retardant, and when a total content of the saturated aliphatic polyester, the highly polar polyester, and the cellulose fibers is regarded as 100 parts by mass, a content of the flame retardant may be 1 to 20 parts by mass.
The present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described above and may be variously changed and modified. For example, the present disclosure includes substantially the same structure as the structure described in the embodiment. That is, the substantially the same structure includes, for example, the structure in which the function, the method, and the result are the same as those described above or the structure in which the object and the effect are the same as those described above. In addition, the present disclosure includes the structure in which a nonessential portion of the structure described in the embodiment is replaced with something else. In addition, the present disclosure includes the structure which performs the same operational effect as that of the structure described in the embodiment or the structure which is able to achieve the same object as that of the structure described in the embodiment. In addition, the present disclosure includes the structure in which a known technique is added to the structure described in the embodiment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-107006 | Jun 2023 | JP | national |
