The causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been known as human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) and as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus, in accord with the newer practice, will be called HIV except in some instances where a deposit relating to the organism has been made using the earlier terminology.
The cultivation of viruses using molecular clones provides a dependable source of virus for study of the natural virus and for preparation of diagnostic and immunogenic products of the virus. The isolation of virus believed to be the causative agent of AIDS was reported by Barre-Sinoussi, et al. in Science, Vol. 220, at pages 868-870 (1983). However, no reproduction of the virus in an immortalized cell line is disclosed in that publication. HIV is highly cytopathic to the cells which it infects in nature. This is one characteristic which differentiates HIV from related retroviruses such as HTLV-I and HTLV-II. HIV is further characterized by variation of its genome in nature. Gallo, et al. discovered cell lines useful for continuous production of the virus. The use of such cell lines which are CD-4 positive cells was disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/652,599, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,599. The disclosure of that patent is incorporated herein by reference. The disclosure herein provides means for producing clones of virus which are grown in the immortalized cell lines.
The infectious clones of the inventions are useful for producing specific viral proteins in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems for use in diagnostic evaluation and for vaccine development. The infectious clones also provide a source of homogeneous viral particles for use in evaluation of vaccines.
While HXB2 and HXB3 were shown to be non-infectious or only mildly infectious, infectious clones which have been derived therefrom are disclosed. Transfection of the derivative clones into bacteria provides a means for amplifications of the genome of these clones.
It is the object of this invention to provide a reliable source of HIV, viral particles, proteins, and antibodies by preparation of clones containing essentially the entire genome of the HIV. The virus or viral fragments produced in immortalized cell lines are useful as probes to detect HIV viral sequences in HIV strains isolated from patients. By use of such probes the variant strains of HIV can be studied as a means of determining source of the disease in an individual. Such determination of source is vital in evaluating means of transmission of this disease.
It is a further object of the invention to provide reliable sources of viral products for use as immunogens and diagnostic agents.
The characterization of HIV as the causative agent of AIDS by Barre-Sinoussi, et al. [Science, Vol. 220 (1983)] did not provide enablement for producing the virus in vitro. However, it was discovered by workers in this laboratory that the causative agent of AIDS could be grown in immortalized CD-4 positive cell lines to provide a reliable source of the virus and viral products. The use of these products as diagnostic tools is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,520,113, which is incorporated herein by reference.
A method of cloning human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV), a transforming virus which lacks both the variability and cytopathic properties of HIV, is taught in Manzari, et al., [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 80, pages 1574-1577 (1983)]. There is no teaching of how to clone a highly cytopathic virus of such diverse genomic structure as the HIV. To obtain a virus for cloning, it was necessary to have an infected, immortalized cell line from which to extract the virus. U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,599 to Gallo, et al. teaches such cell lines.
Clones are prepared using both unintegrated DNA and integrated DNA proviral DNA. The clones of integrated DNA and unintegrated DNA are similar, but are distinguishable by differences in several restriction cleavage sites. From
Plasmids are constructed using λHXB-2 to produce pHXB-2D A 12.7 kb XbaI fragment derived from pHXB-2D was inserted into the XbaI site in the polylinker of plasmid pSP62 to provide a plasmid suitable for transfection into the DH-1 bacteria.
Concentrated virus from the H9/HTLV-III cell line as used to infect fresh uninfected H9 cells at a multiplicity of 50 viral particles per cell and cultures were collected after 4, 10, 15, 24 and 48 hours. Extrachromosomal DNA was extracted according to the procedure of Hirt [Hirt, R., J. Molec. Biol. 26: 365-367 (1967)] and assayed for its content of unintegrated viral DNA using HIV cDNA as a probe. The synthesis of this cDNA was primed with oligo(dT) and reverse-transcribed from poly(A)-containing RNA of virions that had been banded twice on sucrose density gradients [Arya, et al., Science 225: 927-930 (1984)]. Unintegrated linear viral DNA was first detected after 10 h and was also present at the subsequent time points. (
Methods: Low molecular weight DNA combined from the 15 and 24 hour harvest was fractionated on a 10-40% sucrose gradient. Aliquots of the fractions were electrophoresed on a 0.5% agarose gel, transferred to nitrocellulose paper and hybridized to HIV cDNA under conditions described in
The presence of two variant forms of HIV in the original cell line was demonstrated by hybridizing the radiolabelled insert of λBH10 to a Southern blot of H9/HIV genomic DNA digested with several restriction enzymes (
Method: 10 μg of high molecular weight DNA were digested with restriction enzymes as indicated and hybridized to nick translated phage insert from BH10 under the same conditions as described in
For comparison, sub-clones of full length genomes of a prototype HTLV-I, HTLV-Ib, HTLV and GaLV (Seato strain) were digested with the following enzymes, PstI plus SstI (HTLV-I and HTLV-Ib), BamHI plus SmaI (HTLV-II) and Hind III plus SmaI plus XhoI (GaLV). Four replicate filters were prepared and hybridized for 36 hours under low stringency (8×SSC, 20% formamide, 10% Dextran sulfate at 37° C.) to nick translated insert of λBH10. Filters were then washed in 1×SSC at different temperatures, 22° C. (Tm−70° C.) filter 1, 37° C. (Tm−56° C.) filter 2, 50° C. (Tm−42° C.) filter 3 and 65° C. (Tm−28° C.).
The HIV is used to infect H9 cells in accord with the method of Example 1. Preliminary analyses of Southern digests of H9/HIV DNA reveals that the virus is present in this cell line both as unintegrated DNA and as proviral DNA integrated into the cellular genome at multiple different sites. Since the HIV provirus lacks Xba I restriction sites, a genomic library was constructed by using Xba I-digested H9/HIV DNA, and this was screened with an HIV cDNA probe to obtain molecular clones of full-length integrated provirus with flanking cellular sequences. Fourteen such clones were obtained from an enriched library of 106 recombinant phage, and two of these were plaque-purified and characterized. (See
To show that the restriction enzyme cleavage sites depicted in
To determine whether the HIV genome contains sequences homologous to normal human DNA, the viral insert of λHXB-2 (5.5 kb and 3.5 kb Sst I-Sst I fragments) was isolated, nick translated, and used to probe HIV-infected and uninfected cellular DNA. Under standard conditions of hybridization [washing conditions: 1×SSC (standard saline citrate), 65° C.; annealing temperature Tm−27 C], this probe hybridizes to DNA from H9/HIV cells as well as other HIV-infected cells, but not to DNA from uninfected H9 cells, uninfected HT cells (the parent cell line from which H9 as cloned), or normal human tissues (data not shown). This finding is in agreement with previous results in which the unintegrated (replicative intermediate) form of HIV was used as probe and demonstrates that HIV, like HTLV-1 and HTLV-II, is an exogenous retrovirus lacking nucleic acid sequences derived from human DNA.
A 12.7 kb XbaI fragment derived from λHXB-2 is inserted into the polylinker of plasmid pSP62 to produce plasmid clone pHXB-2D (
Kinetics of cell growth and reverse transcriptase activity in cord blood mononuclear cell cultures following protoplast fusion: Mononuclear cells were prepared from cord blood samples using Ficoll Triosil and cultured for 5 days in media containing PHA. These cells were then fused with bacterial protoplasts carrying the plasmid pHXB-2D, pSV2neo or pCH-1gpt and maintained in culture at a density of 5×105 cells ml−1 by addition of RPMI-1640 medium containing 20% fetal calf serum, 10% T-cell growth factor (inter-leukin-2) and antibiotics. Three parallel fusions using cells from different individuals were established for each plasmid. Spent medium removed from two cultures at 5, 11, 14 and 18 days after fusion was concentrated 10-fold and assayed for the presence of reverse transcriptase using standard techniques. The activity detected in each of the culture supernatants is expressed as the amount of 3H-labeled deoxyribonucleotide monophosphate (3H-dTMP) incorporated (in pmol per 0.3-ml sample) using dT15·(rA)n as the template primer.
The growth of all cultures was comparable for the first 14 days after protoplast fusion. By day 18, however, the number of viable cells in cultures transfected with pHXB-2D had fallen dramatically: there was a 10-fold and a 100-fold reduction between days 18 and 21 and 18 and 32, respectively. Cultures transfected with either pSV2neo or pCH-1gpt showed only a 4-5-fold reduction over the same time period. When supernatant from the cultures was assayed for the presence of reverse transcriptase, activity was detected exclusively in cultures transfected with pHXB-2D. These data suggest that replicating virus was present in cultures 11-18 days after fusion with pHXB-2D protoplasts.
Expression of the HIV gag-related proteins p15 and p24 by transfected cells was demonstrated using specific monoclonal antibodies. Maximum expression was observed 18 days after transfection, when 4-11% and 5-9% of cells were reactive with antibody to p15 and p24, respectively. Virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in all cultures 14-18 days after transfection with pHXB-2D. The particles contained condensed, truncated cores, which are characteristic of HIV particles.
In time-course experiments, DNA isolated from a single culture 6, 11, 14, 18 and 31 days after transfection with pHXB-2D, was digested with BamHI and analyzed for HIV sequences. Six days after transfection, an 8.6-kb DNA fragment was detected as a faint band; 18 days after transfection it was possible to detect a 1.5-kb DNA fragment in addition to the 8.6-kb fragment. The total amount of unintegrated virus in the cultures appeared to increase, as suggested by the increase in intensity of these bands with time; this is evidence that cells originally transfected with pHXB-2D are able to produce fully infectious virus which is then transmitted within the culture.
No HIV viral sequences were detected 31 days after transfection; at this point the culture may have contained only cells which failed to be infected by HIV. This result is again consistent with the transfected DNA exerting a cytopathic effect on T cells. The finding that, at any stage, only a minor population of the transfected cells are apparently infected by the virus (<15% express viral proteins) suggests that the cytopathic effects may not result solely from direct viral infection and that secreted factors and/or other cell-to-cell interactions may play a part in the cytopathic phenomenon.
The biological materials relating to the invention have been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., under the following accession numbers:
Upon issuance of a patent on the present invention, this deposit will continue to be viably maintained for 30 years and made available to the public without restriction, of course, consistent with the provisions of the law.
Examples of useful products are now described:
Both antibodies and antigens can be used in diagnostic kits. Both antibodies and antigens can be provided as compositions. Particularly preferred compositions of matter are solid supports having antigens of the invention adhering thereto for use in identifying antibodies to HIV proteins for use in Enzyme-linked-immunoabsorbent (ELISA) assays.
It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustration purposes. Examples are not intended to be viewed as limitations since many obvious modifications are within the scope of one skilled in the art.
This application, Ser. No. 08/385,231, filed Feb. 8, 1995, is a file wrapper continuation of patent application Ser. No. 07/832,603, filed Feb. 12, 1992, now abandoned, which is a file wrapper continuation of patent application Ser. No. 07/160,827, filed Feb. 26, 1988, now abandoned, which is (i) a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 07/033,891, filed Apr. 3, 1987, now abandoned, which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 06/643,306, filed Aug. 22, 1984, now abandoned, (ii) a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 06/693,866, filed Jan. 23, 1985, pending, which is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 06/659,339, filed Oct. 10, 1984, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 06/643,306, filed Aug. 22, 1984, now abandoned, and (iii) a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 06/813,069, filed Dec. 24, 1985, now abandoned, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4401756 | Gillis | Aug 1983 | A |
4520113 | Gallo | May 1985 | A |
4647773 | Gallo | Mar 1987 | A |
4652599 | Gallo | Mar 1987 | A |
4665032 | Laurence | May 1987 | A |
4689398 | Wu | Aug 1987 | A |
4692403 | Lindner | Sep 1987 | A |
4707439 | Seto | Nov 1987 | A |
4716102 | Levy | Dec 1987 | A |
4725669 | Essex | Feb 1988 | A |
4738922 | Haseltine | Apr 1988 | A |
4743678 | Essex | May 1988 | A |
4839288 | Montagnier | Jun 1989 | A |
4883813 | Maxim | Nov 1989 | A |
4886743 | Hood | Dec 1989 | A |
4892865 | Townsend | Jan 1990 | A |
4910132 | Knight | Mar 1990 | A |
4925784 | Crowl | May 1990 | A |
4931393 | Martin | Jun 1990 | A |
4935372 | Goh | Jun 1990 | A |
4950652 | Carter | Aug 1990 | A |
4957737 | Heimer | Sep 1990 | A |
4963497 | Wong-Staal | Oct 1990 | A |
4981790 | Haseltine | Jan 1991 | A |
4985249 | Sakagami | Jan 1991 | A |
5008182 | Sninsky | Apr 1991 | A |
5019510 | Wain-Hobson | May 1991 | A |
5024940 | Brenner | Jun 1991 | A |
5025800 | Zelson | Jun 1991 | A |
5026635 | Ferguson et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
5030714 | Alizon | Jul 1991 | A |
5030718 | Montagnier | Jul 1991 | A |
5034511 | Alizon | Jul 1991 | A |
5039604 | Papsidero | Aug 1991 | A |
5043262 | Haseltine | Aug 1991 | A |
5047435 | Lavie | Sep 1991 | A |
5051496 | Alizon | Sep 1991 | A |
5053509 | Antoine | Oct 1991 | A |
5055391 | Montagnier | Oct 1991 | A |
5063053 | Wong-Staal | Nov 1991 | A |
5064946 | Shaver | Nov 1991 | A |
5066579 | Reyes | Nov 1991 | A |
5066782 | Montagnier | Nov 1991 | A |
5070012 | Nolan | Dec 1991 | A |
5079342 | Alizon | Jan 1992 | A |
5087557 | McClure | Feb 1992 | A |
5087625 | Hargrave | Feb 1992 | A |
5098833 | Lasky | Mar 1992 | A |
5098927 | Takatsuki | Mar 1992 | A |
5104790 | Flesher | Apr 1992 | A |
5108904 | Landay | Apr 1992 | A |
5108920 | Ng | Apr 1992 | A |
5109123 | Reinherz | Apr 1992 | A |
6531276 | Luciw | Mar 2003 | B1 |
7393949 | Luciw | Jul 2008 | B1 |
RE41158 | Luciw | Mar 2010 | E |
8329396 | Alizon | Dec 2012 | B1 |
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Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 07832603 | Feb 1992 | US |
Child | 08385231 | US | |
Parent | 07160827 | Feb 1988 | US |
Child | 07832603 | US | |
Parent | 06643306 | Aug 1984 | US |
Child | 07033891 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 07033891 | Apr 1987 | US |
Child | 07160827 | US | |
Parent | 06813069 | Dec 1985 | US |
Child | 07160827 | Feb 1988 | US |
Parent | 06693866 | Jan 1985 | US |
Child | 06813069 | US | |
Parent | 06659339 | Oct 1984 | US |
Child | 06693866 | US | |
Parent | 06643306 | Aug 1984 | US |
Child | 06659339 | US |