Patent Application
20140370478
The invention concerns a valence electron model in shape of a molecular-building-set as well as its usage in kindergartens as a toy for early learning, learning purposes and for the use in schools and universities as molecular-building-set. The molecular-building-set is so far unique as, preferably each electron which is capable to form a chemical bond is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element, every plus-charge is represented by a plus-charge-connecting-element and every minus-charge is represented by a minus-charge-connecting-element. Free electron-pairs are represented as a pair of two electron-representations in shape of one electron-pair-representation. Bond-forces between electron-pairs and basic-atomic-bodies are represented by electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements. The radical-neutral-connecting-elements are in a preferred version shaped as radical-neutral-plugs with a C3n-rotational-symmetry. Atomic-representations of each single element have as a consequence an individual characteristic set of electron-representations and the above mentioned connecting-elements, which are the basis for the characteristical chemical properties of each individual chemical element. Lewis-formula can be directly recognized and painted off the represented atoms and molecules. The molecular-building-set described in the invention uses therefore as a result 5 kinds of connecting-elements.
Universally valid terminology of chemistry like for example minus-charge, plus-charge, atoms, electrons, bonds, free electron-pairs do not describe parts of molecular-building-set but real structures of atoms and molecules.
Patent relevant representations of atoms and their parts:
As far as representations are concerned in the text, it concerns pieces of the molecular-building-set, e.g. accordingly the representation of a water-molecule consists out of a representation of an oxygen atom, which is connected to two hydrogen representations.
Basic-atomic-body-representations (chap. 3,
Connecting-elements are elements or connecting-devices or plugs, which enable the mutual attachment of pieces of the molecular-building-set, in a way that they can be detached again. These connections generally represent bonds, forces and interactions between different atoms. The connection of the connecting-elements with each other can be based on very different plugging-, adhesion- or connecting-principles. The concrete solution of the plugging-, adhesion- or connecting-principles, this means whether plugs, magnets, hook-and-loop-fasteners or other connecting systems are used, is not relevant for the invention, but the allocation of a certain connecting-principals to a chemical bond (e.g. covalent or ionic) or chemical interaction (e.g. H-bridges) as well as the compatibility of connecting-principles with each other. In a preferred embodiment different forces, bonds or interactions are represented by different plugging-, adhesion- or connecting-principles or are represented by different plugging-, adhesion- or connecting-devices.
A plus-charge-connecting-element (chap. 5.0, 5.1,
Plus-charge-connecting-elements in the preferred version are permanently connected to the basic-atomic-bodies. Minus-charge-connecting-elements are permanently connected to the electron-representations.
Thereby it is possible that the as female defined part of the connecting-principles is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and as a consequence the as male defined part is always on the side of the electron-representation or the as male defined part of the connecting-principles is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and as a consequence of this the as female defined part is always on the side of the electron-representation.
Particularly plus-charge-connecting-elements and minus-charge-connecting-elements of the preferred embodiment cannot be attached to radical-neutral-connecting-elements, basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements of the molecular-building-set, to demonstrate, that these are in each case completely different bonds and forces, whereas every plus-charge-connecting-element of every basic-atomic-body can be connected to every minus-charge-connecting-element, whereas minus-charge-connecting-elements can not be connected with each other and plus-charge-connecting-elements can not be connected with each other.
The Basic-Atomic-Body-Connecting-Elements (chap. 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4,
The connection of electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements with each other is based on a male/female connecting-principle. It can be either ball-couplings with ball and ball-pivot, plugging-contact with pins and recesses (like the principle of plug and socket), magnets with north-pole and south-pole, hook-and-loop-fastener with hooks and loops, gecko-attachment with suction-cups and faces, connections with hook and eye or connecting-elements, which are based on any other male/female connecting-principles.
The basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements are preferably permanently fixed to one single pin or several pins. These pins, which carry the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements, can on the other end be firmly connected to a basic-atomic-body with a pivoted joint. At metal-atomic-representations the firm connection can be of such a nature, that using six out-foldable electron-pair-coupling-recesses the most important coordination-configurations like, tetragonal-bipyramidal, trigonal-bipyramidal, tetrahedral, tetragonal-planar and trigonal-planar are representable (chap. 7.1-7.4, e.g. in
Electron-pair-connecting-elements are in the preferred embodiment permanently connected to electron-pair-representations or pins, which can be connected to basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements of the basic-atomic-body. Thereby it is possible that the as female defined part is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the as male defined part is always on the side of the electron-representation or the as male defined part is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the as female defined part is always on the side of the electron-representation.
Basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements can in the preferred embodiment not be connected to radical-neutral-connecting-elements, plus-charge-connecting-elements and minus-charge-connecting-elements of the molecular-building-set, to demonstrate, that these are completely different kinds of bonds and forces.
Radical-neutral-connecting-elements (chap. 4.0, 4.1, 4.2,
The radical-neutral-connecting-element can be either a radical-neutral-plug (in this document synonymously named as null-plug) with preferably geometrically positioned pins and recesses for reception and insertion of pins of a second radical-neutral-plug, or a hook-and-loop-fastener with loops and hooks always each on both sides of the hook-and-loop-fastener, this means that hooks and loops are each on both sides placed directly besides of each other respectively on each of both sides alternatively positioned in geometrical patterns, or neutral-magnet-connections which north-poles and south-poles which alternate on each of both sides in geometrical patterns, or neutral-gecko-adherence-plugs on which suction-cups and faces alternate on each of both sides and preferentially alternate in geometrical patterns, or bayonet-lock-tube-couplings with different possible numbers of interlocking rails or connecting-elements, or further thinkable connecting-possibilities based on neutral connecting- or adherence-principles. The radical-neutral-connecting-elements are in so far special, that every radical-neutral-connecting-element can be connected to every other radical-neutral-connecting-element. This means that it is no male/female principle, but any two radical-neutral-connecting-elements can be connected to each other. It is characteristic for radical-neutral-connecting-elements that any radical-neutral-connecting-element can be connected to any other radical-neutral-connecting-element.
In the preferred embodiment radical-neutral-connecting-elements can only be connected to other radical-neutral-connecting-elements and not connected to plus-charge-connecting-elements, minus-charge-connecting-elements, basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements of the molecular-building-Set, to demonstrate, that these are in each case completely different bonds and forces.
C3n-Radical-Neutral-Connecting-Elements (
In the preferred embodiment of the C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element is n=2 which is as a consequence a C6-radical-neutral-connecting-element which is in the preferred embodiment a C6-radical-neutral-plug (FIG. 1,2,6). Thus either the staggered as well as the eclipsed positions can be alternatingly represented, what enables the common stereo-chemical representations of organic chemistry and in addition enables the representation of double- and triple-bonds.
C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements, preferably a C3n-radical-neutral-plug, thus are positions with which electron-representations can be connected to each other. It is decisive therein, that each C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of an electron-representation can be connected to any other C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of other electron-representations of the molecular-building-set. The positions of adherence, pins or elements of other adherence principles in the C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element is preferably arranged in a C3n-geometry, in which for example the male and female elements of the adherence principle can be annularly arranged. This is shown on the example of the plug (FIG. 1,2, 12 at the example of C3n-radical-neutral-plugs) or on a triangular pattern like in
C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements are in so far special, that every radical-neutral-connecting-element can be connected to every other radical-neutral-connecting-element. This means that it is no male/female principle, but any two C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements can be connected to each other. The C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements of the molecular-building-set thus are arbitrarily combinable with each other.
In the preferred embodiment C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements can only be connected to other C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements and not to plus-charge-connecting-elements, minus-charge-connecting-elements, basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements of the molecular-construction-sets, to demonstrate, that these are in each case completely different bonds and forces.
Electron-representations (chap. 5.0, 5.1,
In the preferred embodiment there are different kinds of firmly connected electron-representations:
Detachable Electron-Representations or Representations of free Electrons (chap 5.0,
The present invention thus concerns as well an electron-representation as part of the molecular-building-set, at which a free electron is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element, preferably by a radical-neutral-plug, connected to a minus-charge-connecting-element, which is preferably represented by a minus-charge-plug, at which the radical-neutral-connecting-element, respectively the radical-neutral-plug, is a connecting-element, which can be connected to any other radical-neutral-connecting-element and at which the minus-charge-connecting-element respectively the minus-charge-plug is a male/female connecting-element, which can only be connected to the corresponding counter-connecting-element, the plus-charge-connection-element, respectively the plus-charge-plug, of the basic-atomic-body.
In other words the herein described invention concerns an electron-representation as part of the molecular-building-set, at which a free electron is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element, which is preferably a radical-neutral-plug, which is connected to a minus-charge-connection-element, which is preferably a minus-charge-plug, at which the radical-neutral-connecting-element, respectively the radical-neutral-plug is a connection-element, which can be connected to any other connection element of this type and the minus-charge-connecting-element, respectively the minus-charge-plug, is a male/female connecting-element, which only can be connected to the corresponding plus-charge-connecting-element respectively to the plus-charge-plug of the basic-atomic-body.
Herein the term “connected to”, means, that these both connecting-elements or plugs in the representation of the free electron are firmly connected to each other, thus are non detachably connected to each other.
The connection between the radical-neutral-connecting-element, preferably a radical-neutral-plug, and the minus-charge-connecting-element, preferably a minus-charge-plug is achieved by a middle section, preferentially a longish middle section, further preferred a flexible or bendable middle section, even further a longish, flexible or bendable middle section, at which opposing ends the two different connecting-elements respectively plugs are firmly connected. Preferably the radical-neutral-connecting-element contains the herein described C3- or C3n-symmetry. As middle section especially a flexible or bendable pipe, bar or tube is preferred.
The representation of the free electron is connectable via the radical-neutral-connecting-element, respectively the radical-neutral-plug with a radical-neutral-connecting-element, respectively a radical-neutral-plug of another electron-representation and connectable via the minus-charge-connecting-element, respectively the minus-charge-plug with a plus-charge-connection-element, respectively a plus-charge-plug of a basic-atomic-body.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention concerns an electron-representation as part of the molecular-building-set, at which a free electron is represented by a radical-neutral-plug which is connected to a minus-charge-element via a flexible or bendable middle section, at which the radical-neutral-plug is a connecting-element, which can be connected to each other connecting-element of this type and the minus-charge-plug is a male/female connecting-element, that can only be connected to the corresponding plus-charge-plug of the basic-atomic-body.
In other words the preferred embodiment of the present invention concerns an electron-representation as part of the molecular-building-set, at which a free electron is represented by a radical-neutral-plug which is connected to a minus-charge-element via a flexible or bendable middle section, at which the radical-neutral-plug is a plug, which can be connected to each other radical-neutral-plug and the minus-charge-plug is a male/female-plug that can only be connected to the corresponding plus-charge-plug of the basic-atomic-body.
Electron-pair-representations (chap. 6.0,
Thus the present invention concerns as well the representation of an electron-pair, at which the representation of an electron-pair contains one electron-representation, which is connected to the second electron-representation of the represented electron-pair via a radical-neutral-connecting-element and which is via a minus-charge-connecting-element connected to the plus-charge-connecting-element of the basic-atomic-body.
radical-neutral-plugs are preferred embodiments of radical-neutral-connecting-elements (chap. 4.0, 4.1, 4.2,
Radical-neutral-plugs (in this document synonymously as well named null-plug) consist preferably of multiple pins, which are fixed to a plate (like e.g. in the embodiments of
Especially preferred are three, six, nine, twelve pins or a number of pins, or a number of pins which is a multiple of three.
The dowels are additionally preferably annularly arranged on a circular disc and stand preferably vertically on this circular disc. Out of this follows that the pins preferably taper towards the middle of the circular disc (e.g. in the preferred embodiment with 6 pins in
The pins of a radical-neutral-plug can besides of the preferred annular embodiment in this way be arranged on a disc, in such a way that the pins of one part of the plug are on the positions of the black squares of checker-board-pattern and the recesses are on the positions the white squares of such a checker-board-pattern (
A further possible way of arranging the pins of the radical-neutral-plug is based on equilateral triangles as basic pattern for the positions of the pins, at which every pin is a part of up to six triangles and a connected pattern of equilateral triangles is generated (
The effective true to scale bond-distance and the effective proportionate bond-distance are described in Chapter 4.0 and the
C3n-Radical-neutral-plugs (
In the preferred embodiment of the C3n-radical-neutral-plug n=2 and this is as a consequence a C6-radical-neutral-plug (FIG. 1,2,6). Thus either the staggered as well as the eclipsed positions are alternatingly representable, what therefore enables the common stereo-chemical representations of organic Chemistry and in addition enables the representation of double- and triple-bonds.
C3n-radical-neutral-plugs in the preferred embodiment thus are the positions with which electron-representations can be connected to each other. Decisive is therein, that each C3n-radical-neutral-plug of an electron-representation can be connected to any other C3n-radical-neutral-plug of other electron-representations of the molecular-building-set.
The arrangement of the pins in the C3n-radical-neutral-plug is preferably arranged in a C3n-geometry, in which for example the male/female elements of the adherence principle can be annularly arranged. This is shown with the example of the plug (FIG. 1,2, 12 at the example of C3n-radical-neutral-plugs) or with a triangular pattern like in
The C3n-radical-neutral-plug has preferably a C3n-geometrically arranged pins and recesses for the take in and insertion of the pins of a second C3n-radical-neutral-plug.
C3n-radical-neutral-plugs are in that respect special, that every radical-neutral-plug can be connected to any other radical-neutral-plug of the molecular-building-set. This means that it is no male/female principle, but any two C3n-radical-neutral-plugs can be connected to each other. The C3n-radical-neutral-plugs thus are arbitrarily combinable with each other.
In the preferred embodiment C3n-radical-neutral-plugs can only be connected to other C3n-radical-neutral-plugs and not to plus-charge-connecting-elements, minus-charge-connecting-elements, basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements of the molecular-building-sets, to demonstrate, that these are in each case completely different bonds and forces.
Minus-charge-plugs are a preferred embodiment of the minus-charge-connecting-elements (chap. 5.0, 5.1,
Plus-charge-plugs are a preferred embodiment of plus-charge-connecting-elements (chap. 5.0, 5.1,
As a consequence the plus-charge-plug can as well be an intake or recess for the plug in of the ball of the minus-charge-plug.
Besides of these preferred embodiments of the minus-charge-plugs and plus-charge-plugs can the side which is defined as female be either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the side which is defined to be male be always on the side of electron-representations or the side of the connecting principle which is defined as male is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the side which is defined as female is in each case on the side of electron-representations.
Electron-pair-couplings-plug is the preferred embodiment of the electron-pair-connecting-elements (chap. 6.0,
Basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug is the preferred embodiment of basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements (chap. 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4,
Besides of this preferred embodiment of the basic-atomic-body-coupling-plugs and electron-pair-coupling-plug can the side which is defined to be female either always be on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the side which is defined to be male lies always on the side of electron-representations or the side of the bonding principle which is defined to be male is either always on the side of the basic-atomic-body and the side which is defined to be female is at any time on the side of electron-pair-representations.
From the state of the art several molecular-building-sets are known, with such molecular-building-sets however only very non detailed molecules can be represented. On these atomic-models the positions of atoms are represented in the right way, but the electrons and their bindings adhesive forces and the adhesive forces of the cores and charges are only represented in an insufficient way. “The “Minit-Building-Set” that is sod by the company Crochane in three versions “organic chemistry”, “biochemisty” and “inorganic chemistry” and “Chrystal Chemistry”, shows the standard color-code of the elements, but with this learning-toy only an insufficient understanding of the bonding-relations in chemical molecules can be achieved. To represent a correct binding-length between two different kinds of atom, the connecting-tubes have to be cut with a knife or pair of scissors. A true to scale representation of the binding-length can only be achieved by active action of the user before the construction of a molecule. Another big problem is the representation of ions, Complex-bonds and hydrogen-bridges. At the mentioned Cochanes-System the binding-relations in boron-compound for example can only insufficiently be represented with trigonal-planar atomic-centers and thus the actual binding-relations are not represented in the right way. Also all plug-connections are equipped with male/female-plugs, which in addition can not be related to any chemical function.
Besides of the above mentioned “Minit”-molecular-construction-system shows that US-patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,103 only rudimentary building pieces for the construction of simple molecule-representations, for example a pentagonal-bipyramidal basic-body with fixed axial-positions, at which the atoms of the equatorial-level can be shifted in the direction of both axial-points. With this molecular-building-set simple sequences of reactions can be represented. It is possible to show single steps of a nucleophilic substitution on the basis of SN1 or a mechanism of second order (SN2). Thus simple dynamic processes are representable, but with model chemical bonds between two atoms cannot be sufficiently be explained.
Besides of this learning toys exist, that are focused, to cover special fields of chemistry. In this way U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,110 A shows a crystal-grid-system and WO 2006080871 A1 clearly shows the construction of atoms, at which electrons, protons and neutrons are represented. With all molecular-building-sets a deeper comprehension of the electron-pair-binding or a ionic-binding is only superficially achieved. All above mentioned molecular-building-sets are only insufficiently able to impart the relation between free electrons respectively free electron-pairs as well as numbers of bindings, the coordination number, as well a the three dimensional position of the substituents, this means sterical position, to the learning person.
The task of the invention thus is to present a molecular-building-set that is adequate for all age-groups in the execution of a valence-electron-model, that can can clearly represent the basic building-principles of chemical compounds and simple reaction-mechanisms.
Above all the relation between electrons and their forces and atomic-cores and their forces and their mutual interplay shell be represented. Especially with it the binding between two electron for the formation of binding and non-binding electron-pairs, the bindings between two single electrons with atomic-cores in shape of plus-minus-charge-interaction and between electron-pairs with atomic-cores in shape of hydrogen-bonds, Lewis-acid-base-interactions, complex-bindings and ionic-bindings shell be illustrated.
This challenge is solved by the technical content of the independent patent claims. Preferred executions of the invention are in the dependent patent claims, of the description, the figures as well as the examples specified.
The present invention concerns a molecular-building-set which contains or comprises electron-representations and basic-atomic-body-representations, at which an electron of a covalent bond is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element and each connecting-element of this type is connectable with each connecting-element of the same type.
According to the invention the radical-neutral-connecting-element is a connecting-element, that does not follow the plus-minus or male/female principle, but is instead shaped in that way, that only one type of connecting-element exists and this connecting-element is connectable with any other connecting-element of this type.
The present invention concerns as well a molecular-building-set that contains or comprises electron-representations and basic-atomic-body-representations, at which an electron of a covalent bond is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element with a C3n-symmetry, in which n is a integer from 1 until 20 and every connecting-element of this type can be connected to each connecting-element of the same type.
The radical-neutral-connecting-element is preferably a radical-neutral-plug as herein disclosed.
Preferably the electron-representation consists of one connecting-element or a radical-neutral-connecting-element or radical-neutral-plug with a C3n-symmetry and a minus-charge-connecting-element in shape of a male/female connecting-element. The minus-charge-connecting-element is preferably a minus-charge-plug in shape of a male/female plug.
n within the C3n-symmetry is preferably an integer of 1-15, preferably of 1-10, further preferred of 1-8, even further preferred of 1-6, even further preferred of 1-5, even further preferred of 1-4, even further preferred 2, 3 or 4, and especially preferred 2.
The present invention concerns as well a molecular-building-set, at which a radical is represented by a C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element, a positive charge is represented by a plus-charge-connecting-element, a negative charge is represented by a minus-charge-connecting-element and a chemical interaction is represented by an electron-pair-connecting-element and a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element, at which the C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element is a type of connecting-element, which can be connected to any other connecting-element of this type, at which the plus-charge-connecting-element and the minus-charge-connecting-element are types of connecting-elements of a first male/female combination of connecting-elements and the electron-pair-connecting-element and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element are two types of connecting-elements of a second male/female combination of connecting-elements.
The present invention further concerns a molecular building set comprising electron representations and atomic representations, at which an charge-conjunction is represented by a connection of a plus-charge-connecting-element preferably a plus-charge-plug with a minus-charge-connecting-element, preferably a minus-charge-plug, and a covalent bond is represented by a connection of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements, preferably two radical-neutral-plugs, and a hydrogen bond or a coordination-bond is represented by a connection of an electron-pair-connecting-element preferably an electron-pair-coupling-plug with a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element, preferably represented by a basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug, at which an charge-conjunction is represented by a male/female connection principle and the coordination bond or hydrogen bond is represented by another male/female connecting principle and the covalent bond is represented by binding principle, at which each radical-neutral-connecting element preferably a radical-neutral-plug that can be connected to any other radical-neutral-connecting-element, preferably a radical-neutral-plug.
The term “can be represented by another male/female-connecting-principle” describes the context, that charge-conjunctions are represented by one kind of a male/female-connecting-principle and coordination-bonds or hydrogen-bridges are represented by a second kind of a male/female-connecting principle, which is not compatible with the first kind.
Embodiments for diverse male/female-connecting-principles are in this document disclosed like e.g. a pin and a corresponding recess for the intake of this pin or a ball and a corresponding ball-holder for intake of the ball. Both are male/female-connecting-principles but they are not compatible with each other. That means the ball does not fit into the recess for the pin.
Differently phrased the present invention concerns a molecular-building-set comprising electron-representations and basic-atomic-body-representations, at which an charge-conjunction is represented by a connection of a plus-charge-connecting-element, preferably a plus-charge-plug with a minus-charge-connecting-element, preferably a minus-charge-plug and a covalent bond is represented by a connection of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements, preferably of two radical-neutral-plugs and a hydrogen-bridge or a coordination-bond of an electron-pair-connecting-element, preferably an electron-pair-coupling-plug with a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element, preferably a basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug, at which an charge-conjunction is represented by two male/female-connecting-elements preferably male/female-plugs of a first kind and the coordination-bond as well as the hydrogen-bridge are formed by two male/female-connecting-elements, preferably male/female-plugs of a second kind that is not compatible with the first kind and the radical-neutral-connecting-elements, preferably radical-neutral-plugs can be connected to any other radical-neutral-connecting-element, preferably radical-neutral-plug, but are not compatible with the male/female-connecting-elements preferably male/female-plugs.
The molecular-building-set according to the invention thus contains three kinds of connecting-elements, which are not compatible with each other, this means that they cannot be connected to each other and a bond can only be formed by the two partners (male and female or neutral, this means 2 identical connecting-elements respectively connecting-plugs), in a way that as well a radical disjunction of a bond as well as an ionic disjunction of a bond can be represented.
Herein a radical is represented as a single not connected radical-neutral-connecting-element, preferably radical-neutral-plug and an ionic charge is represented by a single not connected plus-charge-connecting-element preferably plus-charge-plug for a positive charge and a minus-charge-connecting-element, preferably minus-charge-plug for a negative charge.
Because of this combination of different connecting-elements for the user it is for the first time possible to distinguish between different forces and bonds and ate them to relate them to different connecting-element-systems.
Besides of this feature the radical-neutral-connecting-elements in the preferred embodiment do have a C3n-rotational-Symmetry with n=1, 2, 3, . . . , 20 along the binding-axis.
Like in this document used the term C3n-rotational-symmetry means, that this connecting-element has along the binding-axis of the covalent bond which is to be represented a three-numbered rotational-axis or a multiple (n) of this three-numbered rotational-axis, at which n preferably is an integer from 1 until 20. Preferred are rotational-symmetries of 3 and a multiple of 3 like e.g. C3-, C6-, C9-, C12-, C15-, C18-, C21-, C24-, C27-, C30-rotational-symmetries or higher rotational-symmetries of this series. Such rotational symmetries can e.g. be indicated as C3n with n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 etc. or as C3n with n=1−20, preferred n=1−5, further preferred n=1, 2 or 3 and especially preferred n=2.
Thus another preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed towards a molecular-building-set containing or comprising electron-representations and basic-atomic-body-representations, at which one electron of a covalent bond is represented by a connecting-element with a C3n-rotational symmetry, with n from 1 until 20, preferred from 1 until 4 and each C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of this type can be connected with any C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of the same type.
Only because of the C3n-rotational-symmetry either all three different staggered or all three different eclipsed positions can be obtained or the C6-symmetry which is based on the C3n-symmetry all 6 different staggered and eclipsed positions, which result from the tetrahedral shape of the atoms, become possible, at which the eclipsed positions are the start-positions for untwisted multiple-bonds.
According to the invention the radical-neutral-connecting-elements have a C3n-rotational-symmetry, this means with a three-numbered, a six-numbered, a nine-numbered etc. rotational-axis.
In another preferred embodiment the radical-neutral-connecting-element is represented as radical-neutral-plug and contains pins and recesses (
Further it is preferred that the circular disc with its vertically arranged pins is shaped turnably around the longitudinal axis of the plugging-connection out of two radical-neutral-plugs
Especially preferred is an embodiment as radical-neutral-plug. In an especially preferred embodiment the radical-neutral-connecting-element is represented as C3n-radical-neutral-plug (with n as an integer from 1 until 20) and has pins and recesses (
Further the radical-neutral-plug is preferably shaped as a circular disc with thereon vertically arranged pins with a C3n-rotational-symmetry (
Further more the circular disc is preferably shaped with the thereon vertically arranged pins is turnable around the longitudinal axis of the plugging contact out of two C3n-radical-neutral-plugs, which possess positions for click into place with C3n-rotational-symmetry in which the compound can be in eclipsed and staggered positions.
Further the present invention concerns a molecular-building-set comprising electron-representations (
So far no molecular-building-set is known, in which a building-block can be found that represents an electron. The molecular-building-set like in the invention presents for the first time electron-representations, that are represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element for representation of the electron respectively of the radical and a minus-charge-connecting-element to symbolize the negative-charge.
Thus the electron is represented in the preferred embodiment by a radical-neutral-connecting-element in shape of a radical-neutral-plug that can be combined with any plug of the same type and a minus-charge-connecting-element in shape of a male plug or a female plug of a male/female plug-combination.
As male/female plug-combination or as male plug respectively female plugs are described, which can only be connected to the corresponding counter-plug, like for instance a USB-plug (male) that only fits in the corresponding USB-socket (female), at which two USB-plugs (male) or as well two USB-sockets (female) are not connectable to each other.
Preferably between the radical-neutral-connecting-element and the minus-charge-connecting-element of the electron-representation is a flexible, movable or bendable binding-link or middle-section (
According to the present invention a radical, a positive charge, a negative charge or a chemical interaction is in the preferred embodiment represented by different connecting-elements in shape of different plugs, at which only the plugs, that represent a radical but no other plug-types can be connected to each other. Thereby these are neutral-plugs, this means each plug of this type can be connected to each plug of this type. Plugs that represent a negative charge, can only be connected with plugs that represent a positive charge, but not connected to different plug-types. Plugs that represent a chemical interaction, like e.g. H-bridges, Lewis-acid-base-interactions, complex-bindings and ionic-bonds. Are only connectable with each other as male/female-plugs but not with other plug-types.
Thus a radical is preferably represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element, a positive charge is represented by a plus-charge-connecting-element a negative charge is represented by a minus-charge-connecting-element and a chemical interaction is represented by an electron-pair-connecting-element and a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element, at which the radical-neutral-connecting-element is a connecting-element-type that can be connected to any other connecting-element of this type, at which a plus-charge-connecting-element and a minus-charge-connecting-element are two connecting-element-types of a first male/female connecting-element-combination and at which the electron-pair-connecting-element and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element are two connecting-element-types of a second male/female connecting-element-combination.
Thus only radical-neutral-connecting-elements are connectable with each other but cannot be connected to minus-charge-connecting-elements or plus-charge-connecting elements or electron-pair-connecting-elements or basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements. A minus-charge-connecting-element can only be connected to a plus-charge-connecting-element but not be connected to a radical-neutral-connecting-element or a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element or an electron-pair-connecting-element. An electron-pair-connecting-element can only be connected to a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element but not be connected to a radical-neutral-connecting-element or a minus-charge-connecting-element or a plus-charge-connecting-element.
The term “chemical interaction” describes any kind of interaction that can be represented as binding that is no charge-disjunction, charge-conjunction and is no formation or separation of a covalent bond.
In a preferred embodiment the present invention concerns a molecular-building-set, at which an electron-representation consists of a C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element with a C3n-rotational-symmetry, at which n is a whole number of 1 until 20 and a minus-charge-connecting-element in shape of a male/female connecting-element. Thus according to the invention a single or a free electron represented by two different connecting-elements, which are preferably located on both ends of a longish connecting-piece like e.g. a pipe, a tube, a bolt, a bar, a pole or anything like that. Preferred is again C3n-rotational-symmetry like defined above for the connecting-element that represents the radical-neutral-connecting-element and thus symbolizes the radical part of an electron. The charge-content is symbolized by another connecting-element, the minus-charge-connecting-element, which is shaped in form of a male/female connecting-element. This means each electron-representation carries in the preferable embodiment a radical-neutral-connecting-element in shape of a connecting-element with a C3n-rotational-symmetry and a minus-charge-connecting-element in shape of a male connecting-element, which are connected to each other via a longish connecting piece. The connecting-element with the C3n-rotational-symmetry can be connected to any other connecting-element of the same type, but not with the male/female connecting-element for representing the positive and the negative charge. Is the negative charge represented by a male connecting element, it can only be connected with a female connecting-element that symbolizes the positive charge e.g. at the basic-atomic-body-representation, but it can not be connected to a second male connecting-element. The same applies to female connecting-elements, which can not be connected with each other, but only be connected to a male connecting-element.
Molecular-construction-sets with an electron-representation, in which the radical-part is represented by a connecting-element with a C3n-rotational-symmetry and the charge-part by a male/female connecting-element are not known in the state of art.
Preferable Embodiment of Electron-Representation with Radical-Neutral-Plug
In a further preferred embodiment of an electron-representation the radical-neutral-connecting-element is represented as radical-neutral-plug and has pins and recesses (
Further preferred the radical-neutral-plug is shaped as a circular disc with thereon vertically arranged pins (
Furthermore preferred the circular disc with thereon vertically arranged pins is build rotatably around the longitudinal axis of the plug-connection of two radical-neutral-plugs.
Especially Preferred is the Embodiment of the Electron-Representation with C3n-Radical-Neutral-Plug
In an especially preferred embodiment of the electron-representation the radical-neutral-connecting-element is represented as C3n-radical-neutral-plug and has pins and recesses (
Further preferred the radical-neutral-plug is shaped as a circular disc with thereon vertically arranged pins with a C3n-rotational-symmetry (
Furthermore preferred the circular disc with the vertically arranged pins is build rotatably around the longitudinal axis of the plug-connection of two C3n-radical-neutral-plugs which have click-in-place-positions in C3n-rotational-symmetry in which the binding can form staggered and eclipsed positions.
Preferably the connecting-element-combination of plus-charge-connecting-element and minus-charge-connecting-element is a plug-contact of a pin and a recess, a magnet with north-pole and south-pole, a hook and loop-fastener of hooks and loops, a gecko-adherence with suction-cups and faces, a connection of hook and eye, a plus-minus-plug-connection or any other male/female connecting-principle.
A male/female connecting-principle always demands two kinds of connecting-elements, which can be connected to each other (e.g. antenna-cable and antenna-cable-socket, where only a male plug can be connected to a female plug)
Preferably the connecting-element-combination of electron-pair-connecting element and basic-atomic-body-connecting-element is a plug-contact of a pin and a recess, a ball and a ball-holder, a magnet with north-pole and south-pole, a hook and loop-fastener of hooks and loops, a gecko-adherence with suction-cups and faces, a connection of hook and eye, a plus-minus-plug-connection or any other male/female connecting-principle.
Only the radical-neutral-connecting-element does not follow the male-female-connecting-principle but follows a neutral connecting principle, this means only one connection-element-type does exist (called radical-neutral-connecting-element or null-connecting-element) which can be connected to any other connecting-element of this type (that means with any radical-neutral-connecting-element or null-connecting-element). In the preferred embodiment the radical-neutral-connecting-elements are built as radical-neutral-plugs, at which these plugs have a certain geometry to be able to interlock.
The connecting-element-combination of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements is a plug-contact of two plug with either pins and recesses for reception of the pins of a corresponding second plug, or a neutral-hook-and-loop-fastener with loops and hooks either on both sides of the hook-and-loop-fastener, or a neutral-magnet-connection with north-poles and south-poles on each of both magnets, or a neutral-gecko-adherence-plugs with suction-cups and faces on each of both sides of the neutral-gecko-adherence-plug, or a bayonet-lock-tube-coupling with interlocking rails on both sides of the bayonet-lock-tube-coupling, or another neutral connecting- or adherence-principle.
The radical-neutral-connecting-element is either a radical-neutral-plug with geometrically arranged pins and recesses for reception and insertion of the pins of another radical-neutral-plug, or neutral-hook-and-loop-fasteners with loops and hooks always each on both with each other connectable sides of the hook-and-loop-fastener, this means the loops and hooks are attached to each of both with each other connectable sides, or neutral-magnet-connections, at which north-poles and south-poles are on each of both with each other connectable sides of the magnet, or neutral-gecko-adherence-plugs with suction-cups and faces on each of both with each other connectable sides, or bayonet-lock-tube-couplings with interlocking rails on both with each other connectable couplings, or on further thinkable connecting-possibilities which are based on neutral connecting- or adherence-principle.
A plus-minus-adherence-principle or a plus-minus-plug-principle describes the same as a male-female-connecting-principle, namely two kinds of connecting-elements at which two different but not two identical connecting-elements are connectable with each other,
In a preferred embodiment, as the used connecting-element-systems, three different plug types are used for representing different bindings and interactions, namely radical-neutral-plugs, which have a C3n-rotational-symmetry (n=1-20) in the preferred embodiment, a male/female plug of type I (as plus-charge-connecting-element and minus-charge-connecting-element), a male-female plug of type II (as electron-pair-connecting-element and basic-atomic-body-connecting-element). Only plugs of the same type can be connected to each other, at which at the plugs of type I and type II only male and female can be connected to each other.
With the molecular-building-set like in the invention, it is possible to true to scale represent the length of a covalent bond (single-bond, double-bond and triple-bond) and the distance of a chemical interaction (
An electron-pair-representation that is enabled for chemical reactions and located on a basic-atomic-body-representation is preferably represented by two with each other connected radical-neutral-connecting-elements, which are part of two electron-representations, which are connected or adhered to the same basic-atomic-body-representation (
Further one atomic-representation of an element has preferably as many radical-neutral-connecting-elements, as this element possesses valence-electrons (
Further preferred is, if the by two with each other represented radical-neutral-connecting-elements represented electron-pair-representation that is connected to a basic-atomic-body-representation with a connection of a plus-charge-connecting-element and a minus-charge-connecting-element (
A minus-charge-connecting-element is preferably represented by a minus-charge-plug by a round, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, nonagonal or dodecagonal coloredly marked pin (
It is further preferable, that a radical-neutral-connecting-element is connected to a basic-atomic-body-representation via a flexible link (
According to the invention the challenge is solved by a molecular-building-set, which comprises atomic-representations with bound electron-representations and basic-atomic-bodies as well as detachable electron-representations. With it three different attraction-forces, bindings, respectively interactions, namely covalent bonds, plus-charge- and minus-charge-conjunction and electron-pair-attraction by basic-atomic-bodies are solved by three different connecting-systems. Covalent bonds are represented by radical-neutral-connecting-elements.
Conjunction of plus-charges and minus-charges are demonstrated by minus-charge-connecting-elements and plus-charge-connecting-elements. Interactions of atomic-cores with electron-pairs are represented by electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-connecting-elements. A free electron is represented by an electron-representation, that consists of a minus-charge-connecting-element connected to a radical-neutral-connecting-element. A free electron represented by a combination of a minus-charge-connecting-element and a radical-neutral-connecting-element is thus a part of the molecular-building-set according to the invention. The electron-representation (this means the representation of a free electron) can on the one hand via the minus-charge-connecting-element be connected to a basic-atomic-body and on the other hand via the radical-neutral-connecting-element be connected with a second electron-representation to the representation of a covalent chemical bond.
Free radicals and free electron-pairs are represented by radical-neutral-connecting-elements like e.g. radical-neutral-plugs and covalent bonds are represented by the connection of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements like e.g. two radical-neutral-plugs that are connected to each other. The radical-neutral-connecting-elements are in that respect special, that each radical-neutral-connecting-element can be connected to each other radical-neutral-connecting-element. Technically in the preferred embodiment such connections are e.g. realized by radical-neutral-plugs, at which each radical-neutral-plug is shaped in such a way, that it can be connected to each other radical-neutral-plug. Preferred as radical-neutral-plugs are interlocking pins or something. For the creation of a connection of two radical-neutral-plugs respectively radical-neutral-connecting-elements no other connecting piece is needed.
Charge-disjunctions of plus- and minus-charges respectively charge-conjunctions are represented by plus-charge-connecting-elements and minus-charge-connecting-elements, at which these connecting elements lead to a male/female-connection, that means only one plus-charge-connecting-element can be connected to one minus-charge-connecting-element, but two plus-charge-connecting-elements or two minus-charge-connecting-elements cannot be connected to each other.
Decisive for the representation of reaction-mechanisms is, that detachable electron-representations with radical-neutral-connecting-elements and minus-charge-connecting-elements exist, that are recognizable as one unit. All detachable electron-representations of the molecular-building-set are in the preferred embodiment universally identical and universally elsewhere in the molecular-building-set again usable. Via disjunction of a minus-charge-connecting-element and a plus-charge-connecting-element a recognizable plus-charge and recognizable minus-charge is formed.
According to the invention each electron of an atom, that is available for a chemical and preferably covalent bond is represented by a radical-neutral-connecting-element. All free electron-representations of an atomic-representation are represented with their connecting-elements at the basic-atomic-bodies of each single atomic-representation. Because of this each electron-representation and electron-pair-representation can be unmistakably allocated to one basic-atomic-body and single atomic-representations are recognizable as unit and building-block. Each atomic-representation thus carries all electron-representations with their connecting-elements for representation of all electronic-interactions and the basic-atomic-body carries all connecting-elements for representation of interactions of atomic-cores.
To be able to represent molecules with the molecular-building-set according to the invention as close to reality as possible, as a starting point always an atomic-core representing basic-atomic-body is chosen, comprising protons and neutrons and non-binding electrons of the inner electron shell respectively chemically non relevant electrons of metals. The basic form of such a basic-atomic-body can be e.g. a ball, tetrahedron or another polyhedron. At the surface of these bodies are radical-neutral-connecting-elements (chap. 4.0) which in the preferred embodiment are represented by radical-neutral-plugs by pins and which are preferably tetrahedraly shaped fixed to the basic-atomic-bodies via flexible elements, which represent the electrons that are enabled for binding. As well in the preferred embodiment plus-charge-connecting-elements are represented at the surface (chap. 5.0), at which in the neutral basic-state of the respective elements electron representations are attached with their minus-charge-connecting-elements (chap. 5.0). As well in the preferred embodiment electron-pair-representations are connected to the surface of the basic-atomic-bodies of some of the non-metal-atomic-representations (chap. 6.0), which represent free electron-pairs.
These electron-pair-representations can in some cases be enabled to form two bond-representations of covalent-bonds and/or be enabled via the electron-pair-connecting-elements to connect to basic-body-connecting-elements and/or be enabled to flap out the electron-pair-representation under charge-disjunction and subsequent formation of a new binding-representation on another plus-charge connecting-element (
At the basic-atomic-bodies of the atomic-representations of the first period (
This corresponds to the reality in orbital-physics of these elements and is represented for the first time in the molecular-building-set accordingly to the invention. At the helium-representation there is only at one side one electron-pair-representation and at the hydrogen-representation, at one side of the basic-atomic-body there is a plus-charge-connecting-element at which an electron-representation binds in the neutral state and on the other side there is a basic-atomic-connecting-element which is permanently connected.
At the atomic-representations of the elements of higher periods e.g. 2., 3., 4., 5., period, the connecting-elements in the preferred embodiment are distributed onto the tetrahedral positions at the surface of the basic-atomic-bodies or if necessary onto the positions of the corners of a tetragonal bi-pyramid.
The elements can thereby be plus-charge-connecting-elements with thereon belonging electron representations, radical-neutral-connecting-elements, basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements or electron-pair-representations. One position of a basic-atomic-body can possibly as well stay free and not carry an element.
The basic-atomic-bodies preferably do have a color-code for the basic-atomic-bodies, at which always one color can be allocated to certain elements or element-groups.
The basic-atomic-bodies, that are died with the corresponding color, can be made of wood, metal, ceramic, glass, cardboard or plastic, preferably of plastic, and can have different three-dimensional basic-forms.
To be able to represent the different kinds of bindings that appear in the world of chemistry as exactly as possible, the above described concept of electron-representations, which is decisive for the patent, has been introduced. With the molecular-building-set according to the invention it is possible to represent different kinds of bindings of atoms close to reality. A covalent bond is represented in the present molecular-building-set by mutual connecting of two firmly connected electron-representations via their radical-neutral-connecting-elements (
Double- or triple-bonds can be represented by mutual connection of pairs or triplets of firmly connected electron-representations via their radical-neutral-connecting-elements (
Hereby the flexible binding-tubes are a little bit bend and as a consequence the binding length of the represented double- and triple-bond, which is in the case of representations of multiple bonds the distance between the centers of the basic-atomic-bodies, are automatically shortened and thus a true to scale representation of the binding-lengths is reached. Respectively e.g. at the representation of the simple organic molecule Ethene (Ethylene) the four hydrogen-representations are automatically arranged in a plane. At the representation of the molecule Ethine (Acetylene) both hydrogen-atomic-representations are sterical in that way positioned, that they are arranged in a linear alignment for the representation of the triple-bond. Thus it is possible to represent in a clear way sp-, sp2- and sp3-hybridised bonds, it is as well possible between non carbon atoms.
The length of the flexible binding-tubes is in all cases chosen in that way, that always the true to scale bond-length is represented. The length of the flexible binding tubes is chosen in that way that always the true to scale binding-length is represented.
This means, it can be e.g. shown, that the representation of a carbon-nitrogen-bond or a carbon-oxygen-bond is shorter than a carbon-carbon-bond (like e.g. in
The effective true to scale distances of the radical-neutral-connecting-elements can as well be obtained if the basic-atomic-bodies of the different elements do have different sizes; the firmly connected electron-representations then need to have the respective true to scale length.
The length of the effective binding-distances thus are an indication of the electro-negativity of the corresponding element. The shorter the effective, binding-distances the more electronegative is the element.
In the preferred embodiment of the molecular-building set at the representation of double- and triple-bonds between two carbon atomic-representations, like as well between carbon-atomic-representations and non-carbon-atomic-representations via bending of the represented double-bond and even further bending of the triple bond a shortening of the distance between both basic-atomic-body-centers in comparison to a representation of a single-bond is created.
In interplay with the differently long binding-portions shortened distances are gained between the atomic-representations at the representations of multiple-bonds that are true to scale to the length of real chemical multiple-bonds (like e.g. in
Like herein used the term “radical-neutral-connecting-element” describes a connecting-element, which does not consist of two different connecting-elements like e.g. a female and a male connecting-element, at which only a male connecting-element can be connected to a female connecting-element and the connection of two male connecting-elements or two female-connecting elements is not possible like it is e.g. the case with a socket for a power-connection. The radical-neutral-connecting-elements like in the invention of different atomic-representations can all be mutually be connected to each other. Because through combination of two binding-electrons of two different atoms a covalent bond is formed, such a bond is represented by mutual connection of two arbitrary radical-neutral-connecting-elements of two different atomic-representations.
This means that radical-neutral-connecting-elements of each atomic-representation can be connected to all radical-neutral-connecting-elements of any other atomic-representation. According to the invention thus a representation of a covalent bond is obtained by mutual connecting of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements (like e.g.
This is a big advantage of the molecular-building-set according to the invention, because the number of the radical-neutral-connecting-elements per atomic-representation symbolizes the number of outer electrons and the user thus can on the basis of the number of radical-neutral-connecting-elements determine the maximum number of covalent chemical bonds, that the particular represented atom can build.
For radical-neutral-connecting-elements it is preferred, that the radical-neutral-connecting-elements are not directly firmly connected to the faces of the basic-atomic-bodies, but are sitting at the end of a flexible connecting link e.g. a tube, pipe or pin and the preferable flexible tube, pipe or pin ends in the center of a side-face of an atomic-basic-body and forms together with the radical-neutral-connecting-element a firmly connected electron representation.
Such a connecting link consists preferably out of flexible plastic or rubber. In the preferred embodiment the radical-neutral-connecting-element is preferably a radical-neutral-plug, that comprising its pins preferably consists of plastic, or hard-rubber, possibly of wood, cardboard, metal or other materials. Are two identical atoms connected to each other, like e.g. two carbon-atomic-representations then the radical-neutral-plug-connection lies preferably in the middle between the basic-atomic-body-centers.
Charge disjunction of plus- and minus-charges respectively charge-conjunctions are represented by a special kind of plus-charge-connecting-elements and Minus-charge-connecting-elements, which correspond to a male/female connecting-principle. Ionic-bonds, coordination-bonds and hydrogen-bonds are represented by basic-atomic-connecting-elements and electron-pair-connecting-elements, that correspond to a thereto different male/female-connecting-principle. At a male/female-connecting-principle a bond can only be formed by a female-connecting-element to a male-connecting-element, but not by two male-connecting elements or two female-connecting-elements. Decisive for the invention is that the three in this paragraph named binding- and force-types are represented by three different connecting-principles, so that these three binding-types can be distinguished by the spectator.
The above represented variant to represent bindings with help of flexible tubes and radical-neutral-plugs is preferred.
Another possibility to represent covalent bonds between two atoms instead of pins and recesses or block-outs for the pins of the plugging radical-neutral-plug can e.g. happen by magnets with north- and south-pole, hook and loop-fasteners with hooks and loops on each of both plugs or the gecko-adherence-principle with faces and small suction-cups on each of both plugs or other plus-minus-adherence- and plug-principals that are arranged in patterns. In this embodiment the for the representation of a binding responsible contact-surface is equipped with patterns of alternating north- and south-poles respectively male- and female-positions, in a way that furthermore each plug of this kind can be combined with each other plug of this kind. The pattern of the arrangement of the male and female positions are again in accordance to the patterns that are sensible for radical-neutral-plugs. This means a radical-neutral-connecting-element carries on the connection face that is preferably a circular disc no pins but these are substituted by magnetic elements or elements of another male/female-connecting-principle, at which on each face the male as well as the female elements are present. Thus plugs are generated, that are furthermore neutral, because each plug, has either male elements as well as female elements, which respectively interact with the female as well as the male elements of the other plug to form a binding. The geometry of the male- and female-positions at the contact face can be again annularly arranged like the pins in
The pins of a radical-neutral-plug can besides the preferred annular execution as well be arranged in that way on the disc that the pins of one side of the plug are on the positions of black squares of a chess-board-pattern and the recesses are on the white squares of such a chess-board-pattern (
Besides the pattern of
Another possible arrangement for the pins of the radical-neutral-plug are equilateral triangles as basic-pattern for the positions of the pins, at which each pin is involved in up to six triangles and an interrelated pattern of equilateral triangles is generated (
Besides the pattern of
At the in
The choice of the right pattern of the pins of the radical-neutral-plugs or generally of the connecting-principles at radical-neutral-connecting-elements makes it possible, that all radical-neutral-plugs or generally phrased all radical-neutral-connecting-elements are at any time combinable with each other.
Because in the chemical literature often representations are used, at which in molecules two neighbored carbon atoms are either staggered or eclipsed represented, is besides of the mutual combinability of two radical-neutral-plug respectively radical-neutral-connecting-elements as well desired, that under mutual connecting to a representation of a covalent bond exactly these angles can be set, that correspond to a staggered or eclipsed conformation.
Thus it is preferred that radical-neutral-plugs have a rotatable head, so that the The atomic-representations independent of the used pattern of the pins can be rotated around the binding-axis in this way, that each desired different conformation can be represented like e.g. the staggered- and eclipsed-conformation (
More generally viewed it is preferred, that the radical-neutral-connecting-elements have a rotatable head, so that the atomic-representations can independently of the used pattern, with which the used connecting-principles are positioned on the radical-neutral-connecting-element be rotated, in a way that different desired conformations can be represented like e.g. the staggered- and eclipsed-conformation (
To get in an especially preferred embodiment of the molecular-building-set with rotatable and in click-in place-positions lockable electron-representations for the precise representation of staggered and eclipsed-conformation, an annularly constructed C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element which in certain positions clicks in place does exist. The click-in place-positions of this preferred embodiment do have at any time the same C3n-rotational-symmetry like the corresponding C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element.
In a preferred embodiment a radical-neutral-connecting-element is represented with a C3n-rotational-symmetry, with n from 1 until 20, preferred from 1 until 4 and each C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of this type can be connected with each C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element of the same type. Only because of the C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-elements with C3n-rotational-symmetry all three different staggered or all three different eclipsed positions can be obtained. According to the invention these radical-neutral-connecting-elements do have a C3n-rotational-symmetry, this means with a three-numbered, six-numbered, nine-numbered etc. rotational-axis. Especially preferred is the embodiment with n=2 and thus a C6-radical-neutral-connecting-element, at which each C6-radical-neutral-plug of this type can be connected with every C6-radical-neutral-plug of the same type. At which all six different staggered and eclipsed positions, that result from the tetrahedral shape are representable.
Preferred are in the molecular-building-set according to the invention as radical-neutral connecting elements radical-neutral-plugs (as they are used e.g. in
In a preferred embodiment of a radical-neutral-plug every radical-neutral-plug consists of multiple pins, which are arranged on a disc (like e.g. in the embodiments of the
Furthermore the pins are preferably annularly arranged on a circular disc. As a result follows, that the pins are preferably tapering to the center of the circular disc respectively to the binding axis (e.g. in the preferred embodiment with six pins in the
Especially preferred is a number of 3, 6 and multiple of 3 pins and corresponding with it 3, 6 or a multiple or three recesses for the intake or 3, 6 or a multiple of three pins of another radical-neutral-plug with a C3n-rotational-symmetry. This preferred embodiment is shown in (
The C3n-radical-neutral-plug shows therefore in the preferred embodiment a compartmentation in shape of pins and recesses, in which the pins of the second C3n-radical-neutral-plug can interlock, at which the radical-neutral-plug preferably has more than one and less than 30 pins, further preferred more than 2 and less than 20 pins and especially preferred 3, 6, 9 or 12 pins, which can interlock into the corresponding recesses of the second C3n-radical-neutral-plug, to form the covalent bond.
Especially preferred are 6 pins, because of that 6 configurations of the two C6-radical-neutral-plugs that are twisted by 60° toward each other are obtained and because of this molecules ban be build with realistic angles, what is beneficial e.g. at eclipsed, staggered conformations, boat- and chair-configuration of six-rings, at sugar-molecules and at double- and triple-bonds (lock as well at e.g.
A covalent bond in the preferred embodiment is thus represented by two interlocking plugs, at which the two radical-neutral-plugs are compartmented by the same number of pins on the ring of pins. Because of this radical-neutral-plugs are obtained, which can be twisted around the binding-axis of the covalent-bond, and are in an extreme embodiment freely rotatable or in arbitrarily fine steps by relocation of the plugs can be rotated against each other (which means in steps of 360° divided by the number of pins per radical-neutral-plug). A radical-neutral-plug-connection with tree pins per radical-neutral-plug can therefore take three positions that are twisted by 120° against each other, whereas a radical-neutral-plug-connection with 12 pins per radical-neutral-plug can take 12 positions that are twisted by 30° against each other.
In an especially preferred embodiment of the molecular-construction-set with non freely rotatable and firmly connected or with rotatable and in click-in-positions stoppable electron-representations to obtain the precise representation of staggered and eclipsed confirmations, an annularly build C3n-radical-neutral-plug respectively in general an annularly constructed C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element is necessary, which is twisted by half of the angle of a position of a pin firmly connected or stoppable in a click-in position, do exist.
The click-in-positions of this preferred embodiment do have the same C3n-rotational-symmetry like the corresponding C3n-radical-neutral-connecting-element. In such a preferred embodiment with an annular arrangement of 3,6 pins or a multiple of three pins of the C3n-radical-neutral-plug, the C3n-radical-neutral-plugs are in such a way fixed to the basic-atomic-bodies, that not the middles of three of the six pins or at a multiples of three, always three, are directed towards the three other tetrahedral positions (FIG. 12,9,10) but the level of side-faces of each of the three pins of a radical-neutral-plug are in the same level with the middle of the three other tetrahedral positions. That means that at a six pin version with a firmly connected radical-neutral-plugs, the plug is twisted by half of 360° divided by 12, that means twisted a 24th of 360°, that means 15° in one direction.
Because of this the firmly connected radical-neutral-plugs are chiral. As a result of this the whole in
For example a C3n-radical-neutral-connecting element of a preferred embodiment could carry annularly arranged alternating six south-poles and six north-poles. These as well should correspond to the construction of the C3n-radical-neutral-plug with six pins and recesses and be twisted by 15° in on direction around the binding-axis and thus be chiral, for obtaining staggered- and eclipsed-conformations.
According to the invention in the preferred embodiment, the rotatory-degrees-of-freedom of the radical-neutral-connecting-elements and the minus-charge-connecting-elements of both sides of a detachable electron-representation are preferably related to each other independent of the construction of the radical-neutral-connecting-element. Is for example a radical-neutral-connecting-element with sixfold compartmentation chosen, which therefore possesses a C6-rotational-symmetry a pin can be chosen for the electron-representation, which possesses a hexagonal shape with C6-rotational-symmetry which can then be inserted in a corresponding hexagonal plus-charge-recess of the basic-atomic-bodies. Another possibility besides of the preferred embodiment to represent a radical-neutral-connecting-element is a bayonet-lock like in water-tube-couplings. Therein it is thinkable, that such a bayonet-lock possesses different numbers of interlocking rails or convexities. Preferred is a total number of 1 till 12 or more rails or convexities. Another possibility besides of the preferred embodiments to represent a radical-neutral-connecting-element is a hook-and-loop-fastener with hooks and loops on each of both sides of the opposite adherence-faces respectively all contact-faces of the radical-neutral-connecting-element.
Molecular-representations, atomic-representations or ionic-representations, at which not all radical-neutral-connecting-elements are connected with other radical-neutral-connecting-elements and these are therefore recognizable as unconnected radical-neutral-connecting-elements, that represent free radicals. E.g.
Detachable electron-representations consist in a preferred embodiment out of one part of a flexible element, which possesses on one end a minus-charge-connecting-element for connecting to the plus-charge-connecting-element of the basic-atomic-body and on the other end a radical-neutral-connecting-element.
A minus-charge-connecting-element is represented in the preferred embodiment as minus-charge-plug, as a pin and symbolizes a negative charge. The plus-charge-connecting-elements, which are represented in the preferred embodiment as plus-charge-recesses (holes) in the basic-atomic-body, represent a positive charge.
The plus-charge-connecting-elements have in the preferred embodiment the same rotational symmetry like the minus-charge-connecting-elements and a negatively shaped fit (e.g. in
The minus-charge-connecting-elements in the preferred embodiment always show the same color, which in the preferred embodiment is black. The plus-charge-connecting-elements preferably show always one color, which in the preferred embodiment is red. So that the spectator is able to recognize the charge as a color code. While mutually connected, both colors are getting covered form the spectator and the mutually connected charge-connecting-elements are represented as being neutral. Is a connection of a minus-charge-connecting-element and a plus-charge-connecting-element disconnected, inevitably charged ionic-fragments are generated. Is in contrast the connection of two radical-neutral-connecting-elements disconnected, two radical fragments are generated. The preferred embodiment of the minus-charge-connecting-elements is a minus-charge-plug and consists of one or several pins which consist of plastic, ceramic, glass, wood, metal or other material and is connected to the flexible element of the electron representation. The pins preferably have a geometry which is a rotational-symmetry, which is a multiple of three. Especially preferred is the embodiment with a C6-rotational-symmetry. Besides of the preferred embodiment it is as well possible that a minus-charge-plug is represented by a recess on the electron-representation and the plus-charge-plug is represented by a thereto corresponding pin on the basic-atomic-body. Besides the preferred embodiment as plus-charge-plugs and minus-charge-plugs any other possible male or female plugging, adherence or connecting-systems are applicable, like e.g. north-pole and south-pole of magnets, hook-and-loop-fasteners with hooks on side and loops on the other side of the hook and loop fastener, or a gecko-adherence-principle.
The detachable electron-representations are preferably only on the atomic-representations of elements, which can chemically seen form cations by the donation of electrons. Thereby on the basic-atomic-bodies, there are preferably only as many plus-charge-connecting-elements as many plus-charges the corresponding chemical-element in a chemical reaction can show. The above mentioned plus-charge- and minus-charge-connecting-elements are according to the invention as well used for representation of ionic compounds like e.g. Na+Cl− or CF3COO− NH4+. The atomic-representations of the molecular-building set according to the invention are preferably always neutrally charged, if all electrons are connected to the basic form.
Another specific feature of the molecular-building-set according to the invention is the representation of free electron-pairs of electron-pair-representations (like e.g. in
In the preferred embodiment the electron-pair-representations are able to form at minimum three different forms of binding representations, double-binding-representations, two single-binding-representations, coordination-binding-representations via a connection of electron-pair-connecting-elements on the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements and single-binding-representations by charge-disjunction with a plus-charge-recess that remains, this means of one plus-charge-connecting-element on the basic-atomic-body-representation.
In the preferred embodiment all representations of binding-types which are able to form electron-pair-representations like in the preferred embodiment of the
Electron-pair-representations do have an electron-pair-connecting-element so that they can be connected to the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element of basic-atomic-bodies of hydrogen-atomic-representations and metal-atomic-representations. In the preferred embodiment this electron-pair-connecting-element is connected on the outside (like in e.g. in
The connection of electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements is based on a male/female connecting-principle.
In the preferred embodiment the electron-pair-connecting-element is represented by an electron-pair-coupling-plug and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element is represented as basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug.
At which the electron-pair-coupling-plug in the preferred embodiment is shaped as ball of a ball-coupling and the corresponding basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug is shaped as ball-holder.
The connection of electron-pair-representations on basic-atomic-bodies is with any other possible male/female connecting-principles thinkable. These can be ether ball-couplings with ball and ball-holder, plugging-contacts with pins and recesses, magnets with north-pole and south-pole, hook-and-loop-fasteners with hooks and loops, gecko-adherences with suction-cups and faces or connecting-elements which are based on other male/female connecting principles (look at chap. 1.1 Definition electron-pair-connecting-elements).
In the preferred embodiment the pair of the electron-pair-connecting-element and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element differs basically, although it is also a male/female connecting principle, from the pair of minus-charge-connecting-element and plus-charge-connecting-element, so that no chemical nonsense connection e.g. of a minus-charge-connecting-element on a basic-atomic-body-element or as well the other way around and no chemical nonsense connection of an electron-pair-connecting-element on a plus-charge-connecting-element is possible.
Different forces are represented by specifically different connecting-elements. Therefore in the preferred embodiment no connection of the four above mentioned connecting-elements to the radical-neutral-connecting-elements is allowed. In the preferred embodiment charge-disjunctions respectively charge-conjunction-connections of plus-charge-connecting-elements and minus-charge-connecting-elements have their own male/female connecting-principle, plugging-principle or adherence-principle. As well do electron-pair-connections on basic-atomic-bodies do have their own male/female-connecting-principle. Further radical-neutral-connecting-elements do have as well their own neutral-connecting-principle. In the preferred embodiment to each atomic-representation a set of connecting-elements can undoubtedly be related to and thus an atomic representation can be recognized as unit respectively as building-block.
In the preferred embodiment the connecting-elements are not added as foreign-elements like e.g. poles, pins, tubes or other elements, like it is the case in other molecular-building-sets. In molecular-building-sets of the state-of-the art balls and single tubes are usually stuck together to build molecules, in such a way that single atoms cannot be recognized as building-blocks.
In the preferred embodiment these electron-pair-connecting-elements fit to all basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements of all different basic-atomic-bodies. That means that e.g. the electron-pair-connecting-elements of oxygen-atomic-representations, chlorine-atomic-representations or nitrogen-atomic-representations all fit either to the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements of the hydrogen-atomic-representations (
In the preferred embodiment an electron-pair-representation is represented by two electron-representations like e.g. in the
In the preferred embodiment of electron-pair-representations it is possible that the detachable electron-representation which is contained in the electron-pair-representation, is disconnected in its binding at the position of the minus-charge-connecting-elements and plus-charge-connecting-elements under charge-disjunction and not at the position of radical-neutral-connecting-elements (as described in chap. 6.2).
At the basic-atomic-body then remains an unconnected plus-charge-connecting-element, which symbolizes a positive charge. The minus-charge-connecting-element is then positioned on the other side of the flapped-out electron-pair-representation (like e.g. in
Thus it is possible to represent that the formerly free electron-pair-representation relocates to the representation of a covalent binding under charge-conjunction with the H+-ionic-representation (see also
In the same way it is possible for the first time with help of these charge-disjunctions within electron-pair representations to represent with a molecular-building-set the binding relations within a nitrate-ion or similar compounds, which obtain the octet-rule by inner-molecular charge-disjunction.
A technically sensible solution within the preferred embodiment is that the radical-neutral-connecting element is firmly-connected to a pivoting-element (as in
In chemistry besides of the bindings of two atoms with each other, the binding of electron-pairs with basic-atomic-bodies is of central significance. In the molecular-building-set according to the invention these interactions between basic-atomic-bodies and free electron-pair-representations are for the first time illustratively represented. Based on these interactions the coordination-binding-positions of complexes, hydrogen-bridges, Lewis-acids-and-bases and ionic-bindings can be represented with one system of connecting-elements.
A hydrogen-atomic-representation does have besides of the plus-charge-connecting-element a basic-atomic-body-connecting-element at the basic-atomic-body, at which it can be connected to electron-pair-representations and thus can represent a hydrogen-bridge (like e.g. in
The Ions of metals of higher shells can not only couple with one free electron-pair, but with several, usually with up to six. That way connections like e.g B(OH)4−, Al(OH)4− or Al(OH)63− can be formed. The formation of such bindings of the atomic-body at aluminum with complex-ligands like e.g. H2O, Cl− or OH− is called Lewis-acid-base-reaction.
Metals of the d-Block (like e.g. iron or Fe) often form complexes with up to six ligands at which also the electron-pairs of ligands are connected to the metal-ion. In the molecular-building-set according to the invention such coordination-binding-positions can be for the first time illustrative represented, as basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements of complexes and bindings of Lewis-acids-and-bases as represented in the preferred embodiment with basic-atomic-body-coupling-recesses in different spacial dimensions (like e.g. in
It is decisive for the invention that all connections of free electron-pairs on the basic atomic body are formed by basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements including the hydrogen-bridge-representations with the identical connecting-, adherence- or plugging-principle, which can be besides the preferred ball-coupling connection also technically be solved differently (like in chap 7.4, chap 6.1 and chap 1.1 described).
IN the preferred embodiment the basic-atomic-bodies of each metal-atomic-representation have six basic-atomic-body connecting-elements (like e.g. in the
Basic-atomic-connecting-elements are preferably firmly connected to single or several pins. These pins, that carry basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements, are on the other end preferably firmly connected to a pivoting-link at the basic-atomic-body. The firm connection is shaped in such a way, that it is possible to represent with the six out-foldable basic-atomic-body-connecting elements the most important shapes of coordination: tetragonal-bipyramidal, tetrahedral, tetragonal-planar (like e.g. in
Technically the formation of the shapes of coordinations in the preferred embodiment is solved in such a way, that four of the tiltable basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements are on the equatorial circumference of the basic-atomic-body firmly connected, so that these in the fully out-folded state are pointing into all four directions of the equatorial level.
Two more tiltable basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements are connected at the the poles of the basic-atomic-body. In the out-folded state then e.g. a tetragonal bipyramidal configuration is obtained (like in
The present invention concerns therefore representations of basic-atomic-bodies, at which the basic-atomic-body-representation shows a number of plus-charge-connecting-elements that correspond to the number of valence-electrons and further shows one up to six out-foldable basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements. The basic-atomic-body-representation is preferably shaped like a ball. The plus-charge-connecting-elements are preferably plus-charge-plugs and further preferred recesses for intake of a corresponding minus-charge-plug in shape of a male/female plug-connection. The out-foldable basic-atomic-body-coupling-plugs serve as binding-positions for the electron-pair-coupling-plugs and can be folded out in different configurations, so that the forms of coordination, tetragonal-bipyramidal, trigonal-bipyramidal, tetrahedral, tetragonal-planar and trigonal-planar can be represented. Basic-atomic-body-coupling-plugs and electron-pair-coupling-plugs represent a kind of male/female plugs, which cannot be connected to other types of plugs, like e.g. plus-charge-plugs, minus-charge-plugs and neutral-plugs (null-plugs).
Also ionic-bonds are in the molecular-building-set according to the invention representable with the described electron-pair-connecting-elements and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements. In salt-crystals or more generally phrased in ionic-crystals, the same electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements can be used to form a mutual connection and to represent an ionic-crystal. At the ionic-bond no charge-conjunction of minus-charge-connecting-elements and plus-charge-connecting-elements can be obtained. E.g. sodium-chloride: The sodium-ionic-representations and the chloride-ionic-representations can connect to each other thereby via electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements, without doing a charge-conjunction. At the sodium-ionic-representation the plus-charge-connecting-element is visible and at the chloride-ionic-representation the minus-charge-connecting-element is visible. Ions can thereby be also arranged in the sodium-chloride-gird via electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements.
In a preferred embodiment all connections of electron-pair-representations to basic-atomic-bodies are performed with the same connecting-, adherence- or plugging-principle. For the mutual connection of electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements a male/female connecting-, adherence- or plugging-principle is used. Preferably in the molecular-building-set according to the invention such connections are represented as ball-coupling. At which the side of the electron-pair-representation preferably carries the ball and the side of the basic-atomic-body preferably carries the ball-holder. Like described above the electron-pair-representations are equipped with electron-pair-coupling-ball in shape of a ball of ball-coupling-link for coupling with the electron-pairs. The completely filled body can be made of different materials and is preferably made of plastic, hard-rubber or metal. The ball-coupling-link at the outer end of the electron-representation is recognizable as pivoting-coupling-link (
In the preferred embodiment the distances are chosen that way, that the plugging together of the basic-atomic-body-coupling-recess with the electron-pair-coupling-plug represents the true to scale distance of a hydrogen-bridge, a Lewis-acid-connection, a complex-binding or of a ionic-crystal e.g. the O—H-hydrogen-bridge-representation is at the chosen scale of the example in this document 13 cm long, what in this scale corresponds to roughly 208 pm.
The preferred embodiment is constructed that way, that the resulting distances in the representations for coordination-bindings, hydrogen-bridges and Lewis-acid-base-bindings are made up of the effective individual-partial distances of the electron-pair-connecting-elements and basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements of the atomic-representations of the corresponding chemical elements and leads to true to scale total-distances. The individual effective partial distances of the electron-pair-connecting-elements and as well of the basic-atomic-connecting-elements vary between the different atomic-representations of different chemical-elements.
The mutual connection of electron-pair representations and basic-atomic-bodies is represented preferably by a ball-coupling. This connecting-principle is well able to bind the ligands spatially arbitrarily variable according to rotation and binding angle. The basic-atomic-body-coupling-recesses preferably consist of a rubber-block or plastic-block which has a hollow-ball-shaped recess, which can take in the electron-pair-coupling-balls of the electron-pair-representations. The recess is tapering towards the top so that the ball can only be inserted into the excavation by stretching of the narrowing of the rubber or of the plastic and thereby a fixation is obtained.
Thereby the size the recess shell be chosen that way, that the ball is clamped and angle-adjustments and rotation of the connected atomic-representation can be fixated. Alternatively the basic-atomic-body-coupling-recesses could be made of one block of flexible plastic with a recess, which allows the insertion and fixation of the electron-pair-coupling-ball. Alternative materials of the electron-pair-coupling could be metal, wood or other materials.
Besides the preferred construction at which the ball on the electron-pair and the recess is connected on the atomic-body via pins, the female recess could as well be interchanged and at the electron-pairs and the basic-atomic-body-coupling-plugs thus be represented by coupling-balls.
Another preferred embodiment is the representation of the electron-pair-connecting-elements and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements by magnetic attraction with north-pole and south-pole of magnets. At which the electron-pair-connecting-elements always carry the same pole and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-elements also carry the opposite pole.
In the same way are besides the preferred embodiments also any other possible male/female-connecting-, plugging- and adherence-principles thinkable, like e.g. hook-loop-fastener with hooks on one side and loops on the corresponding other faces or e.g. the gecko-adherence-principle with suction-cups and faces on each of the opposite sides.
Besides the preferred embodiment by a pivoting-element could the different, but at least two states, be obtained by other technical solutions. In a further preferred technical solution the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element is connected to a pin, which can be shifted in and out in a recess in the basic-atomic-body. In the preferred way thus two or more defined shifting-positions are obtainable, so that the pin cannot be completely taken out or be removed. In the one state the pin is shifted into the atomic-body and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element is in this state not able to form a connection. In another state the pin is shifted out of the basic-atomic-body for the desired distance and the basic-atomic-body-connecting-element is able to form a connection.
In
Thereby it is recognizable, that the side-edge of the pins is pointing towards the middle of each of the three other outer-electrons.
In the same way are all single radical-neutral-plugs, which are firmly connected to a basic-atomic-body are chiral, if two carbon-atom-representations are aligned in the same way like in
At 16 4.8 cm (accord with 77 pm) of the carbon (C) add up with 4.4 cm (accord with 70 pm) of the nitrogen (N) to a total of 9.2 cm (accord with 147 pm).
At 17 4.15 cm (accord with 66 pm) of the oxygen (O) add up with 2.0 cm (accord with 32 pm) of the hydrogen (H) to a total of 6.15 cm (accord with 98 pm).
At 18 4.8 cm (accord with 77 pm) of the carbon (C) add up with 4.8 cm (accord with 77 pm) of the other (C) to a total of 9.6 cm (accord with 154 pm).
The
At the CC-Double-bond-representation in
At the CC-triple-bond-representation in
At the CN-Double-binding-representation in
At the CN-triple-bond-representation in
The in
In the
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In the
In the
In
In the
These plus-charge-recesses are enabled to do a charge-conjunction with minus-charge-plugs of detachable electron-representations. In some cases it is possible that aluminum-atoms with such electrons (respectively metals in general) can build covalent bonds with other metals or non-metals. In case of an aluminum-atom-representation, which is formed out of an aluminum-ion-representation by on-plugging of three electron-representations under charge-conjunction, would result a proportionate covalent bond-length of a covalent aluminum-bond-representation of 7.8 cm, what accords with true to scale covalent-radius of the example of aluminum of 125 pm.
All six positions F (front), A (aft), E (right), W (left), N (north) and S (south) do all have an out-foldable basic-atomic-body-coupling-plug with recess for the connection to balls of the electron-pair-coupling-plugs of electron-pair-representations.
The recess of the basic-atomic-coupling-plugs of the metal-atomic-representations in the preferred embodiment is constructed in the same way like the recess of the hydrogen-atomic-representations: A rubber- or plastic-block has a hollow ball-shaped recess which is able to connect to the balls of the electron-pair-coupling-plug of electron-pair-representations and which clutches those after plugging in a way that different directions can be adjusted, that are fixed by the clutching. The rubber- or plastic-block with the recess has on two sides two pins firmly connected to it. On the other side both pins are connected to the basic-atomic-body via a bolt that functions as a pivoted link, in a way that the basic-atomic-body-coupling-recesses can be folded into different positions. In the position which is folded into the direction of the basic-atomic-body like in
Besides of the position that is folded towards the basic-atomic-body the basic-atomic-body-coupling-recesses can be folded into different orientations, in such a way that various steric geometries are possible (
In
In
In
In
Onto six positions of the tetragonal-bipyramid (according to
One of the seven outer electrons is represented by a firmly connected electron-representation which contains a radical-neutral-plug and six of the seven outer electrons are represented by electron-pair-representations. The three electron-pair-representations are build according to the type of
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102011120272.6 | Nov 2011 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/073993 | 11/29/2012 | WO | 00 | 5/29/2014 |
