Patent Application
20110033381
The present invention relates to a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets and a precursor thereof, and the use of the molecular probe and the precursor.
Today type-II diabetics are continuously increasing in Japan, and the estimated number of the same exceeds 8,200,000. As a measure against this increase, interventions for preventing diabetes from developing have been made based on the glucose tolerance test, resulting, however, in unsatisfactory effects. The cause is as follows: at such a borderline stage that functional abnormalities are found by the glucose tolerance test, disorders of pancreatic islets have already advanced to a high degree, and this stage possibly is too late as a time for starting interventions.
More specifically, in the diabetes developing process, the amount of pancreatic islets (particularly, the amount of pancreatic β-cells) decreases prior to the occurrence of glucose tolerance abnormalities. Therefore, when functional abnormalities are detected or there are subjective symptoms, diabetes has already reached the stage where it is too difficult to be treated. On the other hand, if a decrease in the amount of pancreatic islets and/or the amount of pancreatic β-cells can be detected at an early stage, there is a possibility for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore, a noninvasive imaging technique of pancreatic islets, particularly a noninvasive imaging technique of pancreatic islets for determining the amount of the pancreatic islets and/or the amount of pancreatic β-cells, has been desired for the prevention and diagnosis of diabetes. Among these, a molecular probe that enables the imaging of pancreatic islets, preferably pancreatic β-cell imaging or measurement of the amount of pancreatic β-cells, has been desired in particular.
In designing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, various target molecules in pancreatic cells, particularly functional proteins specific in the β-cells, are being researched. Among these, GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) is being researched as a target molecule; GLP-1R is distributed in pancreatic β-cells, and is a seven-transmembrane G protein coupled receptor. As a molecular probe for imaging pancreatic islet β-cells, for example, a derivative of exendin-4(9-39) as a GLP-1R antagonist has been researched (e.g., H. Kimura et al. Development of in vivo imaging agents targeting glucagons-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in pancreatic islets, 2009 SNM Annual Meeting, abstract, Oral Presentations No. 326 (Document 1)).
As an alternative probe for GLP-1R imaging, for the purpose of imaging a GLP-1R positive tumor, a derivative of exendin-4 as a GLP-1R agonist or a derivative of extendin-4(9-39) as a GLP-1R antagonist has been researched (e.g., M. Beche et al. Are radiolabeled GLP-1 receptor antagonists useful for scintigraphy? 2009 SNM Annual Meeting, abstract, Oral Presentations No. 327 (Document 2)).
However, a novel molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets that enables noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets is ultimately preferred.
The present invention provides a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets that enables noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets.
The present invention provides a precursor of a molecular probe (hereinafter referred to as a molecular probe precursor) for use in imaging of pancreatic islet, the precursor comprising any one of the following polypeptides:
a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (1) to (4),
a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, and
a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected,
wherein the molecular probe is used in imaging of pancreatic islet.
In the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), *- indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is protected by a protecting group or modified with a modifying group having no electric charge; K* indicates that an amino group of a side chain of a lysine is protected by a protecting group; and —NH2 indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated.
As an alternative embodiment, the present invention provides a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, the molecular probe comprising any one of the following polypeptides:
a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8),
a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and
a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets.
In the foregoing formulae (5) to (8), X represents a lysine residue having an amino group of a side chain labeled with a radioactive nuclide, the radioactive nuclide being selected from the group consisting of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I; Z— indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is unmodified or modified with a modifying group having no electric charge; and, —NH2 indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated.
The present invention enables imaging of pancreatic islet, preferably three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islet, and more preferably noninvasive imaging of pancreatic islets by, for example, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and the like.
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
The diameter of a pancreatic islet is, for example, approximately 50 to 500 μm in the case of humans. In order to noninvasively image or quantitate such pancreatic islets in a living body, a molecular probe, for example, is considered to be necessary that can show specific accumulation in pancreatic islets, thereby making contrast between pancreatic islets and surrounding organs. Research and development of molecular probes has therefore been conducted.
For example, Document 2 reports the research on the affinity of Lys40(Ahx-DTPA-111In)Exendin-4(9-39), which is a derivative of exendin-4(9-39), with respect to GLP-1R in GLP-1R-positive tumor cells and pancreatic islet cells. According to this document, the following was proved consequently: the uptake of Lys40(Ahx-DTPA-111In)Exendin-4(9-39) in pancreatic islets was about 0.4%, the uptake thereof in the GLP-1R-positive tumor cells was about 7.5%. In other words, the results show that Lys40(Ahx-DTPA-111In)Exendin-4(9-39) has a low affinity with respect to GLP-1R. Therefore, for example, under the present circumstances, a novel molecular probe that can show specific uptake in the pancreatic islets and produce a contrast with the surrounding organs is desired.
The present invention is based on a finding that a molecular probe obtained by labeling and deprotecting the precursor for molecular probe for imaging and also the molecular probe for imaging enable for example noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets by means of PET, SPECT or the like, and ensure quantitativeness. In other words, the present invention preferably achieves an effect of enabling noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets. Further, since the present invention provides a molecular probe that enables more specific accumulation in the pancreatic islets in comparison with the molecular probes as described in the Documents 1 and 2, the present invention preferably achieves an effect of enabling imaging of pancreatic islets for quantitation.
As described above, it is known that in the diabetes developing process, the amount of pancreatic islets decreases prior to the occurrence of glucose tolerance abnormalities. Therefore, by performing imaging of pancreatic islets and/or determining the amount of pancreatic islets, for example, minute changes in pancreatic islets can be found in a state prior to the development of diabetes or in an initial stage of the same, whereby the ultra-early detection and diagnosis of diabetes are enabled. Thus, the molecular probe precursor for imaging of the present invention is useful for the prevention, early detection, and diagnosis of diabetes, preferably for the ultra-early detection and diagnosis of diabetes.
More specifically, the present invention relates to the following contents.
[1] A precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, the precursor comprising any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (1) to (4), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, wherein the molecular probe is used in imaging of pancreatic islet, wherein
in the formulae (1) to (4), *- indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is protected by a protecting group or modified with a modifying group having no electric charge, and K* indicates that an amino group of a side chain of a lysine is protected by a protecting group, and —NH2 indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated;
[2] The precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [1], wherein the amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus is labeled with a labeling compound comprising an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide;
[3] The precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [1], or [2], wherein the modifying group having no electric charge is selected from the group consisting of acetyl group, benzyl group, benzyloxymethyl group, o-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl group, t-butyl group, t-butyldimethylsilyl group, 2-chlorobenzyl group, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl group, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, isopropyl group, pivalyl group, tetrahydropyran-2-yl group, tosyl group, trimethylsilyl group, and trityl group;
[4] A method for producing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, comprising labeling and deprotecting the precursor of the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to any one of [1] to [3];
[6] The method for producing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [4], wherein the labeling of the precursor of the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets comprises labeling of an amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus with a labeling compound comprising an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide;
[6] The method for producing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [5], wherein the labeling compound comprising the aromatic ring comprises a group represented by chemical formula (I) below,
wherein A represents any of an aromatic hydrocarbon group and an aromatic heterocycle; R1 represents a substituent comprising any one of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I; and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from the substituents represented by R1;
[7] A molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, obtained by the method according to any one of [4] to [6];
[8] A molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, comprising any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, wherein
in the formulae (5) to (8), X represents a lysine residue having an amino group of a side chain labeled with a radioactive nuclide, the radioactive nuclide being any one of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I; Z— indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is unmodified or modified with a modifying group having no electric charge; and —NH2 indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated;
[9] The molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [8], wherein the amino group of the side chain of the lysine labeled with the radioactive nuclide is bonded to a group comprising an aromatic ring represented by chemical formula (III) below,
In the above chemical formula (III), A represents any of an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group; R4 represents a substituent comprising any one of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I; R5 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from the substituents represented by R4; and R3 represents any of a bond, a C1-C6 alkylene group and a C1-C6 oxyalkylene group;
[10] A kit for preparing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, comprising the precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to any one of [1] to [3];
[11] The kit according to [10], further comprising a compound for labeling the precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets, wherein the compound comprises an aromatic ring having halogen or radioactive halogen;
[12] The kit according to [11], wherein the compound comprising the aromatic ring is a compound having a group represented by chemical formula (IV) below,
wherein A represents any of an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group, R6 represents a substituent comprising halogen or radioactive halogen, and R7 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from the substituents represented by R6;
[13] A kit for performing pancreatic islets imaging, comprising the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to any one of [7] to [9];
[14] A method for imaging of pancreatic islets comprising labeling and deprotecting the precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to any one of [1] to [3];
[15] A method for imaging of pancreatic islet, comprising detecting a signal of the molecular probe according to any one of [7] to [9] from an analyte to which the probe has been administered;
[16] The method for imaging of pancreatic islets according to [14] or [15], further comprising determining a state of pancreatic islets based on the results of the imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the molecular probe;
[17] A method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets, comprising:
preparing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets by labeling and deprotecting the precursor of the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets according to any one of [1] to [3]; and
calculating an amount of pancreatic islets based on the results of imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the molecular probe;
[18] A method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets, comprising:
detecting a signal of the molecular probe according to any one of [7] to [9 from an analyte to which the probe has been administered; and
calculating an amount of pancreatic islets based on the detected signal of the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet;
[19] The method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets according to [17] or [18], further comprising presenting the calculated amount of pancreatic islets.
[Imaging of Pancreatic Islet]
In the present specification, the “imaging of pancreatic islet” refers to molecular imaging of pancreatic islets, and includes the imaging of in vivo spatial and/or time distribution of pancreatic islets. Further, in the present invention, the imaging of pancreatic islets preferably images pancreatic β-cells as target molecules, and more preferably images the GLP-1 receptor of the pancreatic β-cell as target molecules, from the viewpoint of the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of diabetes. Still further, in the present invention, the imaging of pancreatic islets preferably is noninvasive three-dimensional imaging, from the viewpoint of quantitativeness of an amount of pancreatic islets and applicability to humans. The method of imaging is not limited particularly, if it is a method that enables noninvasive imaging of pancreatic islet. Various methods are usable such as a method that utilizes positron emission tomography (PET), a method that utilizes single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), a method that utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and methods that utilize X-rays, visible light, fluorescence, near infrared light, ultrasonic waves and the like. Among these, PET and SPECT are preferred, from the viewpoint of the quantitation of an amount of pancreatic islets with use of the molecular probe precursor of the present invention.
[Molecular Probe Precursor of the Present Invention]
A molecular probe precursor of the present invention is a molecular probe precursor for imaging of pancreatic islet, the precursor containing any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the formulae (1) to (4), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, wherein the molecular probe is used in imaging of pancreatic islet; preferably, a molecular probe precursor of the present invention is a molecular probe precursor for imaging of pancreatic islet, the precursor consisting of any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the formulae (1) to (4), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the formulae (1) to (4), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, wherein the molecular probe is used in imaging of pancreatic islet.
The molecular probe precursor of the present invention includes a polypeptide used in imaging of pancreatic islet, and a polypeptide is represented by any one of the above-mentioned formulae (1) to (4). Amino acid sequences of polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4) are the amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOS. 1 to 4 shown in the Sequence Listing, respectively. It should be noted that protecting groups for protecting amino groups are bonded to the following amino groups: amino groups of side chains of the lysines at positions 4 and 19 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1), amino groups of side chains of the lysines at positions 3 and 18 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (2), amino groups of side chains of the lysines at positions 2 and 17 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (3), and amino groups of side chains of the lysines at positions 1 and 16 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (4). Further, an α-amino group at an N-terminus of each of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4) is bonded to a protecting group for protecting the amino group, or the α-amino group is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge. A carboxyl group at a C-terminus of each of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4) is amidated by an amino group, from a viewpoint of improving the property of binding to the pancreatic β-cells.
When the molecular probe precursors of the present invention that contain the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4) are labeled with a labeling system for labeling an amino group that will be described later, an amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus not protected by a protecting group can be labeled. Namely, an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 32 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1), an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 31 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (2), an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 30 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (3), and an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 29 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (4), will be labeled.
Here, the sequence of the amino acids at positions 1 to 31 of the foregoing formula (1) (SEQ ID NO. 1 in the Sequence Listing) coincide with the amino acid sequence of exendin(9-39) except for a protecting group for bonding to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine and a protecting group or modifying group for bonding to an α-amino group at an N-terminus. It is known that exendin(9-39) bonds to GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) expressed on the pancreatic β-cell. The molecular probe obtained by labeling and deprotecting the molecular probe precursor of the present invention (this molecular probe is hereinafter referred to also as “molecular probe of the present invention”) also is capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and preferably the pancreatic β-cells.
Other exemplary embodiments of the molecular probe precursor of the present invention include an embodiment in which the molecular probe precursor is a polypeptide used in imaging of pancreatic islets that is obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acid sequences with respect to any one of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), and that is capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected. Here, exemplary ranges expressed by the foregoing description of “one to several” include the following ranges: 1 to 10; 1 to 9; 1 to 8; 1 to 7; 1 to 6; 1 to 5; 1 to 4; 1 to 3; 1 to 2; and 1. In the molecular probe precursor of the present invention according to this embodiment also, in the case of a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acid sequences with respect to any one of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), it is preferable that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is protected by a protecting group or an α-amino group at an N-terminus is modified with a modifying group, and that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated; and in the case where one lysine to be labeled is included and another lysine also is included, an amino group of a side chain of the other lysine preferably is protected by a protecting group. Further, in the case of a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acid sequences with respect to the polypeptide of any one of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), it is preferable that, after being labeled and deprotected, the polypeptides provide effects similar to those of polypeptides obtained by labeling and deprotecting the polypeptide of any of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), more specifically, the effects similar to those of polypeptide obtained by labeling and deprotecting the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1).
Still further, other exemplary embodiments of the molecular probe precursor of the present invention include an embodiment in which the molecular probe precursor is a polypeptide used in imaging of pancreatic islets that has a homology of not less than 80% with the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of any one of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), and that is capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected. Here, the “homology” may be any value calculated by an algorithm usually used by those skilled in the art, for example BLAST or FASTA, or alternatively, it may be based on a value obtained by dividing the number of identical amino acid residues existing in two polypeptides compared, by the number of amino acids of an entire length of one of the polypeptides. Exemplary ranges of the homology may include the following ranges: not less than 85%; not less than 90%; and not less than 95%. In the molecular probe precursor of the present invention according to this embodiment also, in the case of a polypeptide having a homology of not less than 80% with the polypeptide of any one of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), it is preferable that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is protected by a protecting group or an α-amino group at an N-terminus is modified with a modifying group, and that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated; and it is preferable that one lysine to be labeled is included, and if another lysine also is included, an amino group of a side chain of the other lysine preferably is protected by a protecting group. Further, in the case of a polypeptide having a homology of not less than 80% with the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of any one of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), it is preferable that, after being labeled and deprotected, the polypeptides has effects similar to those of polypeptides obtained by labeling and deprotecting the polypeptide of any of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), and more preferably, has effects similar to those of polypeptide obtained by labeling and deprotecting the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1).
In the present specification, the description of “being capable of binding to pancreatic islets” herein means the following: from the viewpoint of applying the present invention to the quantitation of the pancreatic islets and a use of the examination and diagnosis, the molecular probe of the present invention preferably is capable of binding to the pancreatic β-cells, more preferably is at least specific to the pancreatic β-cells in the pancreas, and further more preferably is at least specific to such an extent that a signal thereof does not overlap a signal of another organ/tissue during a signal detection in noninvasive imaging with respect to humans.
It should be noted that the molecular probe precursor of the present invention can be produced by peptide synthesis in accordance with a typical method such as an Fmoc method, and the peptide synthesis method is not limited particularly.
The molecular probe precursor of the present invention, as described above, can be used in imaging of pancreatic islet, and preferably it is used in noninvasive imaging of pancreatic islets from the viewpoint of the application of the same to the examination and diagnosis for humans, and preferably is used in imaging of pancreatic islets for quantitating the amount of the pancreatic islets from the same viewpoint. Further, the molecular probe precursor of the present invention preferably is used in imaging of pancreatic islets for the prevention and treatment for diabetes or for the diagnosis of diabetes. Such imaging of pancreatic islets may be performed by PET or SPECT, for example.
[Protecting Group]
The protecting group for the molecular probe precursor of the present invention is intended to protect the other amino group than a specific amino group of the molecular probe of the present invention while the specific amino group is being labeled, in which the specific amino group is an amino group of a side chain of a lysine positioned on a C-terminus side in the molecular probe precursor of the present invention. As the protecting group, any known protecting group capable of performing such a function can be used. The protecting group is not limited particularly, and examples of the same include 9-fluorenyl methyloxycarbonyl group (Fmoc), tert-butoxycarbonyl group (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl group (Cbz), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl group (Troc), allyloxycarbonyl group (Alloc), 4-methoxytrityl (Mmt), amino group, alkyl groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, 9-fluoreneacetyl group, 1-fluorenecarboxylic acid group, 9-fluorenecarboxylic acid group, 9-fluorenone-1-carboxylic acid group, benzyloxycarbonyl group, xanthyl group (Xan), trityl group (Trt), 4-methyltrityl group (Mtt), 4-methoxytrityl group (Mmt), 4-methoxy2,3,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonyl group (Mtr), mesitylene-2-sulfonyl group (Mts), 4,4-dimethoxybenzohydryl group (Mbh), tosyl group (Tos), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman 6 sulfonyl group (Pmc), 4-methylbenzyl group (MeBzl), 4-methoxybenzyl group (MeOBzl), benzyloxy group (BzlO), benzyl group (Bzl), benzoyl group (Bz), 3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl group (Npys), 1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-diaxocyclohexylidene)ethyl group (Dde), 2,6-dichlorobenzyl group (2,6-DiCl-Bzl), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl group (2-Cl—Z), 2-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl group (2-Br—Z), benzyloxymethyl group (Born), cyclohexyloxy group (cHxO), t-butoxymethyl group (Bum), t-butoxy group (tBuO), t-butyl group (tBu), acetyl group (Ac), and trifluoroacetyl group (TFA). From the viewpoint of handleability, Fmoc and Boc are preferable. Deprotecting methods with respect to these protecting groups are known, respectively, and those skilled in the art are able to perform deprotection appropriately.
[Modifying group]
In the molecular probe precursor of the present invention, an α-amino group at an N-terminus may be modified with a modifying group having no electric charge, from the viewpoint of canceling a positive charge of the α-amino group at the N-terminus thereby suppressing accumulation in kidneys of a molecular probe obtained by labeling or deprotecting the molecular probe precursor of the present invention. For such modifying groups having no electric charge, groups described above as protective groups can be used, for example. Other examples of the modifying group having no electric charge include o-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl group, t-butyldimethylsilyl group, 2-chlorobenzyl (Cl-z) group, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, isopropyl group, pivalyl group, tetrahydropyran-2-yl group, and trimethylsilyl group. Among these, preferably, the modifying group is acetyl group, benzyl group, benzyloxymethyl group, o-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl group, t-butyl group, t-butyldimethylsilyl group, 2-chlorobenzyl group, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl group, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, isopropyl group, pivalyl group, tetrahydropyran-2-yl group, tosyl group, trimethylsilyl group, or trityl group. From the viewpoint of modifying an α-amino group at an N-terminus and canceling the positive electric charge, a protecting group different from the protecting group used for the amino group of the side chain of the lysine is preferred, and an acetyl group is preferred further.
[Labeling Compound]
Preferably a molecular probe precursor of the present invention is a molecular probe precursor for labeling an amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus with a labeling compound comprising an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide, and preferably it is a molecular probe precursor for labeling an amino group of a side chain of a lysine positioned on a C-terminus side in a molecular probe precursor of the present invention consisting of a polypeptide of any one of the foregoing formulae (1)-(4) with the labeling compound.
Exemplary radioactive nuclides include 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 82Rb, 99mTc, 111In, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. When PET is performed, exemplary preferred radioactive nuclides include a positron emission nuclide such as 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 62Cu, 64Cu, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 82Rb, and 124I. When SPECT is performed, exemplary preferred radioactive nuclides include 67Ga, 77Br, 111In, 123I, and 125I. Among these, radioactive halogen nuclides such as 18F, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I and 124I are preferred further, and particularly preferred examples include 18F, 123I and 124I.
In the present specification, a “compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide” indicates a compound that has a radioactive nuclide and either an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and a preferred example thereof is a compound having a group represented by the following chemical formula
In the foregoing chemical formula (I), A represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group. The aromatic hydrocarbon group preferably is an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include phenyl group, o-tolyl group, m-tolyl group, p-tolyl group, 2,4-xylyl group, p-cumenyl group, mesityl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group, 1-anthryl group, 2-anthryl group, 9-anthryl group, 1-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group, 1-acenaphthyl group, 2-azulenyl group, 1-pyrenyl group, 2-triphenylenyl group, o-biphenylyl group, m-biphenylyl group, p-biphenylyl group, and terphenyl group. The aromatic heterocyclic group preferably is a 5 to 10-membered heterocyclic group having one or two of a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom, and examples of the same include triazolyl group, 3-oxadiazolyl group, 2-furyl group, 3-furyl group, 2-thienyl group, 3-thienyl group, 1-pyrrolyl group, 2-pyrrolyl group, 3-pyrrolyl group, 2-pyridyl group, 3-pyridyl group, 4-pyridyl group, 2-pyradyl group, 2-oxazolyl group, 3-isoxyazolyl group, 2-thiazolyl group, 3-isothiazolyl group, 2-imidazolyl group, 3-pyrazolyl group, 2-quinolyl group, 3-quinolyl group, 4-quinolyl group, 5-quinolyl group, 6-quinolyl group, 7-quinolyl group, 8-quinolyl group, 1-isoquinolyl group, 2-quinoxalynyl group, 2-benzofuryl group, 2-benzothienyl group, N-indolyl group, and N-carbazolyl group. ‘A’ preferably is, among these, phenyl group, triazolyl group, or pyridyl group.
In the aforementioned chemical formula (I), R1 represents a substituent that contains any one of 11C, 13N, 15O, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 99mTc, and radioactive halogen, and the examples include radioactive halogen atoms, radiohalogenated C1-C3 alkyl group, radiohalogenated C1-C3 alkoxyl group and the like. Examples of the radioactive halogen include 18F, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. In the present specification, the “C1-C3 alkyl group” refers to an alkyl group that has 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include methyl group, ethyl group, and propyl group. In the present specification, the “radiohalogenated C1-C3 alkyl group” refers to an alkyl group that has 1 to 3 carbon atoms and in which a hydrogen atom is substituted with radioactive halogen. In the present specification, the “C1-C3 alkoxy group” refers to an alkoxy group that has 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include methoxy group, ethoxy group, and propoxy group. In the present specification, the “radiohalogenated C1-C3 alkoxy group” refers to an alkoxy group that has 1 to 3 carbon atoms and in which a hydrogen atom is substituted with radioactive halogen. From the viewpoint of quantitation, preferably R1 is a substituent present on any of an ortho-position, a meta-position and a para-position, and more preferably R1 is a substituent present on a meta-position or a para-position.
In the aforementioned chemical formula (I), R2 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from one or more substituents represented by R1. R2 may be a hydrogen atom or a substituent, but preferably, it is a hydrogen atom. In other words, in the aforementioned chemical formula (I), ‘A ’ preferably does not have a substituent other than R1. In the case where R2 represents a plurality of substituents, these substituents may be identical or different. Examples of the substituent include hydroxyl group, electron attractive groups, electron donative groups, C1-C6 alkyl groups, C2-C6 alkenyl groups, and C2-C6 alkynyl groups. Examples of the electron attractive group include cyano group, nitro group, halogen atoms, carbonyl group, sulfonyl group, acetyl group, sulfonyl group, and phenyl group. Examples of the halogen atom include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, and iodine atom. In the present specification, the “C1-C6 alkyl group” refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, isopentyl group, and hexyl group. In the present specification, the “C2-C6 alkenyl group” refers to an alkenyl groups having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, isopropenyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, and 3-butenyl group. In the present specification, the “C2-C6 alkynyl group” refers to an alkynyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and examples of the same include ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, 2-propynyl group, 1-butynyl group, 2-butynyl group, and 3-butynyl group. Among these, the hydroxyl group and the electron attractive group are preferred for the substituent.
Preferred examples of labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide include a compound having [18F]fluorobenzoyl group ([18F]FB), [123I]iodobenzoyl group ([123I]IB), [124I]iodobenzoyl group ([124I]IB), [125I]iodobenzoyl group ([125I]IB), [131I]iodobenzoyl group ([131I]IB), [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [125I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group or [131I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, more preferably, [18F]N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB), [123]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate ([123I]SIB), [124I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate ([124I]SIB), [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester.
From the viewpoint of labeling with a metal radioactive isotope (metal nuclide) such as 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 99mTc and the like, in the molecular probe precursor of the present invention, for example a chelate site that can be bonded to the metal radioactive isotope (metal nuclide) and/or a linker part serving for bonding to peptides can be bonded to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus to be labeled. Examples of the chelate compound include diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA), 6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (HYNIC), tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (DOTA), dithisosemicarbazone (DTS), diaminedithiol (DADT), mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine (MAG3), monoamidemonoaminedithiol (MAMA), diamidedithiol (DADS), propylene diamine dioxime (PnAO) and the like.
In the molecular probe precursor of the present invention, from the viewpoint of affinity between a molecular probe obtained by labeling and deprotecting and pancreatic islets, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets, it is preferable that the diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) is not bonded to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine positioned on a C-terminus side, and more preferably, that a chelate site bondable to the metal radioactive isotope (metal nuclide) is not bonded. Examples of the other chelate compounds capable of forming the chelate site include 6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (HYNIC), tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (DOTA), dithisosemicarbazone (DTS), diaminedithiol (DADT), mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine (MAG3), monoamidemonoaminedithiol (MAMA), diamidedithiol (DADS), propylene diamine dioxime (PnAO) and the like.
[Method of Preparation of Molecular Probe of the Present Invention]
The molecular probe of the present invention can be prepared by labeling the molecular probe precursor of the present invention according to an imaging method, and thereafter, deprotecting the same by removing a protecting group. Exemplary radioactive nuclides used in labeling include 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 78Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. Exemplary labeling procedures are as follows: when PET is performed as an imaging method, a positron emission nuclide such as 11C, 15O, 18F or 124I is labeled by a known method; and when SPECT is performed as an imaging method, a γ-radioactive nuclide such as 99mTc or 123I is labeled by a known method. In a case of 18F, for example, it can be labeled by a method using [18F]SFB ([18F]N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate) or the like. In a case of 123I or 124I, it can be labeled by a method using [123/124I]SIB (N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate), [123/124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester or the like. In a case of 125I or 131I, it can be labeled by a method using (N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate), [125/131I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester or the like. When the labeling is carried out by using a metal nuclide, the labeling is performed by using, for example, the above-described chelate compound. When the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (1) to (4) are labeled by any of these methods, the following amino groups are labeled: the amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 32 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1), the amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 31 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (2), the amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 30 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (3), and the amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 29 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (4). However, the labeling methods in the present invention are not limited to these methods. The deprotecting after the labeling can be carried out by a known method in accordance with the type of the protecting group. Therefore, another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing the molecular probe of the present invention, the method including labeling and deprotecting the molecular probe precursor of the present invention.
In the method of producing the molecular probe of the present invention, it is preferable that an amino group of a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus is labeled by a labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide. It is preferable that the labeling compound including the aromatic ring includes the group represented by the above chemical formula (I). A, R1 and R2 in the above chemical formula (I) are as aforementioned.
In a method of producing a molecular probe of the present invention, it is preferable that a labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide is a succinimidyl ester compound where the group represented by the above chemical formula (I) is bonded to succinimide via an ester bond, and more preferably, a succinimidyl ester compound represented by the following chemical formula (II).
In the above chemical formula (II), A, R1 and R2 represent the groups or the substituents as those represented by the foregoing chemical formula (I). In chemical formula (II), R3 is preferably a bond, C1-C6 alkylene group or C1-C6 oxyalkylene group. In the present specification, “C1-C6 alkylene group” refers to an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the examples include a linear or branched alkylene group such as methylene group, ethylene group, propylene group, butylene group, pentyl group, hexyl group and the like. In the present specification, “C1-C6 oxyalkylene group” refers to an oxyalkynene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the examples include oxymethylene group, oxyethylene group, oxypropylene group, oxybutylene group, oxypentyl group and the like. From the viewpoint of affinity between a molecular probe and pancreatic islets, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets, R3 is preferably a bond, a methylene group or an ethylene group, or more preferably, a bond.
For the labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide, a compound having [18F]fluorobenzoyl group ([18F]FB), [123I]iodobenzoyl group ([123I]IB), [124I]iodobenzoyl group ([124I]IB), [125I]iodobenzoyl group ([125I]IB), [131I]iodobenzoyl group ([131I]IB), [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [125I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group or [131I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group is preferred, and more preferably, [18F]N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate, [123]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate, [124I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate, [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester.
In a method of producing a molecular probe of the present invention, the synthesis of the aforementioned labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I) and/or the aforementioned labeling compound including an aromatic ring having the radioactive nuclide may be carried out by using an automatic synthesizing device; and, the synthesis of a labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I) and/or a labeling compound including an aromatic ring having the aforementioned radioactive nuclide, and the labeling and deprotecting of the molecular probe precursor of the present invention using the labeling compound may be carried out by one automatic synthesizing device.
[Molecular Probe of the Present Invention]
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a molecular probe for noninvasive imaging of pancreatic islets obtained by the method for producing the molecular probe of the present invention. With the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention, the noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets or the noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets can be performed, preferably. The molecular probe of the present invention may have a configuration in which the following nuclide is bonded thereto: metal nuclides such as 62Cu, 64Cu, 67Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 82Rb, and 99mTc; and nuclides such as 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. It is preferable that radioactive nuclides such as 11C, 13N, 15O, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I and 124I are bonded, more preferably, radioactive nuclides such as 18F, 123I and 124I are bonded.
In the molecular probe of the present invention, from the viewpoint of suppressing accumulation in kidneys, an α-amino group at an N-terminus may be modified with a modifying group having no electric charge. For the modifying group having no electric charge, the aforementioned examples can be employed. Among these, an acetyl group is preferred from the viewpoint of modifying an α-amino group at an N-terminus and canceling the positive electric charge.
In the molecular probe of the present invention, it is preferable from the viewpoint of affinity between the molecular, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets, that the DTPA is not bonded to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine on a C-terminus side, namely, any of amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 32 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (1), amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 31 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (2), amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 30 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (3), and amino group of side chain of the lysine at position 29 of the polypeptide of the foregoing formula (4). It is further preferable that a chelate site bondable to a metal radioactive isotope (metal nuclide) is not bonded to the amino group of a side chain of foregoing lysine.
As a further embodiment, the present invention relates to a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, where the probe consists of any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and preferably the present invention relates to a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, where the probe consists of any one of the following polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (5) to (8), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets.
In the foregoing formulae (5) to (8), “X” represents a lysine residue having an amino group of a side chain labeled with a radioactive nuclide, the radioactive nuclide being selected from the group consisting of 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I; “Z-” indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is unmodified or modified with a modifying group having no electric charge; and, “—NH2” indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated.
Examples of the radioactive nuclides include 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 123I, 124I, 125I, and 131I. When PET is performed, nuclides that emit positrons, such as 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, 75/76Br, 82Rb and 124I, are preferred. When SPECT is performed, nuclides that emit single photons like γ-rays, such as 67Ga, 99mTc, 77Br and 123I, are preferred.
An α-amino group at a N-terminus of the molecular probe of the present invention is unmodified, namely remains an amino group, or it is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge. From the viewpoint of increasing accumulation in pancreatic islets and suppressing accumulation in organs surrounding the pancreatic islets, it is preferable that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is unmodified, i.e., it remains an amino group. From the viewpoint of suppressing accumulation in kidneys, it is preferable that the α-amino group is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge. The modifying groups having no electric charge are aforementioned.
The molecular probe of the present invention includes a polypeptide that is used for imaging of pancreatic islets and that is represented by any of the foregoing formulae (5) to (8). The amino acid sequences of the polypeptides in the foregoing formulae (5) to (8) are the amino acid sequences described respectively in the SEQ ID NOS. 5-8 in the Sequence Listing. Further, the sequence of the amino acids at positions 1 to 31 in the foregoing formula (5) (SEQ ID NOS. 5) in the Sequence Listing coincide with the amino acid sequences of exendin(9-39) except for an α-amino group at an N-terminus bonded to a modifying group.
In the molecular probe of the present invention, it is preferable that the amino group of the side chain of lysine labeled with the radioactive nuclide is bonded to a group including an aromatic ring represented by the following chemical formula (III).
In the above chemical formula (III) represents any of an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group, the examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group and the aromatic heterocyclic group are as described above. R5 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from that represented by R4, and the examples are substantially same as those represented by R2.
In the above chemical formula (III), R4 represents a substituent containing 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I, or 131I. Examples of R4 include a 11C atom, a 13N atom, a 15O atom, a 18F atom, a 75Br atom, a 76Br atom, a 77Br atom, a 123I atom, a 124I atom, a 125I atom, a 131I atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with [18F] fluorine, a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with [18F] fluorine, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with [123I] iodine, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with [124I] iodine, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with [125I] iodine, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with [131I] iodine, a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with [123I] iodine, a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with [124I]iodine, a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with [125I] iodine, and a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with [131I] iodine. Examples of the C1-C3 alkyl group include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group and the like. Examples of the C1-C3 alkoxy group include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group and the like. From the viewpoint of quantitation, preferably R4 is a substituent present on any of an ortho-position, a meta-position and a para-position, and more preferably R4 is a substituent present on a meta-position or a para-position.
In the above chemical formula (III), similar to the case of the above chemical formula (II), preferably R3 is any of a bond, C1-C6 alkylene groups and C1-C6 oxyalkylene groups. From the viewpoint of affinity with pancreatic, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets, R3 is preferably a bond, a methylene group or an ethylene group, or more preferably, a bond.
It is preferable that a group including an aromatic ring represented by the following chemical formula (III) has 7 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably, 7 to 13 carbon atoms, and further preferably 7 to 9 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of affinity with pancreatic islets, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets.
In the molecular probe of the present invention, it is preferable that a group having a radioactive nuclide to be bonded to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine labeled with a radioactive nuclide has carbon atoms of not more than 13, preferably, not more than 10, and further preferably not more than 9. And the lower limit is 1 for example, and preferably, 7. Therefore, a group having a radioactive nuclide to be bonded to an amino group of a side chain of a lysine labeled with a radioactive nuclide has carbon atoms of 1 to 13, more preferably 7 to 10, and further preferably 7 to 9.
[Imaging Method]
As another exemplary embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of imaging pancreatic islets, the method includes labeling a molecular probe precursor of the present invention and subsequently deprotecting a protecting group. The method for imaging of the present invention may include imaging pancreatic islets by using a molecular probe of the present invention. From the viewpoint of application to examination and diagnosis, it is preferable that the method for imaging of the present invention is a method of imaging pancreatic β-cells. Labeling and deprotecting of the precursor is as mentioned above, and the imaging of pancreatic islets is also as mentioned above. The method for imaging of the present invention may include determining a state of pancreatic islets based on the results of the imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the aforementioned molecular probe. Determining a state of pancreatic islets based on the results of the imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the molecular probe includes, for example, determining the presence/absence of pancreatic islets by analyzing an image of the imaging of pancreatic islet, and determining an increase/decrease in the amount of pancreatic islets.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for imaging pancreatic islets, including detecting a signal of the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention that has been administered to an analyte or a signal of the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention that has been bound to pancreatic islets preliminarily. In the imaging method of the present invention, it is preferable that a signal of the molecular probe of the present invention is detected from an analyte to which the molecular probe of the present invention in an enough amount for imaging has been administered; it is further preferable that a signal of the molecular probe of the present invention that has been bound to pancreatic islets preliminarily in an enough amount for imaging is detected.
The detection of a signal of a molecular probe of the present invention can be performed by, for example, the determination by means of PET and/or the determination by means of SPECT. The imaging method of the present invention may include reconfiguring the detected signal so as to convert the same into an image, and further may include displaying the image. The measurement using PET and the measurement using SPECT include, for example, taking an image, and determining an amount of pancreatic islets.
The determination by means of SPECT includes, for example, determining, with use of a gamma camera, γ-rays emitted from an analyte (hereinafter, referred to also as “subject”) to which the molecular probe of the present invention has been administered. The determination with use of the gamma camera includes, for example, measuring radiation (γ-rays) emitted from the radioactive nuclide used for labeling the molecular probe of the present invention during a certain time unit, and preferably includes determining a direction in which the radiation is emitted and a radiation dose during a certain time unit. The method for imaging according to the present invention further may include presenting the determined distribution of the molecular probe of the present invention obtained by the measurement of the radiation as a cross-sectional image, and reconfiguring the obtained cross-sectional image. Examples of the subject include humans and mammals other than humans.
The determination by means of PET include, for example, simultaneously measuring a pair of annihilation radiations generated upon the coupling between a positron and an electron, with use of a detector for PET, from an analyte to which the molecular probe of the present invention has been administered, and further may include figuring a three-dimensional distribution of positions of radioactive nuclide emitting positrons, based on the measurement results.
In the imaging method according to the present invention, the determination by means of X-ray CT or MRI may be performed, together with the determination by means of SPECT or the determination by means of PET. This makes it possible to obtain, for example, a fusion image obtained by fusion of an image obtained by SPECT or an image obtained by PET (functional image), with an image obtained by CT or an image obtained by MRI (morphological image).
The method for imaging of the present invention may include administration of a molecular probe of the present invention to a subject, and determination by any means such as PET or SPECT after a certain lapse time since the administration of the molecular probe. The method for imaging of pancreatic islets of the present invention may include administering the molecular probe of the present invention in an enough amount for obtaining a desired contrast for imaging. Further as described above, the method for imaging of the present invention can be carried out after a certain lapse of time after administering the probe of the present invention to an analyte, and thus, the method for imaging of the present invention is not required to include administration of the molecular probe of the present invention to a subject. The determination by PET or the like includes photographing of images, determination of pancreatic islets amount and the like. Examples of the subject include humans and mammals other than humans. The administration to a subject may be local administration or systemic administration. A path for administration may be determined appropriately according to a state of a subject and the like, and it may be, for example, intravenous, intraarterial, intradermal, and intraabdominal injection or infusion. The molecular probe of the present invention preferably is administered together with a carrier. Examples usable as the carrier include aqueous solvents and non-aqueous solvents. Examples of the aqueous solvent include potassium phosphate buffer solution, physiologic saline, Ringer's solution, and distilled water. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include polyethylene glycol, vegetable fats and oils, ethanol, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and propylene glycol. The amount of the molecular probe of the present invention for imaging of pancreatic islets or determining an amount of pancreatic islets may be set to be, for example, not more than 1 μg. The time period from the administration to the determination may be decided appropriately according to, for example, a time that the molecular probe takes to bind to pancreatic islets, the type of the molecular probe, the decomposition time of the molecular probe, etc.
[Method of Determining Amount of Pancreatic Islets]
As a still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of determining an amount of pancreatic islets, and the method includes preparing a molecular probe of the present invention by labeling and deprotecting a molecular probe precursor of the present invention, and calculating an amount of pancreatic islets based on the result of imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the molecular probe. The method of determining an amount of pancreatic islets of the present invention may include performing an imaging of pancreatic islets with use of the prepared molecular probe of the present invention. Labeling and deprotecting are as mentioned above, and similarly, the imaging of pancreatic islets is as mentioned above. The calculation of an amount of pancreatic islets from results of imaging of pancreatic islets using the molecular probe may be performed by, for example, analyzing an image obtained by imaging of pancreatic islet. The quantitation of a subject of the imaging from results of the imaging can be performed easily by any person skilled in the art, using a calibration curve, an appropriately program, or the like. The method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets according to the present invention preferably is a method for determining an amount of pancreatic β-cells from the viewpoint of the application of the same to the examination and diagnosis.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets, including detecting a signal of the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention from an analyte to which the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention has been administered and/or a signal of the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention that has been bound to pancreatic islets preliminarily, and calculating an amount of the pancreatic islets from the detected signal of the molecular probe for imaging
The method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets according to the present invention may include presenting the calculated amount of pancreatic islets. Presenting the calculated amount of pancreatic islets includes, for example, storing the calculated amount of pancreatic islets or outputting the same to the outside. Outputting the same to the outside includes, for example, displaying the same on a monitor and printing the same.
[Method of Prevention, Treatment, or Diagnosis of Diabetes]
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of diabetes. Specifically, the method of prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of diabetes of the present invention includes preparing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets by labeling and deprotecting a molecular probe precursor for imaging of the present invention, performing an imaging of pancreatic islets by using the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, and diagnosing diabetes by determining a state of pancreatic islets on the basis of the obtained images of pancreatic islets and/or an amount of pancreatic islets, and the method may include prevention or treatment of diabetes on the basis of the diagnosis. As described above, in the diabetes developing process, the amount of pancreatic islets (particularly, the amount of pancreatic β-cells) decreases prior to the occurrence of glucose tolerance abnormalities, and therefore, when functional abnormalities are detected or there are subjective symptoms, diabetes has already reached the stage where it is too difficult to be treated. With the imaging method using the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets of the present invention and/or the method for determining an amount of the pancreatic islets using the same, however, a decrease in the amount of the pancreatic islets and/or the amount of the pancreatic β-cells can be detected at an early stage, and further, new methods for prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of diabetes can be created. Examples of a subject on which prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of diabetes are carried out include humans and mammals other than humans. For example, the method for prevention of diabetes according to the present invention may include regularly determining an amount of pancreatic islets, and checking presence/absence of a tendency of a decrease in the amount of pancreatic islets. Further, the method of treatment of diabetes according to the present invention may include evaluating an effect of treatment such as medication and diet performed on a subject, focusing on a change in an amount of pancreatic islets. Further, the method of diagnosis of diabetes according to the present invention can include imaging of pancreatic islets or determining an amount of pancreatic islets, and comparing the results with a size or amount as a reference, or determining the stages of diabetes.
Still another preferable aspect of the present invention relates to a method of ultra-early diagnosis of diabetes. The method of ultra-early diagnosis of diabetes of the present invention may include, for example, imaging pancreatic islets or determining an amount of pancreatic islets in comprehensive or ordinary medical examination by the method of the present invention, and determining a state of the pancreatic islets on the basis of the obtained image of the pancreatic islets or the determined amount of the pancreatic islets. Further, a method of treatment for diabetes of the present invention may include imaging pancreatic islets and/or determining an amount of pancreatic islets by the method of the present invention, and evaluating functional recovery of the pancreatic islets on the basis of the obtained image of the pancreatic islets and/or the determined amount of the pancreatic islets of the pancreatic islets.
[Kit of the Present Invention]
Still another aspect of the present invention also relates to a kit for preparing a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, and the kit includes a molecular probe precursor of the present invention. Examples of embodiments of the kit of this aspect include a kit for preparing a molecular probe of the present invention, a kit for performing the imaging method of the present invention, a kit for performing the method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets according to the present invention, and a kit for prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of diabetes according to the present invention. Preferably, in each of these embodiments, the kit includes an instruction manual suitable for the embodiment.
The kit of the present invention may be for example a compound that is used for labeling the precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, and that includes an aromatic ring having halogen or radioactive halogen. It is preferable that the compound including the aromatic ring is a compound having a group represented by the following chemical formula (IV).
In the foregoing chemical formula (IV), A represents any of an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic heterocyclic group, the examples are as mentioned above. R7 represents a hydrogen atom or one or more substituents different from that represented by R6, and the examples are substantially same as those represented by R2. R6 represents a substituent containing halogen or radioactive halogen. Examples of substituents containing halogen include a C atom, an N atom, an O atom, an F atom, a Br atom, an I atom, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with fluorine, a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with fluorine, a C1-C3 alkyl group substituted with iodine and a C1-C3 alkoxy group substituted with iodine. Examples of substituents containing radioactive halogen are substantially the same as those represented by R1. From the viewpoint of quantitation, preferably R6 is a substituent present on any of an ortho-position, a meta-position and a para-position, and more preferably R6 is a substituent present on a meta-position or a para-position.
It is preferable that a labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide is a succinimidyl ester compound where the group represented by the above chemical formula (IV) is bonded to succinimide via an ester bonding, and more preferably, it is a succinimidyl ester compound represented by the following chemical formula (V).
In the above chemical formula (V), examples of A, R6 and R7 are substantially the same as those of the above chemical formula (IV). In the above chemical formula (V), like the chemical formulae (II) and (III), preferably R3 is any of a bond, a C1-C6 alkylene group and a C1-C6 oxyalkylene group. From the viewpoint of affinity with pancreatic islets, preferably between the molecular probe and pancreatic β-cells, more preferably between the molecular probe and GLP-1 receptor of pancreatic islets, R3 is preferably a bond, a methylene group or an ethylene group, or more preferably, a bond.
For the labeling compound including an aromatic ring having a radioactive nuclide, a compound having any of [18F]fluorobenzoyl group, [123I]iodobenzoyl group, [124I]iodobenzoyl group, [125I]iodobenzoyl group, [131I]iodobenzoyl group, [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, [125I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group, and [131I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl group is preferred. More preferably, [18F]N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate, [123I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate, [124I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate, [123I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, and [124I]iodo p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The kit of the present invention may include an instruction manual reciting a method of labeling the molecular probe precursor of the present invention that uses the aforementioned labeling compound and/or a compound for preparing a labeling compound.
The kit including the molecular probe precursor for imaging of the present invention preferably further includes a starting material for the aforementioned labeling compound. Examples of the starting material for [18F]N-succinimidyl 4-fluorobenzoate include ethyl 4-(trimethylammonium triflate) benzoate, ethyl 4-(tosyloxy)benzoate, and ethyl 4-(methylsulfonyloxy)benzoate. Examples of the starting material for [123/124/125/131I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate include 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3-(tributylstannyl)benzoate.
Still another aspect of the present invention also relates to a kit including the molecular probe of the present invention. Examples of embodiments of the kit of the present invention include a kit for performing the imaging method of the present invention, a kit for performing the method for determining an amount of pancreatic islets according to the present invention, and a kit for prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of diabetes according to the present invention. Preferably, in each of these embodiments, the kit includes an instruction manual suitable for the embodiment.
In the kit of the present invention, the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention included in the kit preferably is in a form of a parenteral solution. Therefore, the kit of the present invention preferably includes a parenteral solution that contains the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention. The parenteral solution may contain the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention as an effective ingredient, and further, for example, a medicinal additive such as a carrier. In the present specification, the “medicinal additive” refers to a compound that has obtained authorization as a medicinal additive in the Japanese, U.S. and European pharmacopoeias. Examples of the carrier include aqueous solvents and non-aqueous solvents. Examples of the aqueous solvent include potassium phosphate buffer solution, physiologic saline, Ringer's solution, and distilled water. Examples of the non-aqueous solvent include polyethylene glycol, vegetable fats and oils, ethanol, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and propylene glycol. The kit of the present invention further may include a container for containing the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention, and the container may be filled with the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention or a parenteral solution that contains the molecular probe for imaging of the present invention. Examples of the container include a syringe and a vial.
The kit of the present invention may further include, for example, a component used for preparing a molecular probe such as a buffer or an osmotic regulator, an instrument used in administration of a molecular probe, such as a syringe.
The kit including the molecular probe precursor of the present invention further may include, for example, an automatic synthesizing device for synthesizing the labeling compound, and an instruction manual that describes a method for synthesizing a labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I) and/or a labeling compound including an aromatic ring having the aforementioned radioactive nuclide with use of the foregoing automatic synthesizing device for synthesizing the labeling compound. The automatic synthesizing device may be capable of synthesizing the labeling compound, and further, for example, capable of labeling and deprotecting the precursor of the molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets in which the synthesized labeling compound is used. The kit further may include, for example, a reagent containing a radioactive nuclide to be used in synthesizing the labeling compound. Examples of the reagent containing a radioactive nuclide include reagents containing radioactive isotopes such as 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 4Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 99mTc, 111I, 123I, 124I, 125I and 131I.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a kit that includes an automatic peptide synthesizing device for synthesizing the molecular probe precursor of the present invention, and an automatic synthesizing device for synthesizing a labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I) and/or a labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I). The automatic synthesizing device may be capable of synthesizing the labeling compound, and further, for example, capable of labeling and deprotecting the molecular probe precursor in which the synthesized labeling compound is used. The kit may include an instruction manual that describes a method for synthesizing the molecular probe precursor of the present invention. The instruction manual further may describe, for example, a method for synthesizing the labeling compound having a group represented by the chemical formula (I), a labeling method using the same, and a deprotecting method. The kit further may include a reagent containing radioactive nuclide to be used in synthesis of a labeling compound.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a kit that includes the following: an automatic synthesizing device that performs the synthesis of the molecular probe precursor of the present invention, the synthesis of the aforementioned labeling compound, and the labeling and deprotecting of the aforementioned molecular probe precursor for imaging of pancreatic islets in which the aforementioned labeling compound is used; and an instruction manual that describes a method for producing a molecular probe for imaging of the present invention with use of the foregoing automatic synthesizing device. The instruction manual preferably describes, for example, a method for synthesizing a molecular probe precursor, a method for synthesizing the aforementioned labeling compound, and a method for labeling and deprotecting the molecular probe precursor in which the aforementioned labeling compound is used. The kit further may include a reagent containing radioactive nuclide to be used in synthesis of the labeling compound.
[Reagent for Imaging of the Present Invention]
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a reagent for imaging that contains the molecular probe of the present invention. The reagent for imaging according to the present invention may contain the molecular probe of the present invention as an effective ingredient, and further, a medicinal additive such as a carrier.
The carrier is as described above.
As the above-described aspect, the present invention includes one embodiment where an amino group of a lysine at a C-terminus is labeled in any of the polypeptides represented by the foregoing formulae (1) to (4), as a precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets where an α-amino group at an N-terminus is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge, and as another aspect, the present invention may provide a precursor of a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islets as described below. In other words, the present invention can provide, as another embodiment, a molecular probe precursor for use in imaging of pancreatic islet, the precursor consisting of any one of polypeptides: a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (9) to (16), a polypeptide obtained by deletion, insertion, or substitution of one to several amino acids with respect to a polypeptide represented by any one of the following formulae (9) to (16), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, and a polypeptide having a homology of 80% or higher with any one of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides represented by the following formulae (9) to (16), the polypeptide being capable of binding to pancreatic islets after being labeled and deprotected, wherein the molecular probe is used in imaging of pancreatic islet.
In the foregoing formulae (9) to (16), Z*- indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge; K* indicates that an amino group of a side chain of a lysine is protected by a protecting group; and —NH2 indicates that a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated.
The molecular probe precursor of the present invention including any of the polypeptides of the above formulae (9) to (16), since an α-amino group at an N-terminus is modified with a modifying group having no electric charge, preferably provides, for example, an effect that accumulation in kidneys of the molecular probe obtained by labeling and deprotecting the molecular probe precursor including any of the polypeptides of the above formulae (9) to (16) can be suppressed. By labeling the molecular probe precursor of the present invention including any of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (9) to (16) with a labeling system for labeling the above-described amino groups, an amino group of a side chain of a lysine to which a protecting group is not bonded may be labeled. The modifying group, the protecting group, the nuclide, the labeling method or the like have been described above. Further, the imaging method using the molecular probe precursor of the present invention including any of the polypeptides of the above formulae (9) to (16), a method of determining an amount of pancreatic islets, and prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of diabetes or the like, can be applied as described above.
The present invention can provide, as still another embodiment, a molecular probe for imaging of pancreatic islet, which can be obtained from the molecular probe precursor of the present invention and which includes any of the polypeptides of the foregoing formulae (9) to (16).
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described further by way of Examples and Reference Examples. It should be noted that the present invention is, when interpreted, not limited to the following Examples.
In the description of the present application, the following abbreviations are used.
OBu: butyl ester group
Boc: butoxycarbonyl group
Trt: trityl group
Pdf 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl group
Mmt: 4-methoxytrityl group
Fmoc: 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group
Using the molecular probe precursor of the above-described formula (1) of the present invention, which has a configuration in which protecting groups were bonded to an α-amino group at an N-terminus and the lysine residues at positions 4 and 19 of SEQ ID NO. 1 in the Sequence Listing, and in which a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated, biodistribution of the same in a mouse was determined. First, a molecular probe of the present invention was prepared in the following manner.
[Preparation of Molecular Probe Precursor]
Polypeptide synthesis was performed by using an automatic peptide synthesizer (Model 433A) manufactured by Applied Biosystems, in accordance with the attached software. For the amino acids having functional groups at the side chains, Asp(OBu), Ser(OBu), Lys(Boc), Gln(Trt), Glu(OBu), Arg(Pbf), Asn(Trt) and Trp(Boc) were used respectively. For the lysines at positions 4 and 19, Lys(Mmt) were used. Rink Amide MBHA (0.125 mmol, 0.34 mmol/g) was employed as the starting resin, the amino acids were extended serially according to the sequence, thereby the polypeptide having the sequence of the following formula (17) was obtained. In the following formula (17), the protecting groups of the side chains other than Lys(Mmt) were not recited.
By a typical process using 1.5% TFA-5% TIS-93.55% CH2Cl2, the protecting groups (Mmt groups) of the side chains at the lysine residues at positions 4 and 19 were removed from the polypeptide of the above formula (17), and the amino groups of the side chains at the free lysine residues at positions 4 and 19 were Fmoc-bonded. Subsequently, removal of all of the protecting groups other than the Fmoc groups of the lysine residues at positions 4 and 19 and excision of peptide from the resin were carried out by a typical process using 92.5% TFA-2.5% TIS-2.5% H2O-2.5% ethanediol. After completion of the reaction, the carrier resin was removed by filtration, and dry ether was added thereto for precipitating the crude product, which was then filtered. The thus obtained crude product was purified in a linear gradient system of CH3CN—H2O containing 0.1% TFA, using a liquid chromatograph LC8A manufactured by Shimadzu Corp. (ODS column 3 cm×25 cm). Then, intended fractions were collected by using a fraction collector, and thus the molecular probe precursor of the following formula (18) was obtained as a lyophilized white powder.
[Preparation of Molecular Probe]
The thus obtained molecular probe precursor (640 μg) of the above-described formula (18) was dissolved in borate buffer (pH 7.8). [18F] SFB was added thereto so that pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to 8.5 to 9.0. Thus, the precursor was labeled. Thereafter, DMF and piperidine were added thereto so as to cause a deprotecting reaction, whereby the intended product (molecular probe in which the lysine residue at position 32 of SEQ ID NO. 5 was labeled) was obtained. In other words, the obtained molecular probe is a molecular probe of the following formula (19) (SEQ ID NO. 19) in which, in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5, [18F]FB (fluorobenzoyl group) is bound to an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 32, a carboxyl group at a C-terminus therein is amidated, and an α-amino group at an N-terminus is unmodified (amino group).
[Biodistribution]
The molecular probe thus prepared (157 μCi) of the above formula (19) was administered to unanesthetized 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: 30 g) by intravenous injection (through the tail vein). When 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes had passed since the administration, organs were dissected out of the mice, respectively (n=5). The weight and the radioactivity of each organ were determined, and an accumulation amount (% dose/g) of the molecular probe was calculated from the radioactivity per unit weight. Exemplary results are shown in the following Table 1,
As shown in
For Reference Example 1, a molecular probe was prepared from a molecular probe precursor of the following formula (20), which has a configuration in which protecting groups (Fmoc) were bonded to an α-amino group at an N-terminus and the lysine residue at position 19 of SEQ ID NO. 20 in the Sequence Listing and in which a carboxyl group at a C-terminus was amidated, and biodistribution of the same in a mouse was determined by using the molecular probe. In other words, biodistribution of a molecular probe (SEQ ID NO. 21) represented by the following formula (21) in a mouse was determined by using the same molecular probe in which [18F] FB (fluorobenzoyl group) was bonded to an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 4 and a carboxyl group at a C-terminus was amidated in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 20. Preparation of the molecular probe precursor and the molecular probe and also determination of the biodistribution were carried out in the same manner as Example 1. Exemplary results are shown in the following Table 2,
For Reference Example 2, a molecular probe was prepared from a molecular probe precursor of the following formula (22), which has a configuration in which protecting groups (Fmoc) were bonded to an N-terminus and the lysine residue at position 4 of SEQ ID NO. 22 in the Sequence Listing and in which a carboxyl group at a C-terminus was amidated, and biodistribution of the same in a mouse was determined by using the molecular probe. In other words, biodistribution of a molecular probe (SEQ ID NO. 23) represented by the following formula (23) in a mouse was determined by using the same molecular probe in which [18F] FB (fluorobenzoyl group) was bonded to an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 19 and a carboxyl group at a C-terminus was amidated in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 22. Preparation of the molecular probe precursor and the molecular probe and also determination of the biodistribution were carried out in the same manner as Example 1. Exemplary results are shown in the following Table 3,
As shown in
Based on the accumulation amount obtained by the biodistribution experiments on the molecular probe in Example 1, the molecular probe in Reference Example 1 and the molecular probe in Reference Example 2, the ratio of pancreas/liver (‘accumulation amount in pancreas’/‘accumulation amount in liver’) for each probe is shown in Table 4 below, and the ratio of pancreas/kidney (‘accumulation amount in pancreas’/‘accumulation amount in kidney’) for each probe is shown in Table 5 below.
As shown in the above Tables 4 and 5, the ratio of pancreas/liver and the ratio of pancreas/kidney for the molecular probe of Example 1 were high in comparison with the molecular probe of Reference Example 1 and the molecular probe of Reference Example 2. It was suggested that clear images of pancreas can be obtained at the time of imaging with the molecular probe of Example 1 where the ratio of accumulation amount in the pancreas to the surrounding organs of the pancreas is high and the accumulation amount in the surrounding organs of the pancreas is low.
By administering the molecular probe of the above Reference Example 1 to a mouse, a three-dimensional image of the pancreas of the mouse is obtained. Further, by administering the molecular probe of the above Reference Example 2 to a mouse, a noninvasive three-dimensional image of the pancreas of the mouse is obtained. As mentioned above, the molecular probe prepared in Example 1 by labeling a side chain of a lysine at a C-terminus accumulated more in the pancreas and accumulated less in the stomach and the intestines as the organs adjacent to the pancreas, in comparison with the molecular probe of Reference Example 1 prepared by using the molecular probe precursor of the formula (20) and the molecular probe of Reference Example 2 prepared by using the molecular probe precursor of the formula (22). This indicates that the molecular probe prepared in Example 1 enables a noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic islets.
These results indicate that a molecular probe precursor of the present invention enables a noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreas in humans, particularly noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic β-cells.
[Blocking Experiment]
A blocking experiment was performed by using a molecular probe prepared in Example 1 (the molecular probe of the formula (19)). For the mice, 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: about 30 g) were used.
First, non-labeled exendin(9-39) (cold probe) was administered (0.1 mL of 0.5 mg/mL solution) preliminarily by intravenous injection to unanesthetized mice. At a point of 30 minutes after the foregoing preliminary administration, the prepared molecular probe of the formula (19) (5 μCi) was administered by intravenous injection. Then, at a time of 30 minutes after the administration of the molecular probe, the organs were dissected out, respectively (n=5). The weight and the radioactivity of each organ were determined, and an accumulation amount (% dose/g) was calculated from the radioactivity per unit weight. Exemplary results are shown in
As a control, without preliminary administration of a cold probe, the prepared molecular probe (5 μCi) of the formula (19) was administered to unanesthetized mice by intravenous injection. Then, at a time of 30 minutes after the administration, the respective organs were dissected (n=5). The weight and the radioactivity of each organ were determined, and an accumulation amount (% dose/g) of the probe was calculated from the radioactivity per unit weight. Exemplary results are shown in
[Two-Dimensional Imaging Analysis]
Two-dimensional imaging analysis was performed using transgenic mice that have a genetic background of ICR mice and express GFP (green fluorescent protein) under regulation of MIP (mouse insulin I gene promoter) (hereinafter these mice are referred to as “MIP-GFP mice”). For a molecular probe, the molecular probe of the formula (19) prepared in Example 1 was used.
The molecular probe thus prepared of the formula (19) was administered to unanesthetized MIP-GFP mice (male, weight: 20 g) by intravenous injection (200 μL of about 171 μCi, and at a point of 30 minutes after the administration, the pancreases were dissected out of the mice (n=2). Sections were cut out of the dissected pancreases, and each section was placed on a slide glass, covered with a cover glass. Fluorescence and radioactivity (autoradiography) of each section were determined using an image analyzer (trade name: Typhoon 9410, produced by GE Health Care Inc.) (exposure time: 15 hours). Exemplary results of the same are shown in
[Three-Dimensional Imaging]
The prepared molecular probe of the formula (19) (89 μCi) was administered to anesthetized 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: 30 g) by intravenous injection, and a three-dimensional imaging was carried out with the following PET device and under the following condition.
Imaging device: eXplore Vista (trade name, produced by GE Inc.)
Exemplary results are shown in
As shown in
In the molecular probe precursor of the above-described formula (1) of the present invention, which has a configuration in which protecting groups were bonded to the lysine residues at positions 4 and 19 of SEQ ID NO. 1 in the Sequence Listing, and in which a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated, using the molecular probe precursor of the above-described formula (24) of the present invention in which an α-amino group at an N-terminus is acetylated, biodistribution of the same in a mouse was determined. First, the molecular probe of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. For the protecting group of the lysine residue, Fmoc was used.
(SEQ ID NO. 24)
Ac-DLSK(Fmoc)QMEEEAVRLFIEWLK(Fmoc)NGGPSSGAPPPSK-NH2 (24)
[Preparation of Molecular Probe]
The molecular probe precursor of the above formula (24) was prepared in the same manner as Example 1 except that the protecting group (Fmoc) of the α-amino group at the N-terminus was deprotected and acetylated. The obtained molecular probe precursor (540 μg) of the above formula (24) was dissolved in borate buffer (pH 7.8). [18F]SFB was added thereto so that pH of the reaction solution was adjusted to pH of 8.5 to 9.0. Thus, the precursor was labeled. Thereafter, DMF and piperidine were added thereto so as to cause a deprotecting reaction, whereby the intended product (molecular probe where the lysine residue at position 32 of SEQ ID NO. 5 is labeled) was obtained. In other words, the obtained molecular probe is a molecular probe of the following formula (25) (SEC ID NO. 25) in which, in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5, [18F]FB (fluorobenzoyl group) is bound to an amino group of a side chain of the lysine at position 32 in the amino acid sequence, an α-amino group at an N-terminus is acetylated, and a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated. In the following formula (25), Ac indicates that an α-amino group at an N-terminus is acetylated.
[Biodistribution]
The probe of the above formula (25) thus prepared (212 μCi) was administered to unanesthetized 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: 30 g) by intravenous injection (through the tail vein). When 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes had passed since the administration, organs were dissected out of the mice, respectively (n=5). The weight and the radioactivity of each organ were determined, and an accumulation amount (% dose/g) of the probe was calculated from the radioactivity per unit weight. Exemplary results are shown in the following Table 6,
As shown in
During any of the time periods, the molecular probe of the above formula (25) prepared in Example 2 accumulated more in the pancreas than in the stomach and the intestines as the organs adjacent to the pancreas. Particularly, during any of the time periods, the accumulation amounts in the stomach were as small as about 2% dose/g, the accumulation amounts in the intestines were as small as about 1.7% dose/g, and the accumulation amount in the pancreas was three times or more than the accumulation amounts in the stomach and intestines during this time period. At or after 15 minutes since the administration, the accumulation in the liver was suppressed to not more than 4% dose/g. At or after 30 minutes since the administration, the accumulation amount in the pancreas was twice or more than the accumulation amount in the liver. This indicates that the molecular probe of the above formula (25) prepared in Example 2 accumulated specifically in the pancreas. Further, it was suggested that the radioactive accumulation in the bones was small and that it was not subjected to defluoridation metabolism in vivo. Therefore, the molecular probe of the above formula (25) is considered as suitable for the pancreatic β-cell imaging.
Furthermore, as shown in
Based on the accumulation amount obtained by the biodistribution experiments on the molecular probe in Example 2, the ratio of pancreas/liver (‘accumulation amount in pancreas’/‘accumulation amount in liver’) is shown in Table 4 above, and the ratio of pancreas/kidney (‘accumulation amount in pancreas’/‘accumulation amount in kidney’) is shown in Table 5 above. As shown in the above Tables 4 and 5, the ratio of pancreas/liver and the ratio of pancreas/kidney of the molecular probe of Example 2 were higher in comparison with the molecular probe of Reference Example 1 and the molecular probe of Reference Example 2. It was suggested that clear images of pancreas can be obtained at the time of imaging with the molecular probe of Example 2 where the ratio of accumulation amount in the pancreas to the surrounding organs is high and the accumulation amounts in the surrounding organs of the pancreas are low.
As shown in
The foregoing results suggested that the molecular probe precursor of the present invention enables noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of the pancreas, and particularly, noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic β-cells, in humans.
Labeling and deprotecting of the molecular probe precursor of the above formula (18) prepared in Example 1 were carried out in the same manner as Example 1 except that the [18F]SFB was replaced by [127I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate ([127I]SIB), thereby obtaining a molecular probe (SEQ ID NO. 26) of the formula (26) below.
Pancreatic islets isolated from a mouse was recovered in a 50 ml-tube and after centrifugation (2000 rpm, 2 minutes), it was washed once with 20 mL of cold PBS. To which, 15 mL of trypsin-EDTA (which was prepared by adding 12 mL of PBS-containing 0.53 mM EDTA (pH: 7.4 (NaOH)) to 3 mL of trypsine-EDTA (0.05%/0.53 mM) was added, and incubating with shaking at 37° C. for one minute, it was placed immediately on ice. Subsequently, after pipetting vigorously 20 times with a 10 mL pipette dropper without foaming, the cold PBS was added so that the final amount would be 30 mL, After centrifugation (3000 rpm, 2 minutes), it was washed twice with 30 mL of cold PBS. The supernatant was removed to obtain pancreatic islet cells sample. The obtained pancreatic islet cells sample was reserved at −80° C.
The pancreatic islet cells sample was suspended in a buffer (20 mM, HEPES (pH: 7.4), 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mg/ml bacitracin, 1 mg/ml BSA) so as to make 100 μL/tube. Then, 880 μL of the buffer and 10 μL of a solution including the molecular probe of the above formula (26) (final concentration of molecular probe: 0, 1×10−6 to 1×10−12 M), and 10 μL of a solution including [125I] labeled Exendin (9-39) (prepared by adding 90 μL of a buffer to 10 μL of [125I]Bolton-Hunter labeled Exendin (9-39) (product code: NEX335, 1.85 MBq/mL=50 μCi/mL, 22.73 pmol/mL=76.57 ng/mL, manufactured by Perkin Elmer) were added thereto, which was incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. Here, the final concentration of the [125I] labeled Exendin (9-39) was set to 0.05 μCi/tube. Next, after B/F separation by aspirating with use of an aspirator to which a moistened glass fiber filter (Whatman GF/C filter) was attached, the filter was washed three times with 5 ml of an ice-cooled PBS. The filter was set in the tube, and the radioactivity measurement was carried out with a gamma counter. The results are shown in
Next, using a molecular probe (SEQ ID NO. 27) of the following formula (27), which has a configuration in which an amino group of a side chain of a lysine residue at position 32 is labeled with 3-[125I]iodobenzoyl group (hereinafter, referred to also as “[125I]IB label”), a carboxyl group at a C-terminus is amidated and an α-amino group at an N-terminus is not acetylated in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5 in the Sequence Listing, determination of biodistribution of the same in a mouse and a two-dimensional analysis were carried out. The molecular probe of the following formula (27) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that [125I]N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate (SIB) was used in place of [18F]SFB.
[Biodistribution]
The molecular probe thus prepared (1 μCi) of the formula (27) was administered to unanesthetized 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: about 30 g) by intravenous injection (through the tail vein). When 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes had passed since the administration, organs were dissected out of the mice, respectively (n=5). The weight and the radioactivity of each organ were determined, and an accumulation amount (% dose/g) was calculated from the radioactivity per unit weight. Exemplary results are shown in the following Table 7,
As shown in
[Two-Dimensional Imaging Analysis]
The molecular probe of the formula (27) (5 μCi) was administered to unanesthetized MIP-GFP mice (male, weight: 20 g) by intravenous injection, and at points of 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the administration, the pancreases were dissected out of the mice, respectively (n=2). Sections were cut out of the dissected pancreases, and each section was placed on a slide glass, covered with a cover glass. Fluorescence and radioactivity (autoradiography) of each section were determined using an image analyzer (trade name: Typhoon 9410, produced by GE Health Care Inc.) (exposure time: 18 hours). Exemplary results of the same are shown in
As a control, a commercially-available Exendin (9-39) where the labeling group is not bound (cold probe) was administered preliminarily to unanesthetized MIP-GFP mice (male, weight: 20 g) by intravenous injection (50 μg/100 μL). At a point of 30 minutes after the foregoing preliminary administration, the prepared molecular probe of the formula (27) (5 μCi) was administered by intravenous injection. Then, at a time of 30 minutes after the administration of the molecular probe of the above formula (27), the pancreases were dissected out (n=2). Sections were cut out of the dissected pancreases, and fluorescence and radioactivity of each section were determined in the same manner as described above. One of exemplary results of the same is shown in
As shown in (a) and (b) of
As shown in
Here, all of 125I, 123I, and 131I were γ-ray emitting nuclides. Still further, 125I and 123I have the same numbers of nuclear spins. In view of these, it can be presumed that even a molecular probe obtained by replacing the radioactive iodine atom (125I) used in the labeling of the molecular probe of the formula (27) with 11 or 131I will exhibit behaviors substantially identical to those of the molecular probe of the formula (27). Further, it also can be presumed that even a molecular probe obtained by the radioactive iodine atom (125I) with 124I will exhibit behaviors substantially identical to those of the molecular probe of the formula (27). Thus, it was suggested that using the molecular probe obtained by replacing 125I of the molecular probe of the formula (27) with 123I, 124I, or 131I, for example, the noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic β-cells by SPECT, PET, or the like is enabled, and preferably, the quantification of pancreatic β-cells is enabled.
A molecular probe (SEQ ID NO. 28) of the following formula (28) was prepared, which had a configuration in the amino acid sequence of SEC ID NO. 5, an amino group of a side chain of a lysine residue at position 32 was labeled with 3-[123I]iodobenzoyl group (hereinafter, referred to also as “[123I]IB label”), a carboxyl group at a C-terminus was amidated and an α-amino group at an N-terminus was not acetylated. The molecular probe of the following formula (28) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that [123I]SIB was used in place of [125I]SIB.
[Three-Dimensional Imaging]
Using the molecular probe of the above formula (28), SPECT imaging of mice was carried out. The molecular probe of the above formula (28) (243 μCi/120 μL) was administered to anesthetized 6-week-old ddY mice (male, weight: about 30 g) by intravenous injection, and a SPECT imaging was carried out. The SPECT imaging was carried out under the following imaging conditions for 32 minutes starting at the point of 30 minutes after the administration of the molecular probe, with use of a gamma camera (product name: SPECT2000H-40 manufactured by Hitachi Medical Corporation). Images obtained were reconfigured under the following reconfiguration conditions.
Collimator LEPH pinhole collimator
Collection angle of detector: 360° at 11.25°/60 sec
Collection time: 60 sec×32 frames, 32 minutes
Pretreatment filter: Butterworth filter (order: 10, cutoff frequency: 0.13)
Exemplary results are shown in
As shown in
Thus, in view of that the position of the pancreas was confirmed noninvasively in a mouse that has the pancreas in a smaller size than that of a human and in which the organs are present more densely than in a human, this suggests that in a human that has the pancreas in a greater size than that of a mouse and in which the organs are present not as densely as in a mouse, the position of the pancreas and the size of the pancreas can be determined more clearly, and moreover, an amount of expression of the probe in the pancreas can be determined. Therefore, it was suggested that the molecular probe for pancreatic islets imaging of the present invention should enable noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of the pancreas in a human, particularly noninvasive three-dimensional imaging of pancreatic β-cells.
As described above, the present invention is useful in, for example, the medical field, the molecule imaging field, and the field relating to diabetes.
SEQ ID NOS. 1 to 4: the amino acid sequences of the molecular probe precursors of the present invention
SEQ ID NOS. 5 to 8: the amino acid sequences of the molecular probes of the present invention
SEQ ID NOS. 9 to 16: the amino acid sequences of the molecular probe precursors of the present invention
SEQ ID NO. 17: the amino acid sequence of polypeptide used for producing a molecular probe precursor of Example 1
SEQ ID NO. 18: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe precursor of Example 1
SEQ ID NO. 19: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Example 1
SEQ ID NO. 20: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe precursor of Reference Example 1
SEQ ID NO. 21: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Reference Example 1
SEQ ID NO. 22: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe precursor of Reference Example 2
SEQ ID NO. 23: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Reference Example 2
SEQ ID NO. 24: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe precursor of Example 2
SEQ ID NO. 25: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Example 2 SEQ ID NO. 26: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe used in the Binding Assay SEQ ID NO. 27: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Example 3 SEQ ID NO. 28: the amino acid sequence of the molecular probe of Example 4
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-185470 | Aug 2009 | JP | national |
| 2009-272445 | Nov 2009 | JP | national |
| 2010-068257 | Mar 2010 | JP | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61232619 | Aug 2009 | US | |
| 61282741 | Mar 2010 | US |
