Patent Grant
10939519
This application is the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2018/071715, filed on Aug. 10, 2018, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 17186778.1, filed on Aug. 18, 2017. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
This invention relates to a monitor device for monitoring a lighting arrangement and in particular in which the lighting load is unknown, for example because it is configurable by an end-user. The monitoring may then be used as part of driving of the lighting arrangement, thus being part of a controller or driver.
There is a desire to be able to connect different lighting configurations to a standard driver design.
For scalability reasons in lighting systems in which the load may vary, it is beneficial to work with a voltage architecture instead of a current source architecture. The lighting arrangement, such as LED modules, are arranged in parallel with the voltage bus and locally generate the current required for the LEDs used.
An example of such a system that is widely used is a LED strip. A LED strip or LED tape is a linear LED system in which the LEDs are placed on a flexible substrate that can be several meters in length. As opposed to rigid linear systems such as a tubular LED (TLED), this flexibility allows the end-user to apply the strip on non-flat surfaces or to bend it (multiple times) around an angle. Moreover, no installation of a dedicated socket for the LED strip is needed and the strip can be extended and cut to the appropriate length. Because of this ease of installation, LED strips are expected to gain market share over other linear systems in the consumer segment.
Of course, in addition to LED strips, there are other lighting systems possible with end-user changeable loads, such as track lighting or recessed spot lighting.
The typical LED strip architecture is depicted in
The switches 16 form a set of switches, each of which is for connection to a sub-set of the lighting elements (known as “channels”).
The lighting strip may be extended by additional strips 4 or it may even be cut to a shorter length, to suit the requirements of the final application.
The disadvantage of such a voltage-based lighting system is that the lighting load can draw more current than the rated power of the power supply. If the end-user or luminaire installation customer has the freedom to add LED load to the same power supply and the system needs to be able to continue working in case of over loading of the power supply unit, it is desirable for the system to probe the lighting load attached.
This probing can be done by switching on the different channels in the system one by one and measuring their current contribution as disclosed by WO 2017/041999. However, this results in visual flashing. Moreover sudden load steps might result in voltage dips of the power supply. In some voltage-based systems, a dip in voltage translates into a dip in current and hence the current is not well probed and the actual power is then not estimated correctly. This is only possible if the voltage and current is measured at the same time. Measuring current while not having a constant DC voltage of e.g. 24V (while assuming it is a fixed value of 24V) causes a measurement error.
There is therefore a need for a driver which enables the lighting load to be probed without these disadvantages.
US2011/0084620 discloses a circuit in which one current probe is used in each LED branch.
DE 10 2010 060857 discloses a current driver for driving several switched LED string in parallel. The current monitoring is made with a single current probe for verifying that the total current is equal to the requested total current.
The invention is defined by the claims.
According to examples in accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a monitor device for monitoring a lighting arrangement of lighting elements of unknown electrical load, wherein the lighting arrangement is associated with a switch arrangement for coupling a DC voltage to the lighting arrangement, wherein the switch arrangement comprises a set of switches, each of which is for connection to a sub-set of the lighting elements, wherein the monitor device comprises:
This monitoring device is able to determine the characteristics of the load without individually driving each sub-set of lighting elements. Instead, an overall current is monitored with all of the lighting elements set to the user-defined desired levels. By monitoring at the time scale of an individual duty cycle period, a connected driver can react fast enough to a detected overload to prevent automatic shut off the DC voltage source. Multiple current plateaus will arise within each duty cycle period because different sub-sets of lighting elements will typically have different duty cycles. Thus, at different times within the overall duty cycle period, different combinations of currents will be drawn, giving rise to different current plateaus. The overall duty cycle period is the same for all of the sub-sets of lighting elements. The plateau measurements enable the average current (or power) to be determined without any visual artifacts by adjusting the power of each channel to the required power. The plateau data can also be used to determine the contribution of each channel. Thus, if the system has a transition from one color point to another, for example, it can be predicted if an over power event will occur, based on knowledge of the current that each channel draws and the new duty cycles. The user-selected output is for example a color and brightness.
The DC voltage means that voltage driving rather than current driving is used, for example it is received from an AC/DC converter.
The power consumption is determined based on the known duty cycles applied to the different sub-sets of lighting elements. This requires knowledge not only of a single maximum current but multiple current plateau levels which are each combinations of currents of different sub-sets of lighting elements being driven.
The power consumption determination may be performed at power-on of the lighting arrangement. It may also be performed each time a new set of duty cycles (i.e. a new diming level or color point) is to be applied.
By monitoring the current at a plurality of time points within the duty cycle period multiple plateaus can be observed. When different sub-sets of lighting elements have different duty cycles, there are different current flows within each individual duty cycle period.
It is preferable to measure as many plateau values as possible, so that the contribution of each sub-set of lighting elements to the total power can be identified.
For example, in a three channel system there will be three unknown contributions. Three equations are needed to enable the currents to be resolved based on knowledge of the ratios of contributions of the different LED channels. The controller will have information from the LED arrangement since this is needed to be able to calculate a desired duty cycle ratio to obtain a certain color point. Thus, calibration settings are already available which enable the nominal current ratios between the different channels to be derived.
The more plateaus that can be measured, the more accurate the power monitoring result will be.
The monitor device may be provided between an existing driver and a lighting arrangement, in which the existing driver includes the switch arrangement and even the controller. The monitor device may then be provided as a software upgrade to alter the way an existing driver controller is used. Alternatively, the monitor device may be implemented as part of a new driver.
The controller may be adapted to determine the current flowing through each sub-set of lighting elements based on an analysis of the set of different current plateau levels. The controller will be able to do this if a sufficient number of different current plateau values have been measured.
Thus, by detecting current plateaus, different current readings may be interpreted, with the knowledge of the applied duty cycles, to extract the currents through the individual sub-sets of lighting elements. Thus, the total power consumption may be obtained without actually measuring the individual currents through the sub-sets. This is basically achieved by solving a set of simultaneous equations once sufficient current measurements are obtained.
The controller may be adapted to set a maximum duty cycle for each duty cycle of the set based on the determined power consumption of the load and a load rating of the driver. Thus, the power to be provided to the lighting load is kept below a maximum power delivery of the driver, by scaling back the duty cycles of the drive signals, but typically maintaining the desired duty cycle ratio between different channels.
The controller may be adapted to:
By taking average current levels over multiple duty cycle periods, the current sensing accuracy is improved.
The controller may be adapted to:
When measurements are taken from multiple duty cycles there is a risk that the power can be too high while the measurements are being collected. By progressively scaling up the duty cycles, a moving average can be taken, and it can be detected when the moving average current is approaching a level which exceeds the maximum power delivery. During a voltage glitch it is also possible to measure both voltage and current and predict what the current would be if the voltages rises from a lower voltage to the normal voltage level.
The controller may be further adapted to monitor the DC voltage and to adjust the set of duty cycles in response to a change in the DC voltage thereby to maintain a constant light output flux from the lighting arrangement. This approach may be used to alter the light output when voltage glitches or other artifacts are detected so that the changes in light output which result are rendered less visually perceptible.
The invention also provides a driver for a lighting arrangement of lighting elements of unknown electrical load, comprising:
This defines a lighting arrangement driver which incorporates the monitor device.
The invention also provides a lighting apparatus comprising:
This user configuration means the load presented by the lighting arrangement is not known to the driver.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a lighting method for providing lighting using an arrangement of lighting elements of unknown electrical load, comprising:
This method uses only the overall current delivered to the lighting arrangement to derive the power consumption.
The method may comprise determining the current flowing through each sub-set of lighting elements based on an analysis of the set of different current levels.
A maximum duty cycle may for example be set for each duty cycle of the set based on the determined power consumption of the load and a load rating of the driver.
The method may comprise:
This averaging approach gives more accurate readings.
In order to prevent overload as soon as the driver is turned on the method may comprise:
The method may also comprise measuring the DC voltage for example to detect voltage glitches or other voltage artifacts. In this way, an overload situation can be detected. The monitored DC voltage may also be used to adjust the set of duty cycles in response to a change in the DC voltage thereby to maintain a constant light output flux from the lighting arrangement.
The invention may be implemented at least in part by software.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment(s) described hereinafter.
Examples of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
The invention provides a monitor device for monitoring a lighting arrangement of lighting elements of unknown electrical load, and a driver using the monitoring arrangement. A set of duty cycles is applied to switches which control sub-sets of lighting elements thereby to create a desired light output (i.e. desired by a user, and applied as a user input). With this desired duty cycle setting, the current for an individual duty cycle period is monitored, in particular to detect variations in a current plateau level within the individual duty cycle period. This is used to determine a power consumption of the lighting arrangement. This avoids the need to probe the sub-sets of lighting elements individually in order to determine the nature of the load and its power consumption.
Depending on the supply voltage, a number of LEDs is put in series with a current limiting resistor R, or a current source or current sink.
Because a voltage source power supply is used, the LED strings are placed in parallel over the length of the strip. The strip can be cut and extended by adding or removing LED strings.
LED strips typically come with a voltage source that is able to deliver a certain maximum power. Each LED strip extension represents a certain load and without any measures, the LED strip can only be extended up to a length the load of which can be supported by the power supply. If more load is installed than supported, the power supply and hence the LED strip product as a whole will stop functioning: the output voltage is reduced and the system will eventually stop working.
It is therefore a challenge to provide extendable LED strips as a result of this power limitation problem. Most LED strip products are typically provided with a power supply that is only able to supply the power to the length of the strip that comes with it. Overdesigning the power supply will introduce extra cost for the product that will not be used by the end-user if no extension is desired. If a longer strip is still desired, either the power supply needs to be changed or a completely new LED strip has to be installed.
The principle of a bus voltage architecture as used in a LED strip could also be used to define building blocks to be used in luminaires. This is especially beneficial in the case of luminaires with multiple light points that all behave in the same way. In that case, only a single power supply and controller is needed to address the multiple light points, which is a cost saving compared to equipping the luminaire with lamps that each consist of a communication module, power supply and LED module.
Since the appeal of the look and feel of a luminaire is very personal, the variety in luminaire look and feel is typically quite large while the production volume per luminaire type is low. It is therefore desirable to be able to apply the electronic building blocks (power supply, communication module, LED modules) as much as possible over the different luminaire types. Indeed, it is foreseen that the power supply and the communication module can be applied in many different luminaires. The diversity is expected to occur in LED modules. The reason for this diversity lies in the size of the light point required, the flux output and the color gamut that can be made (i.e. full color, tunable white light, fixed white).
Different LED boards require different settings in the software in the controller to properly control the LEDs. Diversity in software includes different LED parameters needed to accurately calculate color points to ensure good color consistency. In addition to color point and flux per primary, also thermal parameters like heat dissipation and thermal resistance are important to calculate the junction temperature of the LED and hence its flux and color point at that temperature.
If the electronic modules are supplied to luminaire manufacturers with limited knowledge of the electronics and software, it is very difficult to configure the software to obtain color consistent modules. Also, similarly to the LED strip example above, too many LED modules might be installed in the luminaire for the power supply to support, leading to a non-functioning luminaire.
Thus, the benefits of being able to provide a user configurable lighting load to a power supply applies both to modular luminaire designs as well as to lighting strips.
To detect (by the end-user or luminaire maker) that a LED load exceeds the capability of the power supply, one approach is for the product to probe the LED load each time it is powered.
The circuit of
This implies that the controller circuitry must be able to react fast to the PWM signal generated by the controller.
This issue is explained with reference to
In order not to draw too much power from the power supply, the time between application of the pulses and read out of the stable plateau value of the response should be small.
Each plateau value represents the total current drawn of all the LEDs connected to one particular switch, i.e. the sum of the currents in all of the parallel branches of the same type. It is thus related to the total power drawn by that sub-set of lighting elements. Due to the short pulse, this current plateau current can be many times higher than the maximum current the power supply can deliver under stable operation.
DCi is the duty cycle of channel i and Ii is the current contribution of channel i derived at powering up.
With the current contribution per channel known, in normal operation, the software can calculate the power drawn from the LED load at a particular color point and dim level according to the formula below:
Pcalc=VbusΣDCiIi (1)
The power is thus related to both the individual (per sub-set of lighting elements) current contributions (which are not known since they depend on the nature of the load) and the individual (per sub-set of lighting elements) duty cycles (which are known). Thus, a single current measurement within the duty cycle period (i.e. the time from 0 to T) does not give sufficient information. This is why a separate measurement of each current level is needed. In essence, the area of the plot shown in
If the calculated power is larger than the rated power of the power supply, a reduction of all values of DCi may be applied according to:
DCreduction=Prated/Pcalc (2)
In this way, the duty cycle of each channel is reduced to ensure that the rated power is not passed, and the power supply will not trip.
There are, however, disadvantages to this approach.
The applied pulse train may give rise to flashes visible to the human eye, leading to dissatisfied customers. The pulse train is needed because each sub-set of lighting elements is probed in turn. The sudden application of significant load such as these pulse trains shortly after power on of the power supply unit may lead to voltage drops of the power supply unit. Hence, there is a risk that the pulse train is measured at voltages lower than the nominal voltages, which could lead to a wrong load determination. This would make the load determination feature quite dependent on the robustness of the power supply and would introduce cost.
It is for instance known that high power factor single stage power supplies are susceptible to voltage drops in the case of sudden load application. This could be solved by increasing the pulse duration to give the power supply time to recover, but this will only lead to more pronounced flashing.
This invention provides an alternative procedure for load determination at start-up without visible flashing and avoiding rapid application of a large load.
The invention is based on starting up the light immediately at the intended color point therewith combining the different contributions of the different channels as shown in
Thus, within a duty cycle period, from 0 to T, a set of current measurements takes place. A set of measurement timings 40 is shown in
There may be tens of measurements taken within the duty cycle period, for example 120 samples per 1 ms (1 kHz) period.
As explained above, if the power during the measurement is larger than the rated power of the power supply, all duty cycles can again be adjusted.
The invention can be implemented using the architecture shown in
The driver is again for a lighting arrangement 2 of lighting elements of unknown electrical load. A DC voltage source 10 is coupled by the switch arrangement 16 to the lighting arrangement 2. The switch arrangement comprises a set of switches, each of which is for connection to a sub-set 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e of the lighting elements. A current sensor 20 is for sensing a current to the overall lighting arrangement and a controller 14 controls the switch arrangement using pulse width modulation.
A set of duty cycles is applied to the set of switches thereby to create the desired light output. The plateau currents are sensed for an individual duty cycle period such that multiple current plateaus may be observed, and a power consumption of the lighting arrangement is then obtained. This avoids individually driving each sub-set of lighting elements. Monitoring takes place during an individual duty cycle period, so that the driver can react fast enough to a detected overload to prevent automatic shut off the DC voltage source. The DC voltage is also monitored to enable an overload condition to be determined.
The “desired light output” is typically a user-selected output color and brightness. This, it is not “desired” as part of a monitoring routine but has been selected independently of the monitoring process.
As explained above, knowledge is needed of multiple current plateau levels relating to the different sub-sets of lighting elements. These plateaus are measured by having multiple current sampling instants within the overall duty cycle period.
It could well be that the initial power before the measurement will exceed the rated power to such an extent or for such an amount of time that the power supply unit supply will fall into its over power protection mode and switch off.
To prevent this, it is desired to measure the plateau values very fast, as explained above in a single duty cycle period (i.e. at the PWM frequency) and already act on the power measurement in the next period. In this way, with a PWM frequency of 1 kHz, it would take 2 ms to tune back the power, which may be fast enough to prevent the power supply from adopting the over power protection. The downside of this solution is, however, that such a short period of measurement might lead to inaccurate results.
Taking an average current over multiple periods, possibly filtering out the ripple frequency of the power supply unit, may be used to provide improved accuracy. The plateau measurements remain in a single duty cycle period and the system can respond after each duty cycle period (for example by updating a moving average). However, the advantage is obtained that multiple such measurements are processed.
To prevent the power supply from falling into its over power protection mode due to this extended time duration, the averaging of the current plateau measurement may be performed during a ramp up of the light level. Such a ramp up will only impact the length of the duty cycles, not the height of the plateaus.
For example, by starting off with a ramp up of the light from a minimum dimming level to the maximum power within (for example) 50 ms of time both accurate values of the current plateaus are obtained without the risk of the power supply unit switching to its over power protection. A ramp up within 50 ms period is barely visible to the eye.
Each new set of plateau measurements obtained during a new period may then be put in a set of moving averages that becomes more and more accurate, while the system can still adjust the power on each update of the moving averages. Thus, the power consumption of the lighting arrangement is determined or updated at the rate of each duty cycle period.
Moreover, by gently increasing the load, the voltage of the power supply will have time to adjust its output voltage resulting in accurate measurements of the current contribution.
In one possible approach, during start-up, a ramp-up may be carried out from 0% to maximally 80% light output. During each 1 kHz period the current is measured at approximately 100 sampling instants, and during the last 10% of the duty cycle period, a quick voltage measurement is carried out. No current flows during this time because the intensity (and so maximum duty cycle) is limited to 80% so that each channel is set to zero.
In this way, the absolute power per period can be derived. The maximum ramp up intensity may then be controlled or limited. The maximum intensity may for example start to be actively limited within 10 ms.
The left stack of current plots is a first set of duty cycles which is a scaled down version of the desired set of duty cycles. For example it may comprise a 3% dimming level version of the desired combination of duty cycles. The current is then monitored for that individual duty cycle period.
The scaling of the set of duty cycles is progressively increased, for example as shown in the right stack of current plots (later in time).
In such a case, the initial power estimation could be based on a single plateau measurement only. An overestimation of power could be made by multiplying the measured plateau value by the (known) longest duty cycle. As the duty cycle is increased, the individual plateaus become measurable as shown.
The monitoring may take place at start up and optionally also when a transition to another color point is made.
In step 60 the desired color point is input, and in step 62 it is converted to a set of duty cycles. Step 62 makes use of color model and outputs a ratio of duty cycles to get to the desired color point. This relates to the user setting a desired color point.
In step 64 the lamp is powered up.
In step 66 the duty cycles from step 62 are scaled to 3%.
In step 68 all possible current plateau values in the first duty cycle period are measured. In step 70 the load is estimated based on those measurements.
This load estimation is used to calculate a maximum duty cycle limit in step 72. This maximum is updated progressively as explained below.
In step 74 it is determined if the maximum duty cycle limit has already been reached. If it has, the duty cycles are all reduced in step 76 by the ratio between the determined load and the rated load of the power supply unit. If the maximum has not been reached, the duty cycles are all increased by 2% in step 78. Thus, after 50 cycles, the duty cycles will reach the original target levels unless they are throttled back.
In step 80, all possible plateau values in the next duty cycle period are measured. A moving average for each plateau value is then updated in step 82.
In step 84, it is determined if all 50 steps have been carried out (for a 50 ms startup cycle when operating at 1 kHz). If the 50 cycles are complete, the average plateau values are stored, and the lighting arrangement is controlled in steady state in step 86, using the resulting duty cycle levels.
If the 50 cycles are not yet complete, an updated load estimate takes place in step 88 which is then fed back to step 72 to enable updated maximum duty cycle information to be derived.
In an extension to this method, it is possible to derive and store the current contributions Ii of the individual channels. In the example of the graph of
As an approximation, calibration settings give information about the current ratios between the different channels, and this can be used to obtain an estimation of the current contribution of different channels. For greater accuracy, the routine can wait until the end-user sets the light to another color point (i.e. a different combination of duty cycles) until a new plateau value is long enough in order to be measured.
Another possibility is to adjust the color temperature setting during the 50 ms start-up period to make sure additional current plateaus can be measured. For example, the monitoring may start at a lowest color temperature (2200K) and during ramp up, move to 2700K (or even 3500K and then back to 2700K). This will not be visible by the eye but multiple plateaus can then be measured.
For a 3 channel system, there are 7 different combinations in which a plateau current can be built up. The below table shows the possible plateau levels as combinations of currents I1, I2 and I3.
If all of I1 to I7 are different values (which will be the case if I1, I2 and I3 do not have common multiples), then any three plateau measurements may be used to derive the three constituent components.
If there is only one plateau measurement when the lowest dimming setting is applied, the knowledge of the current ratios in the calibration settings may be used to derive an estimate. For example the single plateau measurement may yield I1+I2+I3, and the calibration settings may indicate nominal currents of I1=2I2 and I1=I3 for example. The three currents may then be obtained, but with some uncertainty.
Each time a plateau value can be determined, it can be stored in the table. As soon as 3 different plateau values are measured (assuming they relate to a unique combination of currents), there are 3 equations with 3 unknowns and all the individual current values Ii can be calculated with greater certainty. Once this stage is reached, the power of a new color point can be calculated based on formula (1).
For a system with even more primary colors, this becomes more complicated, but generally speaking, a lighting arrangement that has been switched to several color points for 50 ms during its life time is sufficient for the value of Ii to be determined. Thus, the table is completed over many operations of the lighting system, with different starting combinations of duty cycles.
Another advantage of this procedure is that the current values Ii can be updated after a certain period of time. It might be that due to temperature or aging of the LEDs, these values will start to deviate from the initial values. In the conventional way the determination of the current values Ii is only done at the power up of a light. If the connected light is always powered (for example by switching off the light by setting all PWM=0), these values would not get updated.
The approach above provides determination of the different currents drawn by sub-sets of lighting elements, in order to enable calculation of the power consumption.
This information may be used for other purposes.
In low cost voltage-based lighting systems as described above, in which a resistor R is used to limit the current through the LED string, the stability of the light output is heavily dependent on the stability of the input voltage. Examples which may cause instability are ripple voltages, voltage dips by external factors like switching of neighboring heavy machinery or voltage fluctuations by the power supply itself due to load stepping, or control algorithms.
These voltage fluctuations may become visible in the light output. The approach above means the different current contributions are known. A change in voltage and hence current can be compensated by changing the set of duty cycles so that the light output remains unchanged.
The DC voltage may for example be 24V and this may fluctuate by 10%, i.e. 2.4V. If the resistors R in
Low cost power supplies of a single stage topology that comply with the high power factor lighting regulations typically do show significant voltage ripple up to +/−1V. Moreover, other artifacts in the output voltage are also immediately visible in the light output. Examples are voltage steps due to abrupt increase/decrease of the mains input voltage, i.e. when heavy machinery in the neighborhood of the lighting device is switched ON or OFF, and voltage steps induced by the power supply itself. Some control ICs exhibit a high bandwidth (i.e. fast) regulation when the voltage is drifting away too much from the nominal voltage. If the voltage crosses a certain threshold, this high bandwidth control is started and the voltage is regulated back to nominal very fast. This also results in a step in the voltage.
The effect of crossing of this threshold is shown in
This type of artifact can be avoided by monitoring the total current that flows through all the LEDs and immediately acting on any deviation from the expected current based on the nominal voltage of the power supply.
The additional approach is to compensate the step in current by increasing/decreasing the duty cycles of all channels so that the average flux remains as constant as possible. The voltage/current step is not prevented (since it is desired as part of the protection control) but it becomes imperceptible.
Although it is the voltage of the power supply that is the source of the glitch in the light, the current is monitored (as explained above) because the light flux is directly related to the current. Moreover, a step in voltage is also easier to detect by measuring the current as a 10% change in voltage will result in a 35% change in current as shown above.
Because the light output is equal to the current times the length of a driving pulse, a dip in the plateau current may be compensated by an increase in the duty cycle according to below formula which shows the requirements for a constant flux φ:
DCold is the previous duty cycle and Iplateau,calc is the previously calculated plateau current. This would be a reference plateau value at the nominal voltage. DCnew is the new duty cycle and Iplateau,meas is the newly measured plateau current (caused by a change in the voltage).
At time A, the lighting arrangement is at a steady state.
At time B, there is the start of a voltage transition. The resulting current change is detected at time C.
At time D, the duty cycle is increased (as shown by arrow 102) and a further current drop is detected. At time E the duty cycle is again increased 104 and a further current drop is detected.
At time F, the duty cycle in increased 106 but the current returning to the nominal level is detected. At time G, the duty cycle is returned to the original levels corresponding to then steady state drive condition.
The compensation mechanism lags with 1 duty cycle period with respect to the actual signal.
The invention is of interest for systems where the customer (which can be an end-user or a lighting system commissioner) is able to attach different loads to a system with a fixed rated power of the power supply. The power supply is then a separate building block. Examples of these systems are LED strips that are end-user extendible or LED strips that are used as a building block in a luminaire. Alternatively, recessed spots or downlights that share a single driver and to which extra units can be added by the end user are another example.
As discussed above, a controller is used to perform the calculations explained. The controller can be implemented in numerous ways, with software and/or hardware, to perform the various functions required. A processor is one example of a controller which employs one or more microprocessors that may be programmed using software (e.g., microcode) to perform the required functions. A controller may however be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions.
Examples of controller components that may be employed in various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
In various implementations, a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media such as volatile and non-volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform the required functions. Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller.
Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17186778 | Aug 2017 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/071715 | 8/10/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2019/034543 | 2/21/2019 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 102010060857 | May 2012 | DE |
| 2017041999 | Mar 2017 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200205259 A1 | Jun 2020 | US |
