Patent Grant
11558413
The present invention relates generally to network monitoring, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to monitoring networks in a distributed network monitoring environment.
On most computer networks, bits of data arranged in bytes are packaged into collections of bytes called packets. These packets are generally communicated between computing devices over networks in a wired or wireless manner. A suite of communication protocols is typically employed to communicate between at least two endpoints over one or more networks. The protocols are typically layered on top of one another to form a protocol stack. One model for a network communication protocol stack is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of different protocols that cooperatively enable communication over a network. The OSI model layers are arranged in the following order: Physical (1), Data Link (2), Network (3), Transport (4), Session (5), Presentation (6), and Application (7).
Another model for a network communication protocol stack is the Internet Protocol (IP) model, which is also known as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model. The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model except that it defines four layers instead of seven. The TCP/IP model's four layers for network communication protocol are arranged in the following order: Link (1), Internet (2), Transport (3), and Application (4). To reduce the number of layers from seven to four, the TCP/IP model collapses the OSI model's Application, Presentation, and Session layers into its Application layer. Also, the OSI's Physical layer is either assumed or is collapsed into the TCP/IP model's Link layer. Although some communication protocols may be listed at different numbered or named layers of the TCP/IP model versus the OSI model, both of these models describe stacks that include basically the same protocols. For example, the TCP protocol is listed on the fourth layer of the OSI model and on the third layer of the TCP/IP model. To assess and troubleshoot communicated packets and protocols over a network, different types of network monitors can be employed. One type of network monitor, a “packet sniffer” may be employed to generally monitor and record packets of data as they are communicated over a network. Some packet sniffers can display data included in each packet and provide statistics regarding a monitored stream of packets. Also, some types of network monitors are referred to as “protocol analyzers” in part because they can provide additional analysis of monitored and recorded packets regarding a type of network, communication protocol, or application.
Generally, packet sniffers and protocol analyzers passively monitor network traffic without participating in the communication protocols. In some instances, they receive a copy of each packet on a particular network segment or VLAN from one or more members of the network segment. They may receive these packet copies through a port mirror on a managed Ethernet switch, e.g., a Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) port, a Roving Analysis Port (RAP), or the like, or combinations thereof. Port mirroring enables analysis and debugging of network communications. Port mirroring can be performed for inbound or outbound traffic (or both) on single or multiple interfaces. In other instances, packet copies may be provided to the network monitors from a specialized network tap or from a software entity running on the client or server. In virtual environments, port mirroring may be performed on a virtual switch that is incorporated within the hypervisor.
In some instances, a proxy is actively arranged between two endpoints, such as a client device and a server device. The proxy intercepts each packet sent by each endpoint and optionally transforms and forwards the payload to the other endpoint. Proxies often enable a variety of additional services such as load balancing, caching, content filtering, and access control. In some instances, the proxy may operate as a network monitor. In other instances, the proxy may forward a copy of the packets to a separate network monitor.
In some networks, packet capture devices may be installed. Packet capture devices may be arranged to capture and store network packets for subsequent analysis. However, the sheer amount of data communicated over networks may result in a prohibitively high number of network packets. Accordingly, packets and/or portions of packets may be selectively captured to reduce data storage requirements. In addition, as information technology infrastructure becomes more complex and more dynamic, there may be numerous packet types and formats for the various different types of network protocols and applications that may be carried on modern networks that it difficult for effective network packet capture. Further, many modern networks or networked applications are increasingly using one or more cryptographic protocols to enable secure connections. Secure connections are designed to provide cryptographically secure communication. In some cases, the cryptographically secure communication may interfere with network monitoring. Thus, it is with respect to these considerations and others that the present invention has been made.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present innovations are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. For a better understanding of the described innovations, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description of Various Embodiments, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Various embodiments now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific exemplary embodiments by which the invention may be practiced. The embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the embodiments to those skilled in the art. Among other things, the various embodiments may be methods, systems, media or devices. Accordingly, the various embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense.
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”
For example, embodiments, the following terms are also used herein according to the corresponding meaning, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein the term, “engine” refers to logic embodied in hardware or software instructions, which can be written in a programming language, such as C, C++, Objective-C, COBOL, Java™, PHP, Perl, Python, R, Julia, JavaScript, Ruby, VBScript, Microsoft .NET™ languages such as C#, or the like. An engine may be compiled into executable programs or written in interpreted programming languages. Software engines may be callable from other engines or from themselves. Engines described herein refer to one or more logical modules that can be merged with other engines or applications, or can be divided into sub-engines. The engines can be stored in non-transitory computer-readable medium or computer storage device and be stored on and executed by one or more general purpose computers, thus creating a special purpose computer configured to provide the engine.
As used herein, the term “session” refers to a semi-permanent interactive packet interchange between two or more communicating endpoints, such as network devices. A session is set up or established at a certain point in time, and torn down at a later point in time. An established communication session may involve more than one message in each direction. A session may have stateful communication where at least one of the communicating network devices saves information about the session history to be able to communicate. A session may also provide stateless communication, where the communication consists of independent requests with responses between the endpoints. An established session is the basic requirement to perform a connection-oriented communication. A session also is the basic step to transmit in connectionless communication modes.
As used herein, the terms “network connection,” and “connection” refer to communication sessions with a semi-permanent connection for interactive packet interchange between two or more communicating endpoints, such as network devices. The connection may be established before application data is transferred, and where a stream of data is delivered in the same or different order than it was sent. The alternative to connection-oriented transmission is connectionless communication. For example, the datagram mode of communication used by the Internet Protocol (IP) and the Universal Datagram Protocol (UDP) may deliver packets out of order, since different packets may be routed independently and could be delivered over different paths. Packets associated with a TCP protocol connection may also be routed independently and could be delivered over different paths. However, for TCP connections the network communication system may provide the packets to application endpoints in the correct order.
Connection-oriented communication may be a packet-mode virtual circuit connection. For example, a transport layer virtual circuit protocol such as the TCP protocol can deliver packets of data in order although the lower layer switching is connectionless. A connection-oriented transport layer protocol such as TCP can also provide connection-oriented communications over connectionless communication. For example, if TCP is based on a connectionless network layer protocol (such as IP), this TCP/IP protocol can then achieve in-order delivery of a byte stream of data, by means of segment sequence numbering on the sender side, packet buffering and data packet reordering on the receiver side. Alternatively, the virtual circuit connection may be established in a datalink layer or network layer switching mode, where all data packets belonging to the same traffic stream are delivered over the same path, and traffic flows are identified by some connection identifier rather than by complete routing information, which enables fast hardware-based switching.
As used herein, the term “network flow” refers to one or more network packets or a stream of network packets that are communicated in a session that is established between at least two endpoints, such as two network devices. In one or more of the various embodiments, flows may be useful if one or more of the endpoints of a session may be behind a network traffic management device, such as a firewall, switch, router, load balancer, or the like. In one or more of the various embodiments, such flows may be used to ensure that the packets sent between the endpoints of a flow may be routed appropriately.
Typically, establishing a TCP based connection between endpoints begins with the execution of an initialization protocol and creates a single bi-directional flow between two endpoints, e.g., one direction of flow going from endpoint A to endpoint B, the other direction of the flow going from endpoint B to endpoint A, where each endpoint is at least identified by an IP address and a TCP port.
Also, some protocols or network applications may establish a separate flow for control information that enables management of at least one or more flows between two or more endpoints. Further, in some embodiments, network flows may be half-flows that may be unidirectional.
As used herein, the term “tuple” refers to a set of values that identify a source and destination of a network packet, which may, under some circumstances, be a part of a network connection. In one embodiment, a tuple may include a source Internet Protocol (IP) address, a destination IP address, a source port number, a destination port number, virtual LAN segment identifier (VLAN ID), tunnel identifier, routing interface identifier, physical interface identifier, or a protocol identifier. Tuples may be used to identify network flows (e.g., connection flows).
As used herein, the term “related flows,” or “related network flows” as used herein are network flows that while separate they are operating cooperatively. For example, some protocols, such as, FTP, SIP, RTP, VOIP, custom protocols, or the like, may provide control communication over one network flow and data communication over other network flows. Further, configuration rules may define one or more criteria that are used to recognize that two or more network flows should be considered related flows. For example, configuration rules may define that flows containing a particular field value should be grouped with other flows having the same field value, such as, a cookie value, or the like. In cases, related flows may be flows in different networks or network segments that may be associated the same user, application, client computer, source, destination, or the like.
As used herein, the terms “network monitor”, “network monitoring computer”, or “NMC” refer to an application (software, hardware, or some combination) that is arranged to monitor and record flows of packets in a session that are communicated between at least two endpoints over at least one network. The NMC can provide information for assessing different aspects of these monitored flows. In one or more embodiments, the NMC may passively monitor network packet traffic without participating in the communication protocols. This monitoring may be performed for a variety of reasons, including troubleshooting and proactive remediation, anomaly detection, end-user experience monitoring, SLA monitoring, capacity planning, application lifecycle management, infrastructure change management, infrastructure optimization, business intelligence, security, and regulatory compliance. The NMC can receive network communication for monitoring through a variety of means including network taps, wireless receivers, port mirrors or directed tunnels from network switches, clients or servers including the endpoints themselves, or other infrastructure devices. In at least some of the various embodiments, the NMC may receive a copy of each packet on a particular network segment or virtual local area network (VLAN). Also, for at least some of the various embodiments, they may receive these packet copies through a port mirror on a managed Ethernet switch, e.g., a Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) port, a Roving Analysis Port (RAP), or the like, or combination thereof. Port mirroring enables analysis and debugging of network communications. Port mirroring can be performed for inbound or outbound traffic (or both) on single or multiple interfaces.
The NMC may track network connections from and to end points such as a client or a server. The NMC may also extract information from the packets including protocol information at various layers of the communication protocol stack. The NMC may reassemble or reconstruct the stream of data exchanged between the endpoints. The NMC may perform decryption of the payload at various layers of the protocol stack. The NMC may passively monitor the network traffic or it may participate in the protocols as a proxy. The NMC may attempt to classify the network traffic according to communication protocols that are used.
The NMC may also perform one or more actions for classifying protocols that may be a necessary precondition for application classification. While some protocols run on well-known ports, others do not. Thus, even if there is traffic on a well-known port, it is not necessarily the protocol generally understood to be assigned to that port. As a result, the NMC may perform protocol classification using one or more techniques, such as, signature matching, statistical analysis, traffic analysis, and other heuristics. In some cases, the NMC may use adaptive protocol classification techniques where information used to classify the protocols may be accumulated or applied over time to further classify the observed protocols. In some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to employ stateful analysis. Accordingly, for each supported protocols, an NMC may use network packet payload data to drive a state machine that mimics the protocol state changes in the client/server flows being monitored. The NMC may categorize the traffic where categories might include file transfers, streaming audio, streaming video, database access, interactive, gaming, and the like. The NMC may attempt to determine whether the traffic corresponds to known communications protocols, such as HTTP, SMTP, NTML, FTP, SMTP, RTP, TDS, TCP, IP, and the like.
In addition, in one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs or NMC functionality may be implemented using hardware or software-based proxy devices that may be arranged to intercept network traffic in the monitored networks rather than being restricted to passive (pass through) monitoring.
As used herein, the terms “layer” and “model layer” refer to a layer of one or more communication protocols in a stack of communication protocol layers that are defined by a model, such as the OSI model and the TCP/IP (IP) model. The OSI model defines seven layers and the TCP/IP model defines four layers of communication protocols.
For example, at the OSI model's lowest or first layer (Physical), streams of electrical/light/radio impulses (bits) are communicated between computing devices over some type of media, such as cables, network interface cards, radio wave transmitters, and the like. At the next or second layer (Data Link), bits are encoded into packets and packets are also decoded into bits. The Data Link layer also has two sub-layers, the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer. The MAC sub-layer controls how a computing device gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC sub-layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. At the third layer (Network), logical paths are created, known as virtual circuits, to communicated data from node to node. Routing, forwarding, addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control, and packet sequencing are functions of the Network layer. At the fourth layer (Transport), transparent transfer of data between end computing devices, or hosts, is provided. The Transport layer is responsible for end-to-end recovery and flow control to ensure complete data transfer over the network.
At the fifth layer (Session) of the OSI model, connections between applications are established, managed, and terminated. The Session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between applications at each end of a connection. At the sixth layer (Presentation), independence from differences in data representation, e.g., encryption, is provided by translating from application to network format and vice versa. Generally, the Presentation layer transforms data into the form that the protocols at the Application layer (7) can accept. For example, the Presentation layer generally handles the formatting and encrypting/decrypting of data that is communicated across a network.
At the top or seventh layer (Application) of the OSI model, application and end user processes are supported. For example, communication partners may be identified, quality of service can be identified, user authentication and privacy may be considered, and constraints on data syntax can be identified. Generally, the Application layer provides services for file transfer, messaging, and displaying data. Protocols at the Application layer include FTP, HTTP, and Telnet.
To reduce the number of layers from seven to four, the TCP/IP model collapses the OSI model's Application, Presentation, and Session layers into its Application layer. Also, the OSI's Physical layer is either assumed or may be collapsed into the TCP/IP model's Link layer. Although some communication protocols may be listed at different numbered or named layers of the TCP/IP model versus the OSI model, both of these models describe stacks that include basically the same protocols.
As used herein, the term “entity” refers to an actor in the monitored network. Entities may include applications, services, programs, processes, network devices, network computers, client computers, or the like, operating in the monitored network. For example, individual entities may include, web clients, web servers, database clients, database servers, mobile app clients, payment processors, groupware clients, groupware services, or the like. In some cases, multiple entities may co-exist on or in the same network computer, process, application, compute container, or cloud compute instance.
As used herein, the term “observation port” refers to network taps, wireless receivers, port mirrors or directed tunnels from network switches, clients or servers, virtual machines, cloud computing instances, other network infrastructure devices or processes, or the like, or combination thereof. Observation ports may provide a copy of each network packet included in wire traffic on a particular network segment or virtual local area network (VLAN). Also, for at least some of the various embodiments, observation ports may provide NMCs network packet copies through a port mirror on a managed Ethernet switch, e.g., a Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) port, or a Roving Analysis Port (RAP).
As used herein, the term “centralized security protocol” refers to a network security protocol that relies on a central coordinating system. In some cases, this may include one or more servers that have cryptographic keys for each participant (e.g., clients, servers, users, services, or the like). Thus, while participants may exchange information including ephemeral keys or key material, the central servers maintain master keys for each participant.
As used herein, the terms “authentication control server,” or “control server” refer to servers that host one or more control/management processes that implement or otherwise provide a centralized security protocol. Authentication control servers may store long lived keys for entities that it protects as well as itself.
As used herein, the term “client” refers to computers, users, services, applications, or the like, that may be attempting to access resources protected by a centralized security protocol. For brevity and clarity, the term client is used herein to represent entities that intend access protected resources in the protected network. In some cases, clients may become servers if they provide or offer services/resources to other entities.
As used herein, the term “server,” or “resource server” refers to computers, users, services, applications, or the like, that may offer or provide resources in a network protected using a centralized security protocol. For brevity and clarity, the term server or resource server is used herein to represent the various entities that provide protected resources in the protected network. In some cases, servers may become clients if they request services/resources from other entities.
As used herein the term, “control key” refers to a long-lived (e.g., not ephemeral) cryptographic key that authentication control servers use to encrypt portions of the centralized security protocol network traffic. Control keys may be restricted to the authentication control servers for centralized security protocols.
As used herein, the term “client key” refers to long-lived (e.g., not ephemeral) cryptographic keys that clients may use to encrypt portions of the network traffic as part of a centralized security protocol. Authentication control servers may distribute client keys to each client participating in the centralized security protocol. Note, authentication control servers may keep copies of the client keys used by its clients.
As used herein. the term “server key” refers to long-lived (e.g., not ephemeral) cryptographic keys that servers may use to encrypt portions of the network traffic as part of a centralized security protocol. Authentication control servers may distribute server keys to each server participating in the centralized security protocol. Note, authentication control servers may keep copies of the server keys used by its clients.
As used herein, the term “authentication key” refers to a data structure that may be encrypted by a control key of an authentication control server as part of a centralized security protocol. Authentication keys may be provided to entities as per the centralized security protocol, or the like. In some cases, clients or servers may treat the encrypted data structure as an opaque key because access to the control key required to decrypt the authentication key may be restricted to the authentication control server.
As used herein, the term “session key” refers to a temporary cryptographic key that may be part of a centralized security protocol. Session keys may be generated by authentication control servers if a client may be authenticated by the authentication control server. Clients may keep a copy of the session key which may be reused as part of a centralized security protocol to access servers protected by the centralized security protocol.
As used herein, the term “service session key” refers to a cryptographic key exchanged between a client and server as part of a centralized security protocol. The service session keys may be used to authentication network traffic from clients or servers absent the intervention of an authentication control server.
As used herein the term, “authentication request” refers to a message sent by a client to authenticate itself with an authentication control server as part of a centralized security protocol. Typically, such requests may include information about the client encrypted using its client key.
As used herein the term, “authentication response” refers to a message sent by an authentication control server to a client in response to an authentication request from the client. Typically, among other things, the client may receive an authentication key in the authentication response.
As used herein the term, “access request” refers to a message sent by a client to an authentication control server to request access to a protected server. Among other things, access requests may include valid authentication keys previously provided by authentication control servers that protect the network.
As used herein the term, “access response” refers to messages sent by authentication control servers to clients in response to access requests. If a client is granted access to a server by an authentication control server, the access response may include a service session key.
As used herein the term, “server request” refers to a message sent by a client to obtain services or resources from a server that may be protected by a centralized security protocol. Among other things, server requests may include the server session key that enable the server to validate that the authentication control server has authenticated the client prior to the client sending the server request.
As used herein the term, “server response” refers to a message sent by a server to a client in response to a server request. Server responses may include portions that are encrypted by a service session key which enables clients to validate the serve response.
As used herein the term, “correlation information” refers to information that may be used to correlate key information with particular flows, sessions, or connections, or the like. Correlation information may include various values that may be associated with a flow, such as, tuple information, client/server random numbers, handshake hashes, date-time information, timestamps, or the like, or combination thereof. Generally, correlation information may be information that a NMC may determine or observe without using the key information or decrypting the encrypted network traffic. Correlation information is stored in a key escrow with its corresponding key information.
As used herein the term, “configuration information” refers to information that may include rule-based policies, pattern matching, scripts (e.g., computer readable instructions), or the like, that may be provided from various sources, including, configuration files, databases, user input, built-in defaults, or the like, or combination thereof. In some cases, configuration information may include or reference information stored in other systems or services, such as, configuration management databases, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) servers, name services, public key infrastructure services, or the like.
The following briefly describes embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Briefly stated, various embodiments are directed monitoring network traffic using one or more network monitoring computers. In some embodiments, networks may be configured to protected one or more entities or resources using centralized security protocols. In some embodiments, centralized security protocols may depend on a centralized control provided by authentication control servers. In one or more of the various embodiments, if a client intends to access protected servers, the client may provide an authentication request to an authentication control server to obtain an authentication key and session key that may be enable to request to access one or more servers. Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to monitor the network traffic associated with the authentication request provided by clients and the authentication response provided by authentication control servers.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the client intends to access a particular server in the protected network it may generate an access request that may be sent to the authentication control server. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to monitor the network traffic associated with the access request.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the authentication control server is able to authenticate the client and validate its access request, the authentication control server my generate an access response that may be sent to the client. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to monitor the network traffic associated with the access response.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the client receives an access response that enables it to access the server, the client may generate a server request that it may send to the server. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to monitor the network traffic associated with the server request.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the server validates the client server request, the server may generate a server response that includes information that enables the client and server to communicate with each other.
Further, in one or more of the various embodiments, monitoring communication over a network between one or more computers may include providing a control server that distributes one or more client keys to the one or more computers such that the one or more computers are one or more of a client or a resource server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, in response to determining network traffic that may be associated with a request from the client to access the resource server, further actions may be performed, including: monitoring a first communication between the client and the control server that authenticates the client with the control server and authenticates the control server with the client such that a portion of the first communication may be encrypted with a client key associated with the client and such that the client may be provided an authentication token associated with the control server; in one or more of the various embodiments, monitoring a second communication between the client and the control server that may include a request to access the resource server such that a portion of the second communication may be encrypted with one or more of the client key or the authentication token and such that the control server may provide an access token to the client that may enable the client to access the resource server; in one or more of the various embodiments, monitoring other communication between the client and the resource server that may include the access token such that one or more portions of the other communication may be encrypted with one or more of the access token or one or more other keys derived from one or more of the access token or one or more other portions of the other communication, and such that the other communication enables the client to access the resource server; generating one or more metrics based on the network traffic associated with one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication; generating one or more reports that may include information associated with one or more of the client, the resource server, or the control server; or the like.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the one or more keys may be provided to the NMC. In some embodiments, the one or more keys may be employed to decrypt one or more portions of one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication. And, in some embodiments, the one or more metrics may be updated based on the one or more decrypted portions of the one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication.
In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more sharing agents may be provided to the one or more computers. In some embodiments, one or more of the client key, the authentication token, or the access token may be determined based on information provided by the one or more sharing agents. In one or more of the various embodiments, the one or more of the client key, the authentication token, or the access token may be employed to decrypt one or more portions of one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication. And, in one or more of the various embodiments, the one or more metrics may be updated based on the one or more decrypted portions of the one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication.
In one or more of the various embodiments, monitoring the first communication between the client and the control server may include: generating a portion of the one or more metrics based on one or more characteristics of the network traffic associated the first communication such that the portion of the one or more metrics based on one or more non-encrypted portions of the network traffic. In one or more of the various embodiments, a second portion of the one or more metrics may be generated based on one or more other characteristics of the network traffic associated the second communication such that the second portion of the one or more metrics is based on one or more other non-encrypted portions network traffic. And, in one or more of the various embodiments, the second communication may be correlated with the first communication based on the first portion of the one or more metrics and the second portion of the one or more metrics.
In one or more of the various embodiments, generating the one or more metrics based on the network traffic associated with the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication, may include: determining one or more characteristics that may be associated with one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication based on one or more portions of non-encrypted network traffic such that the one or more characteristics may include one or more of time of transmission, packet size, latency, source client, target resource server, tuple information, application protocol, or the like; in one or more of the various embodiments, determining one or more anomalous characteristics based on one or more values associated with the one or more characteristics such that the one or more values exceed one or more threshold values or violate one or more policies and such that the one or more anomalous characteristics include one or more of anomalous amount of time for a communication, an anomalous packet size, an anomalous latency, an anomalous source client, an anomalous target resource server, anomalous tuple information, or an anomalous application protocol. And, in one or more of the various embodiments, updating the one or more metrics based on the one or more anomalous characteristics.
In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more application protocols employed for one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication may be determined based on one or more characteristics of the network traffic associated with the one or more of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication. And, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more portions of the one or more metrics may be generated based on one or more portions of the first communication, the second communication, or the other communication that may be included in payload network traffic associated with the one or more application protocols.
Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, the first communication, the second communication, and the other communication may conform to a Kerberos-based authentication protocol.
At least one embodiment of client computers 102-105 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
Computers that may operate as client computer 102 may include computers that typically connect using a wired or wireless communications medium such as personal computers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable electronic devices, network PCs, or the like. In some embodiments, client computers 102-105 may include virtually any portable computer capable of connecting to another computer and receiving information such as, laptop computer 103, mobile computer 104, tablet computers 105, or the like. However, portable computers are not so limited and may also include other portable computers such as cellular telephones, display pagers, radio frequency (RF) devices, infrared (IR) devices, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), handheld computers, wearable computers, integrated devices combining one or more of the preceding computers, or the like. As such, client computers 102-105 typically range widely in terms of capabilities and features. Moreover, client computers 102-105 may access various computing applications, including a browser, or other web-based application.
A web-enabled client computer may include a browser application that is configured to send requests and receive responses over the web. The browser application may be configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, and the like, employing virtually any web-based language. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ JavaScript, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), or the like, or combination thereof, to display and send a message. In one embodiment, a user of the client computer may employ the browser application to perform various activities over a network (online). However, another application may also be used to perform various online activities.
Client computers 102-105 also may include at least one other client application that is configured to receive or send content between another computer. The client application may include a capability to send or receive content, or the like. The client application may further provide information that identifies itself, including a type, capability, name, and the like. In one embodiment, client computers 102-105 may uniquely identify themselves through any of a variety of mechanisms, including an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a phone number, Mobile Identification Number (MIN), an electronic serial number (ESN), a client certificate, or other device identifier. Such information may be provided in one or more network packets, or the like, sent between other client computers, application server computer 116, authentication control server 117, network monitoring computer 118, or other computers.
Client computers 102-105 may further be configured to include a client application that enables an end-user to log into an end-user account that may be managed by another computer, such as application server computer 116, authentication control server 117, network monitoring computer 118, or the like. Such an end-user account, in one non-limiting example, may be configured to enable the end-user to manage one or more online activities, including in one non-limiting example, project management, software development, system administration, configuration management, search activities, social networking activities, browse various websites, communicate with other users, or the like. Further, client computers may be arranged to enable users to provide configuration information, policy information, or the like, to network monitoring computer 118. Also, client computers may be arranged to enable users to display reports, interactive user-interfaces, results provided by network monitor computer 118, or the like. Wireless network 108 is configured to couple client computers 103-105 and its components with network 110. Wireless network 108 may include any of a variety of wireless sub-networks that may further overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, and the like, to provide an infrastructure-oriented connection for client computers 103-105. Such sub-networks may include mesh networks, Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, and the like. In one embodiment, the system may include more than one wireless network.
Wireless network 108 may further include an autonomous system of terminals, gateways, routers, and the like connected by wireless radio links, and the like. These connectors may be configured to move freely and randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily, such that the topology of wireless network 108 may change rapidly.
Wireless network 108 may further employ a plurality of access technologies including 2nd (2G), 3rd (3G), 4th (4G) 5th (5G) generation radio access for cellular systems, WLAN, Wireless Router (WR) mesh, and the like. Access technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and future access networks may enable wide area coverage for mobile computers, such as client computers 103-105 with various degrees of mobility. In one non-limiting example, wireless network 108 may enable a radio connection through a radio network access such as Global System for Mobil communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and the like. In essence, wireless network 108 may include virtually any wireless communication mechanism by which information may travel between client computers 103-105 and another computer, network, a cloud-based network, a cloud instance, or the like.
Network 110 is configured to couple network computers with other computers, including, application server computer 116, authentication control server 117, network monitoring computer 118, client computers 102-105 through wireless network 108, or the like. Network 110 is enabled to employ any form of computer readable media for communicating information from one electronic device to another. Also, network 110 can include the Internet in addition to local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), direct connections, such as through a universal serial bus (USB) port, Ethernet port, other forms of computer-readable media, or any combination thereof. On an interconnected set of LANs, including those based on differing architectures and protocols, a router acts as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. In addition, communication links within LANs typically include twisted wire pair or coaxial cable, while communication links between networks may utilize analog telephone lines, full or fractional dedicated digital lines including T1, T2, T3, and T4, or other carrier mechanisms including, for example, E-carriers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs), wireless links including satellite links, or other communications links known to those skilled in the art. Moreover, communication links may further employ any of a variety of digital signaling technologies, including without limit, for example, DS-0, DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, DS-4, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or the like. Furthermore, remote computers and other related electronic devices could be remotely connected to either LANs or WANs via a modem and temporary telephone link. In one embodiment, network 110 may be configured to transport information using one or more network protocols, such Internet Protocol (IP).
Additionally, communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other transport mechanism and includes any information non-transitory delivery media or transitory delivery media. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media.
One embodiment of application server computer 116, authentication control server 117, network monitoring computer 118 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
Client computer 200 may include processor 202 in communication with memory 204 via bus 228. Client computer 200 may also include power supply 230, network interface 232, audio interface 256, display 250, keypad 252, illuminator 254, video interface 242, input/output interface 238, haptic interface 264, global positioning systems (GPS) receiver 258, open air gesture interface 260, temperature interface 262, camera(s) 240, projector 246, pointing device interface 266, processor-readable stationary storage device 234, and processor-readable removable storage device 236. Client computer 200 may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computer. And in one embodiment, although not shown, a gyroscope may be employed within client computer 200 for measuring or maintaining an orientation of client computer 200.
Power supply 230 may provide power to client computer 200. A rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery may be used to provide power. The power may also be provided by an external power source, such as an AC adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements or recharges the battery.
Network interface 232 includes circuitry for coupling client computer 200 to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, protocols and technologies that implement any portion of the OSI model for mobile communication (GSM), CDMA, time division multiple access (TDMA), UDP, TCP/IP, SMS, MMS, GPRS, WAP, UWB, WiMax, SIP/RTP, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, LTE, UMTS, OFDM, CDMA2000, EV-DO, HSDPA, or any of a variety of other wireless communication protocols. Network interface 232 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC).
Audio interface 256 may be arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface 256 may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action. A microphone in audio interface 256 can also be used for input to or control of client computer 200, e.g., using voice recognition, detecting touch based on sound, and the like.
Display 250 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), gas plasma, electronic ink, light emitting diode (LED), Organic LED (OLED) or any other type of light reflective or light transmissive display that can be used with a computer. Display 250 may also include a touch interface 244 arranged to receive input from an object such as a stylus or a digit from a human hand, and may use resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave (SAW), infrared, radar, or other technologies to sense touch or gestures.
Projector 246 may be a remote handheld projector or an integrated projector that is capable of projecting an image on a remote wall or any other reflective object such as a remote screen.
Video interface 242 may be arranged to capture video images, such as a still photo, a video segment, an infrared video, or the like. For example, video interface 242 may be coupled to a digital video camera, a web-camera, or the like. Video interface 242 may comprise a lens, an image sensor, and other electronics. Image sensors may include a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit, charge-coupled device (CCD), or any other integrated circuit for sensing light.
Keypad 252 may comprise any input device arranged to receive input from a user. For example, keypad 252 may include a push button numeric dial, or a keyboard. Keypad 252 may also include command buttons that are associated with selecting and sending images.
Illuminator 254 may provide a status indication or provide light. Illuminator 254 may remain active for specific periods of time or in response to event messages. For example, when illuminator 254 is active, it may backlight the buttons on keypad 252 and stay on while the client computer is powered. Also, illuminator 254 may backlight these buttons in various patterns when particular actions are performed, such as dialing another client computer. Illuminator 254 may also cause light sources positioned within a transparent or translucent case of the client computer to illuminate in response to actions.
Further, client computer 200 may also comprise hardware security module (HSM) 268 for providing additional tamper resistant safeguards for generating, storing or using security/cryptographic information such as, keys, digital certificates, passwords, passphrases, two-factor authentication information, or the like. In some embodiments, hardware security module may be employed to support one or more standard public key infrastructures (PKI), and may be employed to generate, manage, or store keys pairs, or the like. In some embodiments, HSM 268 may be a stand-alone computer, in other cases, HSM 268 may be arranged as a hardware card that may be added to a client computer.
Client computer 200 may also comprise input/output interface 238 for communicating with external peripheral devices or other computers such as other client computers and network computers. The peripheral devices may include an audio headset, virtual reality headsets, display screen glasses, remote speaker system, remote speaker and microphone system, and the like. Input/output interface 238 can utilize one or more technologies, such as Universal Serial Bus (USB), Infrared, WiFi, WiMax, Bluetooth™, and the like.
Input/output interface 238 may also include one or more sensors for determining geolocation information (e.g., GPS), monitoring electrical power conditions (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, frequency sensors, and so on), monitoring weather (e.g., thermostats, barometers, anemometers, humidity detectors, precipitation scales, or the like), or the like. Sensors may be one or more hardware sensors that collect or measure data that is external to client computer 200.
Haptic interface 264 may be arranged to provide tactile feedback to a user of the client computer. For example, the haptic interface 264 may be employed to vibrate client computer 200 in a particular way when another user of a computer is calling. Temperature interface 262 may be used to provide a temperature measurement input or a temperature changing output to a user of client computer 200. Open air gesture interface 260 may sense physical gestures of a user of client computer 200, for example, by using single or stereo video cameras, radar, a gyroscopic sensor inside a computer held or worn by the user, or the like. Camera 240 may be used to track physical eye movements of a user of client computer 200.
GPS transceiver 258 can determine the physical coordinates of client computer 200 on the surface of the Earth, which typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. GPS transceiver 258 can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of client computer 200 on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver 258 can determine a physical location for client computer 200. In one or more embodiment, however, client computer 200 may, through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the client computer, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IP address, and the like.
Human interface components can be peripheral devices that are physically separate from client computer 200, allowing for remote input or output to client computer 200. For example, information routed as described here through human interface components such as display 250 or keyboard 252 can instead be routed through network interface 232 to appropriate human interface components located remotely. Examples of human interface peripheral components that may be remote include, but are not limited to, audio devices, pointing devices, keypads, displays, cameras, projectors, and the like. These peripheral components may communicate over a Pico Network such as Bluetooth™, Zigbee™ and the like. One non-limiting example of a client computer with such peripheral human interface components is a wearable computer, which might include a remote pico projector along with one or more cameras that remotely communicate with a separately located client computer to sense a user's gestures toward portions of an image projected by the pico projector onto a reflected surface such as a wall or the user's hand.
A client computer may include web browser application 227 that is configured to receive and to send web pages, web-based messages, graphics, text, multimedia, and the like. The client computer's browser application may employ virtually any programming language, including a wireless application protocol messages (WAP), and the like. In one or more embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), WMLScript, JavaScript, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), HTML5, and the like.
Memory 204 may include RAM, ROM, or other types of memory. Memory 204 illustrates an example of computer-readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory 204 may store BIOS 208 for controlling low-level operation of client computer 200. The memory may also store operating system 206 for controlling the operation of client computer 200. It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or Linux®, or a specialized client computer communication operating system such as Windows Phone™, or the Symbian® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components or operating system operations via Java application programs.
Memory 204 may further include one or more data storage 210, which can be utilized by client computer 200 to store, among other things, applications 220 or other data. For example, data storage 210 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of client computer 200. The information may then be provided to another device or computer based on any of a variety of methods, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage 210 may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, or the like. Data storage 210 may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by a processor, such as processor 202 to execute and perform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data storage 210 might also be stored on another component of client computer 200, including, but not limited to, non-transitory processor-readable removable storage device 236, processor-readable stationary storage device 234, or even external to the client computer.
Applications 220 may include computer executable instructions which, when executed by client computer 200, transmit, receive, or otherwise process instructions and data. Applications 220 may include, for example, crypto provider 222, secret sharing engine 224, other client applications 226, web browser 227, or the like. Client computers may be arranged to exchange communications, such as, queries, searches, messages, notification messages, event messages, alerts, performance metrics, log data, API calls, or the like, combination thereof, with application servers or network monitoring computers. Other examples of application programs include calendars, search programs, email client applications, IM applications, SMS applications, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth.
Additionally, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), client computer 200 may include one or more embedded logic hardware devices instead of CPUs, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or the like, or combination thereof. The embedded logic hardware devices may directly execute embedded logic to perform actions. Also, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), client computer 200 may include one or more hardware microcontrollers instead of CPUs. In one or more embodiments, the microcontrollers may directly execute their own embedded logic to perform actions and access their own internal memory and their own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like.
As shown in the figure, network computer 300 includes a processor 302 that may be in communication with a memory 304 via a bus 328. In some embodiments, processor 302 may be comprised of one or more hardware processors, or one or more processor cores. In some cases, one or more of the one or more processors may be specialized processors designed to perform one or more specialized actions, such as, those described herein. Network computer 300 also includes a power supply 330, network interface 332, audio interface 356, display 350, keyboard 352, input/output interface 338, processor-readable stationary storage device 334, and processor-readable removable storage device 336. Power supply 330 provides power to network computer 300.
Network interface 332 includes circuitry for coupling network computer 300 to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, protocols and technologies that implement any portion of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model), global system for mobile communication (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), user datagram protocol (UDP), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), general packet radio service (GPRS), WAP, ultra-wide band (UWB), IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Session Initiation Protocol/Real-time Transport Protocol (SIP/RTP), or any of a variety of other wired and wireless communication protocols. Network interface 332 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (NIC). Network computer 300 may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computer.
Audio interface 356 is arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface 356 may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action. A microphone in audio interface 356 can also be used for input to or control of network computer 300, for example, using voice recognition.
Display 350 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), gas plasma, electronic ink, light emitting diode (LED), Organic LED (OLED) or any other type of light reflective or light transmissive display that can be used with a computer. In some embodiments, display 350 may be a handheld projector or pico projector capable of projecting an image on a wall or other object.
Network computer 300 may also comprise input/output interface 338 for communicating with external devices or computers not shown in
Also, input/output interface 338 may also include one or more sensors for determining geolocation information (e.g., GPS), monitoring electrical power conditions (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, frequency sensors, and so on), monitoring weather (e.g., thermostats, barometers, anemometers, humidity detectors, precipitation scales, or the like), or the like. Sensors may be one or more hardware sensors that collect or measure data that is external to network computer 300. Human interface components can be physically separate from network computer 300, allowing for remote input or output to network computer 300. For example, information routed as described here through human interface components such as display 350 or keyboard 352 can instead be routed through the network interface 332 to appropriate human interface components located elsewhere on the network. Human interface components include any component that allows the computer to take input from, or send output to, a human user of a computer. Accordingly, pointing devices such as mice, styluses, track balls, or the like, may communicate through pointing device interface 358 to receive user input.
GPS transceiver 340 can determine the physical coordinates of network computer 300 on the surface of the Earth, which typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. GPS transceiver 340 can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (AGPS), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD), Cell Identifier (CI), Service Area Identifier (SAI), Enhanced Timing Advance (ETA), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), or the like, to further determine the physical location of network computer 300 on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, GPS transceiver 340 can determine a physical location for network computer 300. In one or more embodiment, however, network computer 300 may, through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the client computer, including for example, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, IP address, and the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, applications, such as, operating system 306, network monitoring engine 322, honeypot engine 324, classification engine 326, web services 329, or the like, may be arranged to employ geo-location information to select one or more localization features, such as, time zones, languages, currencies, calendar formatting, or the like. Localization features may be used when interpreting network traffic, monitoring application protocols, user-interfaces, generating reports, as well as internal processes or databases. In at least one of the various embodiments, geo-location information used for selecting localization information may be provided by GPS 340. Also, in some embodiments, geolocation information may include information provided using one or more geolocation protocols over the networks, such as, wireless network 108 or network 111.
Memory 304 may include Random Access Memory (RAM), Read-Only Memory (ROM), or other types of memory. Memory 304 illustrates an example of computer-readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Memory 304 stores a basic input/output system (BIOS) 308 for controlling low-level operation of network computer 300. The memory also stores an operating system 306 for controlling the operation of network computer 300. It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or Linux®, or a specialized operating system such as Microsoft Corporation's Windows® operating system, or the Apple Corporation's macOS® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components or operating system operations via Java application programs. Likewise, other runtime environments may be included.
Memory 304 may further include one or more data storage 310, which can be utilized by network computer 300 to store, among other things, applications 320 or other data. For example, data storage 310 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of network computer 300. The information may then be provided to another device or computer based on any of a variety of methods, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage 310 may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, or the like. Data storage 310 may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by a processor, such as processor 302 to execute and perform actions such as those actions described below. In one embodiment, at least some of data storage 310 might also be stored on another component of network computer 300, including, but not limited to, non-transitory media inside processor-readable removable storage device 336, processor-readable stationary storage device 334, or any other computer-readable storage device within network computer 300, or even external to network computer 300. Data storage 310 may include, for example, capture data store 312, session key storage 314, protocol information 316, or the like. In some embodiments, capture data store 312 may be a data store that stores captured packets or related information. In some embodiments, session key store 314 may be data store for storing cryptographic session key. And, in some embodiments, protocol information 316 may store various rules or configuration information related to one or more network communication protocols, including application protocols, secure communication protocols, client-server protocols, peer-to-peer protocols, shared file system protocols, protocol state machines, or the like, that may be employed for protocol analysis, entity auto-discovery, anomaly detection, or the like, in a monitored network environment.
Applications 320 may include computer executable instructions which, when executed by network computer 300, transmit, receive, or otherwise process messages (e.g., SMS, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Instant Message (IM), email, or other messages), audio, video, and enable telecommunication with another user of another mobile computer. Other examples of application programs include calendars, search programs, email client applications, IM applications, SMS applications, Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth. Applications 320 may include network monitoring engine 322, packet capture engine 324, crypto provider engine 326, secret sharing engine 327, or the like, that may be arranged to perform actions for embodiments described below. In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more of the applications may be implemented as modules or components of another application. Further, in one or more of the various embodiments, applications may be implemented as operating system extensions, modules, plugins, or the like.
Furthermore, in one or more of the various embodiments, network monitoring engine 322, packet capture engine 324, crypto provider engine 326, secret sharing engine 327, or the like, may be operative in a cloud-based computing environment. In one or more of the various embodiments, these applications, and others, that comprise a network monitoring computer may be executing within virtual machines or virtual servers that may be managed in a cloud-based based computing environment. In one or more of the various embodiments, in this context the applications may flow from one physical network computer within the cloud-based environment to another depending on performance and scaling considerations automatically managed by the cloud computing environment. Likewise, in one or more of the various embodiments, virtual machines or virtual servers dedicated to network monitoring engine 322, packet capture engine 324, crypto provider engine 326, secret sharing engine 327, or the like, may be provisioned and de-commissioned automatically.
Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, network monitoring engine 322, honeypot engine 324, classification engine 326, web services 329, or the like, may be located in virtual servers running in a cloud-based computing environment rather than being tied to one or more specific physical network computers. Likewise, in some embodiments, one or more of network monitoring engine 322, packet capture engine 324, crypto provider engine 326, secret sharing engine 327, or the like, may be configured to execute in a container-based environment.
Further, network computer 300 may also comprise hardware security module (HSM) 360 for providing additional tamper resistant safeguards for generating, storing or using security/cryptographic information such as, keys, digital certificates, passwords, passphrases, two-factor authentication information, or the like. In some embodiments, hardware security module may be employed to support one or more standard public key infrastructures (PKI), and may be employed to generate, manage, or store keys pairs, or the like. In some embodiments, HSM 360 may be a stand-alone network computer, in other cases, HSM 360 may be arranged as a hardware card that may be installed in a network computer.
Additionally, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), network computer 300 may include one or more embedded logic hardware devices instead of CPUs, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or the like, or combination thereof. The embedded logic hardware device may directly execute its embedded logic to perform actions. Also, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), the network computer may include one or more hardware microcontrollers instead of CPUs. In one or more embodiments, the one or more microcontrollers may directly execute their own embedded logic to perform actions and access their own internal memory and their own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like.
NMC 408 may be arranged to receive network communication for monitoring through a variety of means including network taps, wireless receivers, port mirrors or directed tunnels from network switches, clients or servers including the endpoints themselves, virtual machine, cloud computing instances, other network infrastructure devices, or the like, or combination thereof. In at least some of the various embodiments, the NMC may receive a copy of each packet on a particular network segment or virtual local area network (VLAN). Also, for at least some of the various embodiments, NMCs may receive these packet copies through a port mirror on a managed Ethernet switch, e.g., a Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) port, or a Roving Analysis Port (RAP). Port mirroring enables analysis and debugging of network communications. Port mirroring can be performed for inbound or outbound traffic (or both) on single or multiple interfaces. For example, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to receive electronic signals over or via a physical hardware sensor that passively receives taps into the electronic signals that travel over the physical wires of one or more networks.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs, such as NMC 502 may be arranged to communicate with one or more capture agents, such as, capture agent 512, capture agent 514, or capture agent 514. In some embodiments, capture agents may be arranged to selectively capture network traffic or collect network traffic metrics that may be provided to NMC 502 for additional analysis.
In one or more of the various embodiments, capture agents may be NMCs that are distributed in various networks or cloud environments. For example, in some embodiments, a simplified system may include one or more NMCs that also provide capture agent services. In some embodiments, capture agents may be NMCs arranged to instantiate one or more capture engines to perform one or more capture or collection actions. Similarly, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more capture agents may be instantiated or hosted separately from one or more NMCs.
In one or more of the various embodiments, capture agents may be selectively installed such that they may capture metrics for selected portions of the monitored networks. Also, in some embodiments, in networks that have groups or clusters of the same or similar entities, capture agents may be selectively installed on one or more entities that may be representative of entire groups or clusters of similar entities. Thus, in some embodiments, capture agents on the representative entities may collect metrics or traffic that may be used to infer the metrics or activity associated with similarly situated entities that do not include a capture agent.
Likewise, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more capture agents may be installed or activated for a limited time period to collect information that may be used to infer activity information about the monitored networks. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, these one or more capture agents may be removed or de-activated if sufficient activity information or network traffic has been collected.
In one or more of the various embodiments, system 500 may include one or more network entities, such as, entities 518, entities 520, or the like, that communicate in or over one or more of the monitored networks. Entities 518 and entities 520 are illustrated here as cloud environment compute instances (e.g., virtual machines), or the like. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that entities may be considered to be various network computers, network appliances, routers, switches, applications, services, containers, or the like, subject to network monitoring by one or more NMCs. (See,
In this example, for one or more of the various embodiments, capture agents, such as capture agent 512 may be arranged capture network traffic or network traffic metrics associated with one or more entities, such as, entities 518. Accordingly, in some embodiments, some or all of the information captured by capture agents may be provided to one or more NMCs, such as, NMC 502 for additional analysis. Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, capture agents or NMCs may be arranged to selectively store network traffic in a captured data store, such as, captured data store 522.
In at least one of the various embodiments, client computer 602 may be a computer that has one or more applications that may be arranged to securely communicate with application server computer 604 over network path 614. Secure communication may be comprised of one or more cryptographically secure network communication protocols that employ centralized key management, including, Kerberos, or the like. For example, in some embodiments, client computer 602 may be hosting a web browser that is securely accessing a website that is served by a web server running on application server computer 604. Another non-limiting example may include client computer 602 accessing an application running on application server computer 604 over a secure network. As described above, NMC 606 may be arranged to passively monitor the network packets passing through network path 614. Accordingly, NMC 606 may be arranged to monitor the network traffic comprising communication between client computer 602 and application server computer 604.
In one or more of the various embodiments, secured network traffic may include traffic based on protocols that embed or wrap a security protocol that relies on centralized key management. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more portions of the monitored network traffic may remain unencrypted with one or more other portions of the network traffic secured by the centralized security protocol. For example, in some embodiments, the network traffic may be exchanged using HTTP with the payload or data portions of the network traffic encrypted using the centralized security protocol. Thus, for example, some or all of the headers or fields comprising HTTP requests or HTTP responses may be in the clear while the payloads may be encrypted.
In at least one of the various embodiments, application server computer 604 may employ a network hardware security module, such as, HSM 608 to provide one or more cryptographic services that may be employed to perform secure communication with client computer 602. For example, HSM 608 may be used to generate or store cryptographic keys (including session keys) for establishing secure communication with clients, such as, client computer 602.
In at least one of the various embodiments, client applications and server applications running on client computers, such as, client computer 602 and/or server computers, such as, server computer 604 may be arranged to employ one or more centralized security protocols to exchange secure communications over networks, including network path 614. Centralized security protocols may define handshake protocols, authentication protocols, key exchange protocols, or the like, or combination thereof, that implement the secure communication between the clients and servers. Accordingly, in at least one of the various embodiments, the centralized security protocols may include using one or more control keys, authentication keys, client keys, server keys, session keys, server session key, or the like, to encrypt or decrypt the communication traffic. Thus, in at least one of the various embodiments, if a secure/authenticated session is established between a client and a server, an NMC, such as, NMC 606 may require a session key to decrypt portions of the encrypted network packets that may be communicated over the secure communication channel. For example, if a client application running on client computer 602 establishes a secure session with a server application running on server computer 604, NMC 606 may require key information, such as, authentication keys, client keys, server keys, session keys, or the like, to decrypt the secure network traffic to perform monitoring and analysis of the contents of the packets in comprising the secure network traffic.
In some cases, NMC 606 may be able to derive and/or generate a session key by passively monitoring some or all of the handshake information that may be exchanged between the authentication control server 614, client 602, and application server computer 604. In some embodiments, NMCs may be configured to integrate or otherwise share information with authentication control servers that may be enabled to decrypt some or all of the handshake information exchanged between authentication control servers, clients, or servers. Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to monitor the one or more portions of the handshake process used to establish a secure session as well as both directions of the secure communications between clients or servers.
However, in some cases, NMCs may be disabled monitoring one or more portions of the handshake protocol. For example, in some embodiments, some organizations may restrict NMCs from having direct access to one or more sensitive cryptographic keys, such as, control keys, authentication keys, client keys, server keys, session keys, or the like. Likewise, in some embodiments, NMCs may be restricted to accessing portions of the exchanges between clients or servers. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be limited to capturing some portions of the handshake information or some portions of the exchanged secure communications. Note, in most circumstances, restricting NMC access to keys, handshake information, or the like, may disable the NMCs from decrypting some or all of the monitored traffic. However, in some embodiments, the NMCs may remain enabled to monitor one or more observable traffic features such as packet sizes, packet sources, packet targets, send/receive rates, request/response dwell times, or the like. Further, in some embodiments, if the secure traffic may be wrapped or included by another protocol, NMCs may be arranged to monitor unencrypted portions of the wrapping protocols. Likewise, in some embodiments, if the traffic secured by the centralized security protocol may be wrapped (transported) using another secure protocol, the NMCs may be arranged to decrypt the secure transport protocol to determine the portions of the traffic that that may be encrypted using the centralized security protocol.
In some embodiments, if NMC 606 is unable to obtain or derive key information using passive monitoring, one or more of client computer 602, server computer 604, or hardware security module 608, may be arranged to provide or communicate key information associated with a secure session to NMC 606. In such cases, if a secure session may be established, an authentication control server may provide key information to an NMC, such as NMC 606.
In at least one of the various embodiments, NMC 606 may be arranged to request the key information from authentication control servers, clients, servers, or the like, if it has observed and determined that the cryptographic handshake between the client and server has finished. In at least one of the various embodiments, authentication control servers may be arranged to communicate (e.g., push) key information to NMCs after secure communication sessions have been established.
In at least one of the various embodiments, there may be a time gap between when a client and server establish a secure communication session and when the NMC is provided a session key. Accordingly, in at least one of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to buffer some or all of the secure communication traffic until a session key for the secure communication channel may be determined. If a session key is provided to the NMC or determined by the NMC, the NMC may first decrypt the buffered encrypted data and then decrypt the secure communication on the fly as it is received by the NMC.
Note, in some embodiments, NMCs configured to passively monitor network traffic may enable the network traffic between clients or servers to pass through while it collects enough network traffic or key information to decrypt the monitored network traffic.
In at least one of the various embodiments, if the secure communication traffic may be decrypted by an NMC, such as, NMC 606, it may perform one or more monitoring or analysis actions based on the decrypted contents of the secure communication. For example, in some embodiments, such actions may include modifying the content, tagging the traffic, applying a QoS policy, content switching, load-balancing, or the like, depending one or more rule-based policies.
In one or more of the various embodiments, an NMC, such as NMC 606 may be arranged to capture packets for storing in a packet capture data store, such as packet capture data store 610. In some embodiments encrypted packets may be captured and stored. Likewise, in some embodiments, un-encrypted packets may be captured by NMC 606 and stored in packet capture data store 610.
In one or more of the various embodiments, key escrow 612 may be a data store arranged to store cryptographic keys, cryptographic key information, or the like. In one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engines, such as secret sharing engine 222 or secret sharing engine 327 may be arranged to intercept and share the cryptographic keys, the key information, handshake information, or the like. In some embodiments, secret sharing engines may be arranged to store the cryptographic information in key escrow 612. In one or more of the various embodiments, the cryptographic information stored in key escrow 612 may be used to decrypt captured encrypted packets at a later time.
In one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engines may be arranged to communicate with NMCs to enable correlation information to be associated with the cryptographic key information. For example, NMC 606 may be arranged to obtain key information from the secret sharing engine. Accordingly, NMC 608 may determine the correlation information that correlates the communication session with the key information. Thus, in this example, NMC 606 may store the key information with the relevant correlation information in the key escrow 612.
In one or more of the various embodiments, a secret sharing engine may be arranged to determine the correlation information on its own. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the secret sharing engine may store the correlation information and the key information in a key escrow such as key escrow 612.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs, such as NMC 606 may be arranged to decrypt monitored packets before they are stored in packet capture data store 610. In other embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to store or escrow the session key or other keying information to enable later decryption of captured packets rather than storing decrypted packets in packet capture data store 610. Also, in other embodiments, NMCs, such as NMC 606 may be arranged to decrypt some or all of the packets in real-time to enable network management policies to be applied based on the content of the packets. Accordingly, in some embodiments, after monitoring tasks are completed, the decrypted version of the packets may be discarded and the encrypted versions may be stored in the packet capture data store.
In one or more of the various embodiments, some or all of the key information may be provided to NMC 606 inline or otherwise included in network traffic communicated over network path 614. In some embodiments, the secret sharing engines residing on the computers participating in the secure communication session (e.g., client computer 602, application server computer 604, or the like) may be arranged to share secrets inline by including key information that includes some or all of the key information in one or more fields or one or more packets of the secure communication session established between client computer 602 or server computer 604. In some embodiments, the key information shared inline may be included in the network flow(s) (e.g., network path 614) comprising the secure communication session that is monitored by NMC 606. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the key information may be provided to NMC 606 during the secure handshake or other phases of the secure communication session.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMC 606 may be arranged to detect and identify key information and extract the actual key information included in the network packets exchanged between clients and servers. In some embodiments, key information not normally exchanged between clients and servers may be included in the network packets by a secret sharing engine running on the clients or servers. In one or more of the various embodiments, the key information may be encrypted using a cryptographic key that is known to the secret sharing engines and NMC 606 and unknown to other applications involved in the secure communication session. In some embodiment, secret sharing engines and NMCs may be arranged to employ public key encryption to encrypt the key information.
For example, in some embodiments, a secret sharing engine on client computer 602 may encrypt and add the key information to the secure session traffic. Thus, in some embodiments, if NMC 606 receives the key information it may decrypt it for use as described herein. Also, in some embodiments, NMC 606 may be arranged to modify the network traffic to strip the key information from the secure session traffic rather than forwarding it to application server computer 604 or client computer 602 depending on the direction of the communication flow.
Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more NMCs may be arranged to internally modify the one or more network packets by removing the key information from the one or more network packets that are associated with the secure communication session. Then the one or more NMCs may be arranged to forward the modified one or more network packets to their next destination, such that modified network packets to appear as if they are non-modified.
For example, in one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engine may be arranged to compute one or more CRCs, hash values, sequence numbers, packet/message sizes, or the like, for the handshake traffic or other secure traffic before the encrypted key information is added to the secure session traffic or handshake traffic. Accordingly, one or more of the pre-computed CRCs, hash values, sequence numbers, packet/message sizes, or the like, may be provided to the NMC along with the key information. Then, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more of the precomputed CRCs, hash values, sequence numbers, packet/message sizes, or the like, may be used to restore the network traffic after the key information is removed from the network traffic.
In one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engine 704 may be disposed logically between applications 702 and operating system 706. Accordingly, secret sharing engine 704 may be arranged to passively observe secure requests or secure responses to discover cryptographic secrets, including authentication keys, client keys, server keys, or session keys that may be employed by computer 700 to communicate with other computers.
Secret sharing engine 704 may be a process or service that is arranged to communicate one or more cryptographic secrets, key information, or the like, to one or more NMCs, such as, NMC 116 over network path 708. In some embodiments, the key information may be shared inline during or as part of a secure connection established between a client and a server. Further, in at least one of the various embodiments, secret sharing engine 704 may be arranged to be a plug-in of a web browser or other application. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, secret sharing engine 704 may be embedded into cryptographic provider and/or a plug-in associated with a cryptographic provider, such as cryptographic provider 326.
In one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engines, such as secret sharing engine 704, secret sharing engine 224, secret sharing engine 327, or the like, may be arranged to provide system library interfaces that mimic standard interfaces to enable client applications that expect standard or common interfaces to operate without modification.
In one or more of the various embodiments, a secret sharing engine may be arranged to integrate with network service pipelines that may be supported by the host operating system or system libraries. For example, some operating systems may be arranged to enable authorized programs, drivers, or modules (e.g., kernel level services, Windows WDM drivers, Windows Kernel Mode Drivers, or the like) to be inserted into a network service pipeline.
In one or more of the various embodiments, a secret sharing engine may be arranged to enable client applications to explicitly make calls to the secret sharing engine. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client application may expressly control or direct the sharing of cryptographic secrets.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs or secret sharing engines may be arranged to integrate directly with authentication control servers. In some embodiments, authentication control servers may be configured to share secrets or other keying information with NMCs directly via APIs or interfaces provided by the NMCs. Similarly, in some embodiments, NMCs or secret sharing engines may be arranged to communicate with authentication control servers via APIs or interfaces provided by the authentication control servers.
In one or more of the various embodiments, secret sharing engines may be arranged to employ protocol information to determine how to extract or collect secrets or keying information. For example, in some embodiments, protocol information, such as, protocol information 316, or the like, may include rules, patterns, state machines, or the like, for identifying protocols or tracking the state/steps of a secure session. Thus, in some embodiments, protocol information may be employed to determine if handshakes have been completed, or the like.
At step 802, in one or more of the various embodiments, a client may intend to establish a secure connection with one or more resources in a monitored network. In some embodiments, the resources may be hosted or provided by one or more services or servers, for brevity and clarity, clients may be described as trying to establish a connection/session with a server even though a server may host or provide more than one services or resources that may be secured independently.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the services, applications, operating systems, or the like, on clients or servers may be configured to employ one or more centralized security protocols. In some embodiments, clients configured to employ centralized security protocols may be provided client keys for the centralized security protocol in advance of using the centralized security protocol. Accordingly, in some embodiments, authentication control servers may be arranged to distribute client keys to clients enabled to access servers protected by the centralized security protocol. In some embodiments, various conventional or customized secure key distribution facilities may be employed to distribute unique client keys to clients. Similarly, in some embodiments, authentication control servers may provide server keys to servers in the protected network.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may be arranged to generate an authentication request that includes initialization information required by the centralized security protocol. In some embodiments, this may include identity information (e.g., username, service name, or the like), time/date of message, or the like. In some embodiments, the specific information may vary depending on the particular centralized security protocol or organization policies.
Further, in one or more of the various embodiments, clients may be arranged to encrypt one or more secrets using their client key. In some embodiments, the secret may be a timestamp corresponding to the time step 802 may be performed by the client.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the client may generate an authentication request that includes the initialization information and the encrypted secret. In some embodiments, the client may be arranged to send the authentication request to an authentication control server that may be protecting the servers the client may be attempting to access.
At step 804, in one or more of the various embodiments, an NMC may be arranged to passively intercept the authentication request sent by the client.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has access the client key it may decrypt the portion of the request that has been encrypted using the client key.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to evaluate one or more characteristics of the request to determine if it conforms to the centralized security protocol or one or more security policies associated with the centralized security protocol or the client.
For example, in some embodiments, if the NMC has the client key, it may maintain an index that maps client identifiers (e.g., IP addresses, MAC addresses, user information, or the like) to client keys. In this example, the NMC may be configured to determine if the characteristics of the client sending the authentication request is the client associated with the client key.
Similarly, for example, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to evaluate one or more open (non-secured) characteristics of the authentication request to determine other anomalies, such as, unexpected time of the request, packet size inconsistencies, timing inconsistencies, or the like. Thus, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to evaluate authentication request even if the NMCs are disabled from accessing client keys.
In some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to decrypt or decode one or more portions the authentication request depending on the access level or authorization level that has been granted to the NMC. Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more agents operative (e.g., secret sharing engines) on the client computer or elsewhere may be arranged to communicate some or all of the information included in the authentication request directly to the NMC.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to store one or more values or metrics associated with the client to enable it map or otherwise correlate subsequent encrypted or unencrypted network traffic with the client.
At step 806, in one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication request may be provided to the authentication control server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may be arranged to decrypt the secrets provided by the client using the client key that the authentication control server has stored. In some embodiments, if the secret encrypted by the client is a timestamp, the authentication control server may be arranged to compare the decrypted timestamp value to the current time to evaluate if the authentication request is valid.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the authentication request may be validated, the authentication control server may be arranged to generate an authentication response. In some embodiments, the authentication response may include two or more portions. In one or more of the various embodiments, one client portion may include information that enables clients to determine if they are communicating with the proper authentication control server. For example, in some embodiments, a portion of the authentication response may include identity/name of the authentication control server, a timestamp corresponding when the authentication control server generated the authentication response, an expiration date and a session key.
Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may be arranged to generate an authentication portion of the authentication response that may be considered an authentication key that includes values such as, client/user ID, authentication control server name/ID, a timestamp, network address of the client, an expiration date, the session key, or the like. Note, the session key included in the client portion and the session key included in the authentication portion may be considered to be the same key or otherwise have the same value.
In one or more of the various embodiments, authentication control server may be arranged to encrypt the client portion of the response authentication response using the client key that it has stored. Similarly, in some embodiments, the authentication control server may be arranged to encrypt the authentication portion of the authentication response using its own control key.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may be arranged to send the authentication response to the client.
At step 808, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to observe the authentication response. In some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to decrypt or decode one or more portions the authentication response depending on the access level or authorization level that has been granted to the NMC. Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, one or more agents operative on the authentication control server or elsewhere may be arranged to communicate some or all of the information included in the authentication response directly to the NMC.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to store one or more values or metrics associated with the session that enable it map or otherwise correlate subsequent encrypted or unencrypted network traffic with the client or the server.
At step 810, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may receive the authentication response from the authentication control server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may be arranged to decrypt the client portion of the authentication response because it was encrypted using the client key. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may decrypt the authentication response to obtain to a session key. According to the centralized security protocol, the client may store the session key locally for future use.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may also keep a copy of the authentication portion of the response which serves as the authentication key. In some embodiments, the client may be disabled from decrypting the authentication key because it was encrypted by the authentication control server using a control key that is not available to the client.
In some embodiments, an agent (e.g., secret sharing engine) running on the client may be arranged to intercept or otherwise acquire one or more of the session key or the authentication key to provide to the NMC. In some embodiments, agents may be arranged to provide additional information, such as, one or more portions of the authentication response, one or more metrics, log information, one or more timestamps, or the like, to the NMC. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to associate the information provided by the agent with the client, server, or the session.
In some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to evaluate one or more characteristics of the authentication response or its contents to determine if the session or its associated traffic conforms to one or more security policies.
In one or more of the various embodiments, clients may store the session key and the authentication key until they may be needed for accessing resources secured by the authentication control server.
At step 812, in some embodiments, the client may prepare an access request that asks the authentication control server to authenticate that the client has permission to access the server.
Similar to other messages generated by the authentication control server, the access request may include two or more portions.
In some embodiments, a server portion of the access request may include the name or identifier of the server the client wants to access, the authentication key, or the like. In some embodiments, additional information may include timestamps, expiration time of the authorization if granted, or the like.
In some embodiments, another portion of the access request may include an authenticator portion that includes a client/user ID, timestamp, or the like.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may encrypt the authenticator portion using the session key. In contrast, in some embodiments, the server portion may remain unencrypted. However, in some embodiments, the server portion may include the authentication key which remains encrypted.
Note, in some embodiments, the transport protocol used to communicate between the client and authentication control server may encrypt some or all of the access request. However, here it may be assumed that the encryption actions associated with securing the transport protocol (if any) may be unrelated to the centralized security protocol.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the access request is generated, the client may send it to authentication control server.
Note, in some embodiments, an agent running on the client may be arranged to intercept or otherwise acquire one or more portions of the access request to provide to the NMC. In some embodiments, agents may be arranged to provide additional information, such as, one or more metrics, log information, one or more timestamps, or the like, to the NMC. Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to associate the information provided by the agent with the client, server, or the session.
In some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to evaluate one or more characteristics of the response message or its contents to determine if the session or its associated traffic conforms to one or more security policies.
At step 814, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to observe the some or all of network traffic that communicates the access request to the authentication control server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has access to the session key it may decrypt the server portion of the access request to monitor the exchange. Likewise, in some embodiments, if the NMC has access to the control key it may decrypt the authentication key to monitor the exchange.
In some embodiments, if the NMC does not have the control key which may be considered too sensitive to distribute, the NMC may compare the authentication key that was provided via previous messages with the authentication key included in the access request.
Also, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to ensure the characteristics, fields, values, or the like, that are visible to it conform to one or more policies.
At step 816, in some embodiments, the authentication control server may receive the access request. In some embodiments, the authentication control server may be arranged to decrypt the authentication key provided in the access request to obtain the session key. Thus, in some embodiments, if the session key from the authentication key enables the authenticator sent by the client to be decoded, the authentication control server may be arranged to confirm that the session key included in the authentication key matches the session key included in the authenticator.
In this example, the authenticator includes a user ID and a timestamp. Thus, if the user ID stored in the authenticate key matches the user ID stored in the decrypted authenticator, the authentication control server may assume that it is a known client that has sent the access request. For example, in some embodiments, if a client uses a session key that is not included in the authentication key, the decryption of the authenticator will fail providing at least a user ID mismatch.
Accordingly, the authentication control server may perform various actions associated with enforcing the centralized security protocol, including determining if the client has access to the requested resource.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the authentication control server determines that the client has access to the server, it may generate a server session key based on the server's secret key.
Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, if the authentication control server determines that the client has access to the requested server, it may generate an access response that includes two or more portions, one or more portions may be encrypted with the session key and one or more other portions may be encrypted with the server key that corresponds to the server the client is requesting to access. Note, in this example, the authentication control server has access to secret keys for all of the entities (e.g., users, clients, servers, resources, services, or the like) it may be responsible for securing.
In some embodiments, a client portion of the access response may include various fields including, the name or ID of the server the client may be attempting to access, a timestamp, an expiration date/time, and the service session key. Further, in some embodiments, the authentication control server may encrypt the client portion of the access response using the session key.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the authentication control server may send the access response to the client.
At step 818, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to observe the some or all of network traffic that communicates the access response to the client.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has access to the session key it may decrypt the client portion of the access response to monitor the exchange. Likewise, in some embodiments, if the NMC has access to the server secret key it may decrypt the server portion of the access response to monitor the exchange.
Also, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to ensure the characteristics, fields, values, or the like, that are visible to it conform to one or more policies.
At step 820, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client receives the access response from the authentication control server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may decrypt the client portion of the access response using its copy of the session key that includes the server session key.
At step 822, in some embodiments, the client may generate server request intended for sending to the server. In some embodiments, the server request may include two or more portions, including a client authenticator portion and a server portion. In some embodiments, the authenticator portion may include the user/client name or ID, a timestamp, or the like. In some embodiments, additional fields may be included depending on the particular centralized security protocol. In some embodiments, the authenticator portion may be encrypted using the service session key provided by the authentication control server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, another portion of the server request may include the portion of the access response message the was encrypted with the server's secret key.
In some embodiments, the server request may be embedded or included in another protocol, such as, the application level protocol used to communicate with the request resources. In one or more of the various embodiments, the particular mechanism or facilities for used within the application protocols may vary depending on the particular protocol used for exchanging network traffic.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the client may send the server request to the server.
At step 824, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to observe the some or all of network traffic that communicates the server request to the server.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has access to the service session key it may decrypt the authenticator portion of the server request to monitor the exchange. Likewise, in some embodiments, if the NMC has access to the server secret key it may decrypt the server portion of the server request to monitor the exchange.
Also, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to ensure the characteristics, fields, values, or the like, that are visible to it conform to one or more policies.
At step 826, in one or more of the various embodiments, the server may receive the server request.
Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, the server may decrypt the server portion of the server request message to obtain the server session key. In some embodiments, the server may employ the server session key to decrypt the authenticator to validate the server request.
In some embodiments, if the server has validated the server request, it may determine if the client/user has access to resources it may be requesting. Note, in some embodiments, this may be the responsibility of the server operating system or other applications associated with the services or resources the client may be requesting to access. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the centralized security protocol may be relied on to reliably authenticate the identity of the client making the request. However, in some embodiments, it may be the responsibly of other services or applications to determine if the client may be authorized to access the requested resources or services.
In some embodiments, the server request (from the client) may be embedded or included in another protocol, such as, the application level protocol used to communicate with the request resources. In one or more of the various embodiments, the particular mechanism or facilities used within the application protocols may vary depending the particular protocol.
In some embodiments, if the client has been authenticated and determined to be authorized to access the requested service or resource, the server may generate a server response that includes a service authenticator that includes the service/resource name or ID, a timestamp, or one or more optional values.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the server response may be encrypted using the service session key and send to the client.
At step 828, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to observe the some or all of network traffic that communicates the server response to the client.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has access to the service session key it may decrypt the authenticator portion of the server response to monitor the exchange.
Also, in some embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to ensure the characteristics, fields, values, or the like, that are visible to it conform to one or more policies.
At step 830, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may decrypt the server authenticator portion of the server response using the service session key it previously obtained at step 820 enabling the client to validate that the server response was sent by the correct server.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, further communication between client and the server may proceed similarly by including centralized security protocol authenticator portion with each subsequent request/response.
In at least one of the various embodiments, some or all of the information represented by table 900 may be stored in capture data store 312, key escrow 314, or the like, on a network computer, such as network computer 300. In some embodiments, table 900 may be stored in the working memory of a NMC and used during real-time monitoring of network packets.
In at least one of the various embodiments, column 902 of table 900 may contain a value that corresponds to a particular network connection, network flow, communication channel, or the like. The NMC may be arranged to index, key, or otherwise identify each network flow that it is monitoring. In at least one of the various embodiments, column 904 may include a session key or other key information that is associated with a secure network flow. The session key may correspond to a session established between clients, servers, authentication control servers, or the like, that may by occurring in a protected network.
In at least one of the various embodiments, column 906 may include one or more types of correlation information that may be associated with a network flow or session. The correlation information value may be used in part to determine which network flow a key corresponds to. In some embodiments, correlation information may include one or more of tuple information associated with a communication session, some or all of the handshake information, one or more other network characteristics associated with the communication session, or the like. In some embodiments, column 908 may contain one or more fields of additional data that may be associated with a network flow. Column 908 represents additional information or metrics that may be collected or associated with a given network flow.
In one or more of the various embodiments, a flow identifier (e.g., values in column 902) may be based on the flow tuple information associated with a secure network flow or secure network connection. In some embodiments, a flow identifier may be generated by using a hash of some or all of the tuple information for a flow. For example, Flow ID=HashFunction(Source IP, Destination IP, Source Port, Destination Port).
In this example, for brevity and clarity, block 1002 is illustrated with dashed lines connecting it to the other blocks in the flowchart. This represents that the NMC can monitor the network traffic associated with the other blocks. Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may perform one or more actions related to monitoring encrypted network traffic before or after each block.
At block 1004, in one or more of the various embodiments, an authentication control server may authenticate a client. As described above, clients may employ centralized security protocol to authenticate themselves with the authentication control server that may be protecting the network.
In one or more of the various embodiments, if the client is authenticated, the authentication control server may provide it an authentication key and session key that may be used for subsequent centralized security protocol exchanges.
At decision block 1006, in one or more of the various embodiments, if the authenticated client needs to access a protected server, control may flow to block 1008; otherwise, control may loop back to decision block 1006.
At block 1008, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may provide an access request message to the authentication control server. In one or more of the various embodiments, clients may request to access a particular server that may be protected by the authentication control server. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the client may employ authentication keys and session key to construct an access request that conforms to the centralized security protocol.
At block 1010, in one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may provide an access response that includes authentication information that enables the client the validate itself with the server. In some embodiments, the authentication information may include, among other things, a service session key that enables the client to validate itself with the server the client may be requesting to access.
At block 1012, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may provide a server request to the server corresponding to the authentication information. In one or more of the various embodiments, the server request may include, among other things, the service session key.
At block 1014, in one or more of the various embodiments, the server may provide a server response that include authentication information to the client. In one or more of the various embodiments, the client may validate that the server response is provided by the server it sent to the server request using the service session key.
Next, in one or more of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
Note, similar to process 1000 described above, an NMC may be arranged to monitor the network traffic exchanged between clients or servers. Also, in some embodiments, NMCs may be provided other information from agents residing on clients or servers or via one or more integration APIs. However, for brevity and clarity this flowchart omits blocks showing the actions of the NMCs. Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMC actions may be described in or along with the blocks associated with the relevant NMC actions.
As described above, clients may submit authentication requests to authentication control servers at various times before they request to access servers that may be protected by a centralized security protocol. For example, in some embodiments, a client may submit authentication requests if a user logs in at the beginning of the workday.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication request may include information the client has encrypted with its client key.
Accordingly, in one or more of the various embodiments, depending on the configuration of the NMC and its access to the client key, the NMC may be arranged to decrypt the portion(s) of the authentication request that has been encrypted.
Alternatively, in some embodiments, an agent residing on the client may communicate one or more values included in the authentication request directly to the NMC. In some cases, this information may include one or more of the client keys, client names/IDs, user names/IDs, the client application name, or the like.
As described above, the authentication request may include various values depending on the particular centralized security protocol being used as well as configuration information that may define one or more optional/extra fields associated with a local deployment of the centralized security protocol.
For example, for some embodiments, if the centralized security protocol may be Kerberos or a Kerberos-like centralized security protocol, the authentication request may include information, such as, user/client name/ID, service name/ID, client IP address, expiration time request, or the like. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that additional values may be included depending the on how the centralized security protocol is configured.
At block 1104, in one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may generate a session key and an authentication key. As described above, the authentication control server may employ its copy of the client key to validate the authentication request based on decrypting the portion of the request that the client encrypted with the client key.
As described above, the authentication key may include various values depending on the particular centralized security protocol being used as well as configuration information that may define one or more optional/extra fields that a local deployment of the centralized security protocol may be employing. In some embodiments, the authentication information may be encrypted using the authentication control server's control key. Accordingly, the information that comprises the authentication key may be hidden.
For example, for some embodiments, if the centralized security protocol may be Kerberos or a Kerberos-like centralized security protocol, the authentication key may include information, such as, user name/ID, authentication control server name/ID, a timestamp, an expiration time for the authentication key, the session key, or the like. Accordingly, in this example, this information may be encrypted using the authentication control server's control key.
At block 1106, in one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may provide an authentication response that includes a session key and authentication key to the client.
In one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication response may include a client portion as well as the authentication key. In some embodiments, the client may include one or more fields, including the session key, authentication control server name/ID, a timestamp, expiration time information, or the like. In one or more of the various embodiments, the authentication control server may encrypt the client portion of the response using the client key.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the NMC may monitor the network traffic associated with the authentication response. In one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC has the client key it may decrypt the client portion of the authentication response.
At block 1108, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may extract the session key and authentication key from the authentication response provided by the authentication control server. As described above, the authentication key may be cryptographically opaque to the client because it may be a data structure that has been encrypted by the authentication control server using its control key. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the client may store the authentication key for future use.
Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, the session key may be extracted by decrypting a client portion of the message that includes the session key using the client key. Accordingly, the client may store the session key for future use.
In some embodiments, an agent running on the client may be arranged to provide one or more portions of the authentication response, such as, the session key, the authentication key, timestamps, expiration data, authentication control server name/ID, or the like, to the NMC.
At block 1110, in one or more of the various embodiments, the client may employ the authentication key and the session key to access protected servers. As described herein, the clients may provide access requests for accessing particular protected servers.
Next, in one or more of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
At block 1204, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to collect clear-text metrics/information associated the monitored network traffic. In some embodiments, in most circumstances, NMCs may be arranged to collect various metrics associated with centralized security protocol network traffic. In one or more of the various embodiments, one or more metrics may be based on monitoring centralized security protocol network traffic even if the NMC has no access to authentication keys, client keys, session keys, services, or the like. Similarly, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to collect some metrics in the absence of agents or integration with an authentication control server keys.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to generate metrics based on one or more the centralized security protocol network traffic that may be unencrypted (e.g., “in the clear”). In some embodiments, the one or more portions may include tuple information, one or more fields associated with transport protocols used to carry the centralized security protocol network traffic, one or more fields associated with applications/application protocols that may employ the centralized security protocol for authentication, source of the network traffic, destination of the network traffic, timing/latency information, packet size information, packet send rate, routing/proxying/pathing information associated with the centralized security protocol network traffic, or the like.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to associate the one or more metrics with the network traffic flows associated with the centralized security protocol network traffic. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the metrics may be employed to evaluate if the centralized security protocol network traffic conforms to network security policies enforced or monitored by the NMC.
Note, in some embodiments, transport protocols, application protocols, or the like, may employ their own encryption that is not being considered here. In this context unencrypted network traffic is network traffic that is not encrypted using the centralized security protocol. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there may be other/additional encryption protocols that may be involved at different levels of the communications or for different purposes. Accordingly, it may be assumed that the NMCs may be configured to those handle other encryption protocols separate from the innovations described herein for centralized security protocols.
At block 1206, in one or more of the various embodiments, optionally, the NMC may be arranged to collect one or more keys or secrets included the monitored network traffic.
In one or more of the various embodiments, as described above, various network exchanges between client, servers, or authentication control servers may include keys or key material associated with one or more of authentication keys, client keys, session keys, service keys, or the like.
In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to integrate with one or more agents that may be deployed on one or more clients or servers. As described above, in some embodiments, agents may be integrated with local applications or local system libraries that enable them to capture various information associated with centralized security protocols. In some embodiments, this may include one or more keys or key material.
Likewise, in some embodiments, NMCs may be configured by distributing one or more keys or key material before monitoring centralized security protocol network traffic. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished automatically if an NMC is configured to integrate with authentication control servers. Also, in some embodiments, NMCs may be configured with keys or key material manually by users or other services. In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to be associated the keys or key material with clients, servers, applications, authentication control servers, or the like.
For example, in some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to associate identifying information of clients, servers, users, or the like, with the provided keys or key material. In some embodiments, this information may include, network addresses, names/labels, or the like.
Note, this block may be considered optional because in some cases or in some embodiments the NMC may be disabled from collecting one or more keys or one or more secrets because of the absence necessary information or for policy reasons. Likewise, in some cases, the NMC may have already collected some or all of keys or secrets.
At decision block 1208, in one or more of the various embodiments, if the NMC can decrypt some or all of the traffic associated with the centralized security protocol, control may flow to block 1210; otherwise, control may flow to block 1214. In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to decrypt different portions of the centralized security protocol network traffic depending on the keys that may be available.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may be disabled from decrypting some or all portions of the centralized security protocol depending on the keys that may be available to the NMCs. Likewise, in some embodiments, the ability to decrypt a portion of the centralized security protocol network traffic may depend on which portion of the centralized security protocol network traffic is being considered.
At block 1210, in one or more of the various embodiments, optionally, the NMC may be arranged to collect one or more cryptographic keys or other secret information that may be included in the network traffic. In some embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to extract one or more additional keys from the decrypted network traffic. For example, in one or more of the various embodiments, an NMC that has access to a client key may employ it to obtain a session key that may be provided by an authentication control server.
Also, in one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to employ protocol information to identify different types of centralized security protocol messages (requests or responses) that are decrypt-able by the NMC. Accordingly, in some embodiments, NMCs may determine if a portion of the centralized security protocol network traffic may be decrypted using the keys or key material available to the NMC.
Further, in some embodiments, NMCs may collect various values or metrics based on the decrypted portions of the centralized security protocol network traffic, including, usernames/IDs, server names/IDs, service names/IDs, timestamps, key expiration values, key expiration time requests, or the like. In some embodiments, the particular value or metrics may depend on the particular centralized security protocol. Also, in some embodiments, the values or metrics may depend on which optional or extra fields/payloads that may be included in the centralized security protocol network traffic.
Note, this block may be considered optional because in some cases or in some embodiments the NMC may be disabled from collecting one or more keys or one or more secrets because of the absence necessary information or for policy reasons. Likewise, in some cases, the NMC may have already collected some or all of keys or secrets.
At block 1212, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to collect other metrics/information associated with the network traffic. In one or more of the various embodiments, NMCs may be arranged to employ rules, patterns, filters, or the like, provided via configuration information to determine the information or metrics that may be collected.
At block 1214, in one or more of the various embodiments, the NMC may be arranged to associate some or all of the collected information with clients, servers, services, or the like, that may be associated with the centralized security protocol network traffic.
Next, in one or more of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute on the processor, create means for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may be executed by a processor to cause a series of operational steps to be performed by the processor to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions, which execute on the processor to provide steps for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also cause at least some of the operational steps shown in the blocks of the flowchart to be performed in parallel. Moreover, some of the steps may also be performed across more than one processor, such as might arise in a multi-processor computer system. In addition, one or more blocks or combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration may also be performed concurrently with other blocks or combinations of blocks, or even in a different sequence than illustrated without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
Accordingly, blocks of the flowchart illustration support combinations of means for performing the specified actions, combinations of steps for performing the specified actions and program instruction means for performing the specified actions. It will also be understood that each block of the flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems, which perform the specified actions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. The foregoing example should not be construed as limiting or exhaustive, but rather, an illustrative use case to show an implementation of at least one of the various embodiments of the invention.
Further, in one or more embodiments (not shown in the figures), the logic in the illustrative flowcharts may be executed using an embedded logic hardware device instead of a CPU, such as, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), or the like, or combination thereof. The embedded logic hardware device may directly execute its embedded logic to perform actions. In one or more embodiments, a microcontroller may be arranged to directly execute its own embedded logic to perform actions and access its own internal memory and its own external Input and Output Interfaces (e.g., hardware pins or wireless transceivers) to perform actions, such as System On a Chip (SOC), or the like.
This Utility Patent Application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/483,148 filed on Sep. 23, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,310,256 issued on Apr. 19, 2022, which is based on previously filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/082,262 filed on Sep. 23, 2020, the benefit which is hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) and § 120 and the contents of which are each further incorporated in entirety by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220239685 A1 | Jul 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63082262 | Sep 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17483148 | Sep 2021 | US |
| Child | 17721514 | US |
