The present invention relates in general to photo-thermal treatment of human skin. The invention relates in particular to a method for monitoring the progress of fractional photo-thermal treatment during or immediately following the treatment.
Fractional photo-thermal treatment (fractional photo-therapy) involves creating microscopic treatment zones (MTZs) of necrotic tissue with the MTZs being surrounded by annuli of viable tissue that may be thermally shocked. These annuli of viable tissue may be separated from each other by spared tissue. Treatment apparatus includes one or more light sources and a delivery system to generate the MTZs in a predetermined pattern. The MTZs may be confined to the epidermis, dermis or span the epidermal-dermal junction. Further, the stratum corneum above the microscopic treatment zones may be spared.
Several embodiments of method and apparatus for fractional photo-therapy are described in detail in published U.S. Patent Applications 20050049582 and 20030216719, the complete disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. A brief description of certain aspects of the '582 application is set forth below to provide a contextual reference for the present invention, beginning with reference to
One embodiment of prior-art apparatus for effecting fractional photo-therapy treatment of skin 10 is schematically depicted in
Microlens array 42 may be a one-dimensional or a two-dimensional array. In a handpiece with a one-dimensional microlens array, a two-dimensional array of MTZs can be produced by moving the handpiece in a direction perpendicular to length of the microlens array, while triggering a pulse of radiation in each new position of the microlens array.
In other embodiments, an optical scanning delivery system is used instead of or in addition to microlens array 42. An example of a scanning delivery system is a galvanometer scanner or a starburst scanner as described in copending application 60/652,891 “Optical pattern generator using a single rotating component” that is incorporated herein by reference.
A particular advantage of the fractional photo-therapy method, compared with prior-art skin therapy or rejuvenation treatments such as laser skin exfoliation or ablation, is that treatment can be effected without a patient requiring significant “down time” to require a skin wound to heal, or without the patient exhibiting unsightly scars or visible inflammation of the skin for a prolonged period of time after the treatment. In this regard, it is contemplated that the fractional photo-therapy treatment is applied two or more times, at selected time intervals between treatments, to an area of skin being treated, until a desired result has been attained. In order to achieve the desired result with a minimum of such repeat treatments, it would be useful to be able to monitor the effectiveness of any particular treatment. Such monitoring could be performed during treatment so as not to over- or under-treat a selected area of skin being treated. The monitoring could also be performed between treatments to gauge the optimum interval for subsequent treatments.
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for monitoring progress of fractional photo-therapy treatment. In the fractional photo-therapy treatment, treatment radiation is delivered in a pattern of spaced-apart zones to an area of tissue. In one aspect, the method comprises irradiating the area of tissue with electro-magnetic radiation, thereby stimulating emission of fluorescence radiation from one or more fluorophores in the area of tissue. One or more images of the area of tissue are recorded using the fluorescence radiation emitted from at least one of the fluorophores. The images have a spatial distribution of fluorescence depending on structural features of the area of tissue combined with features characteristic of the pattern of treatment-radiation delivery. At least one of the one or more images is electronically processed to identify that portion of the fluorescence radiation in the one or more images resulting from the delivery of the treatment radiation.
The treatment radiation portion of the one or more images can be interpreted as a measure of the effectiveness or progress of the fractional-phototherapy treatment. Alternatively the treatment radiation portion of the one or more images can be interpreted as a measure of the dose of treatment radiation delivered to the area of tissue to be treated. In a fractional photo-therapy apparatus, one or more of these measures may be used to control a treatment-light source providing the treatment radiation.
In one preferred embodiment of the method, wherein treatment radiation is delivered in a pattern of regularly (periodically) spaced zones thereof, an image is recorded using fluorescence radiation in a band of wavelengths characteristic of the fluorophore reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD-H). The image is electronically processed by generating a Fourier transform of at least one region of the image. The portion of the image fluorescence resulting from the delivery of treatment radiation is represented by a peak of the Fourier transform. The amplitude of the Fourier transform peak can be interpreted as a measure of the effectiveness of the fractional photo-therapy treatment, or as a measure of the treatment radiation dose delivered to the area of tissue.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, schematically illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiment given below, serve to explain the principles of the present invention.
The present invention relies on detecting changes in molecular composition, cellular activity, or tissue morphology that is caused by fractional photo-thermal treatment or corresponds to the wound healing response, for example the inflammatory response, triggered by a fractional photo-thermal treatment. The changes associated with the wound healing response are manifested by the changes in intensity of certain fluorophores in the thermal shock zones surrounding the zones of necrotic tissue, or by the appearance of new fluorophores, or by the disappearance of intrinsic fluorophores, or by shifts in the excitation/emission spectra of the fluorophores, or by changes in the polarization properties of the fluorescence. This activity can be monitored by stimulating fluorescence of the fluorophores. This stimulation is provided by irradiating the skin being treated with UV/blue wavelengths in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The stimulated fluorescence is used to form an image of the skin being treated. The image includes characteristics resulting from the stimulating wavelength, the fluorescence spectrum of the fluorophores, and the spatial distribution of treatment radiation which is characteristic of the fractional phototherapy process. This fluorescence image is electronically processed to provide an estimate of the effectiveness of the treatment.
The physiological well-being level in tissue is known to be related to mitochondrial activity in cells of the tissue. An integral part of this mitochondrial activity is the production of the fluorophore NAD-H (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). In the above-discussed MTZs (necrotic tissue zones) of fractional photo-therapy treatment, the concentration of NAD-H is likely to increase following treatment due to the reduced perfusion of oxygen to the region and the reduction in ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) turnover. These two processes will shift the mitochondrial redox potential to the reduced form of NAD(H) which is the fluorescent form. The oxidized form (NAD(+)) has no intrinsic fluorescence.
For the cells in the thermal shock (thermally-altered) zones surrounding the MTZs or fractional photo-therapy treatment, mitochondrial activity can be expected to increase significantly, resulting in an increase in ATP turnover and increased O2 perfusion, driving the redox equilibrium to the oxidized state of NAD(+) and in turn lowering the fluorescence intensity. This decrease in fluorescence can be expected to occur promptly after treatment, as part of the wound healing response, although it may be delayed by latency in the biochemical marker expression process.
While NAD-H is a particularly preferred fluorophore to be monitored in accordance with the present invention, there are other intrinsic fluorophores in skin tissue that may be affected by fractional phototherapy and that could be monitored either individually or to supplement monitoring of NAD-H. TABLE 1 lists a selection of such fluorophores (including NAD-H). Also listed in TABLE 1 is the probable relationship of the fluorophores to fractional phototherapy, how the fluorophores might be expected to behave in and around the MTZs, and what the optimum excitation/emission wavelength pairs are for each fluorophore.
It is noted in TABLE 1 that the fluorophore elastin is not expected to show much change upon fractional phototherapy, however this can be used to advantage in comparing areas and isolating changes. By comparing the ratio of the fluorescence intensity of two fluorophores, one of which is expected to change and one which is not expected to change with treatment, the sensitivity of the inventive monitoring technique may be increased by calibrating out variations in a fluorescence image that are not due to the fractional photo-therapy treatment.
It is important in the inventive monitoring method that the method and apparatus employed be able to distinguish increased mitochondrial activity resulting immediately from the fractional photo-therapy treatment, from any normal mitochondrial activity that could be detected in the skin prior to the treatment. An example of the manner in which this distinguishing can be achieved is included in a detailed description of the invention set forth below.
Continuing with reference to the drawings, wherein like components are designated by like reference numerals,
Handpiece 50 includes a source 52 of ultraviolet/blue radiation, preferably having a wavelength between about 290 and 400 nanometers (nm) depending on the fluorophore to be probed. For example, when probing NADH, the excitation wavelength is preferably between 300 and 385 nm, and, more preferably, between about 340 nm and 360 nm. Wavelengths in these ranges can be provided, for example, by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes having one or more indium gallium nitride (InGaN) or gallium nitride (GaN) active layer. These wavelengths can also be provided by eximer lasers, mercury arc lamps, tripled Nd:YAG lasers, tripled tunable Ti:sapphire lasers, or free-electron lasers. Two sources may be combined when a ratiometric comparison between two fluorophores is desired. Ultraviolet radiation 54 from source 52 is incident on skin 10 being treated. Fluorescence radiation 56, resulting from the irradiation of skin 10 by ultraviolet radiation 54, is imaged by a CCD camera 58. In
Processing electronics 60 are connected to CCD camera 58. These electronics are used for processing fluorescence images to determine increased fluorescence resulting from the fractional photo-therapy treatment. The image-processing electronics are depicted here as being separate from the CCD camera for convenience of description, but could simply be included in the CCD camera as a functional element thereof. Imaging optics are also assumed to be included in CCD camera 58 as needed.
A bandpass filter 62 is provided for limiting the bandwidth of radiation received by the camera to that which is characteristic of the fluorophore being imaged. By way of example, a filter transmitting wavelengths between about 420 and 550 nm is preferred when the target fluorophore is NAD-H. A bandpass filter having a peak transmission centered at 460 nm, and having a full bandwidth at half maximum transmission (FWHM) of between about 15 nm and 40 nm, is particularly preferred for imaging NAD-H fluorescence. Other bandpass filters may be selected for other fluorophores as described in TABLE 1.
Analysis of the data may take several forms. By way of example, using multiple excitation sources and multiple detected wavelengths, data on the extent of the treatment may be extracted using formalisms developed for hyperspectral imaging, and in particular, the Mahalanobis distance. Preferably, spatial domain imaging may be used to interpret the image data using techniques developed for image analysis.
A description of one spatial analysis technique, usable in the method of the present invention to distinguish increased mitochondrial activity resulting immediately from the fractional photo-therapy treatment from any normal mitochondrial activity that could be detected in the skin prior to the treatment, is next presented beginning with reference to
Continuing with reference to
In untreated tissue zones 76 surrounding each MTZ 72, normal metabolism creates a particular concentration balance between the reduced NADH and its oxidized state. In the stimulated regions 74 around the necrosed zone 72, the cell metabolism increases, which causes higher conversion of NADH from the reduced form to the oxidized state. The reduced form NADH is the only fluorescent state for the NADH, which means that the fluorescence in these regions is reduced relative to that in untreated tissue regions 76. It is also possible that the untreated zones between MTZs will experience some cell metabolism increase as a collateral effect (being proximate to a heat shocked zone), so that the fluorescence from NAD-H will also be reduced in the untreated areas.
In the regions 72, the opposite happens. In these regions, the tissue is coagulated so there is no longer a viable metabolic cycle converting reduced NADH to its oxidized state. Thus the reduced (fluorescent) form of NAD-H (is expected to?) will accumulate in higher concentration than in untreated tissue.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the image of
One simple method of processing the “line” images represented by the graphs of
Another, more targeted, method would be to record the pixel values in each case and take a ratio of the maximum pixel values in each case. These maximum values will almost certainly occur in the pixels representing bright zones, where the 80% decrease, here, has been arbitrarily introduced. In the examples of
Another image processing method for detecting the fluorescence increase is to apply to the image data an algorithm, such as a Fourier transform, that can isolate from the untreated background the periodicity of distribution of the fluorescence introduced by fractional photo-therapy treatments. By way of example,
Other examples of image processing methods include edge identification methods, contrast enhancement methods, two-dimensional Fourier transforms, and application of other mathematical filters such as those that are implemented in commercial photographic image processing and mathematical software. In other image analysis methods in accordance with the present invention, multi-wavelength illumination or filtering multiple wavelength ranges from stimulated fluorescence can be used to create two or more different spectral images that can be compared or mathematically processed using pixel-by-pixel subtraction or division of the spectral images. Such a multi-image approach can highlight the effects of different fluorophores and can allow the mathematical removal in processed data of baseline changes that are not due to treatment.
In considering any image processing methods of the present invention, it should be realized that it is possible that there will be some polarization sensitivity of the fluorescence radiation being imaged. This would be preferentially detected by arranging the illumination (fluorescence stimulating) radiation and the imaging of fluorescence to be non-collinear. This effect may be very subtle. Polarization-selectivity may possibly also be used to reduce “clutter” in a recorded image between skin-surface fluorescing features, for example lipids and serum, and fluorescing structures buried deeper in the epidermis and dermis. Scattering properties of the skin may also obscure any polarization-dependence of the fluorescence.
It is emphasized, here, that the above discussed example, wherein data is processed by Fourier transform is but one example of imaging processing that exploits the regular periodic distribution of the MTZs that is common in many fractional photo-therapy treatments. It should be noted, however, that fractional photo-therapy can also be effective if MTZs are not regularly spaced, in which case there may not be any periodicity content of a fluorescence image. There would, however, be some image characteristic representative of whatever was the spacing of the MTZs. In such a case other image processing algorithms, as noted above, or comparison of two different images may be used to highlight image characteristics due to the MTZ spacing.
By way of example, two images taken at different wavelengths may be electronically compared. The different wavelengths may be different fluorescence wavelengths of a single fluorophore or different wavelengths resulting from fluorescence of two different fluorophores. Two different images taken at different polarization states of the same fluorescence wavelength may also be compared. The image comparison may include adding, subtracting, dividing or multiplying the pixel values for the two images, or dividing the difference by the sum.
Returning now to a description of apparatus for implementing the monitoring method of the present invention,
In embodiments of the inventive apparatus described above with reference to
Those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will recognize that the monitoring method of the present invention image may be used to identify regions of skin that have already been treated by fractional phototherapy, either during a prior treatment or a previous pass during the same treatment. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will also recognize that the inventive monitoring method may be used to control a fractional photo-therapy apparatus such that only regions that have not been previously treated are treated, for example, to maximize efficiency of use of the treatment energy. The inventive monitoring method may also be used to control fractional photo-therapy apparatus to provide precision dosage control, which in turn could be used to prevent over-treatment of a particular region of skin.
Those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will recognize without further detailed description or illustration that handpiece 50A may be modified in certain ways to process one or more images, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. By way of example, such modifications may include providing only a single CCD camera cooperative with a filter wheel including two or more bandpass filters having different passbands and recording, serially, two or more images at different wavelengths for processing. Alternatively the two CCD cameras may be retained and bandpass filters 62 and 63 replaced by polarizers arranged such that the CCD cameras record images in orthogonally opposed polarizations. Wavelength selective polarizers may be used to provide both spectral and polarization difference in two recorded images. It should also be noted that the image processing function of image processor 60 may be included in controller 102. Further, while in
In summary, the present invention is described above with reference to a preferred and other embodiments. Persons of ordinary skill in the art may modify the above-described embodiments without undue experimentation or without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. All such departures or deviations should be construed to be within the scope of the following claims.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/712,660, “Monitoring Method And Apparatus For Fractional Photo-Therapy Treatment,” filed Aug. 29, 2005. The subject matter of all of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60712660 | Aug 2005 | US |