Patent Grant
11838888
Electronic devices are increasingly able to communicate with other entities, e.g., other electronic devices. Many of these devices are referred to as “connected devices,” such as, for example, devices configured as Internet of things (IoT) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, etc. Such devices, as well as mobile electronic devices, such as, for example, smart phones, portable computers, notebooks, laptops, etc., and other types of computing devices, both mobile and stationary, often communicate with other entities, e.g., servers, other similar devices, etc., over the Internet via wireless communication networks.
Wireless communication networks continue to evolve to provide better quality of service and user experience as the number of electronic devices operating within wireless communication networks increases. Thus, there are various operating protocols and operating standards that have been developed, and continue to be developed, for wireless communication networks. For example, there are standards related to third generation (3G), Long Term Evolution (LTE), fourth generation (4G), and fifth generation (5G) operating protocols. Many of the operating protocols have been developed and/or adopted by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
As the popularity of mobile electronic devices, e.g., smart phones, computing devices, etc., as well as IoT devices, increases, numerous cellular towers and femtocells will be needed. The femtocells are particularly used in the 5G protocol of wireless communications. These cellular towers and femtocells are needed in order to provide service to mobile electronic devices and IoT devices as part of the digital world augmentation of the real world.
Exposure to ambient radio frequencies (RF) used in operation of wireless communication networks can potentially interact with the human body by increasing body temperature. This is especially concerning for sensitive individuals and pets including, for example, newborns, young children, elderly people, patients, wildlife, and people with weak immune systems. As is known, there are cases of close or extreme exposure to ambient RF signals by mobile technicians that have resulted in what is termed “RF burn.” Currently, mobile electronic devices and IoT devices are safe to use even in congested urban areas. However, as the increased demand in usage for more connectivity occurs, especially in urban areas, the risk of overexposure to ambient RF signals will increase. For example, as 5G protocols are implemented, more antennas, e.g., femtocells, are required. RF signals from such femtocells are generally millimeter (mm) waves and thus generally cannot easily pass through buildings. Accordingly, for 5G there are more femtocells having antennas that are closer to people than other protocols that primarily use base stations and other access points.
The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items or features.
Techniques and architecture are described herein for monitoring and/or adjusting levels of ambient radio frequency (RF) signals within a wireless communication network. In particular, sensors may be included within the wireless communication network for measuring or monitoring levels of ambient RF signals. For example, base stations, femtocells, mobile electronic devices, IoT devices, etc., may be equipped with sensors for measuring and/or monitoring ambient RF signals. Additionally, standalone sensors may be positioned at various locations within the wireless communication network. The standalone sensors may provide information with respect to RF signal levels in the areas that include the standalone sensors. The ambient RF signal level may represent ambient RF energy density.
In configurations, areas or zones may be geofenced and monitored for levels of ambient RF signals. For example, school zones, parks, shopping areas, etc., may be geofenced as ambient RF signal zones of interest. Likewise, nursing homes, hospitals, especially surgery areas, etc., may be geofenced and monitored for ambient RF signal levels. Such ambient RF signal zones may be monitored using sensors on one or more of mobile electronic devices, IoT devices, femtocells, nearby base stations, and/or other access points, etc. When ambient RF signal levels reach a particular level or threshold, alerts may be provided to mobile electronic devices, IoT devices, etc., of users within the affected geofenced zone. In configurations, an operator of the wireless communication network may adjust RF signal transmission within the affected geofenced zone to lower the ambient RF signal level within the affected zone.
Geofenced zones may be deemed “RF signal free” zones in configurations. For example, a surgery room within a hospital may be deemed to be an ambient RF signal free zone. Thus, except for emergency signals, e.g., emergency communications, no RF signals may be permitted by the operator of the wireless communication network within the surgery room. Such ambient RF signal free zones may be adjustable. For example, the surgery room may only be deemed to be an ambient RF signal free zone when a surgery is being performed. Likewise, entertainment venues such as, for example, theaters, restaurants, stadiums, etc., may be adjustable ambient RF signal free zones. RF signal transmission within, for example, a theater, may be prohibited, except for emergency signals, e.g., emergency communications, during exhibition of a movie, performance of a play, a concert, etc. In order for users to “opt in” for such ambient RF signal free situations, a ticket, for example, when purchased, may provide the operator of the venue with a license to discontinue RF signal transmission within the venue during the performance of the play, a concert, exhibition of the movie, etc. Such discontinuation of RF signal transmission may include discontinuation of even emergency RF signal transmission, e.g., emergency communications.
A situation for only emergency calls may be allowed in various geofenced zones, e.g., venues to mitigate ambient RF signal levels. Additionally, there may be a list of emergency contacts for which calls to a user's mobile electronic device may be permitted. Likewise, calls, emergency and/or non-emergency, may be rerouted to another device of the user to help mitigate ambient RF signal levels within geofenced zones.
As previously noted, in configurations, an operator of the wireless communication network may monitor various geofenced zones for ambient RF signal levels and when a predetermined level or threshold is reached, the operator may automatically alter the RF signal transmission within the geofenced zone. This may be with or without notice provided to users of the wireless communication network within the affected geofenced zone. Likewise, the operator of the wireless communication network may provide notice to users as they approach a geofenced zone that is currently experiencing high ambient RF signal levels. In configurations, the operator of the wireless communication network may provide an alternative route to the user for avoiding the affected geofenced zone. Additionally, the operator of the wireless communication network may provide an alternative to the user with respect to the affected geofenced zone. For example, if the affected geofenced zone is a park, then the operator of the wireless communication network may provide one or more other parks that have lower or safer ambient RF signal levels therein that the user may wish to visit. The notifications to users from the wireless communication network may be visual and/or audible. For example, a text message may be provided to a device of the user. Additionally, or alternatively, an audio signal such as, spoken words, an alarm type signal, etc., may be provided to the device of the user.
In configurations, the operator of the wireless communication network may perform the monitoring of the ambient RF signal levels within geofenced zones and may notify a third-party service of the ambient RF signal levels within the geofenced zone. The third-party service may then provide the alerts to the users. In configurations, alerts may be provided that simply provide a current measurement of wireless signals within the geofenced zone, e.g., that the ambient RF signal levels in the geofenced zone are below a predetermined level or threshold.
In configurations, users within the wireless communication network may set personal threshold limits. For example, various entities may list a range of ambient RF signal levels that is safe within geofenced zones. However, the operator of the wireless communication network may determine a predetermined threshold within the range that is narrower or smaller than the overall range. Likewise, users may set their own range of ambient RF signal levels that the user believes to be safe. For example, a user's pacemaker may be affected by ambient RF signals. Thus, a user with a pacemaker may have a lower threshold for ambient RF signals which that particular user believes to be safe.
The alerts provided by the operator of the wireless communication network and/or the third-party service may also provide mitigation steps to the user that may reduce the user's exposure to the ambient RF signals. For example, the user may have some type of protective clothing, e.g., clothing configured as a faraday shield, that the user may wear to protect at least a portion of their body. Likewise, a baby stroller may include a component, e.g., a faraday shield, that may be utilized to help protect a baby within the baby stroller from ambient RF signals.
The UEs 104 may be implemented as a mobile computing device configured to communicate over a wireless and/or wireline network, including, without limitation, a mobile phone (e.g., a smart phone), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a portable digital assistant (PDA), a wearable computer (e.g., electronic/smart glasses, a smart watch, fitness trackers, etc.), a networked digital camera, a motor vehicle, and/or similar mobile devices. Although this description predominantly describes the UEs 104 as being “mobile” (i.e., configured to be carried and moved around), it is to be appreciated that the UEs 104 may represent various types of communication devices that are generally stationary as well, such as televisions, appliances, desktop computers, game consoles, set top boxes, and the like. In this sense, the terms “communication device,” “wireless device,” “wireless communication device,” “wireline device,” “mobile device,” “mobile communication device,” “computing device,” “mobile computing device,” and “user equipment (UE)” may be used interchangeably herein to describe any communication device capable of performing the techniques described herein. Furthermore, the UEs 104 may be capable of communicating over wired networks, and/or wirelessly using any suitable wireless communications/data technology, protocol, or standard, such as those mentioned above.
In configurations, geofenced zones 108 of the wireless communication network 100 may be monitored for levels of ambient RF signals. The example portion of wireless communication network 100 includes only two geofenced zones 108a and 108b, but it is to be understood that the wireless communication network may include many more geofenced zones 108. In configurations, the geofenced zones 108 may be, for example, school zones, parks, shopping areas, schools, hospitals (especially surgery areas), nursing homes, office buildings, etc. The geofenced zones 108 may be geofenced as ambient RF signal zones of interest that may be monitored for ambient RF signal levels. The ambient RF signal level may represent ambient RF energy density present in the geofenced zones 108. The geofenced zones 108 may be monitored using sensors on one or more of the UEs 104, the IoT devices 106, femtocells 110, one or more of the one or more base stations 102 in close proximity to the ambient RF signal zones 108, and/or other access points (not illustrated), etc. Standalone ambient RF sensors 112 may also be used to monitor ambient RF signal levels within the geofenced zones 108. A computing node 116 within the wireless communication network 100 includes a communication interface, one or more processors, hardware, memory, dense an ambient saturated engine with a dense RF geo-fence collector module, a dense RF geo-fence policy module, a dense RF geo-fence alerts/notification module, a dense RF geo-fence location module, a dense RF event correlation module, a data store, a dense RF geo-fence data store, a dense RF geo-fence policies, and a dense RF geo-fence record database. Thus, the computing node 116 may receive via, one or more of the femtocells 110, base station(s) 102, other access points (not illustrated), etc., data from one or more of standalone ambient RF sensors 112, base station(s) 102, UEs 104, IoT devices 106, femtocells 110, other access points (not illustrated), etc. The computing node 116 may be implemented via one or more servers 400 described herein with respect to
When ambient RF signal levels reach a particular level or threshold, alerts may be provided to UEs 104, IoT devices 106, etc., of users within the affected geofenced zone 108. In configurations, such alerts may be generated and transmitted by the computing node 116. In configurations, an operator of the wireless communication network 100 may adjust RF signal transmission within the affected geofenced zone 108 to lower the ambient RF signal level within the affected geofenced zone 108.
Geofenced zones 108 may be deemed “RF signal free” zones in configurations. For example, if geofenced zone 108a is a surgery room within a hospital, the geofenced zone 108a may be deemed to be an ambient RF signal free zone. Thus, except for emergency signals, e.g., emergency communications, no RF signals may be permitted by the operator of the wireless communication network 100 within the geofenced zone 108a. Such ambient RF signal free zones may be adjustable. For example, the geofenced zone 108a, e.g., surgery room, may only be deemed to be an ambient RF signal free zone when a surgery is being performed. Additionally, there may be a list of emergency contacts for which communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, to a user's UE 104 may be permitted. Likewise, communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, emergency and/or non-emergency, may be rerouted to another UE 104 of the user.
In configurations, entertainment venues such as, for example, theaters, restaurants, stadiums, etc., may be adjustable ambient RF signal free zones. RF signal transmission within, for example, a theater, may be prohibited, except for emergency signals, e.g., emergency communications, during exhibition of a movie, performance of a play, a concert, etc. In order for users to “opt in” for such ambient RF signal free situations, a ticket, for example, when purchased, may provide the operator of the venue with a license to discontinue RF signal transmission within the venue during the performance of the play, a concert, exhibition of the movie, etc. Such discontinuation of RF signal transmission may include discontinuation of even emergency RF signal transmission, e.g., emergency communications. Additionally, there may be a list of emergency contacts for which communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, to a user's UE 104 may be permitted. Likewise, communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, emergency and/or non-emergency, may be rerouted to another UE 104 of the user.
A situation for only emergency calls may be allowed in various geofenced zones to mitigate ambient RF signal levels. For example, if geofenced zone 108b is a park that reaches a high level of ambient RF signals, then the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may limit operation of UEs 104 and/or IoT devices 106 to only emergency communications. Additionally, there may be a list of emergency contacts for which communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, to a user's UE 104 may be permitted. Likewise, communications, such as, for example, calls or text messages, emergency and/or non-emergency, may be rerouted to another UE 104 of the user to help mitigate ambient RF signal levels within the geofenced zone 108b.
As previously noted, in configurations, an operator of the wireless communication network 100 may monitor various geofenced zones 108 for ambient RF signal levels and when a predetermined level or threshold is reached, the operator may automatically alter the RF signal transmission within the affected geofenced zone 108. This may be with or without notice provided to users of the wireless communication network 100 within the affected geofenced zone 108. Likewise, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alert or notice to UE(s) 104 and/or IoT devices 106 of users as the users approach a geofenced zone 108 that is currently experiencing high ambient RF signal levels or in response to a request from a user. In configurations, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alternative route to the user for avoiding the affected geofenced zone 108. Also, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alert or notice to users that a geofenced zone 108 within which the users are located has reached a high level and/or unsafe level of ambient RF signals. Additionally, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alert or notice to users that a geofenced zone 108 that the users are approaching or within which the users are located has dropped below a high level and/or unsafe level of ambient RF signals. The operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alert or notice to UE(s) 104 and/or IoT devices 106 of users in response to receiving a request from a user.
Additionally, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide an alternative to the user with respect to the affected geofenced zone 108. For example, if the affected geofenced zone, e.g., geofenced zone 108a, is a park, then the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may provide one or more other parks, e.g., geofenced zone 108b, that have lower or safer ambient RF signal levels therein that the user may wish to visit. The notifications to users from the wireless communication network 100 may be visual and/or audible. For example, a text message may be provided to a UE 104 of the user. Additionally, or alternatively, an audio signal such as, spoken words, an alarm type signal, etc., may be provided to the UE 104 of the user.
In configurations, alerts may be provided that simply provide a current measurement of wireless signals within the geofenced zone 108, e.g., that the ambient RF signal levels in the geofenced zone 108 are below a predetermined level or threshold. Additionally, or alternatively, the alerts may include a length of time that a user has been exposed to ambient RF signals.
In configurations, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may perform the monitoring of the ambient RF signal levels within geofenced zones 108 and may notify a third-party service 114 of the ambient RF signal levels within the geofenced zone 108. The third-party service 114 may then provide the alerts to the UEs 104 and IoT device 106 via the wireless communication network 100.
The alerts provided by the operator of the wireless communication network 100 and/or the third-party service 114 may also provide mitigation steps to the user that may reduce the user's exposure to the ambient RF signals. For example, the user may have some type of protective clothing, e.g., clothing configured as a faraday shield, that the user may wear to protect at least a portion of their body. Likewise, a baby stroller may include a component, e.g., a faraday shield, that may be utilized to help protect a baby within the baby stroller from ambient RF signals.
In configurations, users within the wireless communication network 100 may set personal threshold limits. For example, various entities may list ranges of ambient RF signal levels that are safe for various users and/or conditions. However, the operator of the wireless communication network 100 may determine a predetermined threshold within a range that is narrower or smaller than an overall approved range. Likewise, users may set their own range of ambient RF signal levels that the user believes to be safe. For example, a user's pacemaker may be affected by ambient RF signals. Thus, a user with a pacemaker may have a lower threshold for ambient RF signals which that particular user believes to be safe. The predetermined thresholds may take into account a length of time of exposure to ambient RF signals. An example of a predetermined threshold is in a range of 80 μW/cm2 to 100 μW/cm2.
As can be seen,
In order to implement one or more features described herein, the UEs 104 and/or IoT devices 106 may include an app to include one or more functions described herein. The app may allow for operating ambient RF signal sensors, setting ambient RF signal thresholds, receiving alerts, etc.
The electronic device 300 may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional data storage may include removable storage 314 and non-removable storage 316. Additionally, the electronic device 300 includes cache 318.
Non-transitory computer-readable media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable tangible, physical media implemented in technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory 302, removable storage 314, non-removable storage 316 and cache 318 are all examples of non-transitory computer-readable media. Non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible, physical medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the electronic device 300. Any such non-transitory computer-readable media may be part of the electronic device 300. The processor(s) 312 may be configured to execute instructions, which may be stored in the non-transitory computer-readable media or in other computer-readable media accessible to the processor(s) 312.
In some implementations, the transceivers 320 include any sort of transceivers known in the art. For example, the transceivers 320 may include a radio transceiver that performs the function of transmitting and receiving radio frequency communications via an antenna (not shown). Also, or alternatively, the transceivers 320 may include wireless modem(s) to facilitate wireless connectivity with other computing devices. Further, the transceivers 320 may include wired communication components, such as an Ethernet port, for communicating with other networked devices.
In some implementations, the output devices 322 include any sort of output devices known in the art, such as a display (e.g., a liquid crystal display), speakers, a vibrating mechanism, or a tactile feedback mechanism. Output devices 322 also include ports for one or more peripheral devices, such as headphones, peripheral speakers, or a peripheral display.
In various implementations, input devices 324 include any sort of input devices known in the art. For example, input devices 324 may include a camera, a microphone, a keyboard/keypad, or a touch-sensitive display. A keyboard/keypad may be a push button numeric dialing pad (such as on a typical telecommunication device), a multi-key keyboard (such as a conventional QWERTY keyboard), or one or more other types of keys or buttons, and may also include a joystick-like controller and/or designated navigation buttons, or the like. The input devices 324 may be used to enter preferences of a user of the electronic device 300 to define how the user wishes certain calls from third parties to be handled by the wireless communication network, as previously described herein.
Some or all operations of the processes described above can be performed by execution of computer-readable instructions stored on a computer storage medium, as defined below. The term “computer-readable instructions” as used in the description and claims, include routines, applications, application modules, program modules, programs, components, data structures, algorithms, and the like. Computer-readable instructions can be implemented on various system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based, programmable consumer electronics, combinations thereof, and the like. Memory 302 is an example of computer storage media.
The computer storage media may include volatile memory (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile memory (such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). The computer storage media may also include additional removable storage and/or non-removable storage including, but not limited to, flash memory, magnetic storage, optical storage, and/or tape storage that may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and the like.
A non-transient computer storage medium is an example of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes at least two types of computer-readable media, namely computer storage media and communications media. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any process or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), other types of random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information for access by a computing device. In contrast, communication media may embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave, or other transmission mechanism. As defined herein, computer storage media do not include communication media.
The computer-readable instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, may perform operations described above with reference to
In various implementations, system memory 402 is volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.), or some combination of the two. In some implementations, the processor(s) 404 is a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), or both CPU and GPU, or any other sort of processing unit.
The server 400 may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in
Non-transitory computer-readable media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable tangible, physical media implemented in technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory 402, removable storage 406 and non-removable storage 408 are all examples of non-transitory computer-readable media. Non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible, physical medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the server 400. Any such non-transitory computer-readable media may be part of the server 400.
In some implementations, the transceivers 410 include any sort of transceivers known in the art. For example, the transceivers 410 may include wired communication components, such as an Ethernet port, for communicating with other networked devices. Also, or instead of, the transceivers 410 may include wireless modem(s) to facilitate wireless connectivity with other computing devices. Further, the transceivers 410 may include a radio transceiver that performs the function of transmitting and receiving radio frequency communications via an antenna.
In some implementations, the output devices 412 include any sort of output devices known in the art, such as a display (e.g., a liquid crystal display), speakers, a vibrating mechanism, or a tactile feedback mechanism. Output devices 412 also include ports for one or more peripheral devices, such as headphones, peripheral speakers, or a peripheral display.
In various implementations, input devices 414 include any sort of input devices known in the art. For example, input devices 414 may include a camera, a microphone, a keyboard/keypad, a computer mouse, or a touch-sensitive display. A keyboard/keypad may be a push button numeric dialing pad (such as on a typical telecommunication device), a multi-key keyboard (such as a conventional QWERTY keyboard), or one or more other types of keys or buttons, and may also include a joystick-like controller and/or designated navigation buttons, or the like.
Some or all operations of the processes described above can be performed by execution of computer-readable instructions stored on a computer storage medium, as defined below. The term “computer-readable instructions” as used in the description and claims, include routines, applications, application modules, program modules, programs, components, data structures, algorithms, and the like. Computer-readable instructions can be implemented on various system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based, programmable consumer electronics, combinations thereof, and the like. Memory 302 and memory 402 are examples of computer storage media.
The computer storage media may include volatile memory (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile memory (such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). The computer storage media may also include additional removable storage and/or non-removable storage including, but not limited to, flash memory, magnetic storage, optical storage, and/or tape storage that may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and the like.
A non-transient computer storage medium is an example of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes at least two types of computer-readable media, namely computer storage media and communications media. Computer storage media includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any process or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, phase change memory (PRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), other types of random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transmission medium that can be used to store information for access by a computing device. In contrast, communication media may embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave, or other transmission mechanism. As defined herein, computer storage media do not include communication media.
The computer-readable instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, may perform operations described above with reference to
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, the specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.
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