Patent Application
20230303706
The present invention relates to monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, and particularly, although not exclusively, to a novel pan-monocyte/pan- monocyte-derived cell biomarker and the use of an antibody immunospecific to the marker. The invention extends to methods for isolating and detecting human monocytes and monocyte-derived cells from biological samples, such as blood, based on the marker and the antibody.
Monocytes make up approximately 10% of white blood cells (i.e. leukocytes) in humans, and can differentiate into macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells. There are at least three sub-classes of monocytes in human blood based on their phenotypic receptors. Firstly, the classical monocyte is characterised by high level expression of the CD14 cell surface receptor (i.e. CD14++ CD16 monocyte). Secondly, the non-classical monocyte shows low level expression of CD14 and additional co-expression of the CD16 receptor (i.e. CD14++ CD16++ monocyte). Thirdly, the intermediate monocyte with high level expression of CD14 and low-level expression of CD16 (i.e. CD14++ CD16+ monocyte).
A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count and is expressed either as a percentage of monocytes among white blood cells or as absolute numbers. Both may be useful, but these cells are only valid diagnostic tools when monocyte subsets are determined. Monocytosis is the state of excess monocytes in peripheral blood, and it may be indicative of various disease conditions, such as chronic inflammation, immune-mediated diseases, and atherosclerosis etc. A high count of CD14 CD16++ monocytes is found in sepsis, and in the field of atherosclerosis, high numbers of the CD14++ CD16+ intermediate monocytes were shown to be predictive of cardiovascular events in at risk populations.
Currently, in order to isolate pan monocytes from blood, it is necessary to use a negative selection technique using multiple different antibodies binding to CD3, CD7, CD16, CD19, CD56, CD123, and Glycophorin A.
The CD14 and CD16 markers are in the proximity of lineage determining cytokine receptors in the genome (Goyert et al., 1988; Mahaweni et al., 2018). However, the inventors believe that they are, in fact, downstream markers that fail to fully capture monocyte ontogeny. A large number of studies have used this classification to characterise the transcriptome, proteome and functional properties of these cells (Martinez, 2009). Monocyte subsets have also been studied in a large number of pathologies. To identify subsets, gating strategies focus on the shape of monocytes to exclude neutrophils, expression of CD14 and CD16, and exclusion of cells of the lymphoid lineage. However, these combined gates and exclusion criteria pose major limitations and poor reproducibility in clinical settings.
There is, therefore, a significant need for improved monocyte markers and antibodies which facilitate or improve monocyte isolation and detection from biological samples.
The present invention arises from the inventors’ work in attempting to overcome the problems associated with the prior art.
The inventors investigated the co-expression of lineage determining receptors in human blood. To their surprise, they found that CSF-1R may be used as a pan-monocyte marker. The inventors were able to isolate all monocytes using a CSF-1R antibody, which cannot be achieved with the markers CD14 or CD16 alone, and did not require any additional antibodies. The inventors have shown that CSF-1R may be used as a main monocyte marker that enables accurate isolation, quantification and a novel monocyte view from an ontogeny perspective. Furthermore, the inventors have identified a fourth sub-set of CSF1R+ cells that do not express CD14 or CD16 and thus would not be detected using current isolation and detection approaches.
Antibodies that bind to CSF-1R are known. For example, emactuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody as described in US20110165156, which binds to CSF-1R, and has been utilised for the treatment of a number of conditions. However, to date, there has been no recorded use of the antibody for detecting and isolating monocytes. The inventors have surprisingly shown that antibodies binding to CSF-1R alone may be used to pull down all monocyte populations present in a biological sample, and are therefore able to be used as a pan monocyte isolation antibodies that do not require the use of any other antibodies or isolation steps.
Thus, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of an antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which binds to colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R), or a variant or fragment thereof, to isolate monocytes and/or monocyte-derived cells from a biological sample.
The monocyte-derived cell may be a macrophage and/or a myeloid lineage dendritic cell. Preferably, the monocyte-derived cell is a macrophage. Preferably, the monocyte-derived cell is a myeloid lineage dendritic cell.
Preferably, the biological sample is a human or murine biological sample. Most preferably, the biological sample is a human biological sample.
The biological sample may be tissue or a biological fluid.
The biological sample may be any material that is obtainable from the subject from which monocytes are obtainable. Furthermore, the sample may be blood, plasma, serum, spinal fluid, urine, sweat, saliva, tears, breast aspirate, breast milk, prostate fluid, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, stool, cervical scraping, cytes, amniotic fluid, intraocular fluid, mucous, moisture in breath, animal tissue, cell lysates, tumour tissue, hair, skin, buccal scrapings, lymph, interstitial fluid, nails, bone marrow, cartilage, prions, bone powder, ear wax, lymph, granuloma, cancer biopsy or combinations thereof.
The sample may be a liquid aspirate. For example, the sample may be bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL), ascites, pleural lavage, peritoneal lavage or pericardial lavage.
In one embodiment, the biological sample comprises a tissue, for example a cancer biopsy or a granuloma. The tissue may be further processed before the method is performed. For instance, the tissue may be enzymatically digested without degrading CSF-R1.
In one preferred embodiment, the biological sample comprises a blood sample. The blood may be venous or arterial blood. Blood samples may be assayed immediately. Alternatively, the blood sample may be stored at low temperatures, for example in a fridge or even frozen before the method is conducted. Alternatively, the blood sample may be stored at room temperature, for example between 18 to 22° C., before the method is conducted. The blood sample may comprise comprises blood serum. The blood sample may comprise blood plasma. Preferably, however the detection is carried out on whole blood and most preferably the blood sample is peripheral blood. The method may be performed with at least 1 ml of blood, at least 500 µl of blood, at least 400 µl of blood, at least 400 µl of blood, at least 300 µl of blood, at least 200 µl of blood, at least 100 µl of blood, or at least 50 µl of blood.
The blood may be further processed before the use of the first aspect is performed. For instance, an anticoagulant, such as citrate (such as sodium citrate), hirudin, heparin, PPACK, or sodium fluoride may be added. Thus, the sample collection container may contain an anticoagulant in order to prevent the blood sample from clotting.
In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte, preferably the sample is a blood sample. In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte-derived cell, preferably the sample is a tissue sample.
The skilled person would understand that colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-R1) may also be referred to as Cluster of Differentiation 115 (CD115) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR).
In one embodiment, CSF-R1 is provided by GeneBank ID 1436, which is provided herein as SEQ ID No: 1, as follows:
Accordingly, CSF-R1 preferably comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence as substantially as set out in SEQ ID No: 1, or a variant or fragment thereof.
The monocyte may be CD14 positive and/or CD16 positive.
Preferably, the antibody is capable of isolating all sub-classes of monocytes.
The inventors were especially surprised to observe that CD14 negative and CD16 negative cells, which are monocyte-derived myeloid lineage dendritic cells could be isolated or detected using the antibody. Hence, preferably the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, may be used to isolate a CD14 negative and CD16 negative monocyte-derived myeloid dendritic cells.
The CD14 negative and CD16 negative monocyte derived myeloid lineage dendritic cell may be defined by the expression of CD1C.
CD1C may also be referred to as Cortical Thymocyte Antigen.
Thus, preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, may be used to isolate:
Preferably the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, may be used to isolate:
Thus, preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, may be used to isolate:
Thus, preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, may be used to isolate:
Preferably, the use does not comprise the use of any other antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof.
The use of the first aspect may be performed by florescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic activated cell separation or buoyancy activated cell separation. Such methods would be known to those skilled in the art.
Thus, the use may comprise use of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, conjugated to a fluorophore, a magnetic particle or to a glass microbubble.
Preferably, the use may comprise use of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof conjugated to a magnetic particle. Thus, the use may preferably comprise magnetic activated cell separation, such as immunomagnetic cell separation or affinity magnetic cell separation. Such methods would be known to those skilled in the art.
The skilled person would understand that immunomagnetic separation is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. DNA analysis have supported the combined use of both this technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), thus the technical may be used in combination with PCR. Suitable immunomagnetic separation systems include the Dynal system (Dynal [UK] Ltd., Wirral, Mersyside, UK; Dynal, Inc., Lake Success, NY) and the MACS system, produced by Miltenyi Biotech (Miltenyi Biotech Ltd., Bisley, Surrey, UK; Miltenyi Biotech Inc., Auburn, CA).
The skilled person would understand that immunomagnetic separation may be used to isolate of cells, proteins, and nucleic acids within a cell culture or body fluid through the specific capture of biomolecules through the attachment of small-magnetized particles, beads, containing antibodies and lectins. These beads may be coated to bind to targeted biomolecules, gently separated and goes through multiple cycles of washing to obtain targeted molecules bound to these super paramagnetic beads, which can differentiate based on strength of magnetic field and targeted molecules. These may then be eluted to collect supernatant and then are able to determine the concentration of specifically targeted biomolecules.
A mixture of cell populations may be put into a magnetic field where cells, which are then are attached to super paramagnetic beads, in one example this may Dynabeads (4.5-µm), which will remain once excess substrate is removed binding to targeted antigen. Dynabeads may consist of iron-containing cores, which is covered by a thin layer of a polymer shell allowing the absorption of biomolecules. The beads may be coated with the antibody or antigen binding fragment according to the first aspect; the linkage between magnetized beads coated materials may be a cleavable DNA linker, to enable cell separation from the beads when the culturing of cells is more desirable.
Many other commercially available beads have the same principles of separation; however, the presence and different strengths of magnetic fields may require certain sizes of beads, based on the ramifications of the separation of the cell population, which would be known to those skilled in the art.
Preferably, the use comprises use of FACS, wherein the use comprises:
The skilled person would appreciate that cells may be sorted based on fluorescence emission profile and/or fluorescence intensity, which will depend on the fluorescent label used and which are well known in the art.
Preferably, the use comprises use of magnetic cell sorting, wherein the use comprises:
The invention extends to both whole antibodies (i.e. immunoglobulins) with immunospecificity for CSF-1R, as well as to antigen-binding fragments or regions of the corresponding full-length antibody which bind to CSF-1R.
In a preferred embodiment, the antibody is an antibody derived or derivable from hybridoma clone number 9-4D2-1E4, or the antibody is an antibody derived or derivable from hybridoma clone number 12-3A3-1B10.
In a preferred embodiment, the human antibody is emactuzumab, which may also be referred to as RG7155 and may be the CD115 binding antibody as defined in US20110165156.
Preferably, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID No: 2, which is provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in SEQ ID No: 2, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable domain that comprises a CDR3 region of SEQ ID No 3, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR3 region comprising the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in SEQ ID No: 3 or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable domain that comprises a CDR2 region of SEQ ID No 4, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR3 region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in SEQ ID No: 4 or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable domain that comprises a CDR1 region of SEQ ID No 5, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising a CDR1 region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in SEQ ID No: 5 or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody comprises a light chain variable domain VL of SEQ ID No 6, which is provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the light chain variable domain of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in SEQ ID No: 6, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a light chain variable domain that comprises a CDR3 region of SEQ ID No 7, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR3 region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in set out in SEQ ID No: 7, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a light chain variable domain that comprises a CDR2 region of SEQ ID No 8, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR2 region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in set out in SEQ ID No: 8, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a light chain variable domain that comprises a CDR1 region of SEQ ID No 9, provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a light chain variable domain comprising a CDR1 region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in set out in SEQ ID No: 9, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Therefore, in one preferred embodiment, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain of SEQ ID No: 10, which is provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in set out in SEQ ID No: 10, or a variant or fragment thereof.
Therefore, in one preferred embodiment, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a light chain of SEQ ID No: 11, which is provided herein as follows:
Accordingly, preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain region comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence as substantially set out in set out in SEQ ID No: 11, or a variant or fragment thereof.
The invention extends to both whole antibodies (i.e. immunoglobulins) with immunospecificity for CSF-1R, as well as to antigen-binding fragments or regions of the corresponding full-length antibody.
The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be monovalent, divalent or polyvalent.
Monovalent antibodies are dimers (HL) comprising a heavy (H) chain associated by a disulphide bridge with a light chain (L). Divalent antibodies are tetramer (H2L2) comprising two dimers associated by at least one disulphide bridge. Polyvalent antibodies may also be produced, for example by linking multiple dimers. The basic structure of an antibody molecule consists of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains which associate non-covalently and can be linked by disulphide bonds. Each heavy and light chain contains an amino-terminal variable region of about 110 amino acids, and constant sequences in the remainder of the chain. The variable region includes several hypervariable regions, or Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs), that form the antigen-binding site of the antibody molecule and determine its specificity for the antigen, i.e. CSF-1R, or variant or fragment thereof (e.g. an epitope). On either side of the CDRs of the heavy and light chains is a framework region, a relatively conserved sequence of amino acids that anchors and orients the CDRs. Antibody fragments may include a bi-specific antibody (BsAb) or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).
The constant region consists of one of five heavy chain sequences (µ, γ, ζ, α, or ε) and one of two light chain sequences (κ or λ). The heavy chain constant region sequences determine the isotype of the antibody and the effector functions of the molecule.
Preferably, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is isolated or purified.
In one preferred embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a polyclonal antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be generated in a rabbit, mouse or rat.
In another preferred embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. Preferably, the antibody of the invention is a human antibody.
As used herein, the term “human antibody” can mean an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, which comprises substantially the same heavy and light chain CDR amino acid sequences as found in a particular human antibody exhibiting immunospecificity for CSF-R1, or a variant or fragment thereof. An amino acid sequence, which is substantially the same as a heavy or light chain CDR, exhibits a considerable amount of sequence identity when compared to a reference sequence. Such identity is definitively known or recognizable as representing the amino acid sequence of the particular human antibody. Substantially the same heavy and light chain CDR amino acid sequence can have, for example, minor modifications or conservative substitutions of amino acids. Such a human antibody maintains its function of selectively binding to CSF-R1 or a variant or fragment thereof.
The term “human monoclonal antibody” can include a monoclonal antibody with substantially or entirely human CDR amino acid sequences produced, for example by recombinant methods such as production by a phage library, by lymphocytes or by hybridoma cells.
The term “humanised antibody” can mean an antibody from a non-human species (e.g. mouse or rabbit) whose protein sequences have been modified to increase their similarity to antibodies produced naturally in humans.
The antibody may be a recombinant antibody. The term “recombinant human antibody” can include a human antibody produced using recombinant DNA technology.
The term “antigen-binding region” can mean a region of the antibody having specific binding affinity for its target antigen, for example, CSF-R1, or a variant or fragment thereof. Preferably, the fragment is an epitope. The binding region may be a hypervariable CDR or a functional portion thereof. The term “functional portion” of a CDR can mean a sequence within the CDR which shows specific affinity for the target antigen. The functional portion of a CDR may comprise a ligand which specifically binds to CSF-R1 or a fragment thereof.
The term “CDR” can mean a hypervariable region in the heavy and light variable chains. There may be one, two, three or more CDRs in each of the heavy and light chains of the antibody. Normally, there are at least three CDRs on each chain which, when configured together, form the antigen-binding site, i.e. the three-dimensional combining site with which the antigen binds or specifically reacts. It has however been postulated that there may be four CDRs in the heavy chains of some antibodies.
The definition of CDR also includes overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. The exact residue numbers which encompass a particular CDR or a functional portion thereof will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
The term “functional fragment” of an antibody can mean a portion of the antibody which retains a functional activity. A functional activity can be, for example antigen binding activity or specificity. A functional activity can also be, for example, an effector function provided by an antibody constant region. The term “functional fragment” is also intended to include, for example, fragments produced by protease digestion or reduction of a human monoclonal antibody and by recombinant DNA methods known to those skilled in the art. Human monoclonal antibody functional fragments include, for example individual heavy or light chains and fragments thereof, such as VL, VH and Fd; monovalent fragments, such as Fv, Fab, and Fab′; bivalent fragments such as F(ab′)2; single chain Fv (scFv); and Fc fragments.
The term “VL fragment” can mean a fragment of the light chain of a human monoclonal antibody which includes all or part of the light chain variable region, including the CDRs. A VL fragment can further include light chain constant region sequences.
The term “VH fragment” can means a fragment of the heavy chain of a human monoclonal antibody which includes all or part of the heavy chain variable region, including the CDRs.
The term “Fd fragment” can mean the heavy chain variable region coupled to the first heavy chain constant region, i.e. VH and CH-1. The “Fd fragment” does not include the light chain, or the second and third constant regions of the heavy chain.
The term “Fv fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody, including all or part of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains, and absent of the constant regions of the heavy and light chains. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains include, for example, the CDRs. For example, an Fv fragment includes all or part of the amino terminal variable region of about 110 amino acids of both the heavy and light chains.
The term “Fab fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody that is larger than an Fv fragment. For example, a Fab fragment includes the variable regions, and all or part of the first constant domain of the heavy and light chains. Thus, a Fab fragment additionally includes, for example, amino acid residues from about 110 to about 220 of the heavy and light chains.
The term “Fab′ fragment” can mean a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody that is larger than a Fab fragment. For example, a Fab′ fragment includes all of the light chain, all of the variable region of the heavy chain, and all or part of the first and second constant domains of the heavy chain. For example, a Fab′ fragment can additionally include some or all of amino acid residues 220 to 330 of the heavy chain.
The term “F(ab′)2 fragment” can mean a bivalent antigen-binding fragment of a human monoclonal antibody. An F(ab′)2 fragment includes, for example, all or part of the variable regions of two heavy chains-and two light chains, and can further include all or part of the first constant domains of two heavy chains and two light chains.
The term “single chain Fv (scFv)” can mean a fusion of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) connected with a short linker peptide.
The term “bispecific antibody (BsAb)” can mean a bispecific antibody comprising two scFv linked to each other by a shorter linked peptide.
One skilled in the art knows that the exact boundaries of a fragment of an antibody are not important, so long as the fragment maintains a functional activity. Using well-known recombinant methods, one skilled in the art can engineer a polynucleotide sequence to express a functional fragment with any endpoints desired for a particular application. A functional fragment of the antibody may comprise or consist of a fragment with substantially the same heavy and light chain variable regions as the human antibody.
Preferably, the antigen-binding fragment thereof, with respect to the first aspect of the invention, is CSF-R1 -specific or immunospecific for an epitope within CSF-R1. The antigen-binding fragment thereof may comprise or consist of any of the fragments selected from a group consisting of VH, VL, Fd, Fv, Fab, Fab′, scFv, F (ab′)2 and Fc fragment.
The antigen-binding fragment thereof may comprise or consist of any one of the antigen binding region sequences of the VL, any one of the antigen binding region sequences of the VH, or a combination of VL and VH antigen binding regions of a human antibody. The appropriate number and combination of VH and VL antigen binding region sequences may be determined by those skilled in the art depending on the desired affinity and specificity and the intended use of the antigen-binding fragment. Functional fragments or antigen-binding fragments of antibodies may be readily produced and isolated using methods well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods include, for example, proteolytic methods, recombinant methods and chemical synthesis. Proteolytic methods for the isolation of functional fragments comprise using human antibodies as a starting material. Enzymes suitable for proteolysis of human immunoglobulins may include, for example, papain, and pepsin. The appropriate enzyme may be readily chosen by one skilled in the art, depending on, for example, whether monovalent or bivalent fragments are required. For example, papain cleavage results in two monovalent Fab′ fragments that bind antigen and an Fc fragment. Pepsin cleavage, for example, results in a bivalent F (ab′) fragment. An F (ab′)2 fragment of the invention may be further reduced using, for example, DTT or 2-mercaptoethanol to produce two monovalent Fab′ fragments.
Functional or antigen-binding fragments of antibodies produced by proteolysis may be purified by affinity and column chromatographic procedures. For example, undigested antibodies and Fc fragments may be removed by binding to protein A. Additionally, functional fragments may be purified by virtue of their charge and size, using, for example, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.
The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be produced by recombinant methodology. Preferably, one initially isolates a polynucleotide encoding desired regions of the antibody heavy and light chains. Such regions may include, for example, all or part of the variable region of the heavy and light chains. Preferably, such regions can particularly include the antigen binding regions of the heavy and light chains, preferably the antigen binding sites, most preferably the CDRs.
The polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof according to the invention may be produced using methods known to those skilled in the art. The polynucleotide encoding the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof may be directly synthesized by methods of oligonucleotide synthesis known in the art. Alternatively, smaller fragments may be synthesized and joined to form a larger functional fragment using recombinant methods known in the art.
As used herein, the term “immunospecificity” can mean the binding region is capable of immunoreacting with CSF-R1, or a variant or fragment thereof, by specifically binding therewith. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can selectively interact with an antigen (e.g. CSF-R1 or a variant or fragment thereof) with an affinity constant of approximately 10-5 to 10-13 M-1, preferably 10-6 to 10-9 M-1, even more preferably, 10-10 to 10-12 M-1.
The term “immunoreact” can mean the binding region is capable of eliciting an immune response upon binding CSF-R1, or an epitope thereof.
The term “epitope” can mean any region of an antigen with the ability to elicit, and combine with, a binding region of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
Advantageously, the inventors have been able to isolate all monocyte types and monocyte-derived cells that are present in a sample using the CSF-1R antibody of the first aspect (i.e. a CD14 positive, CD16 positive monocyte; a CD14 negative, CD16 positive monocyte; a CD14 positive, CD16 negative monocyte; and a CD14 negative, CD16 negative monocyte-derived myeloid lineage dendritic cell), which is not possible using the markers CD14 and/or CD16 alone, and which does not require the use of any additional antibodies or isolation steps.
Thus, according to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of isolating a monocyte and/or a monocyte derived cell from a biological sample, the method comprising:
The monocyte, monocyte-derived cell, biological sample and isolation means may be as defined in the first aspect.
Hence, preferably the method may be used to isolate a CD14 negative and CD16 negative monocyte-derived myeloid lineage dendritic cells.
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate:
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate:
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate:
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate
The method of the second aspect may be performed by florescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic activated cell separation or buoyancy activated cell separation. Such methods would be known to those skilled in the art and may be as defined in the first aspect
Preferably, the method comprises use of FACS, wherein the method comprises:
The skilled person would appreciate that cells may be sorted based on fluorescence emission profile and/or fluorescence intensity, which will depend on the fluorescent label used and which are well known in the art.
Preferably, the method comprises use of magnetic cell sorting, wherein the method comprises:
In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte, preferably the sample is a blood sample. In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte-derived cell, preferably the sample is a tissue sample.
In addition to isolating monocytes and/or monocyte-derived cell, the invention also extends to a method of detecting monocytes and/or monocyte-derived cell.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of detecting a monocyte and/or a monocyte-derived cell present in a biological sample, the method comprising:
The monocyte, monocyte-derived cell and biological sample may be as defined in the first aspect. The detection means may comprise FACS, as defined in the first and second aspect.
In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte, preferably the sample is a blood sample. In one embodiment, when the cell is a monocyte-derived cell, preferably the sample is a tissue sample.
Alternatively, the detection means may comprise immunostaining. Preferably, the detection means comprises immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry.
Such detection techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.
Detecting may comprise determining the number of monocytes present in the biological sample. Detecting may comprise determining the number of monocyte-derived cells present in the biological sample.
The method may be used to detect a CD14 negative and CD16 negative monocyte-derived cell.
The method may be used to detect:
Preferably, the method may be used to detect:
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate:
Preferably, the method may be used to isolate
It will be appreciated that the invention extends to any nucleic acid or peptide or variant, derivative or analogue thereof, which comprises substantially the amino acid or nucleic acid sequences of any of the sequences referred to herein, including variants or fragments thereof. The terms “substantially the amino acid/nucleotide/peptide sequence”, “variant” and “fragment”, can be a sequence that has at least 40% sequence identity with the amino acid/nucleotide/peptide sequences of any one of the sequences referred to herein, for example 40% identity with the sequence identified as SEQ ID Nos: 1 to 11 and so on.
Amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences with a sequence identity which is greater than 65%, more preferably greater than 70%, even more preferably greater than 75%, and still more preferably greater than 80% sequence identity to any of the sequences referred to are also envisaged. Preferably, the amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence has at least 85% identity with any of the sequences referred to, more preferably at least 90% identity, even more preferably at least 92% identity, even more preferably at least 95% identity, even more preferably at least 97% identity, even more preferably at least 98% identity and, most preferably at least 99% identity with any of the sequences referred to herein.
The skilled technician will appreciate how to calculate the percentage identity between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences. In order to calculate the percentage identity between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences, an alignment of the two sequences must first be prepared, followed by calculation of the sequence identity value. The percentage identity for two sequences may take different values depending on:- (i) the method used to align the sequences, for example, ClustalW, BLAST, FASTA, Smith-Waterman (implemented in different programs), or structural alignment from 3D comparison; and (ii) the parameters used by the alignment method, for example, local vs global alignment, the pair-score matrix used (e.g. BLOSUM62, PAM250, Gonnet etc.), and gap-penalty, e.g. functional form and constants.
Having made the alignment, there are many different ways of calculating percentage identity between the two sequences. For example, one may divide the number of identities by: (i) the length of shortest sequence; (ii) the length of alignment; (iii) the mean length of sequence; (iv) the number of non-gap positions; or (v) the number of equivalenced positions excluding overhangs. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that percentage identity is also strongly length dependent. Therefore, the shorter a pair of sequences is, the higher the sequence identity one may expect to occur by chance.
Hence, it will be appreciated that the accurate alignment of protein or DNA sequences is a complex process. The popular multiple alignment program ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673-4680; Thompson et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 4876-4882) is a preferred way for generating multiple alignments of proteins or DNA in accordance with the invention. Suitable parameters for ClustalW may be as follows: For DNA alignments: Gap Open Penalty = 15.0, Gap Extension Penalty = 6.66, and Matrix = Identity. For protein alignments: Gap Open Penalty = 10.0, Gap Extension Penalty = 0.2, and Matrix = Gonnet. For DNA and Protein alignments: ENDGAP = -1, and GAPDIST = 4. Those skilled in the art will be aware that it may be necessary to vary these and other parameters for optimal sequence alignment.
Preferably, calculation of percentage identities between two amino acid/polynucleotide/polypeptide sequences may then be calculated from such an alignment as (N/T)*100, where N is the number of positions at which the sequences share an identical residue, and T is the total number of positions compared including gaps and either including or excluding overhangs. Preferably, overhangs are included in the calculation. Hence, a most preferred method for calculating percentage identity between two sequences comprises (i) preparing a sequence alignment using the ClustalW program using a suitable set of parameters, for example, as set out above; and (ii) inserting the values of N and T into the following formula:- Sequence Identity = (N/T)*100.
Alternative methods for identifying similar sequences will be known to those skilled in the art. For example, a substantially similar nucleotide sequence will be encoded by a sequence which hybridizes to DNA sequences or their complements under stringent conditions. By stringent conditions, the inventors mean the nucleotide hybridises to filter-bound DNA or RNA in 3x sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at approximately 45° C. followed by at least one wash in 0.2x SSC/0.1% SDS at approximately 20-65° C. Alternatively, a substantially similar polypeptide may differ by at least 1, but less than 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 amino acids from the sequences shown in, for example, SEQ ID Nos: 1 to 11.
Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, it is clear that any nucleic acid sequence described herein could be varied or changed without substantially affecting the sequence of the protein encoded thereby, to provide a functional variant thereof. Suitable nucleotide variants are those having a sequence altered by the substitution of different codons that encode the same amino acid within the sequence, thus producing a silent (synonymous) change. Other suitable variants are those having homologous nucleotide sequences but comprising all, or portions of, sequence, which are altered by the substitution of different codons that encode an amino acid with a side chain of similar biophysical properties to the amino acid it substitutes, to produce a conservative change. For example, small non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids include glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, and methionine. Large non-polar, hydrophobic amino acids include phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. The polar neutral amino acids include serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine and glutamine. The positively charged (basic) amino acids include lysine, arginine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid. It will therefore be appreciated which amino acids may be replaced with an amino acid having similar biophysical properties, and the skilled technician will know the nucleotide sequences encoding these amino acids.
All of the features described herein (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined with any of the above aspects in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying Figures, in which:-
In this study, the inventors used a multicolour flow cytometry panel with lineage determining cytokine receptors previously described in monocytes. Although not wishing to be bound by hypothesis, the inventors believe that lineage determining cytokine receptors are directly linked with ontogeny and therefore are more informative than current monocyte markers. The inventors focused on receptors for which there was experimental evidence of expression in human monocytes and macrophages, to establish the interplay between receptors to identify a pan monocyte marker (see Table 1).
Peripheral venous blood was taken with informed consent from normal volunteers in accordance to ethical approval UEC/2017/052/FHMS at the University of Surrey. Blood was processed within 2 hours of venepuncture.
Leukocytes were stained in fresh whole blood in 100µl aliquots (equivalent to 1×106 cells) with the appropriate antibodies and matched isotype controls. The following antibodies were used, added in a 1/100 dilution: BV421-anti-CSF1R; BV510-anti-CD16; BV650-anti-CD14; BV786-anti-IL3RA; FITC-anti-CSF2R; PE-anti-IL15RA; PE-Dazzle-anti-IL7R; PerCP/Cy5.5-anti-FLT3; APC-anti-CSF3R. All antibodies were purchased from Biolegend. Antibodies were incubated with the whole blood for 20mins at RT. Cells were then fixed and red blood cells lysed with RBC fix/lysis buffer (Biolegend). Cells were washed with PBS w/o Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Flow cytometry was performed on a triple-laser BD FACS Celesta (BD Bioscience). Cell populations were distinguished using forward light scatter (FSC-A) vs side light scatter (SSC-A), and then gated for single cells using forward light scatter height (FSC-H) vs area and live cells using the live-dead stain Zombie NIR (Biolegend). Zombie NIR staining was performed as per manufacturer’s instructions. Sorter tuning and power was kept consistent across all measurements. Panel compensation was done with single stained cells. Flow cytometry analysis was performed using the online software Cytobank™ and Flowjo™.
Materials:
Procedure for staining PBMCs:
1. Collect/harvest PBMCs and re-suspend cells in MAXPAR staining buffer. Count the cells. The experiment will be performed with cell numbers of 1-3 million cells/sample.
2. Stain surface markers that can be affected by barcode fixation (i.e. CSF1R). This may include 2-step process with secondary antibodies against the primary (i.e. anti- APC for CSF1R). Stain in Trustain-FcX for blocking in the MAXPAR staining buffer first. Then add the primary antibodies at the desired concentration. Wash off the primary antibodies and add the secondary antibodies if required. Wash and proceed to the next step.
Antibodies added at this stage: CSF1R; CD141, CD40, CD32, CD16, CD100, CD127
3. Cell-ID viability staining - Prepare working solution of 10 µM Cell-ID Cisplatin (500x dilution in MAXPAR PBS); add 1 to 1 the 10uM Cisplatin to 500 µl of cells in PBS. RT incubation for 5 mins. Quench Cisplatin by washing 5-10x volume with MAXPAR cell staining buffer. Centrifuge 800 g and remove supernatant.
4. Fix and Permeabilize the cells - Re-suspend samples in 1ml of 1x Fix I buffer from the barcoding kit (Dilute 1 in 5 with MAXPAR PBS). Incubate RT 10mins. Centrifuge 1000 g 5 mins, and wash 2x with 1 ml of 1x Barcode Perm buffer (1 in 10 with MAXPAR PBS).
5. Barcode - Re-suspend each sample to be barcoded completely in 800 µl of 1x Barcode perm buffer; Re-suspend each barcode in 100 µl of 1x Barcode perm buffer and transfer them to appropriate samples. Mix immediately and incubate 30 mins RT. Gently mix halfway through. Centrifuge 1000 g 5mins, and wash 2x 2 ml MAXPAR cell staining buffer. Re-suspend in 100 µl in cell staining buffer and combine all barcoded samples in one tube (20x 100 µl = 2 ml total). Recommended to rinse sample tubes 2x 100 µl. Centrifuge 1000 g 5mins. The barcode set is composed of 6 different palladium isotopes arranged into 20 unique combinations.
6. Staining surface markers - Resuspend cells in MAXPAR staining buffer; add Fc block (Trustain FcX, 1 in 20 dilution). Add antibody panel (1 µl of antibody/3 million cells in 100 µl - so total number of cells/3 million = amount of 1µl antibody needed). For example- In barcoded sample, you would have 60 million cells in 2 ml, equivalent of 30 million in 1ml, and 3 million in 100 µl. Stain cells for 15 mins, mix, and stain for further 15 mins. Wash samples 2x with MAXPAR cell staining buffer, with centrifugation at 1000 g 5 mins.
Antibodies added at this stage: CD14, CD64, CD206, CD163, CD34, CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD3, CD123, CD135, CXC3R1, CD303, CD117, CXCR4, CD20, CD11c, CD197, CD56, CD1c.
7. Fresh fix of cells - (Not necessary for barcoding protocol) Prepare a fresh 1.6% fix solution from 16% stock ampule. Dilute 1 in 10 the formaldehyde in MAXPAR PBS. Add 1 ml of 1.6% solution to each sample, mix and incubate 10 mins RT. Centrifuge 1000 g 5 mins.
8. Cell-ID Intercalator-Ir staining - Add 2 ml of the solution to the cells and gently mix. Solution for 1 sample is 1000x dilution of stock concentration to 125 nM working concentration, in 1 ml (1 µl of stock in 1 ml of MAXPAR FIX and PERM buffer). Incubate 1 hr RT or O/N 4C (max 48 hrs). Wash 2x MAXPAR cell staining buffer 1000 g 5 mins. Wash cells with PBS 1000 g 5 mins (Take an aliquot at this point for cell counting). Centrifuge 1000 g and leave pelleted at 4C. Take to the CYTOF.
The procedure is summarised in
Statistical analyses were performed on GraphPad PRISM 8 program. Specific tests for each comparison are indicated in the corresponding figure legends. Graphs were plotted consistently using the mean and standard deviation error bars.
In order to investigate lineage determining expression in monocytes and macrophages, the inventors established a multicolour FACS panel with antibodies for CSF1R (CD115-MCSFR), CSF2RA (CD116-GMCSFR), CSF3R (CD114-GCSFR), IL15RA (CD125), IL3RA (CD123); IL7R (CD127) and FLT3 (CD135). From here on, reference to the receptors is by their accepted gene name. The receptors were selected based on experimental evidence of expression in human monocytes or macrophages (see Table 1).
The inventors first evaluated surface staining of cells in whole blood. For this, they gated neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes according to size and granularity after red blood cell lysis (see
Expression analysis on monocytes showed that the most abundant and selective receptor compared to neutrophils and lymphocytes is CSF1R (see
CD14+ monocytes are the most abundant population and can mask the expression in lesser subsets. To address this, the inventors investigated the relation between lineage determining cytokine receptor and conventional monocyte subsets as defined by CD14 and CD16: CD14+CD16- monocytes, CD14+CD16+ monocytes and CD14-CD16+ monocytes (see
Surface expression analysis in the monocyte subsets shows that CSF1R is highly expressed in all three subsets (see
Based on the pan-monocyte expression of CSF1R, the inventors set out to investigate its feasibility as sorting marker by comparing it with CD14. Staining was done with anti CD14, CD16 and CSF1R antibodies. CD14 sorting enables efficient monocyte purification but loss of the CD14-CD16+ population (see
As shown in
The inventors contrasted and compared simultaneously the expression of lineage determining cytokines in human monocytes versus neutrophils and within monocyte accepted subset classifications. Surprisingly, CSF1R emerged as highly expressed pan-monocyte marker. CSF1R unlike CD14 and CD16, enables the characterisation of all human monocytes in blood. Other haematopoietic receptors expressed by monocytes include IL3RA and CSF3R. Without wishing to be bound to any particular hypothesis, the inventors propose a different manner to organise monocytes in blood, which may be more informative from a cell development point of view.
The inventors’ multicolour analysis showed CSF1R receptor as a key monocyte marker. This is a receptor that is not widely accepted as human monocyte marker. There are no widespread applications for human CSF1R receptor in research, in stark contrast with the clinic where a variety of anti CSF1R tools are being trialled. The first antibody published for human CD115 was produced in the 1980s (Ashmun et al., 1989). Incidentally CD14, was published a few months later (Wright et al., 1990). CD115 original manuscript was only cited 17 times since its publication. CD14 on the contrary became the human monocyte marker of preference and is to date the main antigen used to isolate monocytes and myeloid cells from blood and fluids. CSF1R receptor has been re-described and touched upon in recent manuscripts investigating interspecies similarities and subset identity (Ingersoll et al., 2010; Schmidl et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2011).
CFS1R is an overlooked receptor and tool for monocyte quantification and isolation in humans. The inventors have now shown that CSF1R enables the identification and separation of pan-monocytes in blood. This can have repercussions in the clinic to make more accurate measurements of the monocytes and monocyte related cells in fluids. CD14 and CD16 should not be considered the only markers of monocytes and there is a bona fide CSF1R positive population that is negative for these markers, yet shares receptor profiles with the conventional monocyte subsets. This population is selective and should be considered to be part of the monocyte network.
The inventors have surprisingly shown that that CSF-1R may be used as a pan-monocyte marker. The inventors were able to isolate all monocytes by FACS sorting using CSF-1R antibodies, which cannot be done with the markers CD14 or CD16 alone, and did not require any additional antibodies. The inventors have shown that CSF-1R may be used as a main monocyte marker that enables accurate isolation, quantification and a novel monocyte view from an ontogeny perspective.
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| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005274.2 | Apr 2020 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2021/050869 | 4/9/2021 | WO |
