Patent Application
20090320398
The following disclosure relates generally to a monolithic integrated structures and, more particularly, to structures for use in aircrafts and other vehicles.
Aircraft manufacturers continuously attempt to improve aircraft performance by reducing both weight and manufacturing costs while maintaining or improving structural strength. One well-known method for increasing aircraft performance is to reduce airframe weight through the use of state-of-the-art materials, such as composites, having relatively high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. Composite materials are generally described as being materials that include reinforcing fibers, such as graphite fibers, embedded in a polymeric matrix, such as an epoxy resin. Such materials will hereinafter be referenced as “fiber-reinforced composite” materials.
A variety of composite designs are being proposed on an on-going basis by a number of aircraft manufacturers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,132 discloses a built-up fuselage formed by skins in composite materials stiffened by integral stringers shaped with “J” section, crossed by metallic frames. The frames are cut in order to permit the passage of uninterrupted stringers through cut-outs. The stringers are attached to the frames using clips and mechanical fasteners.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,523 discloses a bonded fuselage, totally made of composite materials, with skins and stringers shaped with an “omega” cross-section, crossing the frames through cut-outs, wherein each stringer has pressure bridges provided by additional parts.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,134,629 discloses a built-up fuselage, totally made of composite materials, formed by integral skins stiffened by stringers shaped with an “omega” cross-section crossing the frames through cut-outs.
Considerable disadvantages exist however in the known prior art, which requires the installation of the stringers and frames. Manufacturing stringers with different geometries is very expensive. Another disadvantage is that some stringer installation by riveting is time-consuming and cost-demanding. Such a method creates a great number of holes through the outer skin, which always increases the potential for corrosion and fatigue problems. Another concern is the intersection where the stringer passes the frames. Specifically, according to the current state of the art, each of the frames can include a base portion and an upstanding portion projecting away from the base portion wherein the upstanding portion can include a plurality of openings (colloquially known as “mouse houses”) through which the continuous stringer passes. Several problems can rise from the cut-outs, such as stress concentration, leading to small cracks which may grow in a straight line and extend through the complete section, spoiling the strength of the frame.
As conventional methods for manufacturing airframes in composite materials often require expensive tooling and labor-intensive assembly procedures it would therefore be highly desirable to develop new panel structures with reduced weight and increased cost efficiency in the manufacturing process. It is towards fulfilling such needs that the present invention is directed.
The present invention is therefore directed generally toward structural panels for use in manufacturing aircraft and other structures. The present invention relates generally to a monolithic integrated structure including a skin, a stiffener and a frame without cut-outs and a method of manufacturing the said structure.
According to some embodiments, a monolithic structural panel formed entirely of a fiber-reinforced composite material will comprise a skin, and frame and stinger members attached to the skin, wherein intersections between the frame and stringer members include cross-plied laminae of fiber-reinforced composite material. In some embodiments, the frame and stringer members are substantially mutually orthogonal to one another. The intersections between respective frame and stringer members comprise preformed modular units, wherein the modular units are structurally united to one another by lengthwise flanges formed of laminae of fiber-reinforced composite material. Bridge elements (preferably generally V-shaped) may be provided at the intersections between the frame and stringer members, the bridge elements are joined to the stringer members by means of the lengthwise flanges.
A one-piece structural panel for aircraft according to other embodiments of the invention may comprise mutually orthogonal frame and stringer members intersecting at a monolithic junction and formed entirely from a fiber-reinforced composite material.
In other embodiments, methods of making a structural panel are provided which include joining frame and stringer members to a skin, wherein each of the skin and frame and stringer members is formed of a fiber-reinforced composite material, and wherein intersections between the frame and stringer members are formed by cross-plying laminae of fiber-reinforced composite material. In some preferred embodiments, the frame and stringer members are mutually orthogonal to one another.
In certain embodiments, methods are provided to fabricate an aircraft structural panel by providing a preform of mutually orthogonal frame and stringer members formed of a fiber-reinforced composite material and having a monolithic junction therebetween, positioning the preform on a skin formed of a fiber-reinforced composite material, and thereafter co-curing the preform and the skin to form an aircraft structural panel.
These and other aspects and advantages will become more apparent after careful consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof.
Reference will hereinafter be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals throughout the various FIGURES denote like structural elements, and wherein;
The following disclosure describes monolithic integrated structure panel with bi-directional reinforcements having a I-shaped cross-sectional profile for use in manufacturing aircraft and other structures. Certain details are set forth in the following description and in the accompanying drawing FIGURES to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. It is important to note however that there are virtually no restrictions to the element profile and thus, in addition to the I-shaped cross-sectional profile exemplified, other cross-sectional profiles having C, Z, Ω and the like are possible. Other details describing well-known structures and systems often associated with aircraft structures and composite materials are not set forth in the following disclosure to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the various embodiments of the invention.
Many of the details, dimensions, angles, and other features shown in the accompanying drawing FIGURES are merely illustrative of particular embodiments of the invention and obey engineering requirements and manufacturing characteristics particular to each design and application. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, angles, and features without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. In addition, further embodiments can be practiced without several of the details described below.
By the term “monolithic” is meant that the various structural components are integrated into a one-piece unit without readily discernible seams and without openings to accommodate intersecting structures. This is accomplished by means of the present invention by laminating plies of composite material one to another so as to structurally join by lamination preformed modular elements and/or to fabricate in situ the various components described herein (e.g., as described by U.S. Pat. No. 6,972,068, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated hereinto by reference).
An exemplary monolithic structural panel 10 according to one embodiment of the present invention is depicted in accompanying
The frame and stringer members 14, 16 are each depicted as having a generally I-shaped cross-sectional profile. As noted previously, however, virtually any desired cross-sectional profile may be provided, Thus, in the exemplary embodiment depicted, the frame and stringer members 14, 16 will have a web 14-1, 16-1 joining the reinforcement members 18, 20 and the upper flange caps 14-2, 16-2.
The frames 14 are provided with generally V-shaped bridge elements 22 which assist in monolithically joining the stringer members 16 to the frame members 14 at the orthogonal junction therebetween.
As is perhaps better shown in accompanying
The skin 12, the frame members 14 and the stringer members 16 are preferably formed from composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced epoxy laminates. The frame members 14 and/or stringer members 16 can be co-cured or co-bonded or bonded to the skin 12. For example, in one embodiment, the frames members 14 and/or stringer members 16 can be joined to the skin 12 during a co-curing process in which the frame members and/or stringer members 16 are co-cured with the skin 12 at an elevated temperature and pressure.
A plurality of stiffener preforms comprising stringer members 16 and frame members 14 (the latter crosswise to the stringer members 16) may be laid across the skin 12 on top of pre-positioned layers or strips of an adhesive or bonding substance (e.g., joining elements) that, upon curing of the panel, fixedly bonds the frame members 14 and stringer members 16 to the panel (i.e., so that the lower flanges of frame members 14 and stringer members 16 are joined to the skins forming the reinforcement members 18, 20, respectively).
Frame members 14 and stringer members 16 of each module attach one to another, at three different regions, namely the outer flanges (reinforcement members 18, 20), the webs 14-1, 16-1, and the inner flanges 14-2. 16-2. In frame members 14 and stringer members 16, flanges (i.e., flanges 14-2, 16-2 and the reinforcement members 18, 20) and webs 14-1, 16-1 are stacks of laminae, i.e. plies of laminated composite material. Some laminae of the inner flanges 14-2 of the frame members 14 are placed one on top of the other in an alternate way in order to match the inner flanges 16-2 of the stringer members 16, forming an overlapped local joint. The outer flanges (reinforcement members 18, 20) of both frame members 14 and stringer members 16 are laminated with the skins 12 along their entire lengthwise extent. The webs 14-1 of the frame members 14 and/or the webs 16-1 of the stringer members 16 are interrupted and spliced at the crossing points, with or without additional plies.
Longitudinal and transversal plies are continuous, generating an overlapped area in each intersection. Type, direction and number of plies are laid-out according to engineering requirements. At every intersection, the web of one element can be folded to match the web of the orthogonal element, in a splicing region. Therefore, according to preferred embodiments of the present invention, the frames 14 do not need to have openings at the locations so as to allow the stringer members 16 to pass therethrough as is the case with conventional constructions.
An alternative embodiment of a monolithic structural panel 30 is depicted in accompanying
Thus, as was the case with panel 10 described previously, the juncture of the frame and stringer members 34, 36 may be fabricated from preformed modular junction elements 42a-42d as shown in accompanying
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
