Patent Application
20110212246
The present invention relates to the field of altering the perceptional characteristics of beverages. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for improving the mouthfeel of beverages by adding hydrocolloids having a particular intrinsic viscosity.
Bodyweight concerns are of paramount importance to the world population; to react to this, food manufacturers are eager to reduce calories in beverages (e.g. “reduced calories”, “light beverages”, etc); however, these beverages often have a lower consumers' acceptance rate as they lack the mouthfeel, body and flavor of their regular equivalents. The addition of low calorie ingredients which can partially or totally substitute high calorie ingredients is therefore an important challenge for the beverage industry. The challenge is to maintain the flavor, the mouthfeel, the body and the taste of the regular beverage, and thus generate a similar sensory response.
Thus, there is a long felt need in the industry to find a possibility to improve the mouthfeel of beverages, particularly of calorie-reduced beverages such as for example light beverages, where consumers' acceptance is often compromised by their lack of body or mouthfeel as compared to their full-calorie equivalents. A typical example of this problem exists in the carbonated beverage industry, where light drinks often lack acceptance for their difference in body as compared to full-calorie drinks.
In WO 2007/066233, novel oil phases for the preparation of beverage emulsions were disclosed. These oil-in-water emulsions were based on an oil phase having a density of 0.99 to 1.05 g/cm3 and a viscosity of 10 to 1500 cP (centipoises), an aqueous phase and pectin, and they were reported to show enhanced emulsifying properties and stability. However, only certain types of beverages can be prepared from such oil-in-water emulsions. In addition, no information on the mouthfeel properties of the final emulsion-based beverage is provided in this document.
So far, the research of improving the mouthfeel of beverages has mainly focused on density and viscosity.
There remains a need to further improve the mouthfeel of beverages. The present invention provides a method to improve the mouthfeel of beverages by adding a particular group of hydrocolloids.
According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a method for improving the mouthfeel of beverages comprising the step of adding from about 10 to about 1500 ppm of one or more first hydrocolloids to said beverage, characterized in that the first hydrocolloids have an intrinsic viscosity of 5-600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry.
According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to a calorie-reduced beverage composition having a lubricity which is about equal or higher than the lubricity of its equivalent full calorie beverage, said calorie-reduced beverage composition comprising one or more first hydrocolloids having an intrinsic viscosity of 5 to 600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry.
According to a third aspect, the present invention relates to the use of hydrocolloids for improving the mouthfeel of beverages.
The term “beverage”, as used herein, means a drinkable composition. Beverages include, but are not limited to the following: carbonated and non-carbonated, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks including but not limited to carbonated water, flavored water, carbonated flavored water, drinks containing juice (juice derived from any fruit or any combination of fruits, juice derived from any vegetable or any combination of vegetables) or nectar, milk obtained from animals, milk product derived from soy, rice, coconut or other plant material, sports drinks, vitamin enhanced sports drinks, high electrolyte sports drinks, highly caffeinated high energy drinks, coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, tea derived from fruit products, tea derived from herb products, decaffeinated tea, wine, champagne, malt liquor, rum, gin, vodka, other hard liquors, beer, reduced calorie beer-type beverages, non-alcoholic beer, and other beer-type beverages obtained from a cereal solution such as beer, ale, stout, lager, porter, low alcoholic beer, alcohol-free beer, kvass, rye-bread beer, shandy, malt drinks and the like. Cereal in this context refers to grains commonly used to make the beverages listed above and other similar beverages. However, the term “beverage” excludes 100% juice based-beverages.
The term “mouthfeel” of a beverage according to the present invention is the tactile sensations perceived at the lining of the mouth, including the tongue, gums and teeth. The “body” according to the present invention is the richness of flavour or impression of consistency given by a beverage. The present invention allows an “improved mouthfeel” without affecting the organoleptic characteristics in such a way that the beverage would be assessed as unpleasantly thick or sticky. This “improved mouthfeel” can be examined best by a taste panel consuming said beverage in comparison to the same beverage without the ingredient to be examined; or using a tribological device (see below).
In one aspect of the present invention, the inventors developed a method for improving the mouthfeel of beverages, which comprises the step of adding one or more hydrocolloids (“first hydrocolloids”) with particular intrinsic viscosity to the beverage composition. By “adding” it is meant that if a beverage already contains hydrocolloids, its mouthfeel can be improved by adding, in addition, further hydrocolloid.
Preferably, the first hydrocolloid may be chosen from the group consisting of sugar beet pectin, apple pectin, gum Arabic or nOSA (n-octenyl succinic anhydride) maltodextrin, low molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose (having an intrinsic viscosity <600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry) and mixtures thereof. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the first hydrocolloid acts as a lubricant. The lubricating effect of the first hydrocolloid results in a fluid-like cushion that can sustain pressure created inside the mouth cavity during swallowing. Hence, friction forces between the tongue, the gums teeth and the palate are reduced. Such lubricating effect can be measured for example via the tribology device, which is explained herein below.
The method for improving the mouthfeel of beverages uses one or more first hydrocolloids having an intrinsic viscosity of from 5 to 600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscometry, preferably from 5 to 550 mL/g, more preferably from 10 to 500 mL/g, even more preferably from 10 to 450 mL/g, even more preferably from 50 to 450 mL/g, and most preferably from 100 to 450 mL/g.
Said first hydrocolloid(s) may be included in an amount of from about 10 to about 1500 ppm of the finally obtained beverage. More preferably, the amount of hydrocolloid(s) is from about 20 ppm to about 1300 ppm, more preferably from about 100 ppm to about 1000 ppm, and even more preferably from about 120 ppm to about 800 ppm and most preferably the amount is from 260 ppm to 800 ppm of the final beverage composition.
In a further preferred embodiment, the method for improving the mouthfeel of beverages also involves other edible substances that enable a positive modification of the body. Such positive modification can be obtained through modifying the viscosity and/or the osmolality of the beverage. The viscosity of the beverage influences the impression of consistency of the beverage, while osmolality affects the richness sensation of the beverage. As such, modifying viscosity and osmolality further contribute to the improved mouthfeel of the beverage. These edible substances are preferably chosen from the group consisting of other hydrocolloids (“second hydrocolloid”) or bulking agents and mixtures thereof.
When the body needs to be fine-tuned, the edible substance (second hydrocolloid or bulking agent) is added in a quantity suitable to match the body of the target beverage. Preferably, the body modifying substance is added in order to obtain an increase of viscosity below 0.4 mPa·s (at 20° C.), preferably an increase of 0.1 to 0.4 mPa·s (at 20° C.). The viscosity can be measured with an Anton Paar MCR300 rheometer (cylinder, CC24 probe) at a constant shear rate of 25 s−1 at 20° C.
These second hydrocolloids may be for examples guar gum, locust bean gum, cassia gum, pectin from other botanical sources (e.g. apple, citrus, soy, potato, . . . ), high molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose (having an intrinsic viscosity >600 mL/g, preferably >700 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry), carrageenan, alginate or xanthane and mixtures thereof. The second hydrocolloid is different from the first hydrocolloid (providing the lubricating effect). The second hydrocolloid may be included in an amount of from about 10 to about 500 ppm, preferably from about 20 to about 450 ppm, and most preferably from about 30 to about 400 ppm.
Bulking agents may be chosen from the group consisting of isomaltulose, polydextrose, trehalose, erythritol or oligodextrans and mixtures thereof. The bulking agent may be included in an amount of from about 100 to about 12000 ppm, preferably from about 200 to about 11000 ppm, and most preferably from about 300 to about 10000 ppm.
Preferably the ratio of first hydrocolloid(s) to edible substance is from about 150:1 to about 1:1200, preferably from about 75:1 to about 1:600, and more preferably from about 40:1 to about 1:400. If the edible substance only comprises a second hydrocolloid, the ratio of first hydrocolloid to second hydrocolloid is from about 150:1 to about 1:50, preferably from about 75:1 to about 1:45, more preferably from about 40:1 to about 1:20, even more preferably from about 50:1 to about 1:20 and most preferably from about 40:1 to about 1:15. If the other edible substance only comprises bulking agent, the ratio of (lubrifying) hydrocolloid to bulking agent is from about 15:1 to about 1:1200, preferably from about 7:1 to about 1:600, more preferably from about 3:1 to about 1:400.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition for improving the mouthfeel comprises sugar beet pectin alone or in combination with pectin from other sources such as apple pomace or citrus pulp, guar gum or mixtures thereof. The attractiveness of sugar beet pectin is not only based on its favorable price, but also on its ability to add body to the beverage without affecting the flavor or generating an unpleasant organoleptic impression. Thus in a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hydrocolloids added for improving the mouthfeel is sugar beet pectin.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition for improving the mouthfeel comprises gum Arabic alone or in combination with guar gum, citrus pectin, high molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose or mixtures thereof. Most preferably the composition comprises a mixture of gum Arabic and guar gum.
In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition for improving the mouthfeel comprises apple pectin alone or in combination with citrus pectin, guar gum or mixtures thereof. Most preferably the composition comprises a mixture of apple pectin and citrus pectin.
In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition for improving the mouthfeel comprises nOSA maltodextrin alone or in combination with guar gum.
In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, the inventive composition for improving the mouthfeel comprises low molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose (having an intrinsic viscosity <600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry) alone or in combination with guar gum.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method for improving the mouthfeel is used to improve the mouthfeel of a calorie-reduced beverage; the calorie reduction may be from 1 to 100% reduction of the calorific value of the beverage; preferably from 30 to 100%, more preferably from 50 to 100%, most preferably from 80 to 100%. Such a calorie-reduced beverage could be a “light beverage” or “zero calorie beverage”, as they are commonly known in the market. In case of such calorie-reduced beverages, the improved mouthfeel can be assessed in comparison to an equivalent full calorie beverage or “regular” equivalent. Ideally, the mouthfeel of the calorie-reduced beverage containing the mouthfeel enhancer resembles the mouthfeel of the corresponding regular equivalent.
In order to improve the mouthfeel of a calorie-reduced beverage, its lubricity is preferably about equal or higher than its equivalent full calorie beverage. Preferably, the viscosity of the calorie-reduced beverage should be about equal to the viscosity of its equivalent full calorie beverage. With the term “equal” it is meant that there is a difference within 5%, preferably within 3%, even more preferably within 1%.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method for improving the mouthfeel could also be used to improve the mouthfeel of a carbonated and/or non-carbonated beverage. This beverage could be a full calorie beverage or a calorie-reduced beverage.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method for improving the mouthfeel could also be used to improve the mouthfeel of alcoholic beverages. In particular, these alcoholic beverages could be calorie-reduced beverages such as “light beverages”. Alternatively, the beverage could also be a non-alcoholic beverage.
In the prior art, the mouthfeel properties of a beverage had to be tested by a taste panel as there were no measuring tools which could reliably examine the mouthfeel behaviour of a low viscosity liquid. The current technology in rheology is not sensitive enough to be used as a tool for screening mouthfeel-enhancing ingredients for low viscosity beverages. In particular, for low viscosity systems such as carbonated soft-drinks, non-carbonated soft drinks, flavored-water, beer, or fruit-juice drinks the mouthfeel is influenced also by other forces than the viscosity, such as the lubrication. Most recently, Cargill Global Food Research has developed a tribometer that can be used as a screening tool and method for beverages and other low viscosity systems, see PCT/EP2008/004443 (published as WO 2008/148536) and PCT/EP2008/004446 (published as WO2008/148538) incorporated herein by reference. With this tribological device, it is possible to assess the influence of ingredients on the mouthfeel sensations, which are dependent on the overall texture of the beverage and its physical and chemical interactions in the mouth in combination with a standard rheometer.
In another aspect the present invention is directed to a calorie-reduced beverage composition having a lubricity which is about the same or higher than the lubricity of its equivalent full calorie beverage, said calorie-reduced beverage composition comprising one or more first hydrocolloids having an intrinsic viscosity of about 5 to about 600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry. Preferred ranges for intrinsic viscosity are those defined herein before. Preferred first hydrocolloids are those defined hereinbefore.
In a preferred embodiment, the calorie-reduced beverage composition further has a viscosity about equal to or higher than the viscosity of its equivalent full calorie beverage, said calorie-reduced beverage composition comprising one or more edible substances selected from the group of second hydrocolloids, bulking agents or mixtures, provided that the second hydrocolloid is different from the first hydrocolloid. Preferred edible substances and ratio of first hydrocolloids to edible substances are those as defined hereinbefore.
In yet another aspect the present invention is directed to a carbonated and/or a non-carbonated-type beverage composition which comprises hydrocolloids having an intrinsic viscosity of 5-600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscometry. In particular, the hydrocolloid added to the carbonated-type beverage composition can comprise sugar beet pectin, apple pectin, gum Arabic, nOSA maltodextrin, low molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose (having an intrinsic viscosity <600 mL/g as measured by capillary flow viscosimetry) or mixtures thereof. Preferred edible substances and ratio of first hydrocolloids to edible substances are those as defined hereinbefore.
The sugar beet pectin preferably added to the carbonated-type beverage composition can be added in any amount, depending on the desired alteration of the mouthfeel. Preferably it is included in an amount of up to about 1500 ppm of the finally obtained beverage, more preferably, from about 100 ppm to about 1000 ppm. The mouthfeel improvement according to the present invention may be measured by tribology as being a decrease of the maximum differential friction factor (Δμ)max of at least 0.08, preferably 0.10 and more preferably 0.12. For example, good results have been obtained for a carbonated-type beverage composition and a non-carbonated beverage composition wherein the amount of sugarbeet pectin added is 600 ppm of the final beverage composition.
The present invention is further illustrated by the examples provided below. It is understood that there examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
The flow time, dynamic viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity at 25.00° C. were measured and calculated in 0.1 M NaCl/0.02M acetate (pH 5.5, ionic strength μ=0.111), at eight different concentrations (0.002 to 0.020 g/mL) for each ingredient. Samples were allowed to hydrate overnight and were filtered through a Schott glass filter (10 . . . 100 μm).
Ubbelohde viscometer (Schott-Geräte) with capillaries 532 10 (constant K=0,01018 mm2/s2) and 532 13 (constant K=0,02917 mm2/s2) were employed. 15 mL of solution was filled (after 2 successive rinses) and conditioned at 25.00° C. for at least 15 minutes prior flow time measurement (in triplicate) with the ViscoClock (Schott-Geräte). Averaged flow times were then corrected using Hagenbach correction tables provided by the manufacturer.
The density of the filtered solution was measured by pycnometry (10 mL capacity pycnometers) at 25.00° C.
Table 1 tabulates the intrinsic viscosity [η], calculated from the classical 3 extrapolations (Huggins, Kraemer and single point) as follows:
[η] is the intercept (when concentration c=0) of the equations:
Huggins ηsp/c=[η]+k′[η]2c
Kraemer (Inηrel)/c=[η]+k″[η]2c
Single-point [η]={2(ηsp−Inηrel)}1/2/c
Spectrophotometric accuracy was checked with acidified potassium dichromate. Wavelength and spectral resolution were checked with holmium oxide filter. Stray light was checked with low bromide KCI solution.
The Oasis® type non-carbonated beverages have the following composition:
Regular beverage: water, juices from concentrate 15% (orange, apple), sugar, acidity regulator E330 (citric acid), aromas, preserver E211 (sodium benzoate), stabiliser E412 (guar gum), antioxidant E300 (ascorbic acid).
9% sugar added
Light beverage: water, juices from concentrate 15% (orange, apple), acidity regulator E330 (citric acid), tested ingredient, high intensity sweeteners (acesulfame K, Aspartame), aromas, preserver E211 (sodiumbenzoate),
0% sugar added
All tribology measurements were carried out on a MCR-301 rheometer (Anton Paar, Stuttgart, Germany) using a tribology device with a measuring system of the ball-on-three-plates geometry, which was temperature controlled by a Peltier and hood temperature control system. This tribology device employs stainless steel ball which is rotated over a contact area comprising 3 grooves, where 3 interchangeable strips of substrates are placed. The substrates are made of a thermoplastic elastomer (HTF 8654-94, available from KRAIBURG TPE GmbH, Waldkraiburg, Austria).
The test temperature was set at 20° C. with an initial non-recording pre-shear of 0.4 mm/s for 10 minutes followed by recording the friction coefficient as a function of sliding speed (0.4 to 250 mm/s) at constant load of 3 N. The friction force FR is measured as a function of sliding speed. The friction factor or coefficient μ was calculated as the ratio of friction force to normal force FR/FN.
Oasis® type non-carbonated beverages were prepared with hydrocolloids levels of 100, 600 and 1,000 ppm. Ranking test by trained panelists (n=3) focusing on mouthfeel perception were performed using regular Oasis as reference. Table 2 tabulates sensory scores of the beverages ranking the hydrocolloids by potency for mouthfeel perception.
Although 600 ppm sugarbeet pectin can provide a mouthfeel perception equivalent to the regular beverage,
The Fanta® type carbonated beverages have the following composition:
Regular beverage: carbonated water, sugar, orange juice from concentrate, acidityregulator E330 (citric acid), aromas, preserver E211 (sodiumbenzoate), stabilizer E412 (guar gum), antioxidant E300 (ascorbic acid).
9% sugar added
Light beverage: carbonated water, orange juice from concentrate, acidity regulator E330 (citric acid), Tested ingredient, high intensity sweeteners (acesulfame K, Aspartame), aromas, preserver E211 (sodiumbenzoate),
0% sugar added
Similar to example 1 part 1.5, Fanta® type carbonated beverages were prepared with hydrocolloids levels of 100, 600 and 1,000 ppm.
Table 3 tabulates sensory scores of the beverages ranking the hydrocolloids by potency for mouthfeel perception.
Degassed mixtures of Fanta® Fanta Light® and Fanta Light with increasing concentrations of sugar beet pectin were examined by rheological measurements, tribological measurements and a test panel assessing the sensory mouthfeel of these compositions. The results are summarized in Table 4 below. The tribological data are also depicted in
Ingredients of flavoured water (Vitalinea® Fraise-Framboise, Danone®): spring water (99.7%), acidifiers (citric acid, malic acid), magnesium sulphate, calcium lactate, calcium chloride, aroma, E212 (potassium benzoate), E242 (dimethyl dicarbonate), high intensity sweeteners (acesulfame K, sucralose).
A light and a regular reference were prepared with 3 and 12 g/100 mL sucrose addition. Light flavoured water spiked with hydrocolloids were prepared to achieve the same viscosity as the regular reference (see table 4). The hydrocolloids were allowed to hydrate 1 hour at room temperature under gentle magnetic stirring. The beverages were then stored overnight at 4° C. prior sensory analysis.
Temperature: 4° C. (after overnight fridge refrigeration)
viscosity (20° C.)=1.009 mPa·s (capillary flow)
conductivity (20° C.)=1,490 mS
Sensorial descriptor is mouthfeel sensation. The poor mouthfeel reference is the light beverage (3 g sucrose per 100 ml), the good mouthfeel reference is the regular beverage (12 g sucrose per 100 ml). As shown in the table below, the highest mouthfeel perception was obtained for the flavoured water spiked with sugar beet pectin.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2008/009673 | Nov 2008 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/008091 | 11/13/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/13/2011 |
