The present invention relates to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. More particularly it relates to an improved invasive device capable of providing position and orientation information in an MR system. The invention further relates to a method of rapidly acquiring information on both the position and orientation of an invasive device to dynamically define MR scan planes for continuous tracking of the invasive device. The invasive device tracking information and dynamic MR imaging are used to show both the invasive device and the target to enhance target-navigation.
In invasive MR guided procedures, reliable and accurate visualization of surgical and interventional instruments hereinafter referred to as invasive devices, inside the body of the subject is essential for procedure success. Micro radio frequency (RF) coils have been used for MR tracking of invasive devices. In typical applications, one small RF coil integrated into the tip of an invasive device detects RF signals from the immediate surroundings and the tip position is calculated from the detected MRI signals.
During previous device tracking procedures, graphical markers representing the device tip are overlain on pre-acquired, static roadmap images of the subject. Roadmap images are acceptable for invasive procedures performed on subjects having little motion. However the static roadmap may contribute to misregistration error due to subject movement that is likely to occur, for example, in abdominal invasive procedures. Moreover, when the invasive device trajectory is complex, such as in intravascular procedures, it is quite possible for the device to deviate from the roadmap scan plane. Accordingly the simple overlay of a graphical marker on a static roadmap image can lead to an incorrect representation of the true position of the device.
Device orientation and tip position together provide device trajectory information sufficient for accurate MRI guided interventional procedures. However significant challenges exist in acquiring the trajectory information. Multiple coils disposed on the device have been used in attempt to provide the locations of several points on the invasive device for determining the device's trajectory. However such approaches have not solved the problems inherent with standing wave generation from multiple leads connected to the coils.
Other attempts have used a single coil with multiple windings to provide the location information of several points on the invasive device. However such attempts have not provided the necessary unique correspondence between the winding elements and the 1DFT peaks since the signals from each winding element are induced simultaneously. For example, if a single coil has two winding elements, two peaks (x1 and x2, or y1 and y2, or z1 and z2) will be detected from a gradient echo along any one of three orthogonal axes (x, y, or z axis). There are two possible ways to assign these two peaks to the spatial coordinates of the two winding elements, e.g. (x1, x2) or (x2, x1). In total, there will be 2*2*2=8 possible combinations of (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) which can be assigned to the coordinates of the coils only two of which are the true coil locations.
A second problem, known as peak ambiguity, exists with using multiple windings. When the field gradient is applied almost orthogonal to the axis of the single multi-element micro coil, each coil element may lie at approximately the same coordinate along the gradient axis and hence induce signals at similar frequencies. The multiple peaks in the 1DFT may not fall beyond the spectral resolution of the acquisition so that the normally separate peaks merge into only one. Thus valuable information on one of the coordinates may not be available to the precision needed for guidance.
Accordingly, it has been considered desirable to develop a new and improved invasive device and method of guiding an invasive device using target navigation.
The invention includes a method of rapidly acquiring both the invasive device orientation and position information to dynamically adapt MR scan planes to continuously follow the invasive device. The invention further includes a new target-navigation concept for invasive device placement. The target-navigation technique automatically defines the MR scan plane and a time domain multiplexing technique is applied for MR imaging and device tracking. Using these techniques, the acquired MR images always show both the invasive device and its target tissue.
The invention also includes an invasive device having an inductive coupling element. One embodiment of the invasive device includes a plurality of receive coils inductively coupled to a communicating coil. The receive coils are selectively tuned and detuned to receive MR signals for providing coordinate information used for device tracking. A second embodiment of the invasive device includes a receive coil having a plurality of winding elements separated from each other by different distances.
The invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating a preferred embodiment and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
With reference to
An invasive device 30 is inserted by an operator 32 into a portion of the subject 20 located within the bore 14 (i.e., within a bore of the magnet 22). The device 30 contains at least one (1) RF coil which detects MR signals generated in the subject 20 responsive to the RF field created by the external coils 26.
Referring now to
A second embodiment of the scan plane is shown generally at 50′ in
Referring now to
A 5F catheter was selected for use, although any suitably sized catheter may be used. The catheter 60 includes an inductive coupling structure 62, preferably disposed near the tip 64 at a distance from about 1 to 10 mm, although greater distances may be used. The inductive coupling structure may itself form the tip of the catheter when it is attached thereto. The inductive coupling structure 62 includes a first RF micro coil 66, a second RF micro coil 68 and third RF micro coil 70. The three micro coils are disposed in a spaced apart, coaxial relationship along the catheter 60. The micro coils 66, 68, 70 are each wound with AWG 34 wire, although, any suitable gauge wire may be used. The second 68 and third 70 coils have 20 turns each, although any suitable number of turns may be used. All three coils 66, 68, 70 are wound around a tube 72 filled with Gd-DTPA doped saline which is known to enhance signal reception, although alternatively, saline may be used, or tissue surrounding the catheter. A layer of transparent shrink-tube 74 is used to bind the tube 72 and catheter 60. The distance between the second 68 and third 70 coils is approximately 20 mm, although any suitable distance may be used. At least one of the coils 68, 70 is preferably disposed at a distance from about 1 to 10 mm from the tip 64, although with larger catheters, greater distances may be used.
The first coil 66, also referred to as the communicating coil, is disposed between the second 68 and third 70 coils to inductively couple RF signals from second 68 and third 70 coils to a single receiver channel 77 of an MR scanner, over conductive leads 78. An impedance matching network 80 is electrically connected to the leads 78, and the first coil 66 is tuned to a frequency higher than the Larmor frequency. A large portion of the inductance of first coil 66 comes from its conductive leads 78.
The first coil 66 includes a first winding 66A disposed adjacent the second coil 68. The first winding 66A has two turns, although any suitable number may be used, which are wound in the same direction as the windings of the second coil 68 to inductively couple RF signals from the second coil 68 to the first coil 66. The first coil 66 also includes a second winding 66B disposed adjacent the third coil 70. The second winding 66B also has two turns, although any suitable number may be used, which are wound in the same direction as the windings of the third coil 70 to inductively couple RF signals from the third coil 70 to the first coil 66. The first 66A and second 66B windings are wound in opposite directions with respect to each other, such that the first coil 66 forms an opposed solenoid.
The second 68 and third 70 coils, receive coils, are individually tuned to and detuned from the Larmor frequency in an alternating manner using separate tuning circuits 82 and 84 respectively. Preferably, both of the coils 68 and 70 will not be tuned to the Larmor frequency for receiving MR signal information at the same time. Tuning circuit 82 includes one or more tuning capacitors 86 and a switch 88 for selectively tuning or detuning the second coil 68 in dependence upon the switch position and location within the circuit. For example the switch 88 may be placed in parallel with the one or more tuning capacitors 86 and the tuning circuit will be tuned to the Larmor frequency when the switch is open and detuned when the switch is closed.
Alternatively, the switch may be placed in series with the one or more tuning capacitors and the circuit will be tuned when the switch is closed and detuned when the switch is opened. Tuning circuit 84 also includes one or more tuning capacitors 90 and a switch 92 configured similarly to tuning circuit 82 for selectively tuning and detuning the circuit 84 in a similar manner. Alternatively, a double pole switch may be used in place of both switches 88, 92. The windings in the first and second coils may be loops, saddles, birdcages, butterflies or any other known MR coil geometries.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Next a trajectory of the invasive device is tracked within the subject by detecting at 202 the location of the receive coils 68, 70 in terms of the MR system coordinates in a manner described below. The device tip position is then calculated 204 in a known manner using the predetermined distances at which the coils are fixed on the device relative to the device tip which are known. The trajectory of the device is then determined using the coordinate information describing the location of the receive coils 68, 70 and the location of the device tip just calculated. Image segmentation is used to obtain the position of the target as described below.
Next, the scan plane is dynamically defined as a function of the target location and the device trajectory. The normal vector (the cross product of the vector defining the device trajectory and the vector from the tip location of the target tissue) and image center position are calculated and used in determining the scan plane location and orientation. Software is also provided to dynamically adjust/calibrate the MRI system according to the coil and sequence to be used. Data identifying a slice position and an orientation, which defines the scan plan in terms of MR system coordinates and a planar rotation, is provided to a processing unit to then acquire an MR image at the scan plane. The device trajectory is displayed together with an MR image of the target in a graphical 3D coordinate reference frame adjacent to the acquired MR images on a Graphic User Interface to provide a dynamic format for guiding the invasive device to the target. The differences between the ideal and real trajectories of the invasive device are also tabulated on the GUI.
The device detection step and the RF switching step work with the MR image acquisition step to monitor the invasive device location. An image segmentation step described below uses the most recently acquired MR images to determine the current position of the target. The current target position is fed back to the MR image acquisition step to define the next MR scan plane. The MR image acquisition step and image segmentation step provide necessary information for guiding the invasive device toward its target tissue, ensuring that the acquired MR images always contain both the device and its target.
Referring to
During the invasive device detection mode, the second 68 and third 70 coil signals are inductively coupled in an alternate manner to the first coil 66. The signal mutually induced on the first coil 66 is provided to the MR receive channel via leads 78.
Switch S3 alternatively toggles the connection of a single receiver channel in the MR system between the first micro coil 66, during the device detection mode, and the MR imaging coil during the MR image acquisition mode. A SPDT TQ9155 (TriQuint Semiconductor, Inc., Hillsboro, Oreg.) was found to provide a cost-effective RF switch for S3. It has an isolation of more than 60 dB at 100 MHz and even greater isolation at lower frequencies (e.g. 8.25 MHz here), although any suitable switch can be used. A third switch S5, was also implemented with an AQV221 to detune the MR imaging coil during the device coordinate determination.
The MR scanner controls the detuning and time domain multiplexing circuitry by providing a programmable synchronization bit, osc0, available through PARGEN (a pulse sequence development software available on the Siemens Mrsystem although similar software controlled signals are available on other scanners). This software parameter controlled the TTL output, SYN0, which was used to control the RF switching circuit, as shown in
Referring now to
As shown in
All MR imaging sequences are compatible for use with the device guidance system; typically True-FISP, FISP, FLASH or PSIF sequences, known to be useful for invasive MRI are employed.
A four window GUI 96 shown in
MR images acquired using the latest device position and orientation information and the segmented target tissue position are continuously updated in the fourth window during the intervention procedure. Because the scan plane is defined by the target tissue location and the position and orientation of the interventional device, they were always shown in updated MR images. The GUI was run directly on the MRI in-room computer console, thereby providing physicians on-line review of the current relative positions of the invasive device and its target.
Image segmentation is used to obtain the position of target tissues. The MR scan planes are defined by the positions of the two micro coils and the target tissue as described above and they are centered at the target tissue. Practically, there are three image segmentation methods available. Manual image segmentation can be applied to planning images once with the assumption that the acquired target tissue position is fixed during the interventional procedure. Secondly, manual image segmentation can be applied throughout the interventional procedure. The third method of image segmentation uses automatic image segmentation throughout the interventional procedure.
In all three methods, the initial position of a target tissue is identified by manual image segmentation before an interventional procedure is started. The first method is simplest and is easily applied to any interventional procedure. In the second method, information which is stored in the image header and graphical tools, including user selected mouse cursor locations, define the target tissues coordinates in the MR image as they are updated in window 4 of the GUI as shown below. The GUI calculates the spatial coordinates of the target tissue from the position of the mouse cursor and the orientation/position of the MR image.
Alternatively, an automatic image segmentation algorithm for the method can be run as a background process to find the target tissue positions during the intervention. The automatic algorithm is based on the known seeded region growing method with integrated spatial pixel value gradient information. The algorithm segments every image by starting from the image center that is the most recently identified location of the target tissue. While the second and third methods can quickly locate the target tissue with in-plane motion, these methods are less successful when the target moves out of the MR scan plane. However, because most subject motion is periodic (e.g., cardiac, respiratory), the target position typically oscillates away from its previous location and returns to its original position with the next image, whereupon the second and third methods would relocate the target tissue. If motion results in a loss of the target position after three consecutive updates, the device guidance system acquires three coronal images for segmentation. The coronal plane is selected for update since most subject motion occurs in this plane.
Segmentation methods (2) and (3) can quickly locate the target tissue with in-plane motion. When the target moves out of the MR scan plane, neither of the two semi-automated methods are able to find it. However, because most patient motion is periodic (e.g., cardiac, respiratory), the target tissue position was found to oscillate away from its previous location. Typically, the target tissue would return to its original position with the next image, whereupon methods (2) and (3) would relocate the target tissue. Image segmentation methods (2) and (3) can dynamically follow target tissues and thus avoid the roadmap concept. Practically, in these two methods, the automatic image segmentation is largely application-specific with the dependence on target tissue shape, image contrast, and image SNR, etc. The manual image segmentation is easier to implement and more consistent with different applications. Therefore, method (2) is a good option for acquiring the positions of target tissues.
Referring now to
A 6.5F catheter was selected for use, although any suitably sized catheter may be used. The catheter 100 includes an inductive coupling structure 102, preferably disposed near the catheter tip 104 at a distance from about 1 to 10 mm, although for other catheters larger distances may be used. The inductive coupling structure 102 includes a first RF receive micro coil 106 for receiving MR signals as shall be descried below. The RF receive micro coil 106 includes a first winding element 108 (also referred to as L1), a second winding element 110 (also referred to as L2), and a third winding element 112 (also referred to as L3) connected in series and disposed in a spaced-apart relationship along the end of the catheter 100. At least one of the winding elements are disposed from about 1 to 10 mm from the tip, although with other catheters greater distances may be used. The windings are fixed to the catheter using epoxy and a layer of transparent shrink-tube.
The first winding 108 is disposed between the second 110 and third 112 windings such that the distance between the first and second windings shown as d1 is different than the distance between the first and third windings shown as d2. However, it should be appreciated that more than three windings may be used in the first coil. The distance d1 between the first and second windings is 10 mm and the distance d2 between the first and third windings is 17 mm although any suitable distances may be used. The first 108, second 110 and third 112 windings include three turns of AWG30 wire, although any suitable number of turns of any suitable wire may be used to form the receiving coil. The second 110 and third 112 windings are wound in the opposite direction than the first winding 108 which is disposed between them, thereby forming two opposed solenoids. One or more tuning capacitors 114 are connected to the receive coil 106 to tune the coil to 8.25 MHz, the Larmor frequency of the 0.2 T MR scanner described above, in a known manner.
The inductive coupling structure 102 further includes a second RF micro coil 116, also referred to as the communicating coil, disposed adjacent the receive coil 106. The communicating coil 116 includes a winding 118 disposed adjacent one of the windings 108, 110, 112 of the receive coil 106 to inductively couple RF signals from the receive coil 106 to a single receiver channel 117 of a MR scanner, over conductive leads 118 and an impedance matching network 120 electrically connected to the leads 118.
The device orientation and tip position can be calculated from the a-priori knowledge of the positions of the winding elements when the coil is created and 1-DFT results along the axes of the imager. As shown in
Referring to
The detected coordinates of the coil elements are then sent to a background C program which is implemented on the MR scanner computer, which automatically defines a MR scan plane calculated from the device orientation and tip position as described above. It also determines whether to initiate the program then toggle between MR image acquisition using the defined scan plane or to initiate the 1 DFT acquisitions needed to update the positions of the winding elements.
A graphical user interface was implemented on which the interventional device was graphically displayed in a 3D space; and its orientation and tip position were also tabulated in the GUI. The GUI was implemented with.
As described above, and with reference to
Several versions of the 1DFT sequence with 45° gradient rotations around different axes can be made to solve the problems of peak ambiguity. An ASCII file can be created with multiple flag variables: Rotate_XZ_X (applying Gx and Gz simultaneously, as shown in
The assumption that the three winding elements of the receiving coil 106 are located on a straight line is actually not valid with many invasive devices. Bending of a flexible invasive device inside a subject would cause the three elements of the incorporated micro coil to no longer be located on a straight line. If the projection of the long segment L1L2 of the micro coil, representing d1 described above, along the gradient direction is shorter than that of the short segment L3L1, representing d2 described above, the peak detection algorithm will then determine the peak locations incorrectly. However, as the segment L3L1 was very short (≦10 mm), it is valid to assume that it would always be straight and that the bending would occur primarily at L1. The coil design with three winding elements would allow limited device bending if the following inequality held:
d1 cos(α+β)−d1 cos α>Sampling point resolution
where α was the counter-clockwise rotation angle between the segment L3L1 and the gradient, (α+β) was the counter-clockwise rotation angle between the segment L1L2 and the gradient (
d1 cos(α+βmax)−d2 cos α=Sampling point resolution. (Eq. 1)
As displayed in
The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the proceeding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/193,294, filed Mar. 30, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/US01/10041 | 3/30/2001 | WO | 00 | 5/30/2003 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO01/75465 | 10/11/2001 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4572198 | Codrington | Feb 1986 | A |
5243289 | Blum et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
5638819 | Manwaring et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5876338 | Gilderdale et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5964705 | Truwit et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
6016439 | Acker | Jan 2000 | A |
6083163 | Wegner et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6272370 | Gillies et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6317091 | Oppelt | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6470204 | Uzgiris et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6593884 | Gilboa et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
60193294 | Mar 2000 | US |