Patent Grant
9909384
Fracturing is a process that results in the creation of fractures in rocks. The technique of fracturing (or “fracking”) is used to increase or restore the rate at which fluids, such as oil, gas or water, can be produced from a reservoir, including unconventional reservoirs such as shale rock or coal beds. Fracturing may facilitate the production of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the Earth's surface (e.g., 5,000-20,000 feet or 1,500-6,100 m). At such depth, there may not be sufficient porosity and permeability to allow natural gas and oil to flow from the rock into the wellbore at economic rates. The fractures produced by fracking, however, provide a conductive path connecting a larger area of the reservoir to the well, thereby increasing the area from which natural gas or liquid can be recovered from the targeted formation.
Hydraulic fracturing may be conducted by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase the pressure within the well to a value in excess of the fracture gradient of the formation rock. The pressure causes the formation to crack, allowing the fracturing fluid to enter and extend the crack farther into the formation. Hydraulic fracture stimulation is commonly applied to wells drilled in low-permeability reservoirs.
The location of fracturing along the length of the wellbore may be controlled by stimulation valves positioned below and/or above the region to be fractured. This allows a wellbore to be progressively fractured along the length of the wellbore, sometimes referred to as “multi-stage fracking” Piping above the valves admits fracturing fluid and proppant into the working region, while the valves may prevent such fluid (and pressure) from communicating below the region to be fractured. These stimulation valves typically use ball seats and plug elements.
Generally, such ball seat valves have progressively smaller ball seats as proceeding farther into the wellbore from the surface. This allows selective actuation (sealing) of the stimulation valve by deploying progressively larger balls. The initially very small balls pass by the valves at the top, and are caught by the largest valve with a seat small enough to catch the ball. While this has been successfully implemented many times, the design calls for stimulation valves with many different sizes, which complicates the fracturing assembly. Other challenges also arise in such assemblies.
Embodiments of the disclosure may provide a plugging device. The plugging device includes an expandable member configured to move from a first, retracted position to a second, expanded position, a counter configured to count a number of restrictions in a conduit that the plugging device passes through, and an actuator configured to move the expandable member from the first position to the second position in response to the counter counting a predetermined number of restrictions. The expandable member in the expanded position prevents the plugging device from passing through a target restriction.
Embodiments of the disclosure may also provide an apparatus for restricting flow through a conduit. The apparatus includes a plugging device configured to be dropped into the conduit, a counter for counting a number of restrictions through which the plugging device proceeds in the conduit, and a valve defining a plug seat to be disposed within the conduit to catch the plugging device when the number of restrictions counted by the counter meets or exceeds a predetermined number.
Embodiments of the disclosure may further provide a method for restricting flow in a wellbore deploying a plugging device into a conduit including a plurality of restrictions, the plurality of restrictions including a target restriction and at least one other restriction. When deployed, the plugging device encounters the at least one other restriction prior to the target restriction, and the at least one other restriction has a restriction diameter of a same or smaller size as a restriction diameter of the target restriction. The plugging device includes an expandable member configured to expand from a first, retracted position to a second, expanded position, a counter configured to count a number of restrictions that the plugging device passes through, and an actuator configured to expand the expandable member from the first position to the second position in response to the counter counting a predetermined number of restrictions. The expandable member in the expanded position prevents the plugging device from passing through the target restriction.
The above presents a simplified summary of the present disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects thereof. This summary is thus not an exhaustive overview of the present disclosure and is not intended to identify key or critical elements thereof.
The present disclosure may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
Illustrative embodiments are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort, even if complex and time-consuming, would be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
Further, although terms implying a direction, such as “up,” “upper,” “upward,” “above,” “down,” “lower,” “downward,” “below,” etc. may be employed herein, these terms are merely used to describe the relative positioning of elements and should not be considered to imply any particular frame of reference or, for example, orientation in a vertical, horizontal, or deviated well.
In general, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a plugging device or “ball” that may be configured to count the number of restrictions (e.g., valve or ball seats) that it has passed through, and expand prior to reaching a targeted one of the restrictions, to seal or otherwise engage therewith. Such a plugging device may include a trigger, a counter, an actuator, and an expandable member.
The trigger may react to passing through a restriction. The trigger may be mechanical, such as a pivoting arm that moves by engagement with a restriction, or may be an electrical device or a magnetic, such that the trigger measurably reacts when plugging device passes through a restriction. Some triggers may be electrical, magnetic, and/or mechanical.
The counters may count the number of reactions by the trigger. The counter may be mechanical, using arms, gears, ratchets, pawls, etc. that may be incrementally adjusted with each pass of the trigger through a restriction, until the plugging device has passed through a certain number of restrictions. In other embodiments, the counter may be at least partially electrical, and may include wires and a processor (e.g., programmable logic controller) to count the number of times the trigger reacts to a restriction.
The actuator may actuate in response to the counter registering the predetermined number of restrictions. The actuator may be any type of device or assembly that expands the expandable member, so as to allow the plugging device to catch on a subsequent restriction. For example, the actuator may be a shaft that pivots or otherwise moves and eventually releases a spring-loaded mandrel. In another embodiment, the actuator may be a cutting device that severs a cable or another device that releases a cable, again releasing a spring-loaded mandrel. The actuator may also include a motor, so as to pivot a shaft to release a spring-loaded mandrel, or rotate a threaded shaft to move a nut. Other actuators may also be employed, with the foregoing being just a few examples.
The expandable members may be coupled with the actuator, and may be expandable by interaction therewith. The expandable members may, for example, be actuating dogs that are pivoted or otherwise extended outward when the spring-loaded mandrel is released. In other embodiments, such actuating dogs may be expanded by rotating cams of the actuator. These, of course, are just two embodiments, and any type of expandable members, expanded using any type of actuator, may be employed. The expandable members may or may not form a seal with the targeted restriction, and may prevent the plugging device from passing through the restriction. In some embodiments, a second one or set of expandable members may be employed to form the seal, with the first set being employed to catch the plugging device on the restriction.
As such, the plugging device may be configured to pass through any number of restrictions (e.g., ball seats, liner hangers, differently sized casing or tools, etc.) until reaching a target restriction, upon which the plugging device may land and seal. Accordingly, the restrictions encountered by the plugging device prior to the plugging device may have the same or even a smaller restriction diameter than the target restriction.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide a valve that is configured to count the number of balls dropped therethrough. It will be appreciated that such counting balls and counting ball seats may be employed together or separately. When employed separately, the counting balls might be used with non-counting ball seats, and the counting ball seats may be employed with non-counting balls.
In an embodiment, the valve may include a housing, an outwardly expanding seat, and a ratcheting or indexing mechanism or equivalent electronic system. Each outwardly expanding ball seat may ratchet or cycle the valve as each ball drops past that ball seat. A ball may land on a ball seat where the conduit is pressurized to a predetermined pressure. Upon pressurization of the conduit, the ball may be pushed into or onto the seat which may cause the seat to expand outwardly, thus allowing the plug element (e.g., ball) to pass therethrough. The seat then retracts to the original contracted position (e.g., to catch a subsequent ball drop).
Expanding the seat outward may cause the internal gears/mechanisms to ratchet/index, cycle, and/or trigger (mechanically and/or electronically) the valve. The number of ratchets and/or cycles of the ball seat may be predetermined and upon the final cycle or ratchet, the ball seat may not allow the ball to pass. This may result in a subsequent ball resting in or on the ball seat and acting as a plugging device, even under increased pressure.
When the valve is plugged, applied pressure may activate one or more tools associated with this specific ball seat. For example, applied pressure may cause one or more ports to open in the wellbore in a region adjacent the ball seat (acting as a valve) to allow fluid, e.g., fracking fluid, to exit the well bore through the ports and into the adjacent strata. The act of indexing, ratcheting, or cycling may also be induced by a downward or lateral movement of the seat prior to the seat expanding outwardly.
Turning now to the illustrated embodiments,
Once a pre-set number of passing balls has been reached, the individual stimulation valves 102 may constrict in diameter, be prevented from expanding to allow the ball to pass, or otherwise be configured to catch the next ball 104. Catching the ball 104 may allow the valve 102, or another tool, to be actuated, e.g., by application of pressure, so as to divert the pressure through openings in the wellbore (which may be opened by the ball landing on the respective seat) to fracture the well. Embodiments may be used in both open-hole and cased-hole scenarios. Although
Referring specifically to
Each stimulation valve 102 may have a pre-set max ball value (denoted in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
There are a number of methods and ratcheting mechanisms for incrementing and/or ratcheting the stimulation valves 102. For example, a mechanical ratcheting, or cycling, system may operate such that when a ball lands in the valve seat, applied pressure (e.g., a pressure from the conduit's open end that pushes the ball) moves the valve seat down a notch and releases the ball (e.g., the seat expands outwardly causing the ball to pass). The ratcheting process may continue until the pre-set number of cycles has been completed, thus configuring the seat to catch the ball (e.g., the seat does not expand outwardly) allowing for the sleeve to open for fracturing at the desired level and diverting fluid, e.g., fracturing fluid, to fracture a well.
In another embodiment, a gear system may be employed and would work in a similar manner. For example, a passing ball may trip the gear until a pre-set number of cycles have been completed, whereupon the seat may move inwardly thus catching the next ball allowing for the sleeve to open and diverting a fluid force to fracture a well.
A rolling ball seat is yet another possible embodiment for ratcheting, incrementing or progressing the gears in the valve. For example, as the ball passes through the seat, the ball makes contact with rolling segments (that may act like a ball seat) and rotates the segments as the ball passes. The process repeats until the pre-set number of cycles has been completed, thus catching the ball (e.g., the rolling ball seat rolls into a catching configuration) allowing for the sleeve to open and diverting a fluid force to fracture a well.
Another possibility is that a segmented ball seat expands to expel the ball, then relaxes again ready to catch the next ball. The process repeats until the pre-set number of cycles has been completed, thus catching the ball (e.g., the seat remains locked in the relaxed position), allowing for the sleeve to open and diverting a force to fracture a well. For example, as discussed in greater detail below, a timed gear with a pre-set timing may be used where each time the ball seat cycles, it moves to the next position.
Yet another possibility is a configuration where the ball or plug may land in a collet-type seat. Downward motion cycles the gear and places the seat in a larger cavity allowing the collet fingers to expand, thus expelling the ball. The inherent spring force of the collet puts the seat back in the original position once the seat has cycled. The seat may be segmented to move either downward or outward to cycle the seat and expel the ball.
In some embodiments, the ratcheting and/or cycling mechanism may be located in the plugging device, e.g., such that shouldering dogs or trigger arms of the plugging device retract inwardly and thereby cycle the mechanism. For example, as the plugging device lands on the ball seat, applied pressure may cause the shouldering dogs and/or trigger arms retract inwardly allowing the plugging device to pass through the ball seat. The retracting process of the shouldering dogs or trigger arms cycles the plugging device. This process may repeat itself until the pre-set number of cycles has occurred at which point the shouldering dogs will no longer retract. The plugging device then acts as a conventional plugging device and is enabled to land and seat on the next ball seat.
Additionally or instead of mechanical ratcheting and/or cycling devices, an electronic system may be used to track the ball drops and/or control the ball seat. Electronic systems may also allow for a user to selectively control the valves using certain ball drops containing embedded information. For example, photoelectric sensors may be used to sense the passing of a ball drop to determine if and when a ball seat should be expanded to release or enabled to catch the ball drop. A photoelectric sensor, or photoeye, is a device often used to detect the distance, absence or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver. Photoelectric sensors are available in a number of arrangements, including, for example, (i) opposed (a.k.a. through beam), (ii) retroreflective and (iii) proximity-sensing (a.k.a. diffused). This system may be accomplished using, for example, a laser sensor that emits a beam of light from its transmitter and a reflective-type photoelectric sensor to detect the light beam reflected from the target. The through-beam type is used to measure the change in light quantity caused by the target crossing the beam.
In some embodiments, the sensor (e.g., photoelectric sensors, radio-frequency identification (“RFID”) readers, etc.) may be positioned before the ball valve, allowing the ball seat to respond (e.g., expand or retract) in time to catch a particular ball drop. For example, referring to
As in the previous example, prior to dropping the first ball 204, a fluid is able to pass through the conduit 208, as indicated by the dashed arrows. However, in this embodiment, the user may choose to selectively close one of the valve 202a-d, using a particular ball 204a, 204c. To accomplish this, balls 204a, 204c may contain RFID tags (e.g., a passive RFID tag that may not require a power source in or on the ball 204a, 204c) containing data or other information capable of triggering a sensor. To read the embedded RFID tag, one or more RFID readers 212a-d may be positioned before the ball valve 202a-d, respectively. The RFID readers 212a-d may provide an electromagnetic field to initiate a signal transmission from the RFID tag of the ball 204a, 204b.
For example, referring now to the system shown in
Referring now to the example in
Additionally or instead of having multiple RFID readers 212 installed along the conduit 208, a single RFID readers 212 may be installed at the opening 206 of the conduit 208, to read each ball as it is being dropped in the conduit 208. As such, the RFID data of the ball may be communicated to one or more valves, and the selected valve (chosen by selecting a particular ball) may be configured to catch the balls 204a-d. Furthermore, the valves and/or balls may use a variety of electric components to control valve and seat movement, including, for example, electric actuators, step motors, piezoelectric elements, and solenoids.
In certain embodiments, the sensor (e.g., photoelectric sensors, RFID reader, etc.) may trigger the plugging device's shouldering dogs to expand and thus land on the next ball seat.
An embodiment of the cylindrical ratcheting mechanism 400 may use one or more springs (e.g., a compression spring). For example, one spring may be situated below the bottom half of the barrel 402. On the opposite side of the barrel 402, another spring may be located within the upper half of the tube 404. When the tube 404 is depressed, it relays pressure to the spring located within the upper half of the tube 404 where there are minute pits and teeth which intertwine with each other (a locking mechanism) to rotate and track the barrel 402 and expand the seat, thereby releasing the plug before retracting the seat and returning to a locked position.
Such a cylindrical ratcheting mechanism 400 may be housed within the body of the stimulation ball valve so that the downward or outward motion of the ball seat would induce the cycling and/or ratcheting motion. Such a cylindrical ratcheting mechanism 400 may also be housed within the body of the plugging device such that any downward or inward motion of the shouldering dogs 704 (see
Referring now to
Referring now to
In operation, the plugging device 702 may travel nose 703 first down a conduit. In one example, and not by way of limitation, as the plugging device 702 passes ball valve seats, the shouldering dogs 704 contract inwardly, which allows the plugging device 702 to continue down the conduit. Each time the plugging device 702 passes a ball valve seat, the internal ratcheting system 707 may cycle, as the pawls 708 of the shouldering dogs 704 cause the ratchet gear 709 to rotate as indicated by the dashed arrow. This may repeat until the pre-set maximum number of cycles is met.
Once the maximum number of cycles is met, the shouldering dogs 704 may be unable to retract and thus the plugging device 702 may land on the next ball valve seat. One or more additional pawls 710 may be used to lock the ratchet gear 709 in place to prevent rotation. Although a ratchet gear 709 is depicted in the example shown in
Referring now to
The ratcheting mechanism may have a spring that biases the pawl 1008 against the teeth 1006 of the ratchet wheel 1004. The amount of backward motion possible varies with the pitch of the teeth. This motion may be reduced by using small teeth, and/or several pawls side by side on the same axis, the pawls being of different lengths. The ratcheting mechanism 1000 may further include one or more additional pawls 1012 to prevent the ratchet wheel 1004 from making any unwanted movement or rotation.
When integrated with a valve seat, a ball drop triggers the valve such that the ratchet wheel 1004 may move counterclockwise and pawl 1008 will slide over a tooth 1006 incline and lock the wheel 1004 in place until the next drop triggers the ratchet mechanism. This process cycles until a predetermined number of cycles has been met. For example, the mechanism in
While the description so far has centered on fracture applications, it would be clear to those of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that it can equally be applied to other systems or conduit/pipe systems that use plugging devices and ball seats.
Thus, an apparatus for restricting flow through a conduit may include a counter for tracking and communicating a number of plug drops through a longitudinal bore, a plug element adapted to be dropped into the longitudinal bore, and a valve defining a plug seat to be disposed within the longitudinal bore to catch the plug element when the plug element is dropped and when the number of plug drops as communicated by the counter exceeds a predetermined number. The plug element may be, for example, a ball or a pump down plug.
The counter may be mechanical or electronic in nature. Mechanically, it might include, for example, a series of gears and ratchets. The electronic embodiments might operate optically through photosensor technology or through radio frequencies, such as RFID. The presently disclosed technique admits wide variation in how the counter may be implemented. The counter may be located on either the plug or the plug element.
In embodiments where the counter is located on the plug element, the plug element, may include not only the counter, but also a device or means for collapsing inwardly upon meeting a plug seat unless the communicated number of plug drops exceeds a predetermined number. In the illustrated embodiments, the means is one or more shouldering dogs that collapse inwardly upon encountering a plug seat until the counter indicates that the predetermined number of drops have been performed. Note that this embodiment infers the number of drops from the number of plug seats encountered. However, this is by way of example and illustration but one means for performing the disclosed function. Other means equivalent in structure that perform the function may be used in other, alternative embodiments.
In embodiments where the counter is located on the plug seat, a valve may include not only the counter, but a collapsible plug seat that collapses upon meeting a plug unless the communicated number of plug drops exceeds a predetermined number. The plug seat may collapse outwardly or downwardly in various embodiments. Note that this embodiment can count directly the number of plug drops.
In use, a method includes dropping a plurality of plugs down a longitudinal bore in which a plurality of plug seats are disposed. The number of plug drops is counted from within the longitudinal bore. For example, the number of drops may be counted inferentially by the plug element or directly by the plug seats, both as described above. At each plug seat, if the predetermined number of plug drops has not occurred, then the plug element passes through the plug seat as one or more structures and/or means collapses as described above and shown in the drawings. When the number of plug drops exceeds a predetermined number, then a preselected one of the plug seats catches the plug element.
The plugging device 1100 may include an upper assembly 1106 and a lower assembly 1108. The upper assembly 1106 may include a housing 1110. The housing 1110 may define holes 1115, in which pins, rivets, or other attachment devices may be received, to anchor or otherwise couple with one or more internal components of the upper assembly 1106 and/or lower assembly 1108 disposed within the housing 1110. In some embodiments, the plugging device 1100 may also optionally include a skirt, such as a flexible elastomeric element that produces at least a partial seal with the wellbore, allowing the plugging device 1100 to be pumped down through the conduit 1102.
The plugging device 1100, e.g., the upper assembly 1106, may also include a trigger. For example, the trigger may include one or more trigger arms (two are shown: 1112A, 1112B) that may extend outwardly from the housing 1110 and may be, for example, pivotally connected therewith. Optionally, a torsion spring (not shown) or another biasing member may be provided to bias the one or more trigger arms 1112A, 1112B outwards.
The plugging device 1100 may also include an expandable member. For example, the expandable member may include one or more expandable shouldering or “actuating” dogs 1114, which may be pivotally coupled with the housing 1110 and/or with the lower assembly 1108. The actuating dogs 1114 may be segmented, and may expand radially apart from a first, contracted position (as shown) to a second, expanded position (see below, and, e.g.,
Further, the actuating dogs 1114 may be made at least partially from a material that may dissolve in a certain fluid, and/or after a certain amount of time, so as to facilitate removal of the plugging device 1100 from the conduit 1102. In some embodiments, other components of the plugging device 1100 may be made from a dissolvable material, and/or the restriction 1104 may be at least partially made from a dissolvable material. In an embodiment, the dissolvable material may be coated with a material that may delay the dissolving by a certain amount of time. In other embodiments, the various components of the plugging device 1100 and/or the restriction 1104 may not be dissolvable.
The lower assembly 1108 may include a mandrel stop 1116, a sealing element 1118, and a dart nose 1120. The sealing element 1118 may be elastomeric or otherwise made of a material which is expandable radially outwards, e.g., to seal with a surrounding tubular (e.g., a restriction like the illustrated restriction 1104). The dart nose 1120 may be any structure that extends below the expandable element, e.g., past the actuating dogs 1114 and/or the sealing element 1118, and may have a rounded profile, as shown. When the actuating dogs 1114 are in the retracted position, the mandrel stop 1116 may extend farther radially outward than the actuating dogs 1114, which may protect the actuating dogs 1114 during run-in.
The trigger arms 1112A, 1112B may be at least partially positionable within pockets 1206, 1208, respectively, formed in the housing 1110. The pockets 1206, 1208 may, for example, be at least as large as the trigger arms 112A, 1112B, thus allowing the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B to be positioned fully within the pockets 1206, 1208, to ensure passage of the plugging device 1100 through the restriction 1104. In other embodiments, the pockets 1206, 1208 may be smaller, for example, when restriction sizes in the wellbore are significantly larger than the outer diameter of the housing 1110.
The counting assembly 1203 may include a ratchet, such as a ratchet cylinder 1210 that is rotatably seated within the housing 1110, e.g., within an upper end of the housing 1110, as shown. The counting assembly 1203 may also include a pair of bearings 1212, 1214. The first bearing 1212 may provide for rotation between the ratchet cylinder 1210 and an actuating arm (described below), while the second bearing 1214 may provide for rotation between the ratchet cylinder 1210 and the housing 1110. In an embodiment, the second bearing 1214 may be a one-way bearing, which may permit rotation in one direction, but prevent reverse rotation.
The upper assembly 1106 may also include an actuator configured to expand the expandable member (e.g., the actuating dogs 1114). The actuator may include a restraining member, such as a pivot shaft 1216. The pivot shaft 1216 may include a key head 1224 and an actuation head 1226. The actuation head 1226 may be engaged by the counting assembly 1203, causing the pivot shaft 1216 to rotate, as will be described, according to an embodiment below. Further, the pivot shaft 1216 may be sealed with the housing 1110 using sealing elements (e.g., O-rings) 1217.
The upper assembly 1106 may also include a mandrel 1218 and a biasing member 1220, such as a compression spring (or any other potential energy source that may be employed to move the shifting mandrel 1218), which may both be part of the actuator, in some embodiments. The biasing member 1220 may be disposed between the mandrel 1218 and the housing 1110, and, prior to actuation of the plugging device 1100, may be in a stored-energy state. In the run-in configuration of the plugging device 1100, the pivot shaft 1216 may be received through the keyhole 1222 of the mandrel 1218. The key head 1224 of the pivot shaft 1216 may be shaped such that the pivot shaft 1216 is prevented from sliding out of the keyhole 1222 unless the pivot shaft 1216 is rotated to a particular orientation. Further, the actuation head 1226 may be received through the ratchet cylinder 1210 and prevented from being removed by axial sliding therefrom. Accordingly, the pivot shaft 1216 may prevent the biasing member 1220 from pushing the mandrel 1218 toward the actuating dogs 1114, away from the counting assembly 1203 (e.g., the ratchet cylinder 1210), and/or otherwise toward an expanded configuration of the plugging device 1100 in which the actuating dogs 1114 are expanded.
The actuating dogs 1114 may include an inward engagement surface 1228. The inward engagement surface 1228 of the actuating dogs 1114 may be engageable with a corner 1229 of the mandrel 1218, e.g. at or proximal to a lower end 1230 thereof. In some embodiments, this engagement may be a rotating/sliding engagement. In other embodiments, other engaging features, such as gear teeth, may be provided on the mandrel 1218 and/or actuating dogs 1114, so as to function similar to a rack-and-pinion.
The mandrel 1218 may also include fingers 1232 separated circumferentially apart by slots 1234. Similarly, the mandrel stop 1116 may include fingers 1236 separated circumferentially apart by slots 1238. The fingers 1232 of the mandrel 1218 may be received into the slots 1238 of the mandrel stop 1116, and the fingers 1236 of the mandrel stop 1116 may be received into the slots 1234 of the mandrel 1218. This interleaving of the fingers 1232, 1236 may allow sliding between the mandrel 1218 and the mandrel stop 1116, but may prevent relative rotation therebetween.
Further, the mandrel stop 1116 may include pin holes 1240 through at least some of the fingers 1236 thereof. The pin holes 1240 may align with the holes 1115 in the housing 1110 (
The mandrel stop 1116 may also include a first body portion 1242 and a second body portion 1244. The first body portion 1242 may have a smaller outer diameter than the second body portion 1244. Further, the first body portion 1242 may be received radially within the actuating dogs 1114, and the fingers 1236 may extend therefrom. The second body portion 1244 may extend axially therefrom and may engage the dart nose 1120 and the sealing element 1118.
The lower assembly 1108 may also include a piston 1246 positioned with a chamber 1248 defined at least partially in the dart nose 1120. One or more pressure ports (two are shown) 1250 formed in the dart nose 1120 may communicate with the chamber 1248 and a region below the dart nose 1120. One or more pressure ports (four are shown) 1251 may communicate an interior of the mandrel stop 1116 with an exterior of the plugging device 1100, e.g., above the dart nose 1120. The piston 1246 may also include a conical section 1252, which may be tapered so as to decrease in diameter proceeding toward the bottom of the plugging device 1100 (e.g., toward the dart nose 1120 where the pressure ports 1250 are defined).
Referring additionally to
Still referring to
The linkages 1200, 1202 extend inwards to an pawl arm 1402 of the counting assembly 1203. Further, the linkages 1200, 1202 may be able to bend or pivot, e.g., by providing a pivot joint 1404 in each. The pawl arm 1402 may be rotatably supported in the ratchet cylinder 1210 (see
In one example, the pawls 1406, 1408 may push in a counterclockwise direction on the ratchet teeth 1410 when the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B are pivoted toward the housing 1110. In other examples, however, the pawls 1406, 1408 may include hooks or other engaging members that may pull on the ratchet teeth 1410 when the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B pivot away from the housing 1110. In the illustrated embodiment, the pawls 1406, 1408 may be elastically deformable, so as to be movable over the individual teeth 1410 and onto an adjacent tooth 1410, while providing sufficient rigidity to transmit force onto the teeth 1410 to cause the ratchet cylinder 1210 to rotate. The counting assembly 1203 may also include a biasing member, such as a extension spring that biases the pawl arm 1402 against movement imposed by the pivoting of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B, thereby causing the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B to pivot outwards once past the restriction 1104.
As shown in
Proceeding to
Such pivoting of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B causes the linkages 1200, 1202 attached thereto to push inward on the pawl arm 1402. The linkages 1200, 1202 may be offset from the axis of rotation of the pawl arm 1402, and thus the force applied thereto by the pivoting trigger arms 1112A, 1112B via the linkages 1200, 1202 may be converted to torque on the pawl arm 1402. Thus, the pawl arm 1402 is driven to rotate, while the pawls 1406, 1408 engage and, at least in this embodiment, push against the teeth 1410 of the ratchet cylinder 1210 and cause the ratchet cylinder 1210 to rotate (from left to right in the illustrated view). The rotation of the ratchet cylinder 1210 may be proportional to the stroke length of the linkages 1200, 1202 and thus proportional to the arc length of the pivoting of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B.
As mentioned above, the pawls 1406, 1408 may, rather than pushing on the teeth 1410, be configured to pull on the teeth 1410, e.g., when the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B pivot outwards. For example, the pawls 1406, 1408 may include hooks configured to grab the teeth 1410, which may include complementary structures to engage the hooks.
Further, although two pawls 1406, 1408, corresponding to two trigger arms 1112A, 1112B, are shown, it will be appreciated that one, two, three, or more pawls 1406, 1408 and/or one, two, three, or more trigger arms 1112A, 1112B may be employed, without limitation. In some embodiments, a gear assembly may be provided to adjust the amount of rotation of the ratchet cylinder 1210 in response to a cycle of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B. For example, the pawl arm 1402 may provide a sun gear, while the ratchet cylinder provides the ring gear, with one or more planetary gears being disposed therebetween. In another embodiment, the gearing system may provide an operation similar to an odometer, whereby the ratchet cylinder 1210 moves incrementally after a certain number (greater than one) of cycles of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B.
In some embodiments, the plugging device 1100 may be prevented from registering “false” counts. For example, a trigger arm 1112A might be depressed prior to deploying the plugging device 1100 into a wellbore, or the trigger arm 1112A might be cycled by pressure or engagement with the conduit 1102 prior to arriving at a restriction 1104. To avoid this, a lock-out mechanism may be provided. The lock-out mechanism may be temperature or pressure sensitive, so as to prevent the counting assembly 1203 from counting cycles of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B prior to arrival at a specific depth in the wellbore. In other embodiments, the lock-out mechanism may operate to prevent counting unless a two-part trigger is cycled. For example, depressing one of the trigger arms 1112A, without depressing the other trigger arm 1112B, may not increment the counting assembly 1203. In another example, two different types of triggers (e.g., the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B and a magnetic sensor) may be used to detect passage through a restriction 1104, and the counting assembly 1203 may increment when both triggers are simultaneously (or nearly so) triggered. A mechanical isolator may also be implemented on any type of trigger. An interface between the trigger arm and counter may incorporate an isolator that allows low-frequency, long duration inputs to transfer to the counter, but absorbs or attenuates any high frequency inputs. This acts as a mechanical low-pass filter to filter out extraneous, short-duration inputs caused by contact with other wellbore features.
The trigger pin 1600 may thus rotate with each stroke of the trigger arms 1112A, 1112B along with the ratchet cylinder 1210. At some point during the successive cycles of the counting assembly 1203, the trigger pin 1600 may engage the actuation head 1226 of the pivot shaft 1216. Once such engagement occurs, subsequent rotation of the ratchet cylinder 1210 may cause the pivot shaft 1216 to rotate as well. In some embodiments, two or more trigger pins 1600 may be employed. Further, the trigger pin 1600 may begin, as an initial position, any number of degrees rotationally away from engagement with the actuation head 1226, including zero degrees.
In the illustrated embodiment, once the key head 1224 of the pivot shaft 1216 aligns with the keyhole 1222, the mandrel 1218 may be pushed away from the counting assembly 1203 (e.g., downward, as shown), such that the pivot shaft 1216 may be withdrawn from the mandrel 1218. The mandrel 1218 may be forced to move in this direction by the biasing member 1220.
As the mandrel 1218 moves, it may engage the actuating dogs 1114, causing them to pivot relative to the housing 1110, e.g., radially outwards, as shown. In particular, the actuating dogs 1114 may be rotated outward far enough that a distal end 1900 thereof may be positioned to engage a subsequent restriction, as will be described below. The movement of the mandrel 1218 may be limited by the mandrel stop 1116. In particular, the fingers 1232 of the mandrel 1218 may bottom-out in the slots 1238 of the mandrel stop 1116 and/or the fingers 1236 of the mandrel stop 1116 may bottom-out in the slots 1234 of the mandrel 1218. In either case, the mandrel stop 1116 may thus prevent the mandrel 1218 from further, downward movement, while the biasing member 1220 may restrain the mandrel 1218 from upward movement. In some embodiments, a locking mechanism may be employed to maintain the mandrel 1218 in the shifted position, e.g., to provide a stable expansion of the actuating dogs 1114.
With the actuating dogs 1114 deployed radially outward, the plugging device 1100 may continue downward in the conduit 1102.
In some embodiments, the actuating dogs 1114 may optionally include an elastomeric ring or “boot” on the distal end 1900 thereof. The elastomeric ring may expand radially with the actuating dogs 1114, so as to provide at least a partial seal with the restriction 1104. In other embodiments, such a boot may be omitted. Moreover, the distal end 1900 may be tapered or otherwise shaped to provide a large surface area for engagement with the restriction 1104.
Engagement between the actuating dogs 1114 and the restriction 1104 may allow for a pressure differential to be created across the lower assembly 1108. For example, the actuating dogs 1114, although potentially not providing a complete seal, may restrict flow in the conduit 1102 by limiting the flowpath area past the plugging device 1100. Accordingly, a pressure differential may be experienced between the pressure above the actuating dogs 1114 and below the actuating dogs 1114. This pressure may drive the piston 1246 downward, away from the mandrel stop 1116, as the higher pressure above the actuating dogs 1114 may be communicated to one side of the piston 1246 via the ports 1251, while the lower pressure below the actuating dogs 1114 may be communicated to the opposite side of the piston 1246 via the ports 1250. Moreover, the pressure differential may be maintained by the piston 1246 sealing engagement with the dart nose 1120.
Accordingly, the force generated by this pressure differential may overcome the lock ring 1256, expanding the lock ring 1256 outward into the groove 1258 and allowing the piston to move downward into the chamber 1248.
The upper assembly 2202 may include a trigger, such as trigger arms 2204A, 2204B. The upper assembly 2202 may further include a housing 2206, with the trigger arms 2204A, 2204B being pivotally coupled with the housing 2206. The trigger arms 2204A, 2204B may extend outward, so as to engage and be pivoted by interaction with the restriction 1104 of the conduit 1102. The upper assembly 2202 may also include one or more actuating dogs 2208, which may also be pivotally coupled with the housing 2206.
The shifting mandrel 2210 may be restrained from movement by a restraining member 2214. The restraining member 2214 may be any type of structure capable of preventing the shifting mandrel 2210 from moving prematurely, e.g., in response to the force applied by the biasing member 2212. In the illustrated example, the restraining member 2214 is a cable attached to the shifting mandrel 2210. The restraining member 2214 may be coupled on a side opposite to the shifting mandrel 2210 to a section of the housing 2206.
The upper assembly 2202 may also include a counting assembly 2216 and a releasing assembly 2218. The counting assembly 2216 may be similar to the counting assembly 1203, and may operate by the pivotable trigger arms 2204A, 2204B pivoting toward the housing 2206 by engagement with the restrictions 1104. The trigger arms 2204A, 2204B may be coupled with linkages 2220, 2222 which may transmit the movement of the trigger arms 2204A, 2204B to an internal assembly, as will be described in greater detail below. Further, once a predetermined number of trigger arm 2204A, 2204B cycles are completed, the counting assembly 2103 may cause the releasing assembly 2218 to release the shifting mandrel 2210 from the restraining member 2214, e.g., by cutting, detaching, or breaking the restraining member 2214.
In some embodiments, the plugging device 2200 may expand the actuating dogs 2208 using a linearly-moving shifting mandrel, e.g., as discussed above with respect to the mandrel 1218 of the plugging device 1100. In another embodiment, as shown, the plugging device 2200 includes a cam sleeve 2224, a sealing piston 2226, a cam hub 2228, and cams 2230 that pivot to expand the actuating dogs 2208 from the illustrated first, retracted position to a second, expanded position. This operation will be discussed in greater detail below. While these components are shown and described as separated pieces, it will be appreciated that any two or more of the sleeve 2224, piston 2226, hub 2228, and cams 2230 may be formed integrally from a single piece.
The sleeve 2224 and the mandrel 2210 may be coupled together, so as to be slidable and pivotable relative to one anther. For example, the shifting mandrel 2210 may include one or more pins 2250 received into one or more inclined slots 2252 of the cam sleeve 2224. It will be appreciated that the pin 2250 and slot 2252 arrangement is but one among many contemplated; for example, in other embodiments, the shifting mandrel 2210 may provide a helical screw, while the cam sleeve 2224 may provide a nut that is rotated by movement of the mandrel 2210.
In the illustrated embodiment, the shifting mandrel 2210 may be constrained from rotation relative to the housing 2206, while the cam sleeve 2224 may be rotatable with respect thereto. Accordingly, when the shifting mandrel 2210 is released from the restraining member 2214, the biasing member 2212 may cause the shifting mandrel 2210 to move downwards, toward the cam sleeve 2224. The interaction between the pin 2250 and the inclined slot 2252 may convert such downward movement of the shifting mandrel 2210 into rotation of the cam sleeve 2224. This may, in turn, cause the cam hub 2228 to rotate, along with the cams 2230 coupled thereto.
The cams 2230 may engage the actuating dogs 2208. For example, the cams 2230 may be received in grooves 2254 defined in the inside of the actuating dogs 2208. The rotation of the cams 2230, while received in the grooves 2254 may cause the actuating dogs 2208 to expand. In another embodiment, the cams 2230 may extend inwards from the actuating dogs 1114 and engage a camming surface, e.g., provided by the cam hub 2228.
In some embodiments, the actuating dogs 2208 may be constrained from prematurely expanding outwards using, for example, an elastic band or rupture band disposed around or within the actuating dogs 2208, to hold the actuating dogs 2208 in the unexpanded state until actuating dogs 2208 are forced outwards by action of the cams 2230.
The counting assembly 2216 may also include an electrical contact 2406 coupled with the ratchet cylinder 2402 so as to move therewith. Further, the cutting assembly 2218 may include a power source 2408, such as a battery (as shown), a capacitor, or another device that may provide an electrical current. The power source 2408 may be electrically coupled with the contact 2406. The power source 2408 may also be connected with a releasing member 2410 of the releasing assembly 2218. The releasing member 2410 may be configured to release the restraining member 2214 upon becoming part of a completed circuit with the power source 2408. In the illustrated example, the releasing member 2410 may be a cable cutter. For example, the releasing member 2410 may include an explosive charge configured to cause a cutting element to sever the cable of the restraining member 2214. In other embodiments, any other suitable structure able to release the releasing member 2214, e.g., by rotation of a hook, removal of a pin, breaking of a frangible member, transitioning a shape memory alloy, melting a releasing member 2214, etc., may be employed.
The releasing assembly 2216 may also include a conductor 2412, which may extend from a position proximal to the ratchet cylinder 2402, and may be in electrical communication with the releasing member 2410, e.g., via one or more electrical components 2414. The conductor 2412 may be positioned to make contact with the electrical contact 2406, without interfering with the operation of the ratchet cylinder 2402. Similarly, the electrical contact 2406 may be sized and/or positioned so as to avoid interfering with the ratchet cylinder 2402, e.g., so as to pass by the linkages 2220, 2222.
In operation, as the trigger arms 2204A, 2204B cycle, the ratchet cylinder 2402 rotates relative to the housing 2206. The contact 2406 may rotate along with the ratchet cylinder 2402 until the contact 2406 touches the conductor 2412. When that occurs, a circuit including the power source 2408 and the releasing member 2410 is completed, and the releasing member 2410 releases the restraining member 2214.
In particular,
Also visible in
After the counting assembly 2216 (e.g.,
Although not illustrated, a lower assembly (e.g., including a dart nose, sealing element, piston, etc.) may be coupled with the cam hub 2228. In an embodiment, such coupling may employ a bearing, so as to allow the cam hub 2228 to rotate, while the dart nose may stay generally stationary.
The counting assembly 2702 may include an actuating mechanism 2706, such as an electric motor, as shown, but in other examples, the releasing mechanism may be configured to break or otherwise release a restraining member. In the illustrated example, the actuating mechanism 2706 may be coupled with a pivot shaft 2708, which may be received into a mandrel 2710, e.g., with a key head 2712 of the pivot shaft 2708 retaining the pivot shaft 2708 partially in the mandrel 2710 until rotated to a particular rotational position, e.g., by operation of the actuating mechanism 2706. When the pivot shaft 2708 is released from the mandrel 2710, in this embodiment, a biasing member 2715 (e.g., compression spring) may push the mandrel 2710 downwards, so as to expand actuating dogs, as explained, for example, above. In another embodiment, the pivot shaft 2708 may be threaded, and the mandrel 2710 may also be threaded, such that the mandrel 2710 may be driven downwards by rotation of the pivot shaft 2708.
The counting assembly 2702 may employ electromagnetism to count the number of restrictions that the plugging device 2702 has passed through, prior to expanding the actuating dogs. For example, the counting assembly 2702 may include a conductive wire coil 2714 wrapped around a magnet 2716, with poles disposed at either end. Further, a housing 2719 of the counting assembly 2702, which may be coupled with the housing 2704, may be constructed from a non-ferrous and/or magnetically permeable material, such as a fiber-reinforced carbon or glass, plastic, or the like, for example.
The coil 2714 may be coupled with a circuit board 2718, which may in turn be coupled with a power source 2720, such as one or more batteries (as shown), capacitors, or any other suitable power source. The circuit board 2718 may include a logic device, such as a processor or another electronic device capable of counting pulses of current. The power source 2720 may be coupled with the actuating mechanism 2706, so as to provide power thereto at the selection of the circuit board 2718. In some embodiments, the magnet 2716 and wire coil 2714 may independently generate a current, and the power source may be omitted.
The plugging device 2700 may also include endcaps 2750, 2752 on the magnet 2716. The endcaps 2750, 2752 may provide a high-permeability flux path between the magnet 2716 and the outer diameter of the housing 2719. The endcaps 2750, 2752 may be sized to conform to shape of the housing 2719.
In a specific embodiment, the magnet 2716 may be a permanent magnet (such as samarium cobalt, neodymium iron boron) or magnet array that may create a magnetic flux circuit that extends outside of the housing 2719. Magnetic field lines and thus magnetic flux may return from the north to the south pole of the magnet 2716.
The housing 2719 may be made of low permeability material to minimize magnetic flux returned through the housing 2719. High permeability metals used in the restriction 1104 may provide a flux return path for the magnetic field. The magnetic flux may pass from the north pole of the magnet 2716 radially outward into the restriction 1104, and may then travel circumferentially around the ball seat, and then radially inward to the south pole of the magnet, in a symmetric pattern. In contrast, the large radial gap between the conduit 1102 and the plugging device 2700 may provide a relatively poor magnetic flux return path. With the poor magnetic flux path, the total magnetic flux may be low. With the strong magnetic flux path created by the restriction 1104, the total magnetic flux will be high.
The coil 2714 wrapped around the magnet 2716 may be sensitive to the change in flux passing through the coil. As the plugging device 2700 passes from a low flux to a high flux condition, the coil 2714 may generate an electrical current proportional to the change in flux per unit time.
In another embodiment, a magnetic field sensor, such as a magnetometer or giant magnetoresistive sensor, may be positioned within the housing 2719 to measure the magnetic field strength in a given direction. The change in the magnetic flux return path in the low flux and high flux conditions may result in a change in the magnetic field lines passing the sensor, and a change in the magnetic field strength measured by the sensor. The coil 2714 or the magnetic field sensor may thus provide an indicator of passage through a restriction 1104 that can be used to increment the counter.
In general, in operation, when the plugging device 2700 passes through a restriction, the magnetic field generated by the magnet 2716 may be affected, causing a current in the coil 2714. The circuit board 2718 and/or one or more current measuring devices coupled therewith, may recognize the current, and the circuit board 2718 may increment the count of the number of restrictions that the plugging device 2700 has passed through. When the number of restrictions equals a predetermined number, the circuit board 2718 may cause the power source 2720 to supply power to the actuation mechanism 2706, such that, in this case, the actuation mechanism 2706 rotates the pivot shaft 2708, e.g., until the mandrel 2710 is released.
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a plugging device with several functional modules that allow the plugging device to count the number of restrictions (e.g., ball seats) through which the plugging device has passed and expand to engage and, e.g., seal with a target restriction. In an embodiment, the plugging device may include a trigger module, a counting module, an actuation module, and an expandable module. The plugging device may be formed by selecting one or more trigger modules, one or more counting modules, one or more actuation modules, and one or more expandable modules. The selection of the modules may be dependent at least partially on the wellbore environment. Thus, the various different modules may be used with any of the other different types of modules to form the plugging device, e.g., depending on the wellbore environment, among other potential factors.
The trigger module may be or include any device or devices that change state when the plugging device passes through a restriction. This may include pivoting trigger arms, a magnetic flux sensor, optical sensors, and/or RFID tags/readers. The trigger module may also or instead react to differential pressure across the plugging device. For example, as a plugging device passes through a restriction, a reduction of the flow around the plugging device may be experienced. A piston may be balanced in the plugging device to respond to that pressure differential, and the displacement can increment a counter. Another type of trigger module may react to inertial contact of the plugging device on the restriction. The plugging device may cause an impact or contact as it approaches the restrictions. This impact may cause a spring-mounted mass to displace, thus incrementing a counter. Still another trigger module may be magnetic. Passage of the plugging device through the restriction may bring magnetic steel of the restriction into close proximity with the plugging device. Permanent magnets located in the plugging device may be attracted to the restriction. Thus, deflection (or displacement) of the magnets, mounted on springs, may increment the counter. Further, embodiments of the plugging device may employ two or more types of triggers to prevent false triggers, as also mentioned above.
The counting module may also take several forms, including the ratcheting and/or electrical logic devices discussed above. In addition, the counting module may include a hydraulic volume. The trigger input may cause a discrete increment of fluid to be pushed into a chamber, causing a piston to travel a fixed displacement. Once a predetermined volume of fluid has been injected by multiple triggers, the piston would displace to an open a flow port or otherwise cause an action. The counting module may also or instead include a screw. For example, a torsion spring may turn a screw through a fixed angle for each trigger input. In response, a nut travelling on the screw may displace along the screw. Once a preset position is reached, an action would be caused.
The counting module may also include a linear ratchet. The ratchet may push a pin with a repeated conical wedge feature (e.g., analogous to a screw without the helix but with repeated rings) through a spring-loaded nut that allows one-way travel. With each trigger input, the pin pushes forward through one increment of displacement relative to the nut. When a preset displacement has been reached, an action is induced. The counting module might also or instead include a piezoelectric element. The trigger arm may cause a compression in a piezoelectric material, creating an electrical charge. The charge may be used to charge up a capacitor. With each increment of added charge, the voltage on the capacitor may increase. When a set voltage is reached, an action may be induced. Additionally or instead of such capacitor, an electrical counter may count the electrical pulses from the piezoelectric.
The actuation module may be or include a biasing member, pivoting shaft, restraining member, rotary device, or the like, as discussed above. The actuation module may thus rely on stored energy to quickly release and expand the expandable module. The stored energy may be provided by battery or capacitor, chemical energy (e.g., thermite heat generator, gas generator, such as an air bag or propellant, two-part chemistry mix to create dissolving agent, etc.), a mechanical or hydraulic spring, or a shape-memory alloy.
In releasing the stored energy, the actuation module may employ shear pin failure, rupture disk failure, melting or phase change (low melting point alloy), fracture of a metal element (frangibles), and/or translation or rotation to create feature alignment. Thus, actuation may occur in various forms such as generating heat to pressurize a fluid, melt a solid, contract an SMA, and/or thermally expand or deflect a material. Another example of actuation module may be providing electrical energy to create heat, initiate a gas generator, energize a solenoid or motor, and/or actuate a piezoelectric material. Yet another example of actuation may be using chemical energy to generate heat to expand a fluid, create pressure, and/or to destroy a mechanical linkage. Further, a spring may be released to generate a force, create stress, and/or apply pressure. Moreover, an amplification feature may be provided, such as levers, jacks, hydraulics, pneumatics, etc., to apply a greater force on the expandable module.
The expandable module may be actuating dogs, as discussed above, shoulders, lugs, elastic materials, slips, etc., so as to allow engagement with the restriction and plugging of the conduit.
This concludes the detailed description. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/408,026, which was filed on Feb. 29, 2012 and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/448,346, filed on Mar. 2, 2011.
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| Child | 14686613 | US |
