Patent Application
20220285827
The present invention generally relates to radio communications and, more particularly, to base station antennas for cellular communications systems.
Cellular communications systems are well known in the art. In a cellular communications system, a geographic area is divided into a series of regions or “cells” that are served by respective base stations. Each base station may include one or more base station antennas that are configured to provide two-way radio frequency (“RF”) communications with subscribers that are within the cell served by the base station. In many cases, each base station is divided into “sectors.” In one common configuration, a hexagonally-shaped cell is divided into three 120° sectors in the azimuth plane, and each sector is served by one or more base station antennas that have an azimuth Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) of approximately 65°. Typically, the base station antennas are mounted on a tower or other raised structure, with the radiation patterns that are generated by the base station antennas directed outwardly. Base station antennas are often implemented as linear or planar phased arrays of radiating elements.
Conventionally, most cellular communications systems have operated in frequency bands that are at frequencies of less than 2.8 GHz. In order to accommodate the increasing volume of cellular communications, a variety of new frequency bands are being assigned for cellular communications service. Some of the new frequency bands that are being introduced for cellular communications service are within the 3-6 GHz frequency range. The use of these frequency bands, which may be nearly an order of magnitude higher in frequency than some of the existing cellular frequency bands, may result in new challenges in base station antenna design, particularly in multi-band antennas that include linear arrays of radiating elements that are designed to operate in different frequency bands.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a radome and an antenna assembly that is mounted within the radome. The antenna assembly includes a backplane that includes a first reflector and a second reflector that is mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector. A first array that includes a plurality of first radiating elements are mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector, and a second array that includes a plurality of second radiating elements are mounted to extend forwardly from the second reflector. The first radiating elements extend a first distance forwardly from the first reflector and the second radiating elements extend a second distance forwardly from the second reflector, where the first distance exceeds the second distance.
In some embodiments, the second reflector may be electrically connected to the first reflector. The electrical connection may be a direct galvanic connection or a capacitive connection.
In some embodiments, the first radiating elements may be mounted to extend forwardly from a first planar surface of the first reflector and the second radiating elements may be mounted to extend forwardly from a second planar surface of the second reflector. The first planar surface may extend in parallel to the second planar surface in some embodiments, and/or the second reflector may include a pair of lips that extend in parallel to the second planar surface.
In some embodiments, each second radiating element may include at least one radiator, and the second radiating elements may be mounted so that a front surface of the radome is within a near field of the radiators of the second radiating elements.
In some embodiments, the base station antenna may further include a third array that includes a plurality of third radiating elements that are mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector. The first and third radiating elements may be configured to operate in a first frequency band and the second radiating elements may be configured to operate in a second, higher, frequency band. In some embodiments, the second array may be positioned between the first array and the third array.
Pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a radome and an antenna assembly that is mounted within the radome. The antenna assembly includes a backplane having a stepped reflector that has at least a first front surface, a second front surface, and a sidewall disposed between the first front surface and the second front surface. The antenna assembly further includes a first array that has a plurality of first radiating elements that are mounted to extend forwardly from the first front surface and a second array that has a plurality of second radiating elements that are mounted to extend forwardly from the second front surface.
In some embodiments, the first front surface may be parallel to the second front surface.
In some embodiments, the second front surface may be closer to a front surface of the radome than is the first front surface. In such embodiments, the first radiating elements may be configured to operate in a first frequency band and the second radiating elements may be configured to operate in a second frequency band that is higher in frequency than the first frequency band.
In some embodiments, each second radiating element may include at least one radiator, and the second radiating elements may be mounted so that a front surface of the radome is within a near field of the radiators of the second radiating elements.
In some embodiments, the stepped reflector may further include a third front surface that is parallel to the second front surface and spaced apart from both the first front surface and the second front surface, and the base station antenna may further include a third array that has a plurality of third radiating elements that are mounted to extend forwardly from the third front surface.
In some embodiments, the stepped reflector may be a monolithic structure.
Pursuant to still further embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a radome and a backplane mounted within the radome. A linear array of radiating elements is mounted to extend forwardly from the backplane, each radiating element includes a feed stalk and a dipole radiator. Each radiator is mounted at a distance of approximately M*λ/4 forwardly of the backplane, where M is an odd integer greater than 1 and λ is a wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of an operating frequency band of the dipole radiators. In some embodiments, M may be equal to 3, 5 or 7.
In some embodiments, each feed stalk may comprise a printed circuit board having a shielded transmission line thereon. The shielded transmission line may comprise, for example, a stripline transmission line or a coplanar waveguide transmission line.
In some embodiments, the radiating elements may be mounted so that a front surface of the radome is within a near field of the dipole radiators of the radiating elements.
In some embodiments, the linear array may be a first linear array of first radiating elements, and the base station antenna may further include a second linear array of second radiating elements that are configured to operate in a second frequency band. In such embodiments, dipole radiators of the second radiating elements may be mounted less than half a wavelength of a center frequency of the second operating frequency band forwardly from the backplane.
Pursuant to still further embodiments of the present invention, base station antennas are provided that include a radome and a reflector mounted within the radome. A linear array of radiating elements is mounted to extend forwardly from the reflector, where each radiating element includes a feed stalk and a dipole radiator. Each feed stalk has a length that is greater than λ/2, where λ is a wavelength corresponding to a center frequency of an operating frequency band of the dipole radiators.
Base station antennas typically include a radome that serves as at least part of an outer housing for the antenna. The radome may protect the interior components of the antenna from damage during shipping and installation, and from rain, ice, snow, moisture, wind, insects, birds, and other environmental factors once the base station antenna is installed for use. While base station antenna radomes may be formed of a variety of different materials, fiberglass radomes are the most common, as they are relatively lightweight, exhibit high mechanical strength and are reasonably inexpensive to manufacture.
Unfortunately, the radome of a base station antenna can negatively impact the RF signals transmitted by the radiating elements of the base station antenna. For example, a radome may reflect some of the RF energy transmitted by the linear arrays of radiating elements of a base station antenna. Reflection of transmitted RF energy by a radome decreases the directivity, and hence gain, of the antenna, decreases the front-to-back ratio of the antenna (i.e., the ratio of forwardly directed radiation to rearwardly directed radiation, which preferably should be a large number) and may increase the return loss of the antenna. Moreover, since the impact of the radome is a function of the thickness of the radome along the direction of travel of the RF energy, the radome tends to have a greater impact on RF energy emitted at larger angles from the boresight pointing direction of the linear arrays, as at such angles the RF energy travels through more radome material. Consequently, the radome may also degrade the shapes of the radiation patterns generated by the respective linear arrays of radiating elements included in the antenna.
The degree to which a radome will reflect RF signals tends to increase as the ratio of the thickness of the radome to the wavelength of the RF signal increases. Accordingly, the impact of a radome on the RF signals tends to increase as the thickness of the radome is increased and/or as the wavelength of the RF signal is reduced. As higher frequency RF signals have shorter wavelengths, the introduction of higher frequency bands for cellular communications service will tend to result in the radome reflecting an increased amount of RF energy.
Various techniques may be used to reduce or eliminate the above-described “radome effects” that can degrade the performance of a base station antenna. In one such technique, one or more dielectric layers (or structures) may be installed between the radiating elements of a linear array and the front surface of the radome at, for example, a quarter wavelength from the front surface of the radome. These dielectric structure(s) may partially cancel the reflections from the radome, reducing the negative radome effects. However, addition of the dielectric structures increases the cost of the antenna, and the dielectric structures will incur RF losses that reduce the gain of the radiation patterns. Another potential technique is to use radomes that are either thinner or are formed of lower dielectric constant materials (e.g., using PVC as opposed to fiberglass), as such radomes will have reduced impact on the RF signals. However, such changes may reduce the mechanical strength of the radome (and hence the amount of physical protection that the radome provides to the antenna), and/or may increase the cost of manufacturing the radome. As such, changes to the radome may not be a practical solution for many applications.
Pursuant to embodiments of the present invention, techniques are provided for reducing or eliminating the negative effects that a base station antenna may have on the radiation patterns generated by the linear arrays of radiating elements thereof. According to these techniques, the radiating elements included in linear arrays of radiating elements that would otherwise be impacted by the radome may be positioned so that the radome is within the near field of the radiating elements of these linear arrays. When the radome is in the near field, the radome appears to be part of the antenna structure and the reflections that might otherwise occur can be reduced or avoided altogether.
For single band base station antennas that only have a single type of radiating element, it may be relatively easy to design the antenna so that the radome is within the near field of the radiating elements, as the radome may be sized so that the front surface thereof is just forward of the radiating elements. However, in multi-band base station antennas, different sized radiating elements are typically used to support service in the different frequency bands, and hence the radome needs to be sized to accommodate the largest of the radiating elements (which typically are the radiating elements for the lowest frequency band). As a result, the radiating elements for the higher frequency bands tend to be farther removed from the radome. This may be problematic, as it is the higher frequency bands that are most susceptible to degradation by the radome, as discussed above.
Pursuant to some embodiments of the present invention, multi-band base station antennas having stepped backplanes are provided. The radiating elements included in the various arrays included in the antenna may be mounted to extend forwardly from the backplane, and the backplane may serve as both a reflector and as a ground plane for the radiating elements. The stepped backplane may have at least one protruding region that extends farther forwardly than the remainder of the backplane. Radiating elements that operate in a first frequency band may be mounted to extend forwardly from the protruding region of the backplane, while radiating elements that operate in a second, different frequency band may be mounted to extend forwardly from a different portion of the backplane. The protruding portion of the backplane may position the radiating elements that operate in a first frequency band close to the radome so that the radome is within the near field of the first frequency band radiating elements.
In other embodiments, multi-band base station antennas are provided that have both first and second reflectors. The second reflector may be mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector, and the radiating elements that operate in a first frequency band are mounted to extend forwardly from the second reflector. Once again, this may position the radiating elements that operate in the first frequency band close to the radome so that the radome is within the near field of the radiating elements. The second reflector may be electrically coupled to the first reflector so that the second reflector will serve as a ground plane for the radiating elements that operate in a first frequency band. In some embodiments, the second reflector may be capacitively coupled to the first reflector in order to reduce or avoid the generation of passive intermodulation distortion that could occur as a result of any metal-on-metal connection between the first reflector and the second reflector.
In still other embodiments, the radiating elements that operate in the first frequency band may include feed stalks that extend a greater distance above the reflector than usual. As is known in the art, dipole radiators are typically mounted one quarter of a wavelength forwardly of a reflector so that rearwardly emitted RF radiation that reflects off the backplane will generally be in-phase with the forwardly directed radiation. So-called feed stalks are typically used to mount the dipoles a quarter wavelength in front of the reflector and to feed the RF signals to the dipoles. By extending the length of the feed stalks from one-quarter wavelength to three-quarters of a wavelength, the dipoles may be moved closer to the radome and the rearwardly emitted RF radiation that reflects off the reflector will still generally be in-phase with the forwardly directed radiation. Accordingly, pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention the feed stalks for selected radiating elements may be extended to ¾, 5/4, 7/4, etc. of a wavelength in order to position the radiators of the radiating elements closer to the radome.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed in greater detail with reference to the attached figures.
In the description that follows, the antenna 100 will be described using terms that assume that the antenna 100 is mounted for normal use on a tower or other structure with the longitudinal axis of the antenna 100 extending along a vertical axis (i.e., generally perpendicular to a plane defined by the horizon) and the front surface of the antenna 100 mounted opposite the tower pointing toward the coverage area for the antenna 100.
As shown in
As shown in
A plurality of dual-polarized radiating elements 300, 400, 500 are mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector 214. The radiating elements include low-band radiating elements 300, mid-band radiating elements 400 and high-band radiating elements 500. The low-band radiating elements 300 are mounted in two columns to form two linear arrays 220-1, 220-2 of low-band radiating elements 300. The low-band radiating elements 300 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in a first frequency band such as, for example, the 694-960 MHz frequency range or a portion thereof. The mid-band radiating elements 400 may likewise be mounted in two columns to form two linear arrays 230-1, 230-2 of mid-band radiating elements 400. The mid-band radiating elements 400 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in a second frequency band such as, for example, the 1427-2690 MHz frequency range or a portion thereof. The high-band radiating elements 500 are mounted in four columns to form four linear arrays 240-1 through 240-4 of high-band radiating elements 500. The high-band radiating elements 500 may be configured to transmit and receive signals in a third frequency band such as, for example, the 3300-4200 MHz frequency range or a portion thereof.
In the depicted embodiment, the linear arrays 240 of high-band radiating elements 500 are positioned between the linear arrays 220 of low-band radiating elements 300, and each linear array 220 of low-band radiating elements 300 is positioned between a respective one of the linear arrays 240 of high-band radiating elements 500 and a respective one of the linear arrays 230 of mid-band radiating elements 400. It will be appreciated that the arrangement of the linear arrays 220, 230, 240 may be varied from what is depicted in
The low-band, mid-band and high-band radiating elements 300, 400, 500 may each be mounted to extend forwardly from the first reflector 214. The first reflector 214 may comprise a sheet of metal that, as noted above, serves as a reflector and as a ground plane for the radiating elements 300, 400, 500.
Each low-band, mid-band and high-band radiating element 300, 400, 500 may include a respective feed stalk 310, 410, 510 and one or more radiators 320, 420, 520 (see
Typically, the radiating elements of a multi-band antenna such as the antenna 100 are all mounted on a common backplane that has a generally planar reflector surface.
As discussed above, a radome may start to reflect RF signals emitted by a radiating element that is mounted behind the radome as the ratio of the thickness of the radome to the wavelength of the RF signal increases. Various other factors, including the dielectric constant of the radome material and the distance separating the radiating element from the radome also impact the degree of reflection. It has been found that when low-band radiating elements 300 that operate in the 694-960 MHz frequency band and high-band radiating elements 500 that operate in the 3300-4200 MHz are mounted in the fashion shown in
As shown in
It has been found that mounting the second reflector 250 to extend forwardly from the first reflector 214 may not only reduce the radome effect, but may also improve other performance aspects of the base station antenna 100. For example, in an antenna such as base station antenna 100 that includes eight linear arrays of radiating elements, it is typically necessary to space the linear arrays in very close proximity to one another. This may result in coupling between different ones of the linear arrays that may degrade the radiation patterns. In the base station antenna 100, such coupling is of particular concern with respect to the linear arrays 220-1 and 220-2 (i.e., the two linear arrays of low-band radiating elements). It has been found that the inclusion of the second reflector 250, as well as the fact that the radiating elements 500 are mounted farther forwardly, tends to act as an RF shield structure that reduces coupling between linear arrays 220-1 and 220-2, and thus the inclusion of the second reflector 250 may actually improve the radiation patterns of linear arrays 220-1, 220-2.
It will be appreciated that the backplane 610 having the stepped reflector 614 of
Pursuant to further embodiments of the present invention, the radiators of the high-band radiating elements may be positioned in close proximity to the front surface 112 of the radome 110 by designing the high-band radiating elements to have extended feed stalks. A high-band radiating element 900 having such a design is schematically shown in
As shown in
The dipole radiators 930 are configured to operate in, for example, the 5.1-5.3 GHz frequency band. The dipole radiators 930 are located forwardly of the dipole radiators 920. When a 3.5 GHz signal is input to the radiating element 900, it is fed directly to one of the dipole radiators 920. When a 5.1 GHz signal is input to the radiating element 900, the energy electromagnetically couples to one of the 5.1 GHz parasitic dipole radiators 930, which then resonates at 5.1 GHz. The two dipole radiators 930 are also arranged orthogonally to each other at angles of −45° and +45° with respect to the longitudinal (vertical) axis of the antenna so that the dipole radiators 930 will emit RF signals having slant −45° and slant +45° polarizations, respectively.
The feed stalks 910 may have a height so that the dipole radiators 920 are mounted forwardly of a reflector at a distance of about ¾ of a wavelength of the center frequency of the operating frequency band of the dipole radiators 920. This approach acts to mount the dipole radiators 920 further from an underlying reflector, and hence closer to the front surface 112 of the radome 110. As described above, if the dipole radiators 920, 930 are mounted so that the radome 110 is in the near field of the dipole radiators 920, 930, then the radome may appear as part of the radiating element 900, which will reduce or eliminate any tendency for the radome 110 to reflect RF energy that is transmitted by the radiating element 900. While in the embodiment of
The printed circuit boards 912 that are used to implement the feed stalks 910 may include shielded RF transmission lines that are used to pass RF signals between the dipole radiators 920 and other components of an antenna that includes the radiating elements 900. Thus, it will be understood that the printed circuit boards 912 may comprise stripline printed circuit boards or may use coplanar waveguide transmission lines or other shielded transmission line structures.
While the example embodiments of the present invention have focused primarily on modification to the backplane and/or radiating element design for radiating elements that operate in some or all of the 3.3-4.2 GHz frequency range, it will be appreciated that the techniques disclosed herein may be used with any appropriate frequency band. For example, in other embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein may be used to improve the performance of linear arrays of radiating elements that operate in the 1.7-2.7 GHz frequency band or portions thereof.
Embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
In the description above, like elements are referred to individually by their full reference numeral (e.g., linear array 230-2) and are referred to collectively by the first part of their reference numeral (e.g., the linear arrays 230).
In the discussion above, reference is made to the linear arrays of radiating elements that are commonly included in base station antennas. It will be appreciated that herein the term “linear array” is used broadly to encompass both arrays of radiating elements that include a single column of radiating elements that are configured to transmit the sub-components of an RF signal as well as to two-dimensional arrays of radiating elements (i.e., multiple linear arrays) that are configured to transmit the sub-components of an RF signal. It will also be appreciated that in some cases the radiating elements may not be disposed along a single line. For example, in some cases a linear array of radiating elements may include one or more radiating elements that are offset from a line along which the remainder of the radiating elements are aligned. This “staggering” of the radiating elements may be done to design the array to have a desired azimuth beamwidth. Such staggered arrays of radiating elements that are configured to transmit the sub-components of an RF signal are encompassed by the term “linear array” as used herein.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will also be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (i.e., “between” versus “directly between”, “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent”, etc.).
Relative terms such as “below” or “above” or “upper” or “lower” or “horizontal” or “vertical” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one element, layer or region to another element, layer or region as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Aspects and elements of all of the embodiments disclosed above can be combined in any way and/or combination with aspects or elements of other embodiments to provide a plurality of additional embodiments.
The present application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/976,132, filed Aug. 27, 2020, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/040227, filed on Jul. 2, 2019, which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/829,171, filed Apr. 4, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/694,316, filed Jul. 5, 2018, the entire content of each of the above applications which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth fully herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62829171 | Apr 2019 | US | |
| 62694316 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16976132 | Aug 2020 | US |
| Child | 17750512 | US |
