Patent Application
20050143942
The present invention generally relates to integrated circuit programmable gain amplifiers, and more particularly to an integrated circuit multi-channel programmable gain amplifier having operational characteristics controlled with a serial interface.
Programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) may be used to amplify analog signals from sensors that measure, for example, temperature, pressure, humidity, vibration, pH, flow, etc. Usually, the amplified signals of the sensors are coupled to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which samples the analog signal values. The ADC digital output may be coupled to a digital signal processor (DSP) for further processing of the amplified signal information from these sensors.
The various sensors may require sampling at different rates since fast-changing signals must be processed more frequently than slower-changing signals (e.g., Nyquist sampling rate). In addition, different sensors may produce signals having different amplitudes that require different amplifier gains so as to fully utilize the dynamic range of the ADC.
A PGA typically switches resistance values in its feedback circuit to select different gains. There also may be an analog input multiplexer (MUX) for selecting between a multiple number of analog input channels to the PGA. In a microcontroller system it is therefore necessary to control the gain switches and the analog input MUX to the PGA. In addition, it is useful to be able to send various other commands to the PGA, e.g., bandwidth, power draw, auto-calibrate, auto-offset zero, etc., and/or to read back the status or other data pertaining to operation of the PGA and/or the MUX.
PGAs have been built using discrete amplifiers, resistors, switches and MUXs. However, the resulting system has been costly in terms of printed circuit board space, power consumption and the number of discrete components required. Performance has also suffered because of component mismatch, circuit drift and parasitic capacitances.- Some integrated circuit (IC) implementations have been developed for a PGA, but these PGA ICs lack flexible control and do not have multiple input channel capabilities for handling a plurality of sensors. Without multiple input channel capabilities, system-level calibration of gain and offset is not possible since there can be no dedicated input channel for calibration to a reference signal.
Presently, discrete logic inputs are used in PGA ICs to control the PGA functions, including gain. For example, three input pins of the PGA IC may be dedicated to selecting one of eight gain settings. Other pins may be used for device selection, power-down sleep mode, read status, write control data, etc. However, these control and status pins of the PGA IC add additional pin count to the IC device, increasing the IC package size and cost.
Therefore, there is a needed for flexible control, configuration and determining status of an integrated circuit (IC) amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, e.g., programmable gain amplifier (PGA), without having to materially increase the pin count of the integrated circuit package.
The invention overcomes the above-identified problems as well as other shortcomings and deficiencies of existing technologies by providing an integrated circuit (IC) amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, e.g., programmable through a serial communications interface that is adapted to communicate with the amplifier control and status circuits, and, in addition, to control an analog input MUX in combination with the amplifier in the IC package.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an amplifier, e.g., at least one operational amplifier, having programmable operational characteristics and a serial communications interface are fabricated on an IC. The serial communications interface, e.g., serial peripheral interface (SPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), System Management Bus (SMBus) and the like, may be used to control the programmable operational characteristics of the amplifier , e.g., gain, bandwidth, power consumption, input offset correction, frequency response, high pass filter frequency cutoff, low pass filter frequency cutoff, band pass filter frequency, phase delay, quality (Q), etc. Preferably, the operational characteristics setting elements, e.g., gain and/or frequency setting resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors and/or inductors for the programmable operational characteristics amplifier, and programmable operational characteristics setting element selection switches, e.g., diodes, transistors (bipolar, field effect, etc., preferably metal oxide semiconductor field effect -MOSFET), may be part of the IC. It is contemplated and within the scope of the invention that any of the operational characteristics setting elements (e.g., resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors and/or inductors) of the amplifier, and/or operational characteristics setting element selection switches may be located off of the IC. The operational characteristics setting element selection switches may be positioned between the operational characteristics setting elements and the high-impedance inverting input of the at least one operational amplifier for reducing distortion, increasing bandwidth, frequency response shaping and improving gain accuracy.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an amplifier, e.g., at least one operational amplifier, having programmable operational characteristics, an analog input multiplexer (MUX) and a serial communications interface are fabricated on an IC. The serial communications interface, e.g., serial peripheral interface (SPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), System Management Bus (SMBus) and the like, may be used to control the programmable operational characteristics of the amplifier, e.g., gain, bandwidth, power consumption, input offset correction, frequency response, high pass filter frequency cutoff, low pass filter frequency cutoff, band pass filter frequency, phase delay, and quality (Q), etc., and selects the analog input channel of the MUX that is connected to the amplifier analog input. Preferably, the operational characteristics setting elements, e.g., gain and/or frequency setting resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors and/or inductors for the amplifier, and operational characteristics setting element selection switches, e.g., diodes, transistors (bipolar, field effect, etc., preferably metal oxide semiconductor field effect -MOSFET), may be part of the IC. It is contemplated and within the scope of the invention that any of the operational characteristics setting elements (e.g., resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors and/or inductors) for the programmable amplifier, and/or operational characteristics setting element selection switches may be located off of the IC. The operational characteristics setting element selection switches, e.g., diodes, transistors (bipolar, field effect, etc., preferably metal oxide semiconductor field effect -MOSFET), may be positioned between the operational characteristics setting elements and the high-impedance inverting input of the operational amplifier for reducing distortion, increasing bandwidth, frequency response shaping and improving gain accuracy.
The serial peripheral interface (SPI) requires only three pins of the IC, e.g., CS (chip select, active low), SCK (serial clock input) and SI (serial data input) to communicate with, for example, a microcontroller. Data and commands are sent to the programmable operational characteristics amplifier and/or the MUX by appropriate timing on these three pins. In general, data may be shifted into the programmable operational characteristics amplifier control circuits when CS is low and SCK toggles. When SCK changes its logic level (e.g., rising or falling edge of the clock waveform), data on the SI pin is shifted into the amplifier control circuit. This data may be latched in the amplifier control circuit and acted upon at the rising edge of the signal on the CS pin. The serial communications interface saves valuable pin count on the IC package and printed circuit board real estate.
In addition, a serial data output (SO) pin is optional to allow daisy chaining to other peripheral devices, each using the same CS signal. This saves additional chip select pins on the microcontroller package. In a similar fashion, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) may be used for control and status of the programmable operational characteristics amplifier and/or MUX. The serial communications interface is well suited for communicating with digital processor-based systems, e.g., microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic array (PLA), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and the like.
The present invention may be one or more integrated circuit dice un-packaged on a leadframe or substrate, or encapsulated in a plastic, epoxy and/or ceramic integrated circuit package, e.g., PDIP, SOIC, MSOP, TSSOP, QSOP and the like.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an integrated circuit amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, comprises: at least one operational amplifier; operational characteristics setting elements for setting the operational characteristics of the at least one operational amplifier; operational characteristics setting element selection switches coupled between the operational characteristics setting elements and the at least one operational amplifier; and a serial communications interface, wherein the serial communications interface controls the operational characteristics setting element selection switches. The integrated circuit programmable operational characteristics amplifier may further comprise an analog multiplexer having a plurality of analog inputs and an analog output, the analog output coupled to an input of at least one operational amplifier. The integrated circuit programmable operational characteristics amplifier may further comprise an analog multiplexer having a plurality of analog inputs and a plurality of analog outputs, the plurality of analog outputs coupled to inputs of respective ones of the at least one operational amplifiers. The analog multiplexer may be controlled by the serial communications interface. The integrated circuit programmable operational characteristics amplifier may further comprise a power-on-reset circuit for setting the serial communications interface to a predetermined state. The integrated circuit programmable operational characteristics amplifier may further comprise a memory coupled to the serial communications interface. The memory may be volatile and/or non-volatile.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method for controlling an integrated circuit amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, comprises an operational amplifier, operational characteristics setting elements for determining operational characteristics of the operational amplifier, operational characteristics setting element selection switches for coupling the operational characteristics setting elements to the operational amplifier and a serial communications interface, said method comprising the step of controlling the operational characteristics setting element selection switches with the serial communications interface, and selecting the operational characteristics setting elements to be coupled to the operational amplifier with the operational characteristics setting element selection switches, whereby the operational amplifier operational characteristics are determined with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling the operational amplifier power consumption with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the steps of controlling the operational amplifier bandwidth with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling the operational amplifier input offset correction with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling the operational amplifier frequency response with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling a plurality of analog inputs to the operational amplifier with a multiplexer (MUX) controlled by the serial communications interface. The step of controlling the characteristics of the operational amplifier may comprise the steps of: controlling the operational characteristics selection switches with the serial communications interface; and selecting the operational characteristics setting elements to be coupled to the operational amplifier with the operational characteristics setting element selection switches.
According to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method for controlling an integrated circuit amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, comprises a plurality of operational amplifiers, operational characteristics setting elements for determining operational characteristics for each of the plurality of operational amplifiers, operational characteristics setting element selection switches for coupling the operational characteristics setting elements to respective ones of the plurality of operational amplifiers and a serial communications interface, said method comprising the step of controlling the plurality of operational amplifier operational characteristics with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling power consumption of each of the plurality of operational amplifiers with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling bandwidth for each of the plurality of operational amplifiers with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling input offset correction for each of the plurality of operational amplifiers with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling frequency response for each of the plurality of operational amplifiers with the serial communications interface. The method may further comprise the step of controlling a plurality of analog inputs to each of the plurality of operational amplifiers with a multiplexer (MUX) controlled by the serial communications interface. The step of controlling the plurality of operational amplifier may comprise the steps of: controlling the operational characteristics setting element selection switches with the serial communications interface; and selecting the operational characteristics setting elements to be coupled to respective ones of the plurality of operational amplifiers with the operational characteristics setting element selection switches.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system for analog signal processing with an amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, comprises an operational amplifier; operational characteristics setting elements for setting operational characteristics of the operational amplifier; operational characteristics setting element selection switches coupled between the operational characteristics setting elements and the operational amplifier; and a serial communications interface, wherein the serial communications interface controls the operational characteristics setting element selection switches; an analog-to-digital converter, wherein an input of the analog-to-digital converter is coupled to an output of the operational amplifier; and a digital processor, wherein the digital processor is coupled to the output of the analog-to-digital converter and to the serial communications interface. The system may further comprise an analog multiplexer having a plurality of analog inputs and an analog output, the analog output coupled to an input of the operational amplifier. The analog multiplexer may be controlled by the serial communications interface.
According to still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system for analog signal processing with an amplifier having programmable operational characteristics, comprises a plurality of operational amplifiers; operational characteristics setting elements for setting operational characteristics for each of the plurality of operational amplifiers; operational characteristics setting element selection switches coupled between the operational characteristics setting elements and the respective ones of the plurality of operational amplifiers; and a serial communications interface, wherein the serial communications interface controls the operational characteristics setting element selection switches; at least one analog-to-digital converter, wherein a respective input of the at least one analog-to-digital converter is coupled to an output of a respective one the plurality of operational amplifiers; and a digital processor, wherein the digital processor is coupled to the output of the at least one analog-to-digital converter and to the serial communications interface. The system may further comprise an analog multiplexer having a plurality of analog inputs and analog outputs, the plurality of analog outputs coupled to respective inputs of the plurality of operational amplifiers. The analog multiplexer may be controlled by the serial communications interface.
A technical advantage of the present invention is that it requires a minimum number of signal pins on an IC. Another technical advantage is a simple and standardized interface for controlling an amplifier having programmable operational characteristics and/or MUX of an IC.
Features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the embodiments, given for the purpose of disclosure and taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing.
A more complete understanding of the present disclosure and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
While the present invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific exemplary embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Referring now to the drawings, the details of exemplary embodiments of the present invention are schematically illustrated. Like elements in the drawing will be represented by like numbers, and similar elements will be represented by like numbers with a different lower case letter suffix.
Referring to
The one or more integrated circuit dice may be un-encapsulated on the leadframe or substrate, or may be encapsulated in an integrated circuit package, e.g., PDIP, SOIC, MSOP, TSSOP, QSOP and the like.
Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention does not have the MUX 104 with the integrated circuit die 114. The SPI 106 may control the operational amplifier 102 operational characteristics, e.g., gain, bandwidth, power consumption, input offset correction, frequency response, high pass filter frequency cutoff, low pass filter frequency cutoff, band pass filter frequency, phase delay, and quality (Q), etc. The SPI 106 may also control input offset calibration, bandwidth, frequency response shaping, power utilization, etc., of the operational amplifier 102. Optionally, the POR 108 may be used to reset and initialize the SPI 106 to a predetermined state during power-up. The SPI 106 may also operate under the serial peripheral interface (SPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), System Management Bus (SMBus), or any other serial standard desired.
An advantage of the present invention is that the SPI 106 only requires three external connections, thus minimizing pin count of the IC package. A chip select (CS), for example, active low, a serial clock input (SCK) and a serial data input (SI) are all that are needed for complete control and status of the amplifier 100. Data and commands may be sent to the amplifier 100 by appropriate timing on these signal inputs. For example, data may be shifted into the amplifier 100 when CS is at a low logic level and SCK is allowed to toggle. At the rising edge of the signal at SCK, data on the SI is shifted into the amplifier 100. This data may be latched (latch not shown) and acted upon at the rising edge of the signal at CS. In addition, a serial data output (SO) maybe used for daisy chaining to other peripheral devices (not shown) using the same CS signal. This feature saves additional chip select connections to the digital processor (not shown). Other variations of serial interfaces may be, for example but not limited to, serial peripheral interface (SPI), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), System Management Bus (SMBus) and the like.
The SPI 106 may also control the MUX 104, illustrated with eight inputs, CH0-CH7, more or fewer inputs are also contemplated and within the scope of the present invention. The MUX 104 is optional and the present invention may also function without a MUX, or may utilize an external MUX, depending upon system requirements.
The operational characteristics setting element selection switches 110 control selection of the operational characteristics setting elements 112 and are generally positioned between the operational characteristics setting elements (e.g., resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors and/or inductors) and the high-impedance inverting input of the operational amplifier 102 to reduce distortion, increase bandwidth and improve gain accuracy. The operational characteristics setting elements 112 may also be coupled to a voltage reference, VREF, which may be part of the integrated circuit die 114 or may be an external (off chip) voltage reference. More than one voltage reference may also be utilized with the present invention and is contemplated herein.
Referring to
The invention, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While the invention has been depicted, described, and is defined by reference to exemplary embodiments of the invention, such a reference does not imply a limitation on the invention, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The invention is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of the invention are exemplary only, and are not exhaustive of the scope of the invention. Consequently, the invention is intended to be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims, giving full cognizance to equivalents in all respects.
This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/374,016; filed Feb. 25, 2003; entitled “Multi-Channel Programmable Gain Amplifier Controlled with a Serial Interface,” by Kumen E. Blake and James B. Nolan; which is hereby incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10374016 | Feb 2003 | US |
| Child | 11040354 | Jan 2005 | US |
