Patent Grant
10139559
The present invention relates to a multi-core optical fiber (hereinafter referred to as “MCF”), an optical cable, and an optical component such as an optical connector (including an array), and to an optical component required to allow for higher density of optical fibers of standard size to be applied thereto.
The MCF having a plurality of cores extending along a fiber axis in a common cladding is expected as an optical transmission line capable of transmitting a large capacity of information. On the MCF, various studies have been conducted for the purpose of transmitting a larger capacity of information (e.g., cf. Non Patent Literatures 1 to 7).
Non Patent Literatures 1 and 2 disclose the theories and simulation results about crosstalk between neighboring cores. Furthermore, Non Patent Literatures 3 to 7 disclose the theories and prototyping results about trench-assisted optical fibers.
The inventors conducted research on the conventional MCFs and found the problem as described below. Specifically, in the MCFs as described in above Non Patent Literatures 1 to 7, it is necessary to increase the core pitch Λ, for reducing XT, without making the mode field diameter (hereinafter referred to as “MFD”) too small (or while keeping it large). However, if the cores are arranged with increase in core pitch within the limited diameter of the common cladding, i.e., within the cladding diameter (hereinafter referred to “OD”), the number of cores will decrease. On the other hand, if the number of cores is increased with increase in core pitch, the OD will increase.
The MCFs as described in above Non Patent Literatures 1 to 7 have the optical characteristics suitable for long-haul large-capacity transmission. Specifically, in the C-band (1530 nm to 1565 nm), the transmission loss TL is low and the chromatic dispersion CD is high, and the cable cutoff wavelength λcc is significantly larger than 1260 nm, for suppressing XT with the core pitch as short as possible while keeping the effective core cross-sectional area Aeff large. λcc is, for example, approximately not less than 1300 nm, not less than 1400 nm, and a little smaller than 1530 nm.
Therefore, these MCFs are not suitable for transmission in the O-band (1260 nm to 1360 nm) where CD is low when made of common silica glass (silica-based glass). Furthermore, the foregoing MCFs have high CD in the single-mode operation band because they are not configured so that CD is low in the C-band as in dispersion-shifted fibers.
It is known from the below Reference Literatures and others that in the MCF, a leakage loss LL (dB/km) of core-mode light from the core to the coating worsens when the shortest distance (outmost core-cladding thickness (OCT: Outer Cladding Thickness)) between the core center of the core OC located closest to the outer periphery (the outmost core) and the surface of the cladding (coating) is small.
For enhancing utilization efficiency of the cross section of MCF, i.e., for packing a larger number of cores in the cross section of MCF, OCT needs to be made smaller. For reducing LL while making OCT smaller, it is conceivable to decrease the RI of the coating. In this case, however, propagation of the cladding mode becomes easier and it becomes easier to cause multi-path interference (MPI) due to recoupling of the cladding mode to the core mode, or the like. This will facilitate degradation of signal quality of signal light propagating in the core. For preventing this degradation of signal quality of signal light, for example, the above Reference Literature 1 specifies that OCT must be not less than 30 μm. Furthermore, the above Reference Literatures 2 and 3 specify that OCT must be not less than about 40 km.
As described above, there is no known MCF that realizes the optical characteristics suitable for transmission of optical signals, such as moderately large MFD, low inter-neighboring-core crosstalk XT, and low secondary inter-neighboring-core talk (crosstalk between a core concerned and another neighboring core neighboring to the concerned core) XTs, with the same OD as the OD of 125±1 μm of a conventional standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), while including eight or more cores.
The present invention has been accomplished in order to solve the above problem and it is an object of the present invention to provide an MCF, optical cable, and optical connector realizing optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission, while including eight or more cores in the cladding with the diameter of not more than 126 μm.
An MCF according to an embodiment of the invention comprises: a core group consisting of eight or more cores; an inner cladding group consisting of inner claddings each of which individually surrounds a corresponding core out of the eight or more cores; a trench group consisting of trenches each of which individually surrounds a corresponding inner cladding out of the inner claddings; a common cladding individually surrounding each of the trenches; and a resin coating surrounding the common cladding. In the MCF, each of the cores, each of the inner claddings, each of the trenches, and the common cladding are comprised of silica-based glass. A diameter of the common cladding is not more than 126 μm. Where relative RI differences of each core, each inner cladding, each trench, the common cladding, and the coating with respect to a predetermined RI are defined as Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, and Δ5, respectively, each core, each inner cladding, each trench, the common cladding, and the coating satisfy the following conditions: Δ5>Δ1>Δ2>Δ3; and Δ1>Δ4>Δ3. Optical characteristics of each core are as follows: a TL is not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km at a wavelength of 1310 nm. An MFD is from 8.0 μm to 10.1 μm at the wavelength of 1310 nm. A bending loss BL in a bending radius BR of not less than 5 mm or in the BR of not less than 3 mm and, less than 5 mm is not more than 0.25 dB/turn at the wavelength of 131.0 nm. A zero dispersion wavelength λ0 is from 1300 nm to 1324 nm. λcc is not more than 1260 nm. An XT or XTs is not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm. The BR shall include a radius of curvature CR.
The embodiment of the invention can provide the MCF, optical cable, and optical connector realizing the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission, while including the eight or more cores in the common cladding with the diameter of not more than 126 μm.
Contents of the embodiment of the present invention will be first described as individually enumerated below.
(1) One aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention comprises: a core group consisting of eight or more cores; an inner cladding group consisting of inner claddings each of which individually surrounds a corresponding core out of the eight or more cores; a trench group consisting of trenches each of which individually surrounds a corresponding inner cladding out of the inner claddings; a common cladding individually surrounding each of the trenches; and a resin coating surrounding the common cladding. In the MCF, each of the cores, each of the inner claddings, each of the trenches, and the common cladding are comprised of silica-based glass. A diameter of the common cladding is not more than 126 μm. Where relative RI differences of each core, each inner cladding, each trench, the common cladding, and the coating with respect to a predetermined RI are defined as Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, and Δ5, respectively, each core, each inner cladding, each trench, the common cladding, and the coating satisfy the following conditions: Δ5>Δ1>Δ2>Δ3; and Δ1>Δ4>Δ3. Optical characteristics of each core are as follows: a TL is not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km at a wavelength of 1310 nm. An MFD is from 8.0 μm to 10.1 μm at the wavelength of 1310 nm. A BL in a BR of not less than 5 mm or in the BR of not less than 3 mm and, less than 5 mm is not more than 0.25 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1310 nm. λ0 is from 1300 nm to 1324 nm. λcc is not more than 1260 nm. Furthermore, an XT or XTs is not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm.
Since the MCF has the eight or more cores, the number of spatial channels per cross-sectional area can be made larger. Since it has the trench-assisted RI structure with the inner claddings and trenches, it can enhance the confinement effect of light in the cores. Furthermore, it has the common cladding and the OD is not more than 126 μm. Therefore, the OD is equal to or smaller than that of the conventionally-used SSMF (Standard SMF). Since the MCF has the high-index coating, it can suppress propagation of the cladding mode.
Each core has the TL of not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm, and thus has the optical characteristics suitable for transmission near the wavelength of 1310 nm. Therefore, the LL is sufficiently small at the wavelength of 1310 nm. Since each core has the MFD of 8.0 μm to 10.1 μm at the wavelength of 1310 nm, a splice loss can be reduced in splice to a system or a component premised on the conventional SSMF. Since each core has the BL of not more than 0.25 dB/turn in the BR of not less than 5 mm or in the BR of less than 5 mm and not less than 3 mm at the wavelength of 131.0 nm, a significant TL increase can be restrained even in a case where a fiber bend of a small BR is given.
Since each core has the Δ0 of 1300 nm to 1324 nm, the CD in the O-band used in transmission is kept low. Since each core has the λcc of not more than 1260 nm, it can guarantee the single-mode operation in the O-band used in transmission. Since the cores have the XT of not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm or the XTs of not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm, the XT is low in short-haul transmission. Therefore, the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission can be realized while the eight or more cores are included in the cladding with the diameter of not more than 126 μm.
(2) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, the OD may be not less than 124 μm. In this case, since the OD of the SSMF is 125±1 μm, it is possible to use the same peripheral components, such as a connector ferrule, as those for the conventionally-used SSMF.
(3) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, the MCF may be configured so that the TL of an OC a core center of which is located at a smallest distance from the coating, out of the eight or more cores, is larger than 0.5 dB/km at a wavelength of 1550 nm or at a wavelength of 1625 nm, or, so that the TLs of the eight or more respective cores are larger than 0.4 dB/km at the wavelength of 1550 nm or at the wavelength of 1625 nm. In this case, by adopting a structure to make the OCT small and the LL large at long wavelengths, a larger number of cores or the cores with a larger MFD can be packed in the cladding of about 125 μm. Furthermore, a design margin for manufacturing is expanded to allow for variation in XT and Λ.
(4) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, the eight or more cores may be arranged on an identical circumference centered at a center of a cross section of the common cladding. In this case, the core arrangement of a circular ring shape can suppress variation in core pitch and optical characteristics among the cores.
(5) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, the eight or more cores may be arranged at equal intervals. In this case, the core arrangement of the circular ring shape can suppress the variation in core pitch and optical characteristics among the cores.
(6) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, where Conditions 0 to 10 are defined as below using 2a as a diameter of each core, 2b as a diameter of each inner cladding, and 2c as a diameter of each trench, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, a, b, and c preferably satisfy at least any one of the Conditions 0 to 10.
5.27 μm≤2a≤8.05 μm
0.375≤a/b≤0.45
0.478≤b/c≤0.816
0.26%≤Δ1−Δ4≤0.42%
−0.05%≤Δ2−Δ4≤0.15%
0.25%≤Δ1−Δ2≤0.385%
Δ3−Δ4←−0.5% (Condition 0)
6.16 μm≤2a≤7.01 μm
0.385≤a/b≤0.473
0.597≤b/c≤0.729
0.266%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.034%≤Δ2≤0.071%
−0.566%≤Δ3≤−0.284%
−0.015%≤Δ4≤0.222% (Condition 1)
6.73 μm≤2a≤8.08 μm
0.357≤a/b≤0.530
0.687≤b/c≤0.815
0.297%≤Δ1≤0.403%
−0.053%≤Δ2≤0.034%
−0.694%≤Δ3≤−0.271%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.196% (Condition 2)
6.47 μm≤2a≤7.64 μm
0.359≤a/b≤0.435
0.695≤b/c≤0.819
0.264%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.067%≤Δ2≤0.060%
−1.020%≤Δ3≤−0.392%
−0.017%≤Δ4 (Condition 3)
7.14 μm≤2a≤8.10 μm
0.322≤a/b≤0.483
0.744≤b/c≤0.859
0.328%≤Δ1≤0.412%
−0.037%≤Δ2≤0.043%
−1.426%≤Δ3≤−0.495%
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.161% (Condition 4)
6.65 μm≤2a≤7.01 μm
0.385≤a/b≤0.410
0.597≤b/c≤0.729
0.367%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.034%≤Δ2≤0.058%
−0.566%≤Δ3≤−0.284%
−0.015%≤Δ4≤0.222% (Condition 5)
6.47 μm≤2a≤7.64 μm
0.359≤a/b≤0.435
0.695≤b/c≤0.819
0.349%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.067%≤Δ2≤0.054%
−1.020%≤Δ3≤−0.392%
−0.017%≤Δ4 (Condition 6)
6.16 μm≤2a≤7.01 μm
0.385≤a/b≤0.473
0.597≤b/c≤0.704
0.301%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.034%≤Δ2≤0.071%
−0.566%≤Δ3≤−0.317%
−0.015%≤Δ4≤0.132% (Condition 7)
6.73 μm≤2a≤8.08 μm
0.357≤a/b≤0.530
0.687≤b/c≤0.796
0.339%≤Δ1≤0.403%
−0.053%≤Δ2≤0.034%
−0.694%≤Δ3≤−0.505%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.082% (Condition 8)
6.47 μm≤2a≤7.64 μm
0.359≤a/b≤0.435
0.695≤b/c≤0.810
0.314%≤Δ1≤0.409%
−0.067%≤Δ2≤0.060%
−1.020%≤Δ3≤−0.477%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.126% (Condition 9)
7.14 μm≤2a≤8.10 μm
0.322≤a/b≤0.483
0.744≤b/c≤0.848
0.355%≤Δ1≤0.412%
−0.037%≤Δ2≤0.043%
−1.426%≤Δ3≤−0.601%
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.035% (Condition 10)
(7) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, a cladding mode suppressor is comprised of a glass having a thermal expansion coefficient different from that of the common cladding part excluding the cladding mode suppressor, whereby a stress is applied to each of the eight or more cores. Each of the eight or more cores to which the stress is applied in this manner preferably has a birefringence of not less than 10−4, or, a polarization crosstalk of not more than −6.9 dB in a fiber length of 30 m to 10 km.
(8) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, as an optical characteristic of a cladding mode propagating in a portion (first common cladding) of the common cladding located in a region surrounded by three or more cores in the core group, the BL in the BR of 140 mm may be not less than 19.3 dB/20 m at a wavelength of 1.26 μm.
(9) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, a portion (first common cladding) of the common cladding located in a region surrounding by the core group may comprise a cladding mode suppresser a relative RI difference of which with respect to the predetermined RI is lower than Δ4.
(10) As one aspect of the MCF according to the embodiment of the invention, where Conditions 11 to 17 are defined as below, the MCF preferably satisfies at least any one of the Conditions 11 to 17.
(Condition 11)
A neighboring core pitch Λ of the eight or more cores is not less than 23.3 μm, and
a shortest distance OCT between a core center of an outmost core OC located closest to an outer periphery side of the common cladding, out of the eight or more cores, and the coating is not less than 17.7 μm.
(Condition 12)
The S0 at the λ0 is not more than 0.092 ps/(nm2·km).
(Condition 13)
The BL in the BR of 3 mm is not more than 0.10 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1310 nm.
(Condition 14)
One core of the eight or more cores is arranged at a center of the common cladding.
(Condition 15)
The eight or more cores have their respective RI profiles (refractive index profiles) which are substantially identical with each other.
(Condition 16)
The eight or more cores have their respective RI profiles which are substantially identical with each other, except for the core arranged at the center of the common cladding.
(Condition 17)
The MCF is an all-solid optical fiber.
When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 11, it becomes easier to realize the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 12, distortion of signal waveform due to higher-order CD can be suppressed in high-speed transmission. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 13, increase of TL can be suppressed even under severer conditions. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 14, it becomes possible to use the MCF as a conventional one-core fiber. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 15, variation is restrained in transmission characteristics among the cores. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 16, the center core arranged at the center is subjected to the light confinement effect by the trench layers of the peripheral cores. For this reason, even if the center core is configured by adopting a RI profile with a weaker light confinement effect than that of the peripheral cores, it may realize optical characteristics equivalent to those of the peripheral cores. When the MCF satisfies the above Condition 17, the MCF has no holes and thus there is no need for performing a process of closing holes at a fiber end face (process for preventing intrusion of foreign matter).
(11) One aspect of an optical cable according to the embodiment of the invention may include one or more optical fibers each having the same structure as the multi-core optical fiber according to any one of the above aspects.
(12) As one aspect of the optical cable according to the embodiment of the invention, an average BR of the optical fibers in an unbent state of the optical cable may be not more than 1 m, not more than 20 cm, not more than 10 cm, or, not more than 5 cm.
(13) One aspect of an optical connector according to the embodiment of the invention may hold one or more optical fibers each having the same structure as the MCF according to any one of the above aspects.
(14) One aspect of the optical connector according to the embodiment of the invention preferably comprises: a resin ferrule; and four or more MCFs arrayed in the ferrule. In this aspect, each of the MCFs has a common cladding with a diameter of 124 to 126 μm, and two or more cores. As an optical characteristic of each of the two or more cores, an MFD is from 8 to 10.1 μm at a wavelength of 1310 nm. In each of the MCFs, an OC is arranged so that a distance between a core center of the OC out of the two or more cores and a center of a cross section of the common cladding is not more than 45 μm. Projection amounts of end faces of the respective MCFs from an end face of the ferrule are not less than 2 μm, and a variation of the projection amounts among the MCFs is not more than 0.3 μm. The end faces of the MCFs projecting from the end face of the ferrule are preferably polished. The MCFs and the ferrule are preferably fitted to each other by a pressing force of not less than 22 N.
(15) As one aspect of the optical connector according to the embodiment of the invention, at least one of the MCFs has the same structure as the multi-core optical fiber according to any one of claims 1 to 10.
Each of the aspects enumerated in this section of [Description of Embodiment of Present Invention] above is applicable to each of all the remaining aspects or to all combinations of these remaining aspects.
Specific structures of the MCFs and others according to the embodiment of the invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited only to these illustrative examples and is intended for inclusion of all changes within the meaning and scope of equivalency to the scope of claims, as described in the scope of claims.
Since there were the problems of XT, LL, and others as described above, it was technical knowledge among those skilled in the art that it was difficult to realize an MCF including eight or more cores while achieving optical characteristics suitable for transmission of optical signals, with the same OD as the conventional SSMF having the OD of 125±1 μm. The inventors assumed short-haul transmission using the O-band (1260 to 1360 nm) as usage and permitted optical characteristics unsuitable for long-haul transmission using the C-band and others. On this assumption, the inventors discovered that it was feasible to realize an MCF including eight or more cores in the cladding with the diameter of not more than 126 μm, while achieving the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission.
The eight cores 1 have their respective RI profiles which are substantially identical with each other. This suppresses variation in transmission characteristics among the cores 1. In addition, it can restrain increase in cost necessary for preparing the cores 1 with multiple types of RI profiles instead. Furthermore, users can use the MCF 10 without regard to difference in characteristics of the respective cores.
The cores 1 extend along the fiber axis. The cores 1 and common cladding 4 are comprised of silica-based glass. The eight cores 1 are arranged at equal intervals on the same circle centered at the center of the common cladding. Namely, all the eight cores 1 are OCs in the present embodiment. Since the eight cores 1 are arranged in this way, a positional relation of a certain core 1 with the outer periphery of the common cladding 4 (coating 5) and a positional relation thereof with the other cores 1 become equivalent to those of all the other cores 1 with the outer periphery of the common cladding 4 and with the other cores 1. For this reason, forces exerted on the cores from the surrounding structure in a manufacturing process are symmetrically applied to all the cores 1. Therefore, this configuration suppresses variation in characteristics and variation in positions among the cores 1.
In the cores 1, the TL at the wavelength of 1310 nm is not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km. This is favorable because there is no significant increase of TL, compared to a single-core single-mode fiber compliant with ITU-T G.652 or G.657 commonly used at present. When the TL of the core 1 unaffected by the LL is defined as a transmission loss TL0 intrinsic to the core, the TL0 at the wavelength of 1310 nm that can be realized is about 0.3 dB/km in the case of pure silica cores and from 0.32 dB/km to 0.35 dB/km in the case of GeO2-doped cores. In the cores 1, the “TL” being the sum of the “TL0” and “LL”, at the wavelength of 1310 nm, is preferably not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km. In the entire range of the O-band, this “TL” is more preferably not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km.
In the cores 1, the TL at the wavelength of 1550 nm or at the wavelength of 1625 nm is larger than 0.4 dB/km or larger than 0.5 dB/km. When the TL is daringly set at the large value uncompliant with ITU-T G.652 or G.657 in this manner, a smaller OCT can be realized. This allows the OC to be located closer to the coating 5. Therefore, a larger number of cores 1 or the cores with a larger MFD can be packed in the common cladding 4 of about 125 μm. It is also favorable because it can expand a design margin for manufacturing to allow for variation of XT, XTs, and Λ.
In the cores 1, the MFD at the wavelength of 1310 nm is from 8.0 μm to 10.1 μm. For this reason, it is feasible to reduce the splice loss in splice to the system or component premised on the conventional SSMF. It is also favorable because the splice loss can be kept low even with a certain level of axial misalignment.
In the cores 1, the BL in the BR of not less than 5 mm or in the BR of not less than 3 mm and, less than 5 mm at the wavelength of 1310 nm is not more than 0.25 dB/turn. For this reason, it is favorable because a significant increase of TL can be restrained even with a fiber bend of a small BR given in use at an optical interconnect in high-performance computing or in a data center or the like. In the cores 1, the BL in the BR of 3 mm at the wavelength of 1310 nm is not more than 0.10 dB/turn. For this reason, it is more favorable because the increase of TL can be further restrained even under severer conditions.
In the cores 1, λ0 is from 1300 nm to 1324 nm. For this reason, the CD in the O-band used in transmission can be kept low. Therefore, it is favorable because it can reduce cost for compensation for chromatic dispersion in transceivers (price and cost of power consumption).
In the cores 1, λcc is not more than 1260 nm. For this reason, the single-mode operation in the O-band used in transmission can be guaranteed. It is more preferable to set a 2 m cutoff wavelength not more than 1260 nm.
The cores 1 have the XT of not more than 0.001/km from the core 1 neighboring to the neighboring core 1. This is favorable because it can fully suppress noise produced by XT from the core 1 neighboring to the neighboring core 1 in a case where optical signals are transmitted in opposite directions in the neighboring cores 1. The XT at the wavelength of 1310 nm between the core 1 and the neighboring core 1 is not more than 0.001/km. This is more favorable because this can keep the noise produced by XT between the neighboring cores 1, sufficiently small even in a case where optical signals are transmitted in an identical direction in all the cores 1.
The eight cores 1 have Λ of not less than 23.3 μm. The eight cores 1 have the shortest distance of not less than 17.7 μm between the core center and the coating 5.
The number of cores 1 is preferably an even number of not less than 8 and more preferably a power of 2. When the number of cores 1 is a power of 2, compatibility becomes higher with computers, information processing, and information transmission based on binary numbers. For this reason, it is more preferable than 7-core fibers, 19-core fibers, and so on of hexagonal closest packing conventionally frequently used. When the cores are not four cores or six cores but eight or more cores, this arrangement is favorable because the number of spatial channels per cross-sectional area can be made larger. Therefore, the number of cores 1 is particularly preferably a power of 2 not less than 8.
The inner claddings 2 are provided between the respective eight cores 1 and trenches 3. The inner claddings 2 have the RI lower than that of the cores 1 and higher than that of the trenches 3. The inner claddings 2 are comprised, for example, of GeO2-doped silica glass.
The trenches 3 are provided between the respective eight cores 1 and the common cladding 4. The trenches 3 have the RI lower than that of the common cladding 4. The trenches 3 are comprised, for example, of F-doped silica glass.
The trench-assisted RI structure with the inner claddings 2 and the trenches 3 is preferable because it can realize the optical characteristics suitable for transmission using the O-band. Furthermore, the trench-assisted RI structure enhances the confinement effect of light in the cores 1. For this reason, it is preferable because it can realize reduction in XT and decrease in OCT1310 nm, 0.1 dB/km, OCT1310 nm, 0.08 dB/km, OCT1310 nm, 0.05 dB/km, and so on indicating values of OCT at predetermined values of LL (e.g., 0.1 dB, 0.08 dB, 0.05 dB, and so on) at the wavelength 1310 nm.
The common cladding 4 is comprised of silica-based glass. The OD is 125±1 μm. Namely, the OD is not more than 126 μm and not less than 124 μm. When the OD is 125±1 μm, it is possible to use the same peripheral components, such as the connector ferrule, as those for the conventionally-used SSMF. For this reason, it is favorable in terms of reduction in cost of transmission systems.
The coating 5 is made of resin. The coating 5 has the RI higher than that of the common cladding 5. The coating 5 also has the RI higher than that of the cores 1. When the coating 5 has the RI as described above, it is favorable because it suppresses propagation of light leaking into the common cladding 4.
Δ1>Δ2>Δ4>Δ3.
As described above, the coating 5 has the higher RI than the cores 1. Therefore, when the relative RI difference of the coating 5 with respect to the predetermined RI is defined as Δ5, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, Δ4, and Δ5 satisfy the following relations:
Δ5>Δ1>Δ2>Δ3; and
Δ1>Δ4>Δ3.
The optical characteristics and others of the cores of samples with variation in RI profile of the cores are shown in
The OCT is preferably not less than OCT1310, 0.1 dB/km shown in these
In case A, it is assumed that optical signals are transmitted in an identical direction in all the cores 1. In case B, it is assumed that optical signals are transmitted in opposite directions in the neighboring cores 1 (bidirectional transmission). Λmin is Λ at the XT of not more than 0.001/km. When Λ was not more than 2c, Λmin was determined to be 2c. OCTmax is a maximum of OCT that can be realized with the OD of 125 μm in arrangement of the cores 1 at Λmin. ODmin is a minimum of OD that can be realized while maintaining the OCT1310, 0.1 dB/km, in the arrangement of the cores 1 at Λmin.
Namely, at the wavelength of 1310 nm, the XT from the neighboring core 1 is not more than 0.001/km, Λ is not less than Λmin in XT_case A in
Since the ranges of values taken by 2a, a/b, b/c, Δ1, Δ2, Δ1−Δ2, and Δ3 being the parameters representing the core RI profiles shown in
5.27 μm≤2a≤8.05 μm
0.375≤a/b≤0.45
0.478≤b/c≤0.816
0.26%≤Δ1−Δ4≤0.42%
−0.05%≤Δ2−Δ4≤0.15%
0.25%≤Δ1−Δ2≤0.385%
Δ3−Δ4≤−0.5%,
the present embodiment preferably satisfies these formulae. However, if Δ3-Δ4 takes a negative value an absolute value of which is sufficiently large, it is desirable to adjust b/c over the above range so as to make λcc not more than 1260 nm.
Similarly, from
Now, let us check desired ranges of the parameters representing the core RI profile (RI parameters) in detail, particularly, concerning each of samples of sample numbers #121, #189, #148, and #191, out of the samples #1 to #195 shown in
(sample #121)
2a=6.85 μm, Ra=0.4, Rb=0.61, Δ1=0.375%, Δ2=0.05%, Δ3=−0.5%, Δ4=0.00%
(sample #189)
2a=7.88 μm, Ra=0.4, Rb=0.732, Δ1=0.375%, Δ2=0.00%, Δ3=−0.5%, Δ4=0.00%
(sample #148)
2a=7.36 μm, Ra=0.4, Rb=0.733, Δ1=0.375%, Δ2=0.030%, Δ3=−0.75%, Δ4=0.00%
(sample #191)
2a=7.91 μm, Ra=0.4, Rb=0.816, Δ1=0.375%, Δ2=0.00%, Δ3=−0.75%, Δ4=0.00%
It is understood from the results shown in
6.16 μm≤2a≤7.01 μm,
0.385≤a/b≤0.473
0.597≤b/c≤0.729
0.266%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−0.034%≤Δ2≤0.071%
−0.566%≤Δ3≤−0.284%
0.015%≤Δ4≤0.222% (Condition #1)
6.73 μm≤2a≤8.08 μm,
0.357≤a/b≤0.530
0.687≤b/c≤0.815
0.297%≤Δ1≤0.403%,
−0.053%≤Δ2≤0.034%
−0.694%≤Δ3≤−0.271%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.196% (Condition #2)
6.47 μm≤2a≤7.64 μm,
0.359≤a/b≤0.435
0.695≤b/c≤0.819
0.264%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−0.067%5Δ2≤0.060%
−1.020%5Δ3≤−0.392%
−0.017%≤Δ4 (Condition #3)
7.14 μm≤2a≤8.10 μm,
0.322≤a/b≤0.483
0.744≤b/c≤0.859
0.328%≤Δ1≤0.412%,
−0.037%≤Δ2≤0.043%
−1.426%≤Δ3≤−0.495%
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.161% (Condition #4)
Furthermore, in order to satisfy S0≤0.092 ps/(nm2·km), the sample #121 needs to satisfy Condition #5 in addition to Condition #1, the sample #148 needs to satisfy Condition #6 in addition to Condition #3, the sample #189 needs to satisfy Condition #2, and the sample #191 needs to satisfy Condition #4. Condition #5 and Condition #6 are as follows.
6.65 μm≤2a≤7.01 μm,
0.385≤a/b≤0.410
0.367%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−0.034%≤Δ2≤0.058% (Condition #5)
0.349%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−0.067%≤Δ2≤0.054% (Condition #6)
For simultaneously satisfying λcc≤1260 nm, 8 μm≤MFD≤10.1 μm at the wavelength of 1.31 μm, BL (BR=5 mm) of not more than 0.25 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1.31 μm, 1300 nm≤λ0≤1324 nm, and the minimum cladding diameter 2 of not more than 126 μm, the sample #121 needs to satisfy Condition #7 in addition to Condition #1, the sample #189 needs to satisfy Condition #2, the sample #148 needs to satisfy Condition #8 in addition to Condition #3, and the sample #191 needs to satisfy Condition #9 in addition to Condition #4. Condition #7 to Condition #9 are as follows.
−0.015%≤Δ4≤0.167% (Condition #7)
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.187% (Condition #8)
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.110% (Condition #9)
Furthermore, for making the minimum cladding diameter 3 not more than 126 μm, the sample #121 needs to satisfy Condition #7 in addition to Condition #1, the sample #189 needs to satisfy Condition #10 in addition to Condition #2, the sample #148 needs to satisfy Condition #3, and the sample #191 needs to satisfy Condition #11 in addition to Condition #4. Condition #10 and Condition #11 are as follows.
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.157% (Condition #10)
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.126% (Condition #11)
Furthermore, for making the minimum cladding diameter 4 not more than 126 μm, the sample #121 needs to satisfy Condition #12 in addition to Condition #1, the sample #189 needs to satisfy Condition #13 in addition to Condition #2, the sample #148 needs to satisfy Condition #14 in addition to Condition #3, and the sample #191 needs to satisfy Condition #15 in addition to Condition #4. Condition #12 to Condition #15 are as follows.
0.597≤b/c≤0.704
0.301%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−0.566%≤Δ3≤−0.317%
−0.015%≤Δ4≤0.132% (Condition #12)
0.687≤b/c≤0.796
0.339%≤Δ1≤0.403%,
−0.694%≤Δ3≤−0.505%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.082% (Condition #13)
0.695≤b/c≤0.810
0.314%≤Δ1≤0.409%,
−1.020%≤Δ3≤−0.477%
−0.017%≤Δ4≤0.126% (Condition #14)
0.744≤b/c≤0.848
0.355%≤Δ1≤0.412%,
−1.426%≤Δ3≤−0.601%
−0.022%≤Δ4≤0.035% (Condition #15)
The MCF 10 preferably has the S0 of not more than 0.092 ps/(nm2·km). This can suppress distortion of signal waveform due to higher-order CD in high-speed transmission. Furthermore, it can also restrain a maximum of CD in a band in use, so as to suppress the distortion of signal waveform, in the case of wavelength division multiplexing transmission being performed using a wide wavelength range in the O-band.
The MCF 10 is the all-solid optical fiber. Namely, the MCF 10 includes no holes. If the fiber includes holes, foreign matter such as water can intrude into the holes to influence the transmission characteristics of the cores 1. For avoiding this influence, it is necessary to perform a process of closing the holes at the fiber end face. For this reason, the holes will cause an increase in cost for splice of the fiber or attachment of a connector to the fiber. The atmospheric pressure in the holes needs to be finely controlled during fiber drawing to control sizes of the holes so as to set the optical characteristics of the cores 1 to the desired values, and thus the holes will also be a cause to increase the manufacturing cost.
As described above, the MCF 10 of the present embodiment has the eight or more cores 1 and thus the number of spatial channels per cross-sectional area can be made larger. Furthermore, it has the trench-assisted RI structure with the inner claddings 2 and the trenches 3, and thus it can enhance the confinement effect of light in the cores 1. It also has the common cladding 4 and the OD is 125±1 μm. For this reason, it is possible to use the same peripheral components, such as the connector ferrule, as those for the conventionally-used SSMF. The trenches are effective in enhancing the confinement effect of light in the cores 1 and in letting the cladding-mode light of leakage into the common cladding outside the trenches propagate as it does. Cladding modes include the cladding mode leaking to the outside and the cladding mode confined inside. The one propagating in a first common cladding being a region inside the core group will be tentatively called an inner cladding mode and the one propagating in a second common cladding being a region outside the core group (a region outside the first common cladding 7) an outer cladding mode. Since the fiber has the high-index coating 5, it can suppress propagation of the outer cladding mode. The fiber may also be provided with a cladding mode suppressor 6 in the first cladding region 7, whereby the inner cladding mode can be suppressed. Since these make the MPI or the like less likely to occur due to recoupling of the cladding mode to the core mode, it is feasible to suppress degradation of signal quality of signal light propagating in the cores 1.
The TL of the cores 1 at the wavelength of 1310 nm is not more than 0.5 dB/km or not more than 0.4 dB/km and the cores 1 have the optical characteristics suitable for transmission near the wavelength of 1310 nm. Therefore, the LL at the wavelength of 1310 nm is sufficiently small. In this case, there is no significant increase of TL, compared to the single-core single-mode fiber compliant with ITU-T G.652 or G.657 commonly used at present, and thus it is favorable.
Since the MFD of the cores 1 at the wavelength of 1310 nm is from 8.0 μm to 10.1 μm, it is feasible to reduce the splice loss in splice to a system or a component premised on the conventional SSMF. It is also preferable because the splice loss can be controlled at a small level even with a certain degree of axial misalignment.
The BL of the cores 1 in the BR of not less than 5 mm or in the BR of not less than 3 mm and, less than 5 mm is not more than 0.25 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1310 nm. For this reason, a significant increase of TL is restrained even with application of a fiber bend of a small BR. The BL of the cores 1 in the BR of 3 mm is not more than 0.10 dB/turn at the wavelength of 1310 nm. For this reason, the TL increase is further restrained even under severer conditions.
Since λ0 of the cores 1 is from 1300 nm to 1324 nm, the CD is kept low in the O-band used in transmission. Therefore, the cost for compensation for chromatic dispersion in transceivers (price and cost of power consumption) is kept down and thus it is preferred. Since λcc of the cores 1 is not more than 1260 nm, it can guarantee the single-mode operation in the O-band used in transmission. Since the XT between the core 1 neighboring to the core 1 concerned and the concerned core 1 is not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm, or the XTs between the core 1 further neighboring to the core 1 neighboring to the concerned core 1 and the concerned core 1 is not more than 0.001/km at the wavelength of 1310 nm, the XT is low in short-haul transmission.
In the MCF 10, the core 1 the core center of which is located at the shortest distance from the coating 5 (outmost core OC), out of the eight or more cores 1, or each of the eight or more cores 1 has the TL larger than 0.4 dB/km or larger than 0.5 dB/km at the wavelength of 1550 nm or at the wavelength of 1625 nm. For this reason, when the MCF 10 is configured by adopting the structure to make the OCT small and the LL larger at long wavelengths, a larger number of cores 1 or the cores 1 with a larger MFD can be packed in the cladding of about 125 μm. Furthermore, it can expand the design margin for manufacturing to allow for variation in XT and Λ.
In the MCF 10, the eight or more cores 1 are arranged at equal intervals on the same circle with the center being at the center of the common cladding. For this reason, it is feasible to restrain variation in core pitch and in optical characteristics among the cores, in the core arrangement of the circular ring shape.
In the MCF 10, when the diameter of the cores 1 is defined as 2a, the diameter of the inner claddings 2 as 2b, and the diameter of the trenches 3 as 2c, Δ1, Δ2, Δ3, a, b, and c satisfy at least one of the relation:
5.27 μm≤2a≤8.05 μm
0.375≤a/b≤0.45
0.26%≤Δ1≤0.42%
−0.05%≤Δ2≤0.15%
0.25%≤Δ1−Δ2≤0.385%
Δ3≤−0.5%; and
the relation:
0.478≤b/c≤0.816.
For this reason, it is easier to realize the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission.
In the MCF 10, Λ between the eight or more cores 1 is not less than 23.3 μm and the OCT is not less than 17.7 μm. For this reason, it is easier to realize the optical characteristics satisfactorily suitable for short-haul transmission.
In the MCF 10, the S0 is not more than 0.092 ps/(nm2·km). For this reason, it is feasible to suppress the distortion of signal waveform due to higher-order CD in high-speed transmission. Even in the case of wavelength division multiplexing transmission being performed using a wide wavelength range in the O-band, the maximum of CD in the used band can be kept down, so as to suppress the distortion of signal waveform.
In the MCF 10, the eight or more cores 1 have the respective RI profiles which are substantially identical with each other. For this reason, variation in transmission characteristics among the cores 1 is restrained. In addition, it can restrain increase in cost necessary for preparing the cores 1 with multiple types of RI profiles instead. Furthermore, users can use the MCF 10 without regard to difference in characteristics of the respective cores.
The MCF 10 is the all-solid optical fiber without holes. In this case, there is no need for performing the process of closing the holes at the fiber end face (process for preventing intrusion of foreign matter). This can reduce the cost for splice of the fiber or attachment of a connector to the fiber. Since there is no need for finely controlling the atmospheric pressure in the holes during the fiber drawing, the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment. For example, the MCF 10 may be modified so that one core 1 out of the eight or more cores 1 is arranged at the center of the common cladding 4.
The MCF 10 only needs to be the trench-assisted RI structure, and the trench layer may be shared between neighboring cores. For example, the MCF 10 may have common trench layers to the neighboring cores in the common cladding 4. For example, the MCF may have a hole-assisted RI structure in which the trench layers are comprised of holes.
The OD only needs to be not more than 126 μm, and is not limited to 125±1 μm.
The MCF 10A can also be used as a conventional one-core fiber. With introduction of the MCF 10A of this arrangement, it can be used as a one-core fiber at first and a transceiver can be replaced with one compatible with the MCF in future, thereby implementing an upgrade of a transmission system without replacement of the fiber. In an environment where there are MCF transmission systems and one-core fiber transmission systems mixed, it is possible to perform physical exercises with the both transmission systems, by preparing only cords and cables of MCF 10A. Since the core 1 is also arranged at the center of the common cladding 4, it becomes feasible to further increase the number of spatial channels per cross-sectional area.
In the MCF 10A, the eight or more cores 1 have the respective RI profiles which are substantially identical with each other, except for the core 1 arranged at the center of the common cladding 4. The core 1 (center core) arranged at the center is subjected to the light confinement effect by the trenches 3 around the cores 1 arranged on the outer periphery (peripheral cores). For this reason, even if the center core is configured using a RI profile with a weaker light confinement effect than that of the peripheral cores, the optical characteristics equivalent to those of the peripheral cores can be realized in some cases.
In the MCF 10 according to the embodiment of the invention, the three or more cores 1 having the trenches 3 are arranged in the circular ring shape in the common cladding 4, whereby the interior of the circular ring (first common cladding 7) is surrounded by the trenches 3 of the cores 1. In this case, this surrounding structure may serve as a waveguide structure, to guide light of wavelengths below a certain wavelength to the interior of the circular ring and make the light guided therein. Because of the splice loss and BL, or, because of XT from the cores 1, light may be coupled to a mode guided inside the circular ring (trench-guided cladding mode) and the light may be recoupled to the core 1 to cause multi-path interference or the like, resulting in degradation of transmission quality.
The MCF 10B according to Modification Example 2 is provided with the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6 with the low RI as properly designed inside the circular ring in the common cladding 4. This can weaken the confinement of light effected by the trenches 3. As a result of this, the BL in the BR of 140 mm of the trench-guided cladding mode at the wavelength of 1.26 μm can be made not less than 19.3 dB/20 m. Therefore, the trench-guided cladding mode is cut off in the wavelength band used in transmission, and the aforementioned multi-path interference can be suppressed thereby.
In the MCF 10B according to Modification Example 2 and the MCF 10C according to Modification Example 3, the core 1 may be arranged inside the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6. The core 1 arranged inside the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6 may have a RI profile different from those of the cores 1 arranged in the circular ring shape.
In the case where the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6 is in contact with the trenches 3 of the cores 1 arranged in the circular ring shape, i.e., in the case of the modification example according to Modification Example 3, the MCF may be manufactured by separately preparing a glass rod for the center cladding mode suppressor, a pipe for the common cladding, and core rods provided with trenches, combining them together to form an optical fiber preform, and drawing the optical fiber preform.
The trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6 may be comprised of a glass with a thermal expansion coefficient different from that of the common cladding 4 excluding the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6, whereby a stress may be applied to each of the eight or more cores 1. This stress application causes the eight or more cores 1 to have birefringence, whereby each of the eight or more cores 1 comes to have a polarization maintaining function. In implementing input/output from a silicon photonics waveguide to the optical fiber with use of a grating coupler, the possession of the polarization maintaining function allows the single polarization grating coupler to be also used in coupling from the optical fiber to the silicon photonics optical waveguide. In the case of the optical fiber without the polarization maintaining function, it is necessary to use a polarization diversity type grating coupler in coupling from the optical fiber to the silicon photonics optical waveguide, and an extra space is needed on a silicon photonics optical waveguide substrate, when compared with the case using the single polarization grating coupler. In coupling from the optical fiber to the silicon photonics optical waveguide, in order to keep the coupling loss due to incapability of reception of unused polarization not more than 0.1 dB, not more than 0.2 dB, not more than 0.5 dB, or not more than 1 dB, the polarization crosstalk is desirably not more than −16.4 dB, not more than −13.5 dB, not more than −9.6 dB, or not more than −6.9 dB, respectively. The values of polarization crosstalk are desirably satisfied when the fiber length is in the range of 30 m to 10 km, 50 m to 2 km, 50 m to 500 m, or 500 m to 2 km.
Each of the eight or more cores 1 with the polarization maintaining function desirably has the birefringence of not less than 10−4 because it can suppress the polarization crosstalk. When the common cladding 4 is made of silica-based glass, the trench-guided cladding mode suppressor 6 is desirably comprised of boron-doped silica-based glass.
Specifically, in the MCF structures of
The below will describe an optical cable according to the embodiment of the invention.
Even in a straight state of the cable, each of the MCFs 10 is given a bend in a constant radius of curvature CR because it is wound at the predetermined pitch along its longitudinal direction on the support member 310. The cable jacket 200 covers the whole of the strength member 250 so as to protect the MCFs 10 from external force. The strength member 250 may be, for example, aramid fiber (“Kevlar (registered trademark)” manufactured by DU PONT-TORAY CO., LTD. or “Technora (registered trademark)” manufactured by TEIJIN LIMITED) or the like. As the strength member 250 is provided, the MCFs 10 become less likely to be subjected to elongation strain with a stretch of the optical cable 300, and it can exercise a cushion effect to function to protect the MCFs 10 from external impact.
The support member 310 may be a metal material such as an anti-tension wire or may be an anti-shrinkage material resistant to shrinkage of the cable jacket 200. In
As the optical cable 300 includes the MCF spiral bundle prepared by twisting the plurality of MCFs 10 in the spiral form, the MCFs 10 can be included in a bent state in which an average BR of the MCFs 10 is not more than 1 m, not more than 0.2 m, not more than 0.1 m, or not more than 0.05 m.
The optical cables according to the present invention are not limited to the above configuration. For example, the support member 310 may be excluded. It is also possible to prepare first MCF spiral bundles by twisting a plurality of MCFs in a spiral form as described above, thereafter twist the plurality of first MCF spiral bundles in a spiral form to prepare a second MCF spiral bundle, and set the second MCF spiral bundle in the optical cable 300. This allows the MCFs 10 to be set in the optical cable while they are bent in an average BR of the MCFs 10 of not more than 1 m, not more than 0.2 m, not more than 0.1 m, or not more than 0.05 m.
The below will describe an optical connector according to the embodiment.
The MCFs 10 are linearly held at the predetermined pitch in the resin ferrule 51. The MCFs 10 project by predetermined projection amounts from the end face of the resin ferrule 51. The projection amounts are, for example, not less than 2 μm. Among the plurality of MCFs 10 lineally arranged, the MCF 10 located at the center has the largest projection amount H1 and the MCFs 10 located at the two ends (the end fibers) have the smallest projection amount H2. Variation of the projection amounts is kept, for example, not more than 0.3 μm. The tips of the MCFs 10 are processed in a spherical shape. All the MCFs 10 do not always have to be arranged on the common straight line, but the MCFs 10 may be held at the predetermined pitch on a plurality of straight lines, as in an optical connector 50A shown in
The below will describe a specific example of the MCF 10.
A configuration of the MCF according to the present specific example corresponds to the configuration of the MCF 10F (
Next, on the assumption of connection of MCFs each having eight cores arranged in a ring shape with use of a 12-fiber connector (12-MPO connector) as the multi-core optical connector according to the embodiment of the invention, we conducted the analysis by CAE on fiber shape and pressing force of the connector end face for achieving physical contact (PC) connection of all the cores. The PC connection is connection in a state in which the fiber end faces polished in the spherical shape are elastically deformed by pressing force so as to come into face contact, whereby the cores are in contact with each other without a physical gap.
(1) Fiber Model
The fiber model was an MCF corresponding to the configuration of the MCF 10 shown in
(2) Connector Model
The connector model was an optical connector corresponding to the configuration of the optical connector 50 shown in
(3) PC Connection Model
In the PC connection model, all the regions (φ10 μm) of the eight cores of each MCF were assumed to be in face contact (PC connection). The load to bring all of the eight cores in each of the twelve MCFs (96 cores in total) into PC connection was calculated by CAE analysis.
The most difficult fibers to be brought into the PC connection out of the twelve MCFs 10 coupled to the MT ferrule are the end fibers located at the two ends. Namely, the largest load is needed for the PC connection of the fibers at the two ends. Therefore, as long as the load is confirmed in the PC connection of the end fibers, the remaining ten fibers must be in the PC connection. The analysis model was assumed to be symmetric with respect to a horizontal line and a vertical line and the calculation was performed using a quarter model.
1 cores; 2 inner claddings; 3 trenches; 4 common cladding; 5 coating; 6 trench-guided cladding mode suppressor; 7 first common cladding; 10, and 10A to 10F MCFs (multi-core optical fibers); 50 and 50A optical connectors; 51 resin ferrule; 300 optical cable.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-215401 | Oct 2014 | JP | national |
| 2015-044957 | Mar 2015 | JP | national |
This application is a divisional application of copending prior application Ser. No. 15/080,878, filed on Mar. 25, 2016, which is a continuation application of PCT International Application No. PCT/JP2015/079272, filed on Oct. 16, 2015 claiming the benefits of priorities of the Japanese Patent Applications No. 2014-215401 filed on Oct. 22, 2014 and No. 2015-044957 filed on Mar. 6, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The co-pending application Ser. No. 15/080,878 is also incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8285094 | Takenaga | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 9069143 | Bradley | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9726816 | Hayashi et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9829652 | Watanabe | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 28, 2018 that issued in U.S. Appl. No. 15/639,006. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170307813 A1 | Oct 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15080878 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Child | 15639355 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2015/079272 | Oct 2015 | US |
| Child | 15080878 | US |
