Multi-directional signal transmission in a blast initiation system

Abstract

The invention provides a connector, a transmitter, a bi-directional device, and a method for increasing the reliability of borehole detonation by using the connectors and transmitters provided by the invention. The invention provides connectors, each connector having a well for receiving a blasting cap, one or more ports or channels for receiving a transmission line and/or downline, and means for joining one connector with another connector in a convenient manner. The connectors are constructed so that detonation of a blasting cap in one connector will cause sympathetic detonation of a blasting cap in an adjoining connector. The detonation of blasting caps in the connectors also causes initiation of transmission lines and/or downlines which are inserted in the ports or channels through the connectors. A transmitter is comprised of one or more of these connectors with the transmission lines being arranged so that the transmitter receives a signal from one line and outputs it to at least one other transmission line or downlines. A bi-directional device is provided that consists of a transmission line with blasting caps attached to each end and the caps are inserted into the wells of connectors as described below. The method of the present invention includes the use of the transmitters and arranging them such that there are at least two signal paths from which a transmitter may receive an initiation signal.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

A method and an apparatus for transmitting a detonation signal in a bi-directional and multi-directional manner to increase reliability of detonating explosives in a borehole.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In blasting operations, various devices are used to transmit a blast signal from a remote initiation location to explosives in a borehole. These devices include transmission lines, delays, downlines, and detonators that are arranged in such a manner as to detonate explosives in a desired sequence and pattern. In nonelectric systems, delay elements are interposed along the transmission lines and in the boreholes to establish a blast pattern. The transmission lines carry the blast signal from an initiator to downlines or to surface delay devices. Downlines transmit the signal from transmission lines or surface delay elements to the explosives in the boreholes. The downlines may be attached to delay devices in the borehole and/or to instantaneous blasting caps in the borehole. The explosives within a borehole may also be decked, i.e., loaded in explosive sections that detonate at different times. The use of delay devices to detonate the boreholes in a predesigned pattern also helps to reduce noise and vibration incident to blasting operations which is important in light of governmental regulations and complaints from nearby residents. Due to these advantages, the industry has made wider use of delay devices.

A disadvantage in using delays has been the increased potential for malfunctions in the blast caused by the breaking of transmission lines and downlines prior to being activated. Such breaks may be caused by a line being severed by shifting or falling rock that is set in motion by the first portion of the blasting sequence. Malfunctions may also be due to defective transmission lines or delay devices. As a result of these malfunctions, one or more boreholes may fail to detonate because they do not receive a firing signal. The industry requires reliable detonation because of the hazards involved when a charge of explosives is not detonated.

The usual means of assuring total detonation of a pattern of explosives is to provide a redundant backup circuit. In the past, this was difficult and very costly to do and still achieve the desired delayed explosive pattern. The present invention provides a simple and economical means of providing a backup signal to insure reliable detonation and a system that maintains the desired sequence in a blasting pattern. The invention includes an apparatus that is easy to construct and simple to use.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a method for multi-directional signal transmission within a blast pattern such that back-up signals can be sent to each borehole in the pattern to ensure reliable detonation without having a completely redundant back-up circuit.

The invention also provides a connector and a transmitter which may be utilized to achieve the method described by the invention as these devices can accommodate multiple inputs and outputs. A connector is a single block device having a well for insertion of a blasting cap, one or more channels or passages through the connector for the insertion of a downline and/or a signal transmission line, and means for firmly joining other connectors in a side-by-side alignment. The connectors are constructed and joined in such a manner that the detonation of a blasting cap positioned within the well of one connector will detonate a blasting cap positioned within the well of an adjoining connector. The connectors are also constructed such that the detonation of a blasting cap within the well will initiate the downline(s) and/or signal transmission line(s) positioned within the channel(s) provided.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a bi-directional device is provided in which a blasting cap is connected to each end of a signal transmission line, and each blasting cap is inserted into the well of a connector. The transmission line is inserted through a channel in the connector such that the transmission line is initiated by the detonation of the blasting cap. The device may be used to provide a signal transmission in either direction along the line.

A transmitter as provided by the present invention includes one or more connectors stacked or joined together in numbers up to ten or more. These transmitters may be placed along signal transmission lines at branch points to provide multiple input for receiving the signal and output lines for outputting the signal either to downlines or signal transmission lines. The transmitters are capable of receiving initiation from any transmission line coming into the transmitter and outputting that signal to a multiplicity of output lines. The use of the transmitters allows for bi-directional signal transmission within a blast pattern. To achieve reliable detonation of the blast pattern, each transmitter is connected to at least two other transmitters in the pattern, or has two transmission lines from which it could receive a signal. In order to maintain a desired blast sequence using surface delays, each transmitter in a series of transmitters to be initiated at the same time may be connected to at least one other transmitter in the series by a delay-free transmission line. Thus, a multiplicity, of signal paths can be arranged to maintain the desired delays and ensure reliable detonation of the entire blast pattern.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the invention may be had by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein like reference characters denote like parts in all views and wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a series of boreholes connected by a transmission line with downlines to each borehole as a representation of the arrangement in the prior art;

FIG. 2 illustrates a blasting arrangement utilizing the transmitters of the present invention for the configuration as shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows a transmitter containing two connectors joined together with an input line from the initiator, an output line to the next transmitters and down-lines to a borehole;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the connectors of the present invention illustrating the tube ports and a dovetail joint;

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of one embodiment of a connector showing the connection means, blasting cap wells, and the various tube channels;

FIG. 6 is an end view of one embodiment showing two connectors joined together;

FIG. 7 shows an end view of another embodiment of two connectors joined together;

FIG. 8 shows yet a third embodiment for the connectors, a perspective view of the connectors with wing-like extensions from the sides;

FIG. 9 illustrates a bi-directional blasting pattern;

FIG. 10 shows a bi-directional device with a connector attached to each end of a transmission line;

FIG. 11 shows yet another embodiment of a connector with the tube channels arranged in the joint section of the connector; and

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate possible arrangements of the signal transmission lines in and out of two transmitters each formed using two of the connectors shown in FIG. 11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides a signal transmission method that ensures reliable detonation of an entire blast pattern by sending an initiation signal in multiple directions around the pattern. Using this method, a blasting pattern can be arranged such that a proper blasting sequence, including delays, is maintained. The invention also provides a connector and a transmitter that may be used in the method to achieve multi-directional signal transmission within a blast pattern.

Most nonelectric initiation systems in the prior art are arranged as shown in FIG. 1 in that the signal is only sent in one direction. FIG. 1 shows a series of boreholes 10 connected by a signal transmission line 12. A blaster 13 starts the transmission by initiating the initiator cap 14. As a result, the initiator cap 14 transmits a signal through line 12, down separate downlines 16 into each borehole. If the transmission line 12 was broken at any point, for example point A in FIG. 1, the result would be that only the borehole(s) prior to the break would be initiated and explode. The remaining boreholes would not detonate. If there was a malfunction in one of the surface delays or the transmission line was severed, the circuit would be broken and the signal not passed on to the next borehole in the pattern. The result would be that boreholes down the line would not explode thereby leaving a costly and dangerous condition.

The method of the present invention provides a means to ensure reliable detonation even if there is a break in the transmission line. This is accomplished by the use of connectors and transmitters as described by the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2, transmitters 18 allow for bi-directional signal transmission. Thus, if the transmission line 12 is severed at point A or the signal is interrupted for another reason, a signal will still reach all the boreholes due to the bi-direction transmission of the signal in both directions around the loop pattern. A more complicated pattern may be set up that utilizes multi-directional signal transmission.

This multi-directional signal transmission is achievable due to the nature of the transmission line 12 and the connectors and transmitters of the present invention. The transmission line 12 is a reactive signal tube such as those illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,290,366 to Janowski the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The hollow tube contains a reactive material such that a detonation signal is transmitted along the tube by oxidation and the creation of a plasma front. A similar transmission tube is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,590,739, the disclosure of which is hereby also incorporated by reference. Importantly, these tubes can transmit a signal in either direction along the tube depending on which end is initiated first.

As an alternative transmission line 12, low strength detonating cord may be used. It is important, however, that the cord not be of such strength as to detonate a blasting cap by laying alongside the cap as this would bypass any delay that is incorporated into the cap.

An embodiment of a connector as provided by the present invention is shown in FIG. 4. An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 4, the connector 20a has a well 22a for receiving a blasting cap so that the cap fits rather snugly into the well. Connector 20a, 20c, 20d shown in FIGS. 5, 7, and 8, has at least one channel 26a, 26c, 26d to allow insertion of a transmission line 12. Channel 26a, 20c, 20d extends for the length of the connector 20a20c, 20d and is such that the transmission line 12 may lie alongside the blasting cap 24 as shown in FIG. 5 or lies in a 26d hole slightly separated from the blasting cap well 22b as in the connectors shown in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13. The connector 20a and 20b may also provide one or more downline channel(s) or port(s) 36 to accommodate insertion of one or more downline(s) 16. The connector 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d also includes a means for securing one connector to another connector in close proximity. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 11, this may be done using a dovetail joint with joint means 32 fitting into a slot 33 on a second similar connector. The downline channels 36 formed in the joint 32 are enclosed as two connectors are joined as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. Other means for securing the connectors in close proximity such as fasteners, hooks, clamps, joints, etc. may be used in place of the dovetail joint described above.

The downlines 16 are preferably detonating cord but other signal transmission tubes may be used as downlines. The downlines 16 must be such that they can be initiated by the detonation of the blasting cap in the well. The design and materials of the connector must accommodate this initiation.

The connectors 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d must be constructed of such material and proportioned so that detonation of the blasting cap 24 causes initiation of the downline(s) 16 and/or signal transmission line(s) 12 and cause sympathetic detonation of blasting caps in attached connectors. The connectors 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d are preferably constructed of high density plastic, most preferably with a density greater than about 0.95 g.cm/.sup.3. It has been found through laboratory testing that there should be no more than 1/4 inch of material between the well 22a22b, 22c, 22d and the downline port 36 38 or the transmission line channel 26a, 22b, 22c, 22d greater amount may be between the wells 22a, 22b, 22c, 22d of attached connectors, but the connectors 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d must be so constructed and joined as to ensure sympathetic detonation of blasting caps in attached connectors--i.e., the detonation of a blasting cap in one connector will initiate detonation of the cap in an adjoining connector.

The blasting caps 24 are attached to the end of the transmission line 12 such than an incoming signal from the line 12 will detonate the blasting cap. The blasting caps 24 may be instantaneous caps, meaning that as soon as an input signal is received the cap explodes, or they may be of the delay type. A delay cap does not explode when a signal is received until after a predetermined delay period has expired. Delay periods are commonly provided in terms of milliseconds, such as 25, 50, 100, etc. In use, the blasting caps are inserted into the cap well, preferably with a snug fit such that they will not slip out. The connector provides protection from accidental discharge by impact.

FIG. 10 shows a bi-directional device included in the present invention. Two connectors 20 are positioned at each end of a transmission line 12 with a blasting cap 24 attached to each end of line 12 and the caps 24 being inserted into well 22. The connectors 20 include means for attachment to other connectors as described above. In this embodiment of the invention, it is preferable that each cap have a similar delay, if any, so that the device may be used without regard to which end has a different delay. As shown in FIG. 10, the line 12 is positioned in a channel 26 beside the blasting cap and runs along the length of the blasting cap. Again, it is important that the transmission line 12 be in close proximity with the blasting cap 24 for most of the length of the cap to ensure the initiation of the line 12 when the cap detonates in response to sympathetic detonation of a cap in an adjoining connector. Once the line 12 is initiated at one end, a plasma front reaction will propogate through the reactive material in the tube to the other end inserted in the second blasting cap thereby initiating that cap. In this manner, a bi-directional device is provided. If the cap labelled "B" in FIG. 10 is initiated first, ,a detonation signal will be sent to the cap "C," and vice versa. Thus, a blasting initiation signal could be sent in either direction along line 12 in FIGURE 10.

In order to achieve bi-directional and even multi-directional signal transmission within a blast pattern, the present invention provides signal transmitters 18 as shown in FIGS. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 13, which transmitters are comprised of one or more connectors 20a, 20b, 20c, 20d that are joined together. Typically, a transmitter will include 2-4 connectors, but more than this number may be used depending on the number of output lines desired. During testing, it has been found that up to ten connectors can be stacked together to achieve reliable mass detonation of the blasting caps in all the connectors. FIG. 3 shows a simple system incorporating a transmitter 18. An initiator 14 sends a signal down transmission line 12 by initiating a reaction in line 12. The signal is carried to blasting cap 23 contained within the bottom connector 20A of transmitter 18. The signal causes cap 23 to detonate which in turn causes cap 25, contained in the attached upper connector 20B, to detonate. The detonation of caps 23 and 25 initiates a signal in downline 16 which is shown exiting both ends of the transmitter 18 and entering a borehole 10. This dual downline may be used in a decking arrangement or may serve as a backup signal to the borehole. In the alternative, one end of downline 16 may be tagged or closed off. Various configurations and arrangements for downline 16 using one or two separate downlines may also be used. The detonation of cap 25 also serves to initiate transmission line 28 which carries a signal to the, next transmitter 29 located at the next borehole. Adding multiple connectors 20 to transmitter 18 would allow multiple output lines, including both downlines if desired, and transmission lines.

FIG. 3 also illustrates the bi-directional capabilities of the invention. If transmitter 18 received no signal via line 12, transmitter 18 could still receive a signal from transmitter 29 via line 28. The line 28 signal would detonate blasting cap 25 which explosion would then detonate blasting cap 23 and initiate downline 16 and transmission line 12. Thus, the invention allows the function of any input and output lines to be reversed, i.e. to be able to receive the signal from any transmission line that is attached to a blasting cap within one of the wells of a connector in the transmitter and output the signal through the rest of the lines passing through the transmitter.

A transmitter 18a comprised of two connectors 20a is shown in FIG. 5 in an exploded view to more clearly illustrate the various parts. Each connector 20a has a well 22a for receiving the blasting cap 24 and a channel 26a alongside well 22a to accommodate insertion of the transmission line 12. Line 12 is doubled back so as to lie adjacent cap 24 in channel 26. Downline 16 is inserted in port 36 that is formed by joining the two connectors. The connectors are joined using a dovetail joint by sliding joint means 32 on one connector into the slot 33 on the other. An additional port 31 is formed in the joint section to accommodate an additional downline 16 or signal line 12. FIG. 6 shows an end view of the transmitter shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows an alternative configuration for a transmitter 18. The downline ports 38 are on either side of well 22c and channel 26c instead of being formed in the joint section. As mentioned, it is important that the downlines 16 be in close proximity to the blasting cap 24 to ensure that the downlines are initiated by the detonation of cap 24. The ports 38 are structured to allow for insertion of a doubled downline 16. FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a transmitter 18d with wing-like protrusions 64 from each side of the transmitter to provide an anchor for securing excess signal tube. Such extensions may also be used to secure downlines 16 within close proximity of the blasting cap 24 so as to initiate the downlines.

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate possible configurations of transmission lines 12 in transmitters comprised of two connectors as shown in FIG. 11. In these configurations, the downlines 16 and one of the signal lines 12 are between the two cap wells 22. This position places the lines in close proximity to two blasting caps thereby increasing the reliability of initiation of the lines. FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate the reversability of the transmitters of the present invention. The transmission lines 12 coming in and out of the transmitter 18d may be arranged in any configuration; the transmitter 18b , is capable of receiving a signal from any of the transmission lines 12 and outputs that signal to the remaining lines 12 and the downlines 16.

The method of the present invention includes the use of these connectors and transmitters to achieve multi-directional transmission of a signal around a blasting pattern to ensure complete detonation of the entire pattern. For example, if a simple loop pattern is utilized, the signal can be sent both ways around the loop. This result is achievable due to the ability of the transmitters to receive a signal from any of the attached transmission lines and output the signal to all the remaining lines. The method comprises connecting a downline or downlines from each borehole to a transmitter comprised of one or more, preferably 2-10, connectors as described above. The connectors each contain a blasting cap within a well, and a transmission line is inserted into the cap so as to initiate detonation of the cap as a signal is received through the line. The transmitter may include one or more downlines and/or one or more transmission lines per connector. The lines are inserted into the appropriate channels or ports in each connector. The connectors are joined to form each transmitter such that sympathetic detonation of all the blasting caps within the transmitter occurs when one of the caps receives a signal and detonates. The downlines and transmission lines are initiated by the detonation of the blasting caps. A blasting pattern or sequence is established, and each transmitter in the pattern is connected via a transmission line to at least one other transmitter. To insure complete detonation of the pattern, it is preferred to have a back-up signal route thereby requiring that each transmitter in the pattern be connected to at least two other transmitters.

The transmitters may be arranged and interconnected in such a manner as to maintain a desired time sequence for the blasting. FIG. 9 illustrates the configuration of transmitters and lines necessary to maintain the sequence for each portion of the blast pattern. The blast signal is inputted on line 112 to transmitter 102 and outputted to transmitters 104 and 110. A 20 millisecond delay is scheduled between the initiation of transmitter 102 and the series 104, 106, 108 and 110, with the latter series scheduled to be initiated at the same time (excepting the time that it takes for the signal to travel between transmitters 104 and 110 which is almost instantaneous). Basically, the arrangement that is required to maintain the desired blasting sequence and scheduled delays is to interconnect the transmitters in a series that are scheduled to be initiated at the same time so that there are two signal input paths into the series and no delays between elements of the series. This pattern is repeated for each series of transmitters scheduled to be initiated at the same time within the pattern.

The present invention describes devices used in achieving bi-directional and multi-directional signal transmission within a blast pattern. A method is also described for ensuring complete detonation of the pattern. As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, various modifications, adaptations and variations of the foregoing specific disclosure may be made without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for increasing the reliability of explosive detonation by providing more than one signal path comprising:

(a) connecting a downline from an explosive charge to be detonated to a first connector block such that the downline is in close proximity of a blasting cap contained within the connector block, said cap being connected to a first signal path;

(b) adjoining one or more additional connector blocks containing blasting caps which are each connected to a separate signal path to the connector block which is connected to the downline, such that the blasting caps contained in the adjoined connected blocks are in close proximity such that detonation of any one of the caps by a signal from any one of the signal paths will sympathetically detonate the other caps and initiate a detonation signal in the downline.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjoining further comprises selecting connector blocks with blasting caps of the same delay period.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjoining further comprises selecting connector blocks with blasting caps of different delay periods.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjoining further comprises selecting connector blocks with instantaneous blasting caps.

5. A method for providing multi-explosive signal paths comprising:

(a) connecting downline from an explosive charge to be detonated to a bi-directional transmission device, the bi-directional transmission device being comprised of a first and second connector block each of which contains a blasting cap, said blasting caps contained within the connector blocks being connected to separate signal transmission lines;

(b) adjoining one or more additional connector blocks from one or more separate bi-directional transmission devices to the connector block of the bi-directional transmission device connected to the downline, such that the blasting caps contained within the connector blocks of the separate bi-directional transmission devices which have been adjoined together are in close proximity such that detonation of one of the blasting caps will sympathetically detonate the other blasting caps contained within the adjoined connector blocks and also initiate the detonation signal in the downline.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the adjoining further comprises selecting connector blocks with blasting caps on each end of the separate bi-directional transmission devices of the same delay period.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the adjoining further comprises selecting connector blocks with blasting caps, contained in the connector blocks of the separate bi-directional transmission devices which are adjoined, of different delay periods.

8. A method for increasing the reliability of explosive detonation by providing more than one signal path comprising:

(a) connecting a downline from an explosive charge to be detonated to a connector block of one bi-directional transmission device of a transmitter, a transmitter being comprised of two or more adjoined connector blocks of separate bi-directional transmission devices, a bi-directional transmission device being comprised of two connector blocks having a well containing a blasting cap, the blasting caps contained within the connector blocks being connected by a signal transmission line, each connector block having at least one channel through which a signal transmission line or downline is inserted such that the blasting caps contained in the adjoined connector blocks are in close proximity to the inserted signal transmission line or downlines, the connector blocks being adjoined such that detonation of any blasting cap will sympathetically detonate the other blasting caps in the adjoined connector blocks and initiate a detonation signal in the downline or signal transmission line inserted in the channels of each connector block such that each transmitter is capable of receiving or outputting a signal in either direction along a signal transmission path.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprises connecting two or more transmitters together such that there are at least two signal transmission lines between each transmitter.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the connecting further comprises the selecting of blasting caps contained within the connector blocks of each bi-directional signal transmission device of the same delay period.

11. The method of claim 9 wherein the connecting further comprises the selecting of blasting caps contained with the connector blocks of the separate adjoined bi-directional transmission devices of different delay periods.