Multi-embryo manufactured seed

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 7356965
  • Patent Number
    7,356,965
  • Date Filed
    Tuesday, November 9, 2004
    20 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, April 15, 2008
    16 years ago
Abstract
A manufactured seed (20) is provided. The manufactured seed includes a first seed shell (22a) and a first restraint (32a) disposed within the first shell. The first restraint includes a cavity (38a), and at least two embryos (34a) and (34b) disposed within the manufactured seed.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to artificial seeds and, more particularly, to multi-embryo manufactured seeds.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Asexual propagation of plants has been shown for some species to yield large numbers of genetically identical embryos, each having a capacity to develop into a normal plant. Such embryos are usually further cultured under laboratory conditions until they reach an autotrophic “seedling” state characterized by an ability to produce its own food via photosynthesis, resist desiccation, produce roots able to penetrate soil, and fend off soil microorganisms. Some researchers have experimented with the production of artificial seeds, known as manufactured seeds, in which individual plant somatic or zygotic embryos are encapsulated in a seed coat. Examples of such manufactured seeds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,699, issued to Carlson et al., the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.


Typical manufactured seeds include a seed shell, synthetic gametophyte and a plant embryo. A manufactured seed that does not include the plant embryo is known in the art as a “seed blank.” The seed blank typically is a cylindrical capsule having a closed end and an open end. The synthetic gametophyte is placed within the seed shell to substantially fill the interior of the seed shell. A longitudinally extending hard porous insert, known as a cotyledon restraint, may be centrally located within one end of the seed shell, surrounded by the synthetic gametophyte, and includes a centrally located cavity extending partially through the length of the cotyledon restraint.


The cavity is sized to receive the plant embryo therein. The well-known plant embryo includes a radicle end and a cotyledon end. The plant embryo is deposited within the cavity of the cotyledon restraint, cotyledon end first. The plant embryo is then sealed within the seed blank by at least one end seal. There is a weakened spot in the end seal to allow the radicle end of the plant embryo to penetrate the end seal.


After a relatively large number of manufactured seeds are assembled, they are sowed in a nursery bed. As such, they are allowed to germinate with the anticipation of yielding a large number of healthy seedlings having desired characteristics. Although currently available manufactured seeds are relatively successful in yielding a reasonable number of healthy seedlings, such manufactured seeds are not without problems.


As an example, research has shown that embryo quality can reduce the germination of manufactured seeds. As a non-limiting example, with one set of embryos, germination was 50%. This can be improved by various sorting methods. As a result, as measured against the successful yield rate, the cost of manufactured seeds with low quality embryos is proportionately higher when evaluated against crop yield.


Thus, there exists a need for a multi-embryo manufactured seed that produces a higher successful yield rate than those currently available in the art.


SUMMARY OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

A manufactured seed is provided. The manufactured seed includes a first seed shell and a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell. The manufactured seed also includes at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed. In another embodiment of the present invention, the manufactured seed also includes a second seed shell coupled to the first seed shell, and includes a second restraint having a cavity. In this embodiment, one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the first restraint and another of the least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the second restraint.


In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the first and second seed shells are coaxially aligned. In still yet another embodiment, the manufactured seed includes a plurality of restraints disposed in one end of the first seed shell.


A multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention has several advantages over currently available manufactured seeds. Because the multi-embryo manufactured seed of the present invention includes at least two embryos, there is a greater chance of producing a manufactured seed yielding an acceptable successful seedling rate per manufactured seed. Further, because multiple embryos are disposed in each manufactured seed, the need to evaluate and segregate qualified embryos from unqualified embryos prior to insertion into the manufactured seed is reduced. This results in a more cost effective manufactured seed as a time consuming step in the manufactured seed assembly is eliminated.


Thus, a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention has a high degree of reliability, and is capable of mass production at a relatively low cost.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:



FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, showing two manufactured seed blanks coaxially joined at one end by a bonding material;



FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing four manufactured seed blanks co-joined at one end by a bonding material;



FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing two manufactured seed blanks co-joined at one end by a sleeve;



FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present invention, showing a single seed coat having two restraints disposed in opposite ends of the seed coat;



FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed coat formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing two embryos disposed within a manufactured seed having a single restraint;



FIG. 6 is a partial cross-section isometric view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing a plurality of restraints disposed in one end of the manufactured seed; and



FIG. 7 is a partial cross-section isometric view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing a single restraint having a plurality of cavities sized to receive an embryo.





DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT


FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-embryo manufactured seed (hereinafter referred to as “manufactured seed 20”) constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The manufactured seed 20 includes first and second seeds 22a and 22b, and a bond portion 24. As both the first and second seeds 22a and 22b are identically configured, only one seed 22a will be described in greater detail. Therefore, the description of the first seed 22a is equally applicable to the second seed 22b.


The first seed 22a includes a seed shell 30a, a cotyledon restraint 32a, and an embryo 34a. The interior of the seed shell 30a is filled with a nutritive media 36a. Such a seed 22a is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,699, issued to Carlson et al., the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.


The seed shell 30a is suitably formed from a tubular material, such as a straw of fibrous material, and is sectioned in appropriate lengths. The cotyledon restraint 32a is suitably manufactured from a hard, porous material, such as ceramic, and includes a longitudinally extending cavity 38a. The cavity 38a extends partially through one end of the cotyledon restraint 32b and includes an open end known as a cotyledon restraint opening 40a. The cavity 38a is sized to receive the plant embryo 34a therein.


Still referring to FIG. 1, the bond portion 24 will now be described in greater detail. The bond portion 24 is suitably formed from a wax and extends between two opposed ends of the first and second seeds 22a and 22b. Although wax is the preferred material to form the bond portion, other types of materials, such as glue, are also within the scope of the present invention. Further, in other embodiments, the bond portion 24 is accomplished by ablation by a laser, or a sleeve, as will be described in greater detail below.


As assembled, the manufactured seed 20 is then distributed in a nursery bed where the embryos 34a and 34b are permitted to germinate. In some circumstances, both embryos 34a and 34b are healthy embryos and each germinates to yield an acceptable seedling. However, in other circumstances, only one of the two embryos 34a and 34b successfully germinate to produce a desirable seedling.


Referring now to FIG. 2, a manufactured seed 120, formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present, invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 120 of the present embodiment is identical in materials and use as the previously described embodiment with reference to FIG. 1, with the exception that the manufactured seed 120 includes a third and fourth seed 22c and 22d. In this embodiment, all four seeds 22a-22d have one end thereof connected by the bond portion 24, such that the manufactured seed 120 is substantially cross-shaped, or X-shaped, in configuration. Although a total of four manufactured seeds are illustrated as sharing a common bond portion, it should be apparent that other embodiments, such as a manufactured seed that includes more or less seeds coupled thereto. As an example, a manufactured seed that includes only three seeds, or one that includes five or six seeds are also within the scope of the present invention.


Referring now to FIG. 3, a manufactured seed 220 formed in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 220 is identical in both materials and use for the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 1, with the exception that the first and second seeds 22a and 22b are coupled together by a sleeve 224. The sleeve 224 is suitably any material capable of either fusing, melting or otherwise connecting opposed ends of the first and second seeds 22a and 22b together. As an example, the sleeve 224 is a band of elastic material tightly disposed around the exterior of the first and second seeds 22a and 22b. Other types of materials for the bond portion 224, such as paper, wax impregnated paper, plastic, biodegradable plastic, shrink tubing, rubber tubing, and a glue, are also within the scope of the present invention.


A manufactured seed 320 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention may be best understood by referring to FIG. 4. The manufactured seed 320 is identical in materials and use to the manufactured seeds described above, with the exception that the manufactured seed 320 includes a single seed shell 330. The cotyledon restraints 32a and 32b are disposed within opposite ends of the seed shell 330, thereby forming a continuous tubular structure.


Referring next to FIG. 5, a manufactured seed 420 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 420 is identical in materials and use as the previous embodiments described above, with the following exception. In that regard, the manufactured seed 420 includes only one cotyledon restraint 32a housing two embryos 34a and 34b within the cavity 38a. Although only two embryos are illustrated, the invention is not intended to be so limited. In that regard, the cotyledon restraint opening 38a may include more embryos, such as three or more, and therefore, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention. The manufactured seed 420 also includes a well known dead end seal 428.


A manufactured seed 520 formed in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present invention may be best understood by referring to FIG. 6. The manufactured seed 520 is identical in materials and use to the previously described embodiments, with the following exceptions. First, the manufactured seed 520 includes a plurality of cotyledon restraints 532a-532d disposed within one end of the seed shell 22a. Another difference between the manufactured seed 520 of the present embodiment and the previously described embodiments is that the cotyledon restraint 532a-532d are seated within the one end of the seed shell 22a by a well known live end seal 550. Such a live end seal 550 is suitably formed from a wax or wax compound. If a thermoplastic material is utilized for the seed shell 22a, the thermoplastic material may be utilized as the “glue” to hold the restraint to the seed shell.


Although the present embodiment is described as containing only four cotyledon restraints, it should be apparent that other embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention. As an example, such a manufactured seed may include two, three, five, or any other combination of cotyledon restraints within the one end of the seed shell 22a. As another example, multiple cotyledon restraints may be disposed in both ends of the seed shell 22a, such that a plurality of embryos are disposed in both ends of the seed shell 22a. Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.


As may be best seen by referring to FIG. 7, a manufactured seed 620 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 620 is identical in materials and use to the previously described embodiment of FIG. 6, with the exception that the manufactured seed 620 includes a single cotyledon restraint 632 having a plurality of cavities 638a-638d. The cotyledon restraint 632 is suitably disposed within one end of the seed shell 22a and is sealed therein by a wax, glue, or thermal plastic melt bond. After an embryo 34a-34d is disposed within a corresponding cavity, it may be sealed therein by an appropriate and well known live end seal.


It should be apparent that although a cotyledon restraint 632 with a total of four cavities 638a-638d, is illustrated and described, other cotyledon restraints, such as a cotyledon restraint with two, three, five, six, or more cavities, are also within the scope of the present invention. It should also be apparent that the manufactured seed may include two identically configured, single restraints having a plurality of cavities inserted into both ends of the seed coat. As yet another embodiment, a manufactured seed having, in one end, a single restraint with a plurality of cavities, and a plurality of restraints disposed in the other end of the seed coat. Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.


While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims
  • 1. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a first seed shell;(b) a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell, the first restraint having a cavity;(c) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and(d) a second seed shell coupled to the first seed shell, the second seed shell includes a second restraint having a cavity, wherein one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the first restraint and a different one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the second restraint.
  • 2. The manufactured seed of claim 1, wherein the first and second seed shells are co-axially aligned.
  • 3. The manufactured seed of claim 1, wherein the first and second seed shells are bonded together.
  • 4. The manufactured seed of claim 1, further comprising third and fourth seed shells coupled to the first and second seed shells, the third and fourth seed shells each having a restraint and cavity.
  • 5. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell;(b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and(c) a second restraint disposed within the seed shell.
  • 6. The manufactured seed of claim 5, wherein the first and second restraints are disposed in opposite ends of the seed shell.
  • 7. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell;(b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and(c) a second seed shell having a restraint disposed therein, the second seed shell bonded to the seed shell.
  • 8. The manufactured seed of claim 7, wherein both seed shells are coaxially aligned and bonded such that the restraints of the first and second seed shells are disposed at opposite ends of the manufactured seed.
  • 9. The manufactured seed of claim 8, wherein the seed shells are bonded by a wax.
  • 10. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell, wherein the at least one restraint includes a plurality of cavities; and(b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed.
  • 11. The manufactured seed of claim 10, wherein each one of the plurality of cavities is sized to receive at least one of the at least two embryos.
  • 12. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell,(b) means for restraining at least two embryos within the manufactured seed; and(c) a second seed shell in communication with the seed shell.
  • 13. The manufactured seed of claim 12, further comprising a second means for restraining at least one of the at least two embryos, the second means for restraining being disposed within the second seed shell.
  • 14. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a first seed shell;(b) a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell, the first restraint having a cavity;(c) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and(d) a second restraint having a cavity, the first and second restraints being disposed within opposite ends of the first seed shell.
  • 15. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell;(b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and(c) a plurality of seed shells coupled together in a substantially cross-shaped configuration.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/529,133, filed Dec. 12, 2003.

US Referenced Citations (67)
Number Name Date Kind
2309702 Kirschenbaum Feb 1943 A
2502809 Vogelsang Apr 1950 A
2809772 Weisz Oct 1957 A
3034905 Weintraub et al. May 1962 A
3098320 Estkowski et al. Jul 1963 A
3545129 Schreiber et al. Dec 1970 A
3688437 Hamrin Sep 1972 A
3690034 Knapp Sep 1972 A
3734987 Hamrin May 1973 A
3850753 Chibata et al. Nov 1974 A
4147930 Browne et al. Apr 1979 A
4166006 Hertl et al. Aug 1979 A
4252827 Yokoyama et al. Feb 1981 A
4465017 Simmons Aug 1984 A
4562663 Redenbaugh Jan 1986 A
4583320 Redenbaugh Apr 1986 A
4615141 Janick et al. Oct 1986 A
4628633 Nilsson Dec 1986 A
4665648 Branco et al. May 1987 A
4715143 Redenbaugh et al. Dec 1987 A
4769945 Motoyama et al. Sep 1988 A
4777762 Redenbaugh et al. Oct 1988 A
4777907 Sänger Oct 1988 A
4779376 Redenbaugh Oct 1988 A
4780987 Nelsen et al. Nov 1988 A
4802305 Kojimoto et al. Feb 1989 A
4802905 Spector Feb 1989 A
4806357 Garrett et al. Feb 1989 A
4808430 Kouno Feb 1989 A
4866096 Schweighardt Sep 1989 A
4879839 Gago et al. Nov 1989 A
5010685 Sakamoto et al. Apr 1991 A
5044116 Gago et al. Sep 1991 A
5181259 Rorvig Jan 1993 A
5183757 Roberts Feb 1993 A
5236469 Carlson et al. Aug 1993 A
5250082 Teng et al. Oct 1993 A
5258132 Kamel et al. Nov 1993 A
5284765 Bryan et al. Feb 1994 A
5427593 Carlson et al. Jun 1995 A
5451241 Cartson et al. Sep 1995 A
5464769 Attree et al. Nov 1995 A
5529597 Iijima Jun 1996 A
5564224 Carlson et al. Oct 1996 A
5565355 Smith Oct 1996 A
5666762 Carlson et al. Sep 1997 A
5680320 Helmer et al. Oct 1997 A
5687504 Carlson et al. Nov 1997 A
5701699 Carlson et al. Dec 1997 A
5732505 Carlson et al. Mar 1998 A
5771632 Liu et al. Jun 1998 A
5784162 Carib et al. Jul 1998 A
5799439 MacGregor Sep 1998 A
5821126 Durzan et al. Oct 1998 A
5842150 Renberg et al. Nov 1998 A
5877850 Ogata Mar 1999 A
5930803 Becker et al. Jul 1999 A
5960435 Rathmann et al. Sep 1999 A
6021220 Anderholm Feb 2000 A
6092059 Straforini et al. Jul 2000 A
6119395 Hartle et al. Sep 2000 A
6145247 McKinnis Nov 2000 A
6470623 Hirahara Oct 2002 B1
6567538 Pelletier May 2003 B1
6582159 McKinnis Jun 2003 B2
20020192686 Adorjan et al. Dec 2002 A1
20030055615 Zhang et al. Mar 2003 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (19)
Number Date Country
1241552 Sep 1988 CA
1250296 Feb 1989 CA
0 107 141 May 1984 EP
0 300 730 Jan 1989 EP
0 380 692 Aug 1990 EP
0776601 Jun 1997 EP
2 680 951 Mar 1993 FR
61040708 Feb 1986 JP
62275604 Nov 1987 JP
63133904 Jun 1988 JP
63152905 Jun 1988 JP
2-46240 Feb 1990 JP
407179683 Jul 1995 JP
WO 9100781 Jan 1991 WO
WO 9101803 Feb 1991 WO
WO 9207457 May 1992 WO
WO 9505064 Feb 1995 WO
WO 9833375 Aug 1998 WO
WO 9926470 Jun 1999 WO
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20050132436 A1 Jun 2005 US
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
60529133 Dec 2003 US