Patent Grant
9807005
The present disclosure is related to U.S. Pat. No. 8,867,552, titled “Virtual Cluster Switching,” by inventors Suresh Vobbilisetty and Dilip Chatwani, issued 21 Oct. 2014; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/512,268, titled “Distributed Configuration Management in a Switch Group,” by inventors Vidyasagara R. Guntaka, Suresh Vobbilisetty, Manjunath A. G. Gowda, and Himanshu Varshney, filed 10 Oct. 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Field
The present disclosure relates to communication networks. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method for managing multiple scalable systems.
Related Art
The exponential growth of the Internet has made it a popular delivery medium for a variety of applications running on physical and virtual devices. Such applications have brought with them an increasing demand for bandwidth. As a result, equipment vendors race to build larger and faster switches with versatile capabilities. However, the size of a switch cannot grow infinitely. It is limited by physical space, power consumption, and design complexity, to name a few factors. Furthermore, switches with higher capability are usually more complex and expensive. More importantly, because an overly large and complex system often does not provide economy of scale, simply increasing the size and capability of a switch may prove economically unviable due to the increased per-port cost.
A flexible way to improve the scalability of a switch system is to build a fabric switch. A fabric switch is a collection of individual member switches. These member switches form a single, logical switch that can have an arbitrary number of ports and an arbitrary topology. As demands grow, customers can adopt a “pay as you grow” approach to scale up the capacity of the fabric switch. However, a respective fabric switch is typically managed individually. As a result, if a tenant (e.g., a customer of a network provider) has a network that spans multiple fabric switches across multiple locations, managing such a network requires configuration at multiple switch groups individually. Additionally, a respective configuration change leads to individual configurations of a respective fabric switch, which can be tedious and error-prone.
Meanwhile, a switch, an individual or a member switch of a fabric switch, continues to store more configuration information as the switch participates in network virtualizations, partitions, and switch groups, and operates on a plurality of network protocols of different network layers. This configuration needs to be applied to the switch when the switch powers up, and thus, should be persistent. A switch typically stores such configuration information in a local storage in an unstructured format. The switch reads the information during booting up (i.e., powering up), and loads the information into memory. Managing persistent storage in unstructured format is inefficient and requires runtime structuring.
While persistent storage brings many desirable features to a fabric switch, some issues remain unsolved in efficiently managing multiple fabric switches.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a computing system. The computing system includes processing circuitry, one or more ports, a persistent storage module, and a management module. The persistent storage module stores a plurality of persistent storage instances associated with a plurality of switch groups. A respective persistent storage instance stores configuration information associated with a switch group in a data structure. The management module identifies at least two switch groups, which are associated with a logical network, from the plurality of switch groups and configures a respective virtual network representing the logical network in a respective identified switch group. The management module also maintains a mapping between a respective virtual network and the logical network.
In a variation on this embodiment, the computing system also includes a tunnel module which establishes a tunnel between the identified switch groups.
In a further variation, the tunnel is terminated at a logical interface, which is associated with one or more switches of an identified switch group.
In a variation on this embodiment, the management module obtains a media access control (MAC) address learned at a first switch group of the identified switch groups and stores the MAC address in a local data structure in association with a switch group identifier which identifies the first switch group.
In a variation on this embodiment, the management module programs reachability of a MAC address learned at one of the identified switch groups in another identified switch group.
In a variation on this embodiment, a header of a packet belonging to the logical network includes an identifier of a first virtual network representing the logical network in a first switch group of the identified switch group.
In a further variation, the header of the packet belonging to the logical network includes an identifier of a second virtual network representing the logical network in a second switch group of the identified switch group.
In a variation on this embodiment, the computing system also includes a switch group module which maintains a membership in a switch group. The switch group includes a plurality of switches and operates as a single switch.
In a variation on this embodiment, the management module generates a first control message comprising configuration information associated with a switch group for a principal switch of the switch group and a second control message indicating whether the configuration information is prepared for storage in a persistent storage instance of the switch group. The management module then commits the configuration information to the persistent storage instance based on an instruction message from the principal switch.
In a variation on this embodiment, the management module verifies whether configuration information is prepared for storage in a persistent storage instance of a replica of the computing system. If prepared, the management module generates an instruction message instructing to commit the configuration information to the persistent storage instance of the replica of the computing system.
In a variation on this embodiment, the persistent storage is an object relational database, and a data structure in the persistent storage is a table in the database.
In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the claims.
In embodiments of the present invention, the problem of managing multiple switch groups (e.g., fabric switches) is solved by associating a multi-fabric manager (MFM) with the switch groups. The multi-fabric manager maintains a copy of the configuration information of a respective switch group it manages in a local persistent storage instance. Based on the configuration information, these switch groups can be managed from the multi-fabric manager.
A switch can be configured by logging in to the switch (e.g., via telnet) or via a console port (e.g., an RS-232 port). Such configuration can be related to network virtualizations, partitions, and switch groups, and a plurality of network protocols of different network layers. The attribute values (e.g., parameters) of the configuration information are stored in a local persistent storage and applied to the switch (e.g., loaded to the switch modules). In some embodiments, a switch can be in a switch group (e.g., a fabric switch). Configuration and state information of a switch group can be stored in a persistent storage of a respective member switch of the switch group. One of the switches in the switch group is elected as a principal switch, which manages and distributes configuration information in the switch group. The rest of the switches of the switch group can be referred to as managed switches. When a user accesses this principal switch, the principal switch allows the user to configure the global configuration information of the switch group. The principal switch, in turn, synchronizes that global configuration information with a respective managed switch. Furthermore, the principal switch also allows the user to configure a respective managed switch in the switch group. The principal switch, in turn, synchronizes that local configuration information to that managed switch.
With existing technologies, a respective switch group is managed individually. For example, a user can manage a switch group based on the configuration information in the persistent storage in a switch group (e.g., in a respective member switch). However, that persistent storage only includes configuration information of that switch group. As a result, if a tenant (e.g., a customer of a network provider) has a tenant network that spans multiple switch groups across multiple locations, managing such a tenant network requires individual configuration of multiple switch groups. Additionally, a respective configuration change to that tenant network leads to individual configurations of a respective switch group, which can be tedious and error-prone.
To solve this problem, a multi-fabric manager facilitates a single point of management for a plurality of switch groups. In some embodiments, the multi-fabric manager becomes a member switch of these switch groups. As a result, the principal switch of a respective switch group synchronizes its local persistent storage with the multi-fabric manager. In this way, the multi-fabric manager obtains and maintains an instance of the persistent storage of a respective switch group it manages. This allows the multi-fabric manager to have a copy of the configuration information of a respective switch group it manages and facilitate configuration changes to the switch groups. Furthermore, a respective entry of a persistent storage can be associated with an object identifier comprising a group identifier. The multi-fabric manager can use this group identifier portion of the object identifier to distinguish among the configuration information associated with different switch groups.
Since the multi-fabric manager appears as a member switch of a respective switch group, a tenant network spanning multiple switch groups can be created from the multi-fabric manager. During operation, a user may configure the tenant network in the multiple switch groups from the multi-fabric manager. The user can provide the configuration information locally (e.g., via an input device and a display device) or remotely (e.g., via telnet or a remote shell). Upon receiving the configuration information, the multi-fabric manager provides (e.g., sends via a control message) the configuration information to the principal switch of a respective switch group associated with the tenant network.
The principal switch, in turn, performs a distributed commit in the local switch group. This distributed commit includes updating the attribute values of the configuration information in the persistent storage and applying the attribute values to the switch modules of a respective member switch in the switch group. Since the multi-fabric manager operates as a member switch of a respective switch group, the copy of the persistent storage of that switch group is also updated at the multi-fabric manager. However, the multi-fabric manager may not apply the attribute values to its local device modules since the multi-fabric manager may not participate in frame forwarding for the switch group. In this way, configuration information from the multi-fabric manager is propagated to multiple switch groups, thereby facilitating a single point of management for those switch groups.
In some embodiments, a switch in the switch group can be referred to as a member switch. A respective member switch of the switch group can be equipped with a persistent storage framework which stores the configuration information in a local persistent storage. Such a persistent storage can be an object relational database. The configuration information is loaded from this persistent storage to the switch (or device) modules (e.g., the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips of the switch). In this disclosure, the description in conjunction with
In some embodiments, the framework supports Model Driven Architecture (MDA), Object Oriented Programming (OOP), and/or Model/View/Controller (MVC) design patterns to facilitate modular development and operation of the units. The framework can also support class frameworks based on Unified Modeling Language (UML). Upon receiving class models (e.g., class name, attributes, and methods) and their relations based on UML, the framework automatically generates the corresponding code, thereby ensuring structure in the operational units of a switch. In some embodiments, the class models are expressed in YANG, which is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF).
Since the units operate on the framework in a modular way, their associated attribute values can be stored in a persistent storage in a structured way. In some embodiments, the framework uses Object-Relational Mapping to store the attribute values of the units in a structured way in an object relational database. The framework allows different classes to be defined for a unit based on MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design patterns. The framework then seamlessly maps a respective class to a database table and vice-versa. Furthermore, the framework also seamlessly represents the relationships among the classes (e.g., an association or a composition) in the database. As a result, when a unit becomes operational on the switch, attribute values associated with a respective class in that unit is automatically loaded from the database. Moreover, if a class changes (e.g., a new attribute or a new relationship), the framework seamlessly incorporates that change into the database.
In some embodiments, the switch group can be a fabric switch. The switch can include one or more units which allow the switch to join and operate as a member switch of the fabric switch. These units can also run on the framework. In a fabric switch, any number of switches coupled in an arbitrary topology may logically operate as a single switch. The fabric switch can be an Ethernet fabric switch or a virtual cluster switch (VCS), which can operate as a single Ethernet switch. Any member switch may join or leave the fabric switch in “plug-and-play” mode without any manual configuration. In some embodiments, a respective switch in the fabric switch is a Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) routing bridge (RBridge). In some further embodiments, a respective switch in the fabric switch is an Internet Protocol (IP) routing-capable switch (e.g., an IP router).
It should be noted that a fabric switch is not the same as conventional switch stacking. In switch stacking, multiple switches are interconnected at a common location (often within the same rack), based on a particular topology, and manually configured in a particular way. These stacked switches typically share a common address, e.g., an IP address, so they can be addressed as a single switch externally. Furthermore, switch stacking requires a significant amount of manual configuration of the ports and inter-switch links. The need for manual configuration prohibits switch stacking from being a viable option in building a large-scale switching system. The topology restriction imposed by switch stacking also limits the number of switches that can be stacked. This is because it is very difficult, if not impossible, to design a stack topology that allows the overall switch bandwidth to scale adequately with the number of switch units.
In contrast, a fabric switch can include an arbitrary number of switches with individual addresses, can be based on an arbitrary topology, and does not require extensive manual configuration. The switches can reside in the same location, or be distributed over different locations. These features overcome the inherent limitations of switch stacking and make it possible to build a large “switch farm,” which can be treated as a single, logical switch. Due to the automatic configuration capabilities of the fabric switch, an individual physical switch can dynamically join or leave the fabric switch without disrupting services to the rest of the network.
Furthermore, the automatic and dynamic configurability of the fabric switch allows a network operator to build its switching system in a distributed and “pay-as-you-grow” fashion without sacrificing scalability. The fabric switch's ability to respond to changing network conditions makes it an ideal solution in a virtual computing environment, where network loads often change with time.
In switch stacking, multiple switches are interconnected at a common location (often within the same rack), based on a particular topology, and manually configured in a particular way. These stacked switches typically share a common address, e.g., an IP address, so they can be addressed as a single switch externally. Furthermore, switch stacking requires a significant amount of manual configuration of the ports and inter-switch links. The need for manual configuration prohibits switch stacking from being a viable option in building a large-scale switching system. The topology restriction imposed by switch stacking also limits the number of switches that can be stacked. This is because it is very difficult, if not impossible, to design a stack topology that allows the overall switch bandwidth to scale adequately with the number of switch units.
It should also be noted that a fabric switch is distinct from a virtual local area network (VLAN). A fabric switch can accommodate a plurality of VLANs. A VLAN is typically identified by a VLAN tag. In contrast, the fabric switch is identified a fabric identifier (e.g., a VCS identifier), which is assigned to the fabric switch. A respective member switch of the fabric switch is associated with the fabric identifier. Furthermore, when a member switch of a fabric switch learns a media access control (MAC) address of an end device (e.g., via layer-2 MAC address learning), the member switch generates a notification message, includes the learned MAC address in the payload of the notification message, and sends the notification message to all other member switches of the fabric switch. In this way, a learned MAC address is shared among a respective member switch of the fabric switch.
The term “fabric switch” refers to a number of interconnected physical switches which form a single, scalable logical switch. These physical switches are referred to as member switches of the fabric switch. In a fabric switch, any number of switches can be connected in an arbitrary topology, and the entire group of switches functions together as one single, logical switch. This feature makes it possible to use many smaller, inexpensive switches to construct a large fabric switch, which can be viewed as a single logical switch externally. Although the present disclosure is presented using examples based on a fabric switch, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to a fabric switch. Embodiments of the present invention are relevant to any computing device that includes a plurality of devices operating as a single device.
The term “end device” can refer to any device external to a fabric switch. Examples of an end device include, but are not limited to, a host machine, a conventional layer-2 switch, a layer-3 router, or any other type of network device. Additionally, an end device can be coupled to other switches or hosts further away from a layer-2 or layer-3 network. An end device can also be an aggregation point for a number of network devices to enter the fabric switch. An end device hosting one or more virtual machines can be referred to as a host machine. In this disclosure, the terms “end device” and “host machine” are used interchangeably.
The term “switch” is used in a generic sense, and it can refer to any standalone or fabric switch operating in any network layer. “Switch” should not be interpreted as limiting embodiments of the present invention to layer-2 networks. Any device that can forward traffic to an external device or another switch can be referred to as a “switch.” Any physical or virtual device (e.g., a virtual machine/switch operating on a computing device) that can forward traffic to an end device can be referred to as a “switch.” Examples of a “switch” include, but are not limited to, a layer-2 switch, a layer-3 router, a TRILL RBridge, or a fabric switch comprising a plurality of similar or heterogeneous smaller physical and/or virtual switches.
The term “edge port” refers to a port on a fabric switch which exchanges data frames with a network device outside of the fabric switch (i.e., an edge port is not used for exchanging data frames with another member switch of a fabric switch). The term “inter-switch port” refers to a port which sends/receives data frames among member switches of a fabric switch. The terms “interface” and “port” are used interchangeably.
The term “switch identifier” refers to a group of bits that can be used to identify a switch. Examples of a switch identifier include, but are not limited to, a media access control (MAC) address, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, and an RBridge identifier. Note that the TRILL standard uses “RBridge ID” (RBridge identifier) to denote a 48-bit intermediate-system-to-intermediate-system (IS-IS) System ID assigned to an RBridge, and “RBridge nickname” to denote a 16-bit value that serves as an abbreviation for the “RBridge ID.” In this disclosure, “switch identifier” is used as a generic term, is not limited to any bit format, and can refer to any format that can identify a switch. The term “RBridge identifier” is also used in a generic sense, is not limited to any bit format, and can refer to “RBridge ID,” “RBridge nickname,” or any other format that can identify an RBridge.
The term “packet” refers to a group of bits that can be transported together across a network. “Packet” should not be interpreted as limiting embodiments of the present invention to layer-3 networks. “Packet” can be replaced by other terminologies referring to a group of bits, such as “message,” “frame,” “cell,” or “datagram.”
Network Architecture
In some embodiments, network 100 is a TRILL network and a respective switch of network 100, such as switch 102, is a TRILL RBridge. Under such a scenario, communication among the switches in network 100 is based on the TRILL protocol. For example, upon receiving an Ethernet frame from end device 112, switch 102 encapsulates the received Ethernet frame in a TRILL header and forwards the TRILL packet. In some further embodiments, network 100 is an IP network and a respective switch of network 100, such as switch 102, is an IP-capable switch, which calculates and maintains a local IP routing table (e.g., a routing information base or RIB), and is capable of forwarding packets based on its IP addresses. Under such a scenario, communication among the switches in network 100 is based on IP. For example, upon receiving an Ethernet frame from end device 112, switch 102 encapsulates the received Ethernet frame in an IP header and forwards the IP packet.
In some embodiments, network 100 is a fabric switch (under such a scenario, network 100 can also be referred to as fabric switch 100). Fabric switch 100 is assigned with a fabric switch identifier. A respective member switch of fabric switch 100 is associated with that fabric switch identifier. This allows the member switch to indicate that it is a member of fabric switch 100. In some embodiments, whenever a new member switch joins fabric switch 100, the fabric switch identifier is automatically associated with that new member switch. Furthermore, a respective member switch of fabric switch 100 is assigned a switch identifier (e.g., an RBridge identifier, a Fibre Channel (FC) domain ID (identifier), or an IP address). This switch identifier identifies the member switch in fabric switch 100.
Switches in fabric switch 100 use edge ports to communicate with end devices (e.g., non-member switches) and inter-switch ports to communicate with other member switches. For example, switch 102 is coupled to end device 112 via an edge port and to switches 101, 103, 104, and 105 via inter-switch ports and one or more links. Data communication via an edge port can be based on Ethernet and via an inter-switch port can be based on the IP and/or TRILL protocol. It should be noted that control message exchange via inter-switch ports can be based on a different protocol (e.g., the IP or FC protocol).
A switch, such as switch 102, stores configuration information needed to operate switch 102 as an individual switch or as a member switch of fabric switch 100. Furthermore, switch 102 can participate in various services and operations, such as network virtualization (e.g., a virtual local area networks (VLAN)), switch partitioning, and link aggregations (e.g., a multi-chassis trunk). Furthermore, switch 102 operates on a plurality of network protocols of different network layers (e.g., Ethernet, TRILL, FC, and IP). As a result, switch 102 runs protocol daemons for each of these protocols. However, to incorporate the services and operations, the protocol daemons need to be directly modified, which can lead to conflicts and errors.
Furthermore, each of the operations, services, and the protocols is associated with one or more attributes. These attribute values (e.g., parameters) is typically applied to switch 102 when switch 102 powers up. As a result, these attribute values are stored in a persistent storage so that these values can be retrieved even when switch 102 is powered off or restarts. With existing technologies, switch 102 may store such attribute values in a local storage in an unstructured format (e.g., a string comprising the attribute values). During the boot up process, switch 102 reads and parses the attribute values in the unstructured format, and loads the attribute values into switch memory. Managing persistent storage in unstructured format is inefficient and requires runtime structuring.
To solve this problem, switch 102 is equipped with a persistent storage framework 120 which facilitates structured persistent storage to the attribute values associated with different operational units of switch 102 (e.g., modules and services of switch 102). It should be noted that other switches of network 100 can be equipped with a persistent storage framework and support persistent storage. In some embodiments, some switch of network 100 may not be equipped with a persistent storage framework. Different units of switch 102, each of which facilitates an aspect of switch 102's operations, operate on framework 120 in a structured and modular way. This allows a respective unit to be independently introduced to framework 120 in such a way that the unit can interoperate with other units (e.g., modules and services) of switch 102. Framework 120 supports MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design patterns to facilitate structured development and operation of the units in switch 102.
Since the units operate on framework 120 in a structured way, their associated attribute values can be stored in a persistent storage in a structured way. In some embodiments, framework 120 uses Object-Relational Mapping to store the attribute values of the units in a structured way in an object relational database. Framework 120 allows different classes to be defined for a unit during development based on MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design patterns. Framework 120 supports class models based on UML. In some embodiments, class models are expressed in YANG, which is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by NETCONF. Upon receiving class models (e.g., class name, attributes, and methods) and their relationships based on UML, framework 120 automatically generates the corresponding code, thereby ensuring structure in the operational units of switch 102.
Framework 120 seamlessly maps a respective class to a database table and vice-versa. Furthermore, framework 120 also seamlessly represents the relations among the classes (e.g., an association or a composition) in the database. As a result, when a unit becomes operational on switch 102 (e.g., when switch 102 powers up), attribute values associated with a respective class in that unit is automatically loaded from the database. Moreover, if a class changes (e.g., a new attribute or a new relationship), framework 120 seamlessly incorporates that change into the database.
Persistent Storage Framework
Switch 102 further includes an input interface 122 to switch 102 (e.g., a graphical user interface (GUI) and/or a command line interface (CLI). A user can access input interface 122 via end device 114. The user can obtain information from and provide instruction to switch 102 via input interface 122. Switch 102 also includes a configuration daemon 124, which can receive configuration (e.g., an IP address) for switch 102 from end device 114 (e.g., from a user) via input interface 122. Configuration daemon 124 provides this configuration information to framework 120. Framework 120 can include a configuration daemon gateway module 132, which communicates with configuration daemon 124. Upon receiving the configuration information, framework 120 can identify different attribute values (e.g., a VLAN identifier) and assigns those attribute values to the corresponding attribute of an operational unit of switch 102.
On the other hand, switch 102 can receive an instruction via input interface 122 to provide its configuration associated with one or more units. For example, a user can issue a command to show the IP addresses assigned to switch 102 from end device 114. Input interface 122 provides this instruction to configuration daemon 124, which in turn, sends an internal command to configuration daemon gateway module 132 for the requested configuration information. In response, framework 120 identifies the attributes (e.g., IP addresses) associated with the requested configuration information and obtains the corresponding attribute values (e.g., assigned IP addresses to switch 120) from a persistent storage. Configuration daemon gateway module 132 provides the obtained attribute values to configuration daemon 124. Upon receiving the attribute values, configuration daemon 124 provides the attribute values as the requested configuration information to input interface 122, which in turn, provides the configuration information to end device 114.
Framework 120 includes a core management module 130, which facilitates structured persistent storage to the attribute values associated with different operational units of switch 102 (e.g., modules and services of switch 102). Different units of switch 102 operate on core management module 130 in a structured way. This allows a respective unit to be independently introduced to framework 120 such a way that the unit can interoperate with other units (e.g., modules and services) of switch 102. Framework 120 supports MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design pattern to facilitate structured development and operation of the units in switch 102.
For example, instead of modifying protocol daemons 140, switch 102 can have plug-ins 134 for protocol daemons 140. Core management module 130 facilitates inter-operations between plug-in 134 and protocol daemons 140. Suppose that a modification to standard Ethernet protocol is needed. Instead of modifying the native protocol daemon of Ethernet, a plug-in for the protocol daemon of Ethernet can be introduced to core management module 130. Similarly, to facilitate membership to a fabric switch, fabric switch module 136 can be introduced to core management module 130. Fabric switch module 136 allows switch 102 to run a control plane with automatic configuration capability and join a fabric switch based on the control plane. Plug-ins 134 and fabric switch module 136 can be developed using MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design patterns, supported by framework 120.
Since the units of switch 102 operate core management module 130 in a structured way, their associated attribute values can be stored in a persistent storage in a structured way. In some embodiments, core management module 130 uses Object-Relational Mapping to store the attribute values of the units in a structured way in an object relational database 150. Core management module 130 allows different classes to be defined for a unit during development based on MDA, OOP, and/or MVC design patterns and expressed as a UML model, and seamlessly maps a respective class to a database table in database 150 and vice-versa.
Furthermore, core management module 130 also seamlessly represents the relations among the classes (e.g., an association or a composition) in database 150. As a result, when a unit becomes operational on switch 102 (e.g., when switch 102 powers up), attribute values associated with a respective class in that unit is automatically loaded from database 150. Moreover, if a class changes (e.g., a new attribute or a new relationship), core management module 130 seamlessly incorporates that change into database 150. It should be noted that a class defined by a user may not include explicit instructions (e.g., a Structured Query Language (SQL) query) for inserting and retrieving attribute values from database 150. The class simply includes an instruction indicating that persistent storage is required for some operations and core management module 130 facilitates the object relational mapping, and the corresponding database operations (e.g., SQL insert and select).
Attribute Data Types
To facilitate seamless object relational mapping, a persistent storage framework defines a set of data types for different categories of attributes. These attributes can be used to define class attributes of different operational units of a switch. In some embodiments, the framework can identify these class attributes expressed in a UML model. It should be noted that such expression can be represented in various forms, such as graphical, textual, XML, etc. The framework ensures these attributes are compatible with an object relational database. As a result, during operation, the framework can seamlessly map the class attributes to an object relational database and provide persistent storage to the attributes.
A data type of an attribute is basic entity provided by the framework that can be persisted or transported in the object relational database. A data type is associated with an identifier (e.g., a name). A data type can be, persisted or ephemeral, configuration or operational and read-only or read-write. The framework can serialize or de-serialize a data type to or from: XML, remote procedure call (RPC), SQL, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and Open vSwitch Database (OVSDB) management protocol.
The framework supports different categories of attributes. Such categories include, but are not limited to, integers and numbers, string, date and time, messaging, UML relations, network, and others. In addition, the framework supports user defined data types and corresponding attributes. Table 1 includes different categories of attributes and their corresponding data types supported by the framework. It should be noted that the categories and data types listed in Table 1 is not exhaustive. The framework can support more categories and data types.
The framework provides extensive list of built-in data types, as described in conjunction with Table 1. These data types capture the attribute values (e.g., data fields) of objects. In some embodiments, the framework includes one or more attributes that provide run time introspection that allows runtime identification of classes. Since attributes can be serialized to and de-serialized from a variety of formats, the framework provides extensive support for custom behavior overriding in serialization and de-serialization. Furthermore, the framework supports user defined data types.
Object Identifier
In the example in
However, a switch can have a plurality of line cards. For another line card, another object (i.e., another instance) of the class is created in the memory of switch 102, and framework 120 stores the attribute values of that other object in the table associated with the class in database 150. In this way, the same table can store attribute values of different objects of the same class. To identify different objects of a class in the table, framework 120 generates and assigns an object identifier (object ID or OID) to a respective object of a respective class. This object identifier operates as the primary identifier of that object. In the database table, this primary identifier is the primary key of that table. It should be noted that an object identifier is referred to be associated with a class in a generic sense, which indicates an object identifier of an object of the class.
In some embodiments, object identifier includes a class identifier (a class ID or CID) 220 and an instance identifier (an instance ID or IID) 230. Class identifier 220 represents the class from which the object is instantiated. In some embodiments, class identifier 220 is generated based on a hash function (e. g., Rabin Polynomial hash function) applied to the name of the class. Instance identifier 230 represents that particular instance of the object. Hence, if two objects of the same class are created, class identifier 220 of object identifier 210 remains the same for both the objects. However, the two objects differ in their respective instance identifier 230. Typically, class identifier 220 and instance identifier 230 are 32 and 64 bits long, respectively. However, these lengths can vary.
In some embodiments, instance identifier 230 includes a group identifier 232, a location identifier 234, a management module identifier 236, and a serial identifier 238. Group identifier 232 identifies a group in which the switch is a member. For example, if the switch is a member switch of a fabric switch, group identifier 232 can be a fabric switch identifier, which identifies a fabric switch. Location identifier 234 identifies the switch in the group. For example, if the switch is a member switch of a fabric switch, location identifier 234 can be a switch identifier, which identifies the switch within that fabric switch. Typically, group identifier 232 and location identifier 234 are 10 and 20 bits long, respectively.
Management module identifier 236 identifies the type of management module is operating the switch. For example, if the switch is participating in an active-standby high availability protocol (e.g., Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) and Virtual Switch Redundancy Protocol (VSRP)), management module identifier 236 can indicate whether the switch is an active or a standby switch. Typically, management module identifier 236 is 1 bit long. However, length of management module identifier 236 can be increased by incorporating adjacent bits from location identifier 234.
Serial identifier 238 provides identification of a specific instance of an object and can be a wrapped-around monotonically increasing number (e.g., an unsigned integer). Typically, serial identifier 238 is 32 bits long. In this way, object identifier 210 uniquely identifies an object of a class created by a management module in a switch, which can be in a fabric switch. In other words, object identifier 210 can be unique among objects, classes, management modules, fabric switches, and switch locations within a corresponding fabric switch.
Base Classes
In the example in
The framework supports a set of base classes and multiple inheritance from these base classes.
Class 304 outlines the most common attributes and operations of the objects managed by the framework. In other words, all class hierarchies derive virtually from the PersistableObject class. Since a class can inherit from multiple classes and each of these classes can inherit from the PersistableObject class, there can potentially be a conflict during execution of a managed object. This problem is generally referred to as the diamond problem. To solve this problem, the framework supports virtual derivation from the PersistableObject class. Another base class 306, denoted as the LocalManagedObjectBase class, outlines the attributes and operations locally managed within a switch. For example, a port is locally managed in a switch.
Base class 308, denoted as the LocalManagedObject class, is virtually derived from the ManagedObject class and the ManagedObjectBase class. Hence, the LocalManagedObject class outlines the attributes and operations of a switch which are locally and globally managed. For example, a port is locally managed within a switch and a VLAN configured for the port is managed globally. In some embodiments, an application (e.g., a protocol plug-in) running on a switch can specify more base classes for that application. Typically, base classes are not directly mapped to the tables of the object relational database. These base classes provide object relational mapping support. The attributes (i.e., the data fields) of these classes become part of a respective managed object derived from these base classes. As a result, the managed objects can share states and behavior.
In some embodiments, the attributes of a managed object can be any of the attribute data types supported by the framework, as described in conjunction with Table 1. The framework also supports vector variants (e.g., arrays and lists) for a number of the data types. Furthermore, the framework provides support to check whether a particular attribute is user configured. As described in conjunction with
Object Relational Mapping
In some embodiments, a persistent storage framework of a switch supports, both one-to-one and one-to-many, association, aggregation, and composition UML relationships. Association and aggregation are supported via ObjectID and ObjectIDVector data types, and ObjectIDAssociation and ObjectIDAssociationVector attributes, respectively. On the other hand, composition is supported via ManagedObjectPointer and ManagedObjectPointerVector data types and corresponding attributes. In some embodiments, the framework supports smart pointers and vector to facilitate seamless development.
Similarly, a switch can include one or more line cards. Hence, the Node class has a relationship with class 406, denoted as the LineCard class, which represents a line card. A line card can be in one switch and a switch includes (i.e., is composed of) a plurality of line cards. Hence, the relationship between the Node class and the LineCard class is a one-to-many composition, which is denoted as “includes.” On the other hand, a switch typically has a power source, which may not be inside of the switch. So, the Node class has a relationship with class 408, denoted as the PowerSource class, which represents a power source of a node. Suppose that, at a time, a power source can power one switch and a switch can receive power from one source. Hence, the relationship between the Node class and the PowerSource class is a one-to-one association, which is denoted as “getsPower.”
A power source can be based on alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). So, class 408-A, denoted as the ACPowerSource class, and class 408-B, denoted as the DCPowerSource class, are derived from the PowerSource class. The ACPowerSource class and the DCPowerSource class represent AC and DC power sources, respectively. Hence, based on the getsPower association, a Node can get power from a generic power source, an AC power source, or a DC power source. In this UML diagram, since the relationship between the Node class and class 408 is one-to-one, an object of the Node class can have only one of the power sources. In this example, the PowerSource class, the ACPowerSource class, and the DCPowerSource class can be referred to as the inheritance chain of the PowerSource class (class 408).
The framework can receive the UML diagram of
XML definition 400 includes a respective attribute, such as NodeID, and its type (i.e., data type, as described in conjunction with Table 1). XML definition 400 also includes one-to-one and one-to-many relationships for which the Node class is a container class. For example, a node contains line cards. Hence, XML definition 400 specifies aggregation “includes” as an attribute, its type, and the class to which Node is related. It should be noted that the isMemberOf relationship is not represented in XML definition 400 even though the isMemberOf relationship to the Node class. This is because the container class for the isMemberOf relationship is the SwitchGroup class. Hence, the isMemberOf relationship is represented in an XML definition corresponding to the SwitchGroup class (not shown in
Persistent Storage in a Switch
Upon receiving XML definitions associated with the classes of a UML model, the framework creates a respective table for a respective class, their derivations, their instances (i.e., objects), and their one-to-many relationships in an object relational database.
Table 420 also includes a column for a respective attribute of the Node class. For example, table 420 includes a column 424 for a NodeID of the Node class. Furthermore, since the Node class has a one-to-one association with the PowerSource class, for which the Node class is the container class, the framework includes a column 425 for an object identifier of an object of the PowerSource class (i.e., an object associated with the PowerSource class). Column 425 includes two columns 426 and 427 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier associated with the PowerSource class. The framework also creates a table 410 for the PowerSource class, comprising column 411 for the object identifier associated with the PowerSource class. Column 411 includes two columns 412 and 413 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier of the PowerSource class.
Similarly, the framework also creates a table 440 for the ACPowerSource class, comprising column 441 for an object identifier of an object of the ACPowerSource class (i.e., an object associated with the ACPowerSource class). Column 441 includes two columns 442 and 443 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier associated with the ACPowerSource class. In the same way, the framework also creates a table 450 for the DCPowerSource class, comprising column 451 for an object identifier of an object of the PowerSource class. Column 451 includes two columns 452 and 453 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier associated with the DCPowerSource class.
In some embodiments, the framework creates auxiliary tables to enforce consistency on columns 426 and 427. For example, the framework creates an auxiliary table 430 for the derivations of the PowerSource class (e.g., based on the UML model in
When a class identifier is generated for any class of the inheritance chain of the PowerSource class, that class identifier is inserted into table 430. The framework identifies the PowerSource, the ACPowerSource, and the DCPowerSource classes of the inheritance chain of the PowerSource class from the UML model in
When an object identifier is inserted into table 410, 440, or 450, the instance identifier of the object identifier is concurrently inserted into table 460 (denoted with dotted arrow). Suppose that, upon detecting an object in the memory of the switch, the framework inserts an object identifier comprising a class identifier 432 and instance identifier 435 into table 410. Similarly, an object identifier comprising a class identifier 433 and instance identifier 444, and an object identifier comprising a class identifier 433 and instance identifier 445 are inserted into table 440. An object identifier comprising a class identifier 434 and instance identifier 454 is inserted into table 450. The framework ensures that instance identifiers 435, 444, 445, and 454 are also inserted into table 460. Column 461 of table 460 provides consistency enforcement to column 426 of table 420 (denoted with a dashed arrow). In some embodiments, consistency enforcement to column 427 is based on a foreign key constraint on column 461 of table 460.
During operation, an object of the Node class is instantiated in the memory of the switch. The framework identifies the object in the memory and generates an object identifier for the object comprising a class identifier 464 and an instance identifier 465. The framework identifies the attribute values of the object, which includes NodeID 466 and an object identifier of a power source object. Suppose that the power source for the switch is an AC power source, and the object identifier comprises a class identifier 433 and an instance identifier 444, as stored in table 440 corresponding to the ACPowerSource class. The framework creates an entry in table 420 by inserting class identifier 464, instance identifier 465, NodeID 466, class identifier 433, and instance identifier 444 into table 420. Since consistency is enforced on columns 426 and 427, the relational database ensures that class identifier 433 and instance identifier 444 appear in columns 431 and 461, respectively.
However, even though the Node class is related to the LineCard class, since it is a one-to-many relationship, table 420 does not include an object identifier associated with the LineCard class. The framework creates an auxiliary table to represent the relationship the Node class and the LineCard class.
During operation, an object of the LineCard class is instantiated in the memory of the switch. The framework identifies the object in memory and generates an object identifier comprising a class identifier 474 and an instance identifier 475 for the object. The framework then creates an entry in table 470 by inserting the object identifier into table 470. Similarly, the framework generates an object identifier comprising a class identifier 474 and an instance identifier 476 for another object of the LineCard class, and a third object identifier comprising a class identifier 474 and an instance identifier 477 for an object of the LineCard class. The framework creates respective entries in table 470 by inserting these object identifiers into table 470.
In some embodiments, the framework creates an auxiliary table 480 to represent the one-to-many “includes” relationship between the Node class and the LineCard class. In the relationship, the Node class is the container class and the LineCard class is the related class. Table 480 includes a column 481 for an object identifier associated with the Node class, and a column 484 for an object identifier associated with the LineCard class. Column 481 includes two columns 482 and 483 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier associated with the Node class. Similarly, column 484 includes two columns 485 and 486 for the class identifier and instance identifier, respectively, of the object identifier associated with the LineCard class.
Suppose that the object of the Node class, which is associated with class identifier 464 and instance identifier 465, includes two line cards. Hence, the object of the Node class include two objects (e.g., an ManagedObjectVector) of the LineCard class. Suppose that instance identifiers 475 and 476 belong to these two objects. As a result, the framework inserts class identifier 464, instance identifier 465, class identifier 474, and instance identifier 475 into table 480. The framework also inserts class identifier 464, instance identifier 465, class identifier 474, and instance identifier 476 into table 480. In this way, the relationship between the object of the Node class (associated with instance identifier 465) and two objects of the LineCard class (associated with instance identifier 475 and 476) is stored in table 480.
In some embodiments, similar to tables 430 and 460, the framework creates auxiliary table 490 for the derivations of the Node class (e.g., based on the UML model in
In the same way, the framework creates auxiliary table 495 for the derivations of the LineCard class (and its derivations, if any). Table 495 includes a column 496 for the class identifier associated with the derivations of the LineCard class. Similarly, the framework creates an auxiliary table 497 for the objects instantiated from the derivations of the LineCard class. In this example, table 497 corresponds to the LineCard class (and its derivations, if any). Table 497 includes a column 498 for the instance identifiers of the objects instantiated from the derivations of the LineCard class.
When a class identifier is generated for the Node class or the LineCard class, that class identifier is inserted into table 490 or 495, respectively. The framework inserts class identifiers 464 and 474 associated with the Node and the LineCard classes, respectively, into tables 490 and 495, respectively. In this example, an entry in a table is denoted with dotted lines. Column 491 of table 490 provides consistency enforcement to column 482 of table 480 (denoted with a dashed arrow). In some embodiments, consistency enforcement of column 482 is based on a foreign key constraint on column 491 of table 490. In the same way, column 496 of table 495 provides consistency enforcement to column 485 of table 480 (denoted with a dashed arrow). In some embodiments, consistency enforcement of column 485 is based on a foreign key constraint on column 496 of table 495.
On the other hand, when the framework identifies objects of the Node or the LineCard class, the framework generates a corresponding object identifier and inserts the object identifier, comprising a class identifier and an instance identifier, into table 420 or 470, respectively. When an object identifier is inserted into table 420 or 470, the instance identifier of the object identifier is concurrently inserted into table 492 or 497, respectively (denoted with dotted arrow). For example, when the framework inserts an object identifier comprising a class identifier 464 and instance identifier 465 into table 420, instance identifier 465 is inserted into table 492. In the same way, when the framework inserts an object identifier comprising a class identifier 474 and instance identifier 475 into table 470, instance identifier 475 is inserted into table 497.
Similar to table 480, the framework also creates an auxiliary table to represent the one-to-many “isMemberOf” relationship between the Node class and the SwitchGroup class, as described in conjunction with
It should be noted that the framework distinguishes between a composition relationship (e.g., “includes” in
Operations of a Persistent Storage Framework
The framework identifies an attribute of the identified class (operation 536). It should be noted that the relationships for which the class is a container class are can also be attributes, as described in conjunction with
The framework enforces consistency on the class identifier and the instance identifier based on the corresponding auxiliary tables of the related classes (operation 548), as described in conjunction with
The framework adds a column for an object identifier comprising columns for class identifier and instance identifier of the container class (operation 564), as described in conjunction with
Distributed Configuration Management
In the example in
With existing technologies, a respective switch in switch group 100 is configured individually and the configuration process is repeated for a respective switch in switch group 100. Such configuration can be related to network virtualizations, partitions, and switch groups, and a plurality of network protocols of different network layers. The attribute values (e.g., parameters) of the configuration are applied to a respective switch, such as switch 102 (e.g., loaded to the switch modules, such as the processing hardware of switch 102). This process is repeated for switches 101, 103, 104, and 105. This process can be repetitive, tedious, and error-prone (e.g., human errors, such spelling mistake).
Furthermore, some of the configuration information is applicable for entire switch group 100 (e.g., a VLAN for switch group 100). Such configuration can be referred to as global configuration. This global configuration is repeated for a respective switch in switch group 100. This can lead to inconsistency among the global configuration in different switches in switch group 100. For example, the user repeats global configuration for switch 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 in switch group 100. The user may, mistakenly, configure VLAN 110 in switch 102 and VLAN 111 in switch 101. As a result, traffic belonging to VLAN 110 may be erroneously dropped at switch 101.
To solve this problem, one of the switches in switch group 100 is elected as a principal switch, which manages and distributes configuration information in switch group 100. Suppose that switch 102 is elected as the principal switch. In some embodiments, a respective switch in switch group 100 broadcasts its information in switch group 100, and the switch with the lowest (or highest) identifier value is elected as the principal switch. Other switches of switch group 100, such as switches 101, 103, 104, and 105, can be referred to as managed switches. When the user accesses switch 102 (e.g., via end device 112 or 114), switch 102 allows the user to configure the global configuration of switch group 100. Switch 102, in turn, provides that global configuration to switches 101, 103, 104, and 105. Furthermore, switch 102 also allows the user to configure switches 101, 103, 104, and 105 in the switch group. Switch 102, in turn, provides the corresponding local configuration information to switches 101, 103, 104, and 105, respectively.
In some embodiments, a respective switch of switch group 100 is equipped with a persistent storage framework, as described in conjunction with
Since switch 102 can also be accessed via console port 604 via end device 614, the user can configure switches of switch group 100 without the presence of a management network. It should be noted that, even though a user can configure the switches of switch group 100 from principal switch 102, the user can obtain the local configuration information of a respective switch of switch group 100 via any of the member switches of the switch group. For example, switch 101 can be accessed by logging in to switch 101 using a management IP address 631 via a management port 606. The user can use an end device 616 to log in to switch 101 based on management IP address 631. Since switch 101 includes the configuration information in object relational database 640 of switch 101, the user can obtain the global configuration information as well the local configuration information of a respective switch of switch group 100 from switch 101.
In some embodiments, switch group 100 is associated with a virtual IP address 610. During operation, virtual IP address 610 is associated with the principal switch of switch group 100. As a result, the user can access principal switch of group 100 via virtual IP address 610 without knowing the management IP address 632. Furthermore, if switch 102 becomes unavailable (e.g., due to a failure), another switch in switch group 100, such as switch 101, is elected as the principal switch and virtual IP address 610 becomes associated with switch 101. Since switch 101 has the configuration information in database 640 is the same as the configuration information in database 150, switch 101 can continue to facilitate distributed configuration for the switches of switch group 100. As a result, the user can continue to access the principal switch of switch group 100, which is switch 101, via virtual IP address 610 and configure the switches of switch group 100.
In some embodiments, a respective switch in switch group 100 is associated with an internal control IP address (ICIPA), which is used for communication among member switches of switch group 100. For example, an internal control IP address can be used for communication via an inter-switch port. When the principal switch of a switch group provides the configuration information to a managed switch, the principal switch communicates with that managed switch based on respective internal control IP addresses. Suppose that internal control IP addresses 621 and 622 are associated with switches 101 and 102, respectively. When switch 102 provides the configuration information to switch 101, switch 102 uses IP addresses 621 and 622 as the destination and source addresses for the packets comprising the configuration information.
In some embodiments, a respective switch in a switch group can receive configuration information from a user.
Suppose that configuration information 662 and 664 can cause a conflict in the switch. For example, configuration information 662 and 664 can be associated with conflicting quality of service settings for switch 105. If both switches 101 and 103 are allowed to operate as a principal switch, switches 101 and 103 can individually apply these conflicting configurations to switch 105. This can lead to race condition in switch group 100. To solve this problem, a switch group internally has one principal switch, and other switches forward their received configuration information to that principal switch. That principal switch receives the configuration information, serializes them, resolves any conflict, and applies them based on distributed commit. In this way, it would appear to the user that the switch group is being configured from any of the member switches, though internally, the switch group is configured from the principal switch.
For example, switches 101 and 103 forward configuration information 662 and 664, respectively, to principal switch 102 of switch group 100. Switch 102 receives configuration information 662 and 664, and serializes them (e.g., based on the order of arrival or an associated priority). In some embodiments, if switch 102 detects any conflict, switch 102 resolves the conflict based on its serialization. For example, configuration information 664 is serialized before configuration information 662, switch 102 resolves the conflict by applying the configuration of configuration information 664 to switch 105 based on distributed commit, and discarding configuration information 662. In this way, it would appear to the user that switch 105 is being configured switches 101 and/or 103, though internally, switch 102 configures switch 105.
In some embodiments, in switch group 100, different member switch can be the principal switch for different services. A service can be a modular component which manages a related set of configuration. In the example in
During operation, a user logs in to switch 102 using management IP address 632 and provides configuration information 666, which is associated with port management (e.g., creating a port channel). Even though switch 102 is a principal switch, switch 102 forwards configuration information 666 to switch 101 since switch 101 is the principal switch for port management. On the other hand, suppose that configuration information 662 is associated with network virtualization (e.g., creating a new VLAN). Even though switch 101 is a principal switch, switch 101 forwards configuration information 662 to switch 102 since switch 102 is the principal switch for network virtualization.
Suppose that switch 101 is joining switch group 100 as a member switch (e.g., during the formation of switch group 100). During operation, switch 102 pauses the configuration updates to database 150 (operation 711) and stores the new updates in buffer 710. This provides consistency during the joining process. Switch 101 sends a message comprising global configuration information 703 to switch 102 (operation 712). Communication between switches 101 and 102 can be based on internal control IP addresses 621 and 622. Switch 102 receives the request and compares the local and received global configurations (operation 713). If the configuration matches, switch 102 determines that switch 101 can join switch group 100. It should be noted that a user configuring switch 102 via a console (e.g., console 650) may not be aware of this pause and continue to provide configuration information, which in turn is stored in buffer 710.
Switch 102 instructs switch 101 to clear its persistent storage (i.e., database 640) (operation 714). Switch 101 creates a local backup 709 of local configuration information 704 and removes configuration information 703 and 704 from database 640 (denoted with a “cross” sign) (operation 715). Switch 102 then sends an image of database 150 to switch 101 (operation 716). Upon receiving the image, switch 101 updates database 640 with the received image (operation 717). At this point, databases 150 and 640 have the same information, which includes configuration information 701 and 702. Switch 101 acknowledges the update of database 640 (e.g., by sending an update confirmation message) to switch 102 (operation 718). From this point on, configuration information in database 150 should match the configuration information in database 640. Hence, switch 102 initiates a distributed commit (operation 719) (i.e., uses the distributed commit to update configuration information, as described in conjunction with
Switch 102 resumes updates to database 150 (operation 720) by incorporating the update(s) stored in buffer 710. Switch 102 performs distributed commit(s) on the update(s) in buffer 710 (operation 721). To incorporate local configuration information 704 in the switch group, switch 101 sends the backed-up local configuration information 704 to switch 102 (operation 722). Upon receiving local configuration information 704, switch 102 performs distributed commit on local configuration information 704 (operation 723). During this distributed commit process, switch 102 includes local configuration information 704 in its local database 150 as well as in database 640 of switch 101.
At this point, databases 150 and 640 have the same configuration information. In this way, a principal switch forms a switch group and ensures a respective member switch of the switch group has the same configuration information in its local persistent storage. In some embodiments, global configuration information 701 is only active in database 150 of principal switch 102, and in a standby mode in database 640 of managed switch 101. Under such a scenario, attribute values of global configuration information 701 is only extracted from database 150 and applied in switch group 100. Global configuration information 701 becomes active in database 640 if switch 102 becomes unavailable and switch 101 is elected the principal switch of switch group 100.
A new switch can join switch group 100 after it has converged. As described in conjunction with
A switch can rejoin switch group 100 after it has converged. For example, switch 101 can leave (e.g., gets disconnected) and rejoin switch group 100. If its configuration information has not changed, switch 101 simply receives the database image of database 150, which comprises the global configuration of switch group 100 and the local configuration of a respective member switch, from switch 102 and self-configures using the received information. However, if the global configuration information of rejoined switch 101 has changed, switch 102 may not allow switch 101 to rejoin, as described in operation 713. On the other hand, if the local configuration information of rejoined switch 101 has changed, switch 102 receives the changed local configuration information and performs a distributed commit on the changed local configuration information. In this way, the local configuration information of rejoined switch 101 is updated in the persistent storage of a respective member switch, including databases 150 and 640. Hence, the local configuration information of a rejoined switch has higher priority over existing local configuration information of that switch.
A switch can be removed from switch group 100 even after it has converged. Under such a scenario, principal switch 102 performs a distributed commit to remove the local configuration information of the removed switch. For example, if switch 102 leaves switch group 100, principal switch 102 performs a distributed commit to remove local configuration information 704 from the persistent storage of a respective member switch.
Multi-Fabric Manager
With existing technologies, switch groups 100, 810, and 820 are managed individually. For example, a user can manage switch group 810 based on the configuration information in persistent storage 832 in switch 812. Similarly, a user can manage switch group 100 and 820 based on the configuration information in persistent storages 150 and 834 in switches 102 and 822, respectively. However, persistent storage 832 only includes configuration information of switch group 810. Similarly, persistent storage 834 only includes configuration information of switch group 820 and persistent storage 150 only includes configuration information of switch group 100. As a result, if a tenant needs a tenant network that spans switch groups 810 and 100, managing such a tenant network requires individual configuration of switch groups 810 and 100. Additionally, a respective configuration change to that tenant network leads to individual configurations of switch groups 810 and 100, which can be tedious and error-prone.
To solve this problem, a multi-fabric manager 804 is associated with switch groups 100, 810, and 820. Multi-fabric manager 804 facilitates a single point of management for switch groups 100, 810, and 820. Multi-fabric manager 804 can be any physical or virtual device (e.g., a virtual machine). Multi-fabric manager 804 can be a standalone switch or member of a switch group. Multi-fabric manager 804 can be coupled to a switch group via a WAN (e.g., network 802) or be coupled to one or more switches of a switch group (denoted with dotted lines). In some embodiments, multi-fabric manager 804 includes a persistent storage 836, which includes configuration information of multi-fabric manager 804. Such configuration information includes identifiers of the switch groups multi-fabric manager 804 is managing (e.g., switch groups 100, 810, and 820), tenant networks spanning multiple switch groups, and the global VLAN (GVLAN) mappings.
Multi-fabric manager 804 includes a persistent storage framework 840, which provides corresponding configuration information to switch groups 100, 810, and 820. Furthermore, a respective entry of persistent storage 150, 832, and 834 can be associated with an object identifier comprising a group identifier, as described in conjunction with
During operation, multi-fabric manager 804 becomes a member switch of switch groups 100, 810, and 820. For example, multi-fabric manager 804 sends a join request to switch group 100 to join as a member switch. Principal switch 102 of switch group 100 receives the request and processes the request to allow multi-fabric manager 804 to join switch group 100 as a member switch. Joining a switch group, such as a fabric switch, is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/092,724, titled “Fabric formation for virtual cluster switching,” by inventors Shiv Haris and Phanidhar Koganti, filed 22 Apr. 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
When multi-fabric manager 804 becomes a member switch of switch group 100, persistent storage framework 120 in principal switch 102 synchronizes the configuration information in persistent storage 150 with persistent storage framework 840 in multi-fabric manager 804, as described in conjunction with
In the same way, multi-fabric manager 804 joins switch groups 810 and 820, and receives respective instances of persistent storages 832 and 834. Multi-fabric manager 804 receives the learned MAC addresses of switch groups 810 and 820, and stores them in association with switch group identifiers of switch groups 810 and 820, respectively. Since multi-fabric manager 804 operates as a member switch of switch groups 100, 810, and 820, a tenant network spanning multiple switch groups (e.g., switch groups 100 and 810) can be created from multi-fabric manager 804, as described in conjunction with
Upon receiving the configuration information, multi-fabric manager 804 provides (e.g., sends via a control message) the configuration information associated with switch group 100 to principal switch 102 and the configuration information associated with switch group 810 to principal switch 812. In switch group 100, principal switch 102 receives the configuration information and performs a distributed commit in switch group 100. The distributed commit includes updating the persistent storage with the attribute values of the configuration information and applying the attribute values to the switch modules of a respective member switch in switch group 100.
Since multi-fabric manager 804 operates as a member switch of switch group 100, the instance of persistent storage 150 of switch group 100 is also updated in multi-fabric manager 804. Similarly, principal switch 812 of switch group 810 receives the configuration information and performs a distributed commit in switch group 810. This also updates the instance of persistent storage 832 of switch group 810 in multi-fabric manager 804. In this way, configuration information from multi-fabric manager 804 is propagated to switch groups 100 and 810, and creates the tenant network from a single point of management. However, if multi-fabric manager 804 does not participate in frame forwarding for a switch group, multi-fabric manager 804 may not apply the configuration information of that switch group in the local device modules (e.g., local ASIC chips).
In some embodiments, multi-fabric manager 804 can be replicated a plurality of times. For example, multi-fabric manager 804 can be replicated at multiple physical devices (e.g., on different servers or different disks), which can be at multiple physical locations. Multi-fabric manager 804 can also be replicated at multiple virtual locations (e.g., in different virtual machines or disk partitions). One of the replicas can operate as the principal multi-fabric manager, and the other replicas operate as managed multi-fabric manager. Any of the replica can receive configuration information from a user and the principal multi-fabric manager applies the received configuration information to the corresponding switch group, as described in conjunction with
If the principal multi-fabric manager becomes unavailable, another replica of multi-fabric manager 804 becomes the principal multi-fabric manager. If multi-fabric manager 804 is unavailable for a distributed commit from the principal switch of a switch group, such as switch 102, persistent storage framework 120 maintains the set of transactions for which multi-fabric manager 804 has not been updated. If that set of transactions is smaller than a threshold value, which can be configured by a user or automatically generated, switch 102 updates the instance of persistent storage 150 in multi-fabric manager 804 with that set of transactions. Otherwise, switch 102 considers multi-fabric manager 804 to be a rejoining member switch and updates the instance of persistent storage 150 in multi-fabric manager 804 accordingly, as described in conjunction with
The user can use this configuration terminal to provide global configuration associated with switch group 100 and local configuration associated with any switch in switch group 100. For example, the user can issue a command to the terminal to create a VLAN 110. This VLAN 110 is created across switch group 100, and hence, is part of the global configuration. On the other hand, user can also issue a command to configure a specific port of a specific switch in switch group 100. This port configuration is a local configuration for that switch. In some embodiments, a port is identified by a port identifier, which can be in a “switch identifier/chassis number (e.g., line card number)/port number” format. For example, the user can configure a 10 Gigabit Ethernet port identified by port identifier “1/2/16.” If switch 101 is associated with identifier 1, the port identifier indicates that the port is port number 16 in line card number 2 of switch 101. The user can add VLAN 110 to that specific port. This VLAN configuration of the port is a local configuration of switch 101.
Similarly, the user can provide a command to shell 852 to gain access to switch group 810 (e.g., “switchgroup_FID810,” wherein “FID810” can be a switch group identifier, such as a fabric identifier, which identifies switch group 810). The user then provides another command (e.g., “config terminal”) to shell 852 to gain access to a configuration terminal for switch group 810 in shell 852. The user can issue a command to the terminal to create a VLAN 110. This VLAN 110 is created across switch group 810, and hence, is part of the global configuration. The user can also configure a 10 Gigabit Ethernet port identified by port identifier “2/0/7.” A chassis number 0 can indicate that the switch has a “pizza box” form factor, often implemented in a single rack. If switch 814 is associated with identifier 2, the port identifier indicates that the port is port number 7 of switch 814. The user can add VLAN 110 to that specific port. This VLAN configuration of the port is a local configuration of switch 814.
Multi-fabric manager 804 further includes an input interface 872 to multi-fabric manager 804 (e.g., a graphical user interface (GUI) and/or a command line interface (CLI)). A user can access input interface 872 via a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector) and using an input device (e.g., a keyboard and/or a pointing device). The user can obtain information from and provide instruction to multi-fabric manager 804 via input interface 872. Multi-fabric manager 804 also includes a configuration daemon 874, which can receive configuration information (e.g., of the switch groups it is associated with) for multi-fabric manager 804 via input interface 872. Configuration daemon 874 provides this configuration information to framework 840. Framework 840 can include a configuration daemon gateway module 862, which communicates with configuration daemon 874. Upon receiving the configuration information, framework 840 can identify different attribute values (e.g., a VLAN identifier) and assigns those attribute values to the corresponding attribute of an operational unit of a switch in a switch group.
Persistent storage framework 120 of switch 102 includes configuration daemon gateway module 132, which provides configuration information to plug-ins 134 for the protocol daemons of switch 102, as described in conjunction with
Configuration daemon gateway module 862 constructs a control message, includes the configuration information in the control message (e.g., in the payload), and sends the control message to switch 102. Sending the message includes identifying an output port for the message and transmitting via the output port. Upon receiving the message, persistent storage framework 120 extracts the configuration information and provides the configuration information to plug-ins 134. It should be noted that, since plug-ins 134 can receive instructions from a CLI of switch 102, or remotely via NETCONF or SNMP, plug-ins 134 may not distinguish between the modes via which it has received configuration information. Hence, configuration daemon gateway module 862 can directly send the configuration information to plug-ins 134 using NETCONF or SNMP.
Multi-Fabric Networks
As described in conjunction with
Multi-fabric manager 804 provides configuration information of logical network 902 to principal switches 102 and 812 of switch groups 100 and 810, respectively. Switches 102 and 812 apply the configuration information in switch groups 100 and 810 using a distributed commit. In this way, switches in switch groups 100 and 810 are configured with logical network 902. Furthermore, the configuration information is also updated in the local instances of persistent storages 150 and 832 in multi-fabric manager 804. Multi-fabric manager 804 then establishes a tunnel 912 between switch groups 100 and 810. Examples of a tunnel include, but are not limited to, Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN), Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), Network Virtualization using GRE (NVGRE), and openvSwitch GRE.
Suppose that end device 952, which is coupled to switch 102, and end device 954, which is coupled to switch 812, are in logical network 902. When switch 102 learns the MAC address of end device 952, switch 102 shares that MAC address with a respective switch of switch group 100. Similarly, when switch 812 learns the MAC address of end device 954, switch 812 shares that MAC address with a respective switch of switch group 810. When multi-fabric manager 804 starts managing switch group 100 and 810, multi-fabric manager 804 obtains the learned MAC addresses and their associated information (e.g., respective switch identifiers, port identifiers, and VLAN tags) of end devices 952 and 954. Multi-fabric manager 804 programs switch group 100 to indicate that end device 954 is reachable via tunnel 912. This programming can include providing the reachability information to principal switch 102, which, in turn, synchronizes the information in switch group 100. In the same way, multi-fabric manager 804 programs switch group 810 to indicate that end device 952 is reachable via tunnel 912.
This allows packets belonging to logical network 902 to travel between switch groups 100 and 810. Suppose that end device 952 sends a layer-2 frame (e.g., an Ethernet frame) to end device 954 in logical network 902. When the frame reaches the tunnel end point in switch group 100 (e.g., switch 101), the frame is encapsulated in a tunnel header and sent via tunnel 912. For example, if tunnel 912 is a VXLAN tunnel, the tunnel header can include an outer Ethernet header, an IP header, and a VXLAN header. The tunnel end point of switch group 810 (e.g., switch 816) receives the tunnel-encapsulated frame, removes the tunnel header, and forwards the frame in logical network 902 in switch group 810 to end device 954. In this way, tunnel 912 facilitates frame forwarding across switch groups 100 and 810 in logical network 902. It should be noted that the layer-2 frame is forwarded in a switch group based on a fabric encapsulation associated with that switch group. For example, the frame can be encapsulated in a TRILL or IP packet when forwarded in switch group 100 or 810.
In some embodiments, logical network 902 is represented as a global VLAN in a respective switch group. Suppose that logical network 902 is represented as global VLANs 932 and 934 in switch groups 100 and 810, respectively. A global VLAN is a virtualized network in a switch group. Typically, one or more VLANs are mapped to a global VLAN based on one or more conditions, such as quality of service, tenant separation, security, etc. When a frame is forwarded in a switch group, such as a fabric switch, the frame is encapsulated in a fabric encapsulation. An identifier of a corresponding global VLAN can be included in the fabric encapsulation header. This allows different tenants to use the same VLAN tags in a switch group as long as their global VLAN tags are different. Typically, the scope of a global VLAN is within a switch group. The same VLAN can be mapped to two different global VLANs in two different switch groups.
Upon establishing tunnel 912, multi-fabric manager 804 programs a respective switch in switch group 100 to indicate that end device 954 is reachable via logical interface 922. In some embodiments, a respective switch has an entry in its local forwarding table for interface 922. The forwarding table entry can include a port identifier of an output port and an associated switch identifier. The forwarding table entry can further include a global VLAN tag as well. Similarly, multi-fabric manager 804 programs a respective switch in switch group 810 to indicate that end device 952 is reachable via logical interface 924.
Suppose that switches 101 and 816 are the tunnel end points for tunnel 912 in switch groups 100 and 810, respectively. In some embodiments, a respective switch in switch group 100 is programmed to indicate that logical interface is reachable via switch 101. Switches 101 and 816 can maintain a mapping between global VLAN 932 and logical network 902, and global VLAN 934 and logical network 902. Multi-fabric manager 804 can also maintain this mapping. Virtual IP addresses 942 and 944 are associated with switches 101 and 816, respectively. During operation, end device 952 sends a layer-2 frame 962 (e.g., an Ethernet frame) to end device 954 in logical network 902. Frame 962 has the MAC address of end device 954 as the destination MAC address in its layer-2 header. Switch 102 receives frame 962 and determines that the MAC address of end device 954 is reachable via logical interface 922. Switch 102 encapsulates frame 962 in a fabric encapsulation header 964, which can be based on TRILL or IP protocol, and sets a switch identifier of logical interface 922 as the egress switch identifier of encapsulation header 964. Since frame 962 is in logical network 902, switch 102 includes an identifier (e.g., a VLAN tag) of global VLAN 932 in encapsulation header 964 and forwards fabric-encapsulated frame 962 to switch 101.
Upon receiving fabric-encapsulated frame 962, switch 101 determines that fabric-encapsulated frame 962 is destined to logical interface 922. Switch 101 then further encapsulates the frame in a tunnel encapsulation header 966 and sets virtual IP addresses 942 and 944 as source and destination IP addresses of tunnel encapsulation header 966. In some embodiments, switch 101 uses a tunnel identifier associated with tunnel 912 to indicate that the frame is for logical network 902. Switch 101 forwards the tunnel- and fabric-encapsulated frame 962 via tunnel 912. Switch 816 receives the frame and determines that virtual IP address 944 is associated with the local switch. Hence, switch 816 removes tunnel encapsulation header 966 and extracts fabric-encapsulated frame 962.
Switch 816 determines that fabric encapsulation header 964 includes an identifier of global VLAN 932, which is mapped to logical network 902, and its egress switch identifier is associated with logical interface 922. Based on the determination, switch 816 further determines that the frame is associated with logical network 902, which is mapped to global VLAN 934 in switch group 810. As a result, switch 816 removes fabric encapsulation header 864 and re-encapsulates frame 962 with fabric encapsulation header 968. Since frame 962 has the MAC address of end device 954 as the destination MAC address in its header, switch 816 determines that the MAC address of end device 954 is reachable via switch 812. Switch 816 then sets the switch identifier of switch 816 as the egress switch identifier of encapsulation header 968. Since frame 962 is in logical network 902, switch 816 includes an identifier of global VLAN 934 in encapsulation header 968. In this way, switch 816 translates between identifiers of global VLANs 932 and 934. Switch 816 then forwards fabric-encapsulated frame 962 to switch 812.
Switch 812 receives fabric-encapsulated frame 962 and determines that the egress switch identifier of fabric encapsulation header 968 corresponds to the local switch. Switch 812 hence removes fabric encapsulation header 968, extracts frame 962, and determines that the destination MAC address of frame 962 is associated with a local port (i.e., learned from a local edge port). Switch 812 forwards frame 962 via the determined local port to end device 954. In this way, layer-2 frame 962 can be forwarded in logical network 902 across switch groups 100 and 810 even when logical network 902 is represented as global VLANs 932 and 934 in switch groups 100 and 810, respectively.
Multi-fabric manager 804 provides configuration information of logical network 904 to principal switches 102, 812, and 822 of switch groups 100, 810, and 820, respectively. Switches 102, 812 and 822 apply the configuration information in switch groups 100, 810, and 820, respectively, using a distributed commit. In this way, switches in switch groups 100, 810, and 820 are configured with logical network 904. Furthermore, the configuration information is also updated in the local instances of persistent storages 150, 832, and 834 in multi-fabric manager 804. Logical network 904 is represented by local global VLANs in switch groups 100, 810, and 820. Switches in a switch group include an identifier of the global VLAN of that switch group in the fabric encapsulation header of the switch group. Because logical network 904 also includes switch group 820, multi-fabric manager 804 then creates a tunnel 914 between switch groups 100 and 820, and a tunnel 916 between switch groups 810 and 820.
In some embodiments, multi-fabric manager 804 determines that a tunnel 912 has already been established between switch groups 100 and 810. As a result, multi-fabric manager 804 reuses tunnel 912 for logical network 904. Since logical network 904 is represented by different global VLANs in switch groups 100 and 810, tunnel end point switches 101 and 816 can distinguish between frames belonging to logical networks 902 and 904 even when those frames use the same tunnel 912. For example, upon receiving a frame via tunnel 912, switch 816 can determine whether a frame is in logical network 902 or 904 based on the global VLAN identifier in the fabric encapsulation header of the frame. In some embodiments, multi-fabric manager 804 creates a separate tunnel for logical network 904 between switch groups 100 and 810.
Operations
The multi-fabric manager then identifies a switch group pair in the logical network (i.e., from the identified switch groups) (operation 1038) and checks whether individual tunnels are supported between that switch group pair (operation 1040). If individual tunnels are supported, the multi-fabric manager creates a separate tunnel for the logical network for that switch group pair. If individual tunnels are not supported, the multi-fabric manager checks whether a tunnel has already been established between the switch group pair (operation 1042). If individual tunnels are supported or a tunnel has not been established, the multi-fabric manager establishes a tunnel between the respective logical interfaces of the switch group pair (operation 1044).
If a tunnel has already been established (operation 1042 or 1044), the multi-fabric manager programs the MAC addresses of one switch group in the other switch group as reachable via the logical interface of the local switch group (operation 1046). In some embodiments, the logical interface is mapped to one or more ports of one or more switches. A frame destined to the logical interface is forwarded via one of the mapped ports. The multi-fabric manager configures the identifier of the global VLAN in a respective switch group to map to the logical network (e.g., map to an identifier of the logical network) (operation 1048) and checks whether all switch group pairs have been configured (operation 1050). If not, the multi-fabric manager continues to identify another switch group pair in the logical network (operation 1038). If all switch group pairs have been configured, the multi-fabric manager configures the tunnels and the global VLAN translations in the respective identified switch group based in a distributed commit (operation 1052). In some embodiments, upon being a principal multi-fabric manager, the multi-fabric manager updates the persistent storages of a respective replica of the multi-fabric manager via a distributed commit (operation 1054).
Distributed Commit
The framework also generates a control message instructing to roll back the configuration information from the persistent storage and sends the message to a respective managed framework with successful storage preparation (operation 1114) (e.g., the framework may not send the control message to the managed frameworks which have not succeeded in preparing their corresponding local persistent storage). If all persistent storages have been prepared, the framework generates a control message instructing to commit the configuration information to the persistent storage (and the switch modules), and sends the message to a respective framework (operation 1110). It should be noted that the instruction for the managed switches is for committing the configuration information to the persistent storage and the switch modules, whereas the instruction for the managed multi-fabric managers can be for committing to the persistent storage.
Depending on whether other managed frameworks have succeeded or not, the framework may or may not commit the configuration information. If all other managed frameworks have succeeded (denoted with a dotted arrow), the framework receives an instruction message from the principal framework instructing to commit the configuration information to the local persistent storage (and the switch modules) (operation 1162) and commits the configuration information to the local persistent storage (and the switch modules) (operation 1164). It should be noted that the instruction for the managed switches is for committing the configuration information to the persistent storage and the switch modules, whereas the instruction for the managed multi-fabric managers can be for committing to the persistent storage. For example, if a managed multi-fabric manager is a switch in a switch group, configuration information of the switch group is committed to the switch modules as well.
If at least one other managed framework has not succeeded (denoted with a dashed arrow), the framework receives an instruction message from the principal framework instructing to roll back the configuration information from the local persistent storage (operation 1166) and rolls back the configuration information from the local persistent storage (operation 1168). If the local persistent storage has not been prepared, the framework generates a response message indicating a failure and sends the message to the principal framework (operation 1158).
Exemplary Multi-Fabric Manager
In some embodiments, computing system 1200 maintains a membership in a switch group, which can be a fabric switch, as described in conjunction with
Communication ports 1202 can include inter-switch communication channels for communication within the fabric switch. This inter-switch communication channel can be implemented via a regular communication port and based on any open or proprietary format. Communication ports 1202 can also include one or more extension communication ports for communication between neighbor fabric switches. Communication ports 1202 can include one or more TRILL ports capable of receiving frames encapsulated in a TRILL header. Communication ports 1202 can also include one or more IP ports capable of receiving IP packets. An IP port is capable of receiving an IP packet and can be configured with an IP address. Packet processor 1210 can process TRILL-encapsulated frames and/or IP packets.
During operation, persistent storage module 1230 stores a plurality of persistent storage instances associated with a plurality of switch groups in object relational database 1240 in storage device 1250. Management module 1232 identifies at least two switch groups, which are associated with a logical network, from the plurality of switch groups and configures a respective virtual network representing the logical network in a respective identified switch group. Management module 1232 also maintains a mapping between a respective virtual network and the logical network. In some embodiments, computing system 1200 also includes a tunnel module 1270, which establishes a tunnel between the identified switch groups. The tunnel can be terminated at a logical interface, which is associated with one or more switches of an identified switch group.
In some embodiments, management module 1232 obtains a MAC address learned at a first switch group of the identified switch groups and stores the MAC address in a local data structure in association with a switch group identifier (e.g., a fabric identifier) which identifies the first switch group. Management module 1232 then programs reachability of the MAC address in a second switch group of the identified switch groups. In some embodiments, computing system 1200 can be the principal multi-fabric manager among a plurality of replicas of the multi-fabric manager. Management module 1232 then verifies whether configuration information in database 1240 is prepared for storage in a persistent storage instance of a replica of the multi-fabric manager. If prepared, management module 1232 generates an instruction message instructing to commit the configuration information to the persistent storage instance of the replica of the multi-fabric manager.
Note that the above-mentioned modules can be implemented in hardware as well as in software. In one embodiment, these modules can be embodied in computer-executable instructions stored in a memory which is coupled to one or more processors in computing system 1200. When executed, these instructions cause the processor(s) to perform the aforementioned functions.
In summary, embodiments of the present invention provide a computing system and a method for facilitating online restoration of a switch snapshot. In one embodiment, the computing system includes processing circuitry, one or more ports, a persistent storage module, and a management module. The persistent storage module stores a plurality of persistent storage instances associated with a plurality of switch groups. A respective persistent storage instance stores configuration information associated with a switch group in a data structure. The management module identifies at least two switch groups, which are associated with a logical network, from the plurality of switch groups and configures a respective virtual network representing the logical network in a respective identified switch group. The management module also maintains a mapping between a respective virtual network and the logical network.
The methods and processes described herein can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable non-transitory storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the medium.
The methods and processes described herein can be executed by and/or included in hardware modules or apparatus. These modules or apparatus may include, but are not limited to, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a dedicated or shared processor that executes a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and/or other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules or apparatus are activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them.
The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented only for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit this disclosure. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
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| 101064682 | Oct 2007 | CN |
| 101459618 | Jun 2009 | CN |
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| 102088388 | Apr 2014 | CN |
| 0579567 | May 1993 | EP |
| 0579567 | Jan 1994 | EP |
| 0993156 | Apr 2000 | EP |
| 0993156 | Dec 2000 | EP |
| 1398920 | Mar 2004 | EP |
| 1398920 | Mar 2004 | EP |
| 1916807 | Apr 2008 | EP |
| 2001167 | Oct 2008 | EP |
| 2874359 | May 2015 | EP |
| 2008056838 | May 2008 | WO |
| 2009042919 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2010111142 | Sep 2010 | WO |
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| 2014031781 | Feb 2014 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160277214 A1 | Sep 2016 | US |
