Patent Application
20080174857
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to patent applications serial numbers 9910165.1, filed in the United Kingdom on Apr. 30, 1999; and 9911958.8, filed in the United Kingdom on May 21, 1999 and which claims priority to United Kingdom patent application serial number 9910165.1; and 9917594.5, filed in the United Kingdom on Jul. 27, 1999.
This invention relates to an optical fibre arrangement, optical fibre lasers and optical fibre amplifiers.
There is a demand for optical amplifiers that can output powers of 1 W or greater, can amplify many wavelength channels simultaneously with low cross-talk and low inter-channel interference, and can do so with high reliability and low cost per wavelength channel.
In many applications such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems and satellite communications, optical amplifiers and transmitters, optically pumped by, e.g., laser diodes, should not only be capable of handling relatively high power but also be protected against failure of pump sources.
Conventional optical amplifiers use single-mode optical fibre whose core is doped with one or more rare-earth ions such as Erbium. Such amplifiers provide limited power output that is insufficient for multi-channel WDM transmission systems. In addition, conventional amplifiers are prone to the failure of pump sources, requiring several pump sources to be contained with the amplifier in order to provide pump redundancy—but at high cost.
The power output of conventional optical amplifiers has recently been increased by the introduction of pump modules containing several semiconductor lasers whose outputs are wavelength division multiplexed into a single optical fibre. Although the output power obtainable from such an optical amplifier containing one of these pump modules is sufficient for amplifying many channels simultaneously, the approach is expensive, is currently limited in powers to around 1 W, and offers limited pump redundancy.
Higher-power optical amplifiers and fibre lasers can be constructed using double-clad optical fibres containing a single-mode waveguiding core doped with rare-earth ions (such as Erbium or Erbium/Ytterbium) and a multi-mode inner cladding formed by the silica cladding guiding against an outer cladding with lower refractive index. This outer cladding is typically a polymer outer cladding. However, it is cumbersome to separate the signal path to the single-mode core from the path required to launch pump powers into the inner cladding. Several techniques have been tried including separating the beams with dichroic mirrors, side pumping using a multimode coupler, and etching pits into the double-clad fibre. However, none of these techniques provides a simple, effective way of reliably introducing the pump energy into the optical amplifier or fibre laser—especially if several pump lasers are required in order to provide pump redundancy. This issue is of concern for high-power fibre lasers where there is a requirement to introduce the pump energy from several to tens of pump diodes into the laser cavity. No effective, reliable and cost-effective way to achieve this exists in the prior art.
An associated problem is that introducing signal conditioning into the optical amplifier can be difficult. For example, it is often desirable to compensate for the spectral gain variation within the optical amplifier, or to introduce a filter to compensate for the dispersion in a telecommunication link. This requires ready access to the signal, which can be difficult for most amplifier configurations. A requirement therefore exists for an amplifier and laser design where it is simple to insert added functionality.
Today's optical telecommunications networks are increasingly based on wavelength division multiplexing—the simultaneous transmission of many wavelength channels through the same fibre. As the networks expand, these wavelength channels can originate from different locations. This places stringent demands on the management of the network, especially on the performance of optical amplifiers dispersed throughout the network. The wavelength channels arriving at an optical amplifier are unlikely to have equal powers (i.e., they are unbalanced), and the power of an individual wavelength channel can be suddenly and unexpectedly increased. This unbalance and the changing of the power levels in individual channels is referred to as granularity. Prior art optical amplifiers experience problems with unbalanced wavelength channels in that the highest power wavelength channel can be amplified more than the other channels, thus increasing the unbalance. In addition, the sudden changing of the power level in one wavelength channel can cause instabilities in the optical amplifier that carry over to other channels. One of the most robust solutions to remove the granularity is to separate all the wavelength channels prior to amplification, amplify the channels, and then recombine the channels for retransmission. The major problem with this approach is that networks can transmit over one hundred wavelength channels through a single optical fibre. The cost of prior-art optical amplifiers makes this solution unattractive.
The cost issue of optical amplifiers is also a problem as the networks expand into metropolitan areas, the expansion being driven by the insatiable demand for bandwidth for internet, data, mobile phones and cable television. Prior art optical amplifiers are too expensive and this is currently limiting the expansion of the networks.
Erbium-doped fibre amplifiers have revolutionized optical telecommunications over the last ten years. They are finding more and more uses, for instance for compensation of switching losses. The increasing need for capacity in telecommunication networks drives not only amplification requirements, e.g., output power and gain flatness for wavelength division multiplexing applications, but also the required number of amplifiers in a system. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers have remained “stand-alone” devices, with individual amplifiers separately packaged. Component count as well as cost then holds back penetration of the optical amplifiers into different application areas that require a large number of amplifiers at a low cost. Instead, the drive has been towards purpose-built optical amplifiers with high specifications (bandwidth and output power) for use in applications that can tolerate a high cost.
It is therefore an aim of the present invention to obviate or reduce the above mentioned problems.
According to a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an optical fibre arrangement comprising at least two optical fibre sections, the optical fibre sections each having an outside longitudinally extending surface, and the outside longitudinally extending surfaces being in optical contact with each other.
The invention further includes an optical amplifier constructed from such an optical fibre arrangement, and especially a parallel optical amplifier with multiple amplifying fibres. This embodiment of the invention realizes particular commercial application in optical telecommunication networks.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable pump power to be conveniently coupled into optical amplifiers and lasers.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable optical amplifiers and lasers to be constructed that are more immune to pump failure than are prior art devices.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable optical amplifiers and lasers to be conveniently constructed having additional functionality.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable a route for lower cost optical amplification particularly useful in optical networks.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can reduce the effects of granularity in optical networks.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable individual wavelength channels in WDM networks to be amplified and balanced.
The apparatus and methods of the invention can enable high-power optical amplifiers and high-power fibre lasers to be constructed.
The invention also provides an optical fibre arrangement comprising a plurality of optical fibres each having an outside surface and defining a length, and wherein the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of their lengths.
The optical fibre arrangement can comprise a plurality of optical fibres that are surrounded by a coating material along the length of the optical fibre arrangement.
The invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fibre arrangement comprising the following steps: providing a plurality of optical fibre preforms, each optical fibre preform comprising a plurality of optical fibres, each optical fibre defining an outside surface and a length, mounting the plurality of optical fibre preforms in a fibre drawing tower, drawing a plurality of optical fibre from the plurality of optical fibre preforms under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed, the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of their lengths. The plurality of optical fibres can be twisted or intertwined during the drawing process.
The plurality of optical fibres can be coated by passing the fibres through a coating cup filled with a coating material.
The invention also provides a method for manufacturing an optical fibre arrangement comprising the following steps: providing a plurality of optical fibres, each optical fibre defining an outside surface and a length, pulling the plurality of optical fibre under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed, the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of at least two adjacent optical fibres are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of their lengths. The plurality of optical fibres can be twisted during the drawing process.
The invention also provides an amplifying optical device having an optical pump and an optical fibre arrangement comprising a plurality of lengths of at least one optical fibre, each length of the optical fibre defining a longitudinally extending outside surface, the arrangement being such that the outside surfaces of at least two adjacent lengths of the optical fibre are in optical contact with each other.
The amplifying optical device can be an amplifier comprising a plurality of amplifying fibres, each having an input and an output, at least one pump optical fibre having two ends, and a pump that supplies pump energy connected to the pump optical fibre, the amplifier being configured such that the pump energy is shared by the plurality of amplifying fibres.
The amplifying optical device can be an amplifier comprising at least one input fibre, a first multiplexer connected to the input fibre, a coupler, and at least one output port connected to the coupler, the amplifier being configured such that at least one of the amplifying optical fibres is connected to the first multiplexer and at least one of the amplifying optical fibres is connected to the coupler.
The fiber arrangement can serve to couple light from one or more pump fibers into one or more signal fibers. The signal fibers can incorporate a core for guiding signal (or generated in case of a laser) light through the arrangement. The cores can be single-moded. The region surrounding the cores of these fibers is capable of guiding pump light. These signal fibers each have two ends, at least one of which is accessible, for example in the sense that other fibers can be spliced to said signal fibres. The pump fibers are capable of guiding highly multi-moded pump beams from a pump source into the arrangement. The pump fibers each have two ends. Light can be launched into the pump fibers through their ends.
The invention also provides an amplifying arrangement comprising a plurality of optical amplifiers each having a plurality of amplifying optical fibres and further comprising a second multiplexer connected to each first multiplexer.
The amplifying optical arrangement can comprise a plurality of optical amplifiers and an optical device, the amplifying optical arrangement being configured such that the optical device is connected to at least one optical amplifier.
The optical device can comprise at least one of an optical router, an optical switch, a gain flattening filter, a polarizer, an isolator, a circulator, a grating, an optical fibre Bragg grating, a long-period grating, an acousto-optic modulator, an acousto-optic tunable filter, an optical filter, a Kerr cell, a Pockels cell, a dispersive element, a non-linear dispersive element, an optical switch, a phase modulator, a Lithium Niobate modulator, or an optical crystal.
The invention also provides an amplifying optical device comprising a fibre arrangement formed as a coil of a plurality of turns of amplifying optical fibre, the fibre comprising an inner core and an outer cladding, the arrangement being such that the claddings of adjacent fibres of at least a pair of the turns touch one another. The coil can be coated, and the coil can comprise at least one amplifying optical fibre and at least one pump optical fibre.
An amplifying optical device such as a laser or an optical amplifier constructed from a coil of uncoated optical fibre has the following advantages compared to the prior art:
The invention also provides an optical fibre laser comprising an amplifying optical device comprising a pump source and an optical fibre arrangement, and an optical feedback arrangement for promoting light generation within the laser.
The invention also provides a method for reducing the granularity in optical telecommunications network, which method comprises providing at least one amplifying optical arrangements as described herein having a plurality of amplifying optical fibres in at least one location within the network.
The invention also provides an optical telecommunications network comprising at least one of the amplifying optical arrangements described herein, and having a plurality of amplifying optical fibres.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described solely by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
As can be seen from
Recently Spectra Diode Labs Inc of San Jose, Calif., USA has developed a wavelength-multiplexed pump module. This source combines the output of up to four pump modules to obtain up to 500 mW of pump power [see for example Spectra Diode Labs product catalogue, part # SDLO WM4]. In this module four individual pumps are spectrally separated by 5 nm so that all pumps are within the erbium absorption band. This method offers some protection against failure of pump diodes, but the module itself is quite expensive and cannot be easily upgraded to a greater number of pumps due to the relatively narrow absorption peak of erbium ions in silica glass in the wavelength region around 980 nm [see for example E. Snitzer, H. Po, R. Tumminelli, P. Hakimi, U.S. Pat. No. 4,815,079].
An approach to increase the signal power available from an optical amplifier is suggested in V. P. Gapontsev and I. Samartsev, WO95/10868: the use of a so-called double-clad fibre for cladding-pumping. The prior-art principle is shown in
In this type of optical amplifier, the core 23 is usually doped with rare-earth ions, while the pump light 22 is launched into the primary cladding 24. Typically, the diameter of the core 23 is in the region of 5-25 μm and the refractive index difference between the core 23 and the primary cladding 24 is between 3×10−3 and 1×10−2. A relatively large diameter of the primary cladding 23 allows the use of broad stripe, semiconductor-laser pump diodes with 1 to 5 W of pump power obtained from a 100 μm×1 μm stripe. The result is that cladding pumped fibre amplifiers based on the double-clad fibre 21 can deliver much higher output power in comparison with the conventional, core-pumped amplifier 10.
Cladding-pumped optical amplifiers can be constructed using dichroic mirrors in similar configurations to the fibre laser 31 shown in
However, a major problem associated with the use of the multimode fibre coupler 40 is it is necessary to remove the secondary cladding 25 in order to attach the auxiliary pump optical fibre 41 to the double-clad fibre 21. This is a difficult process, resulting in a numerical aperture (NA) mismatch and potential reliability issues.
An important parameter for double-clad fibres is the numerical aperture for the inner cladding. The numerical aperture depends on the refractive indices of the inner and outer cladding. The refractive index of the inner cladding is determined by choice of material, a choice that depends on several other parameters besides the refractive index. Fused silica is one preferred material for the inner cladding, with a refractive index of 1.45. This is relatively low refractive index, which makes it difficult to find a material for the outer cladding with a desired, much lower, refractive index. A polymer cladding is one possibility. For instance, silicone rubber would lead to an NA for the inner cladding of 0.4.
While 0.4 is a relatively large numerical aperture, polymer coatings can suffer from rather low power handling capability and a relatively high loss. Reliability is also a concern. These issues become more critical the higher output power is required. An all-glass structure with a glass outer cladding is preferred from these points of view. However, even a low-index glass like fluorosilicate leads to an NA of only 0.25 with a pure fused silica inner cladding. This low NA imposes certain limitations on the performance of cladding pumped fibre lasers and amplifiers. The main constraint arises from the brightness theorem. This is a fundamental governing law that dictates system design. It states that the brightness J of an optical system can not be increased by passive means, and this can be written as
where Aeffj is an effective cross section of the pump diode or fibre, Ωi is the pump diode divergence in fast and slow directions and NA is the numerical aperture of the fibre for the pump beam.
Currently, laser diodes offer brightness in the region of 0.3 W/μm2 (assuming 2 W, 100 μm×1 μm stripe and 0.7×0.1 NA). For reliability reasons the pump diodes are often down-rated by a factor of 4, so that the real brightness is in the region of 0.1 W/μm2. Thus for example, a 10 W fibre laser system requires about 50 W of pump power delivered by 25 to 50 pump diodes (assuming 20% overall optical efficiency). If the system is based on a fibre with inner and outer claddings of different glass materials with an NA of 0.25 for typical choices of glasses, the fibre outer diameter (OD) should be greater than 100 μm. Thus even a modest 10 W of output power would require a fibre OD greater than 100 μm. For 200 W lasers the fibre OD should be in the region of 1 mm. This creates problems in that the large inner cladding reduces the interaction between the pump beam and the core. Therefore, even longer fibres are required.
A typical double-clad fibre with a silica inner cladding according to the prior art can either have a low-index polymer coating with a high NA and low power handling, or a relatively higher index glass outer cladding with a low NA but that can handle high powers well. Both of these options impose limits on the design and performance of high-power fibre lasers.
Recently, a new approach to an all-glass structure with a high NA has been demonstrated [D. J. DiGiovanni, R. S. Windeler, A. M. Vengsarkar, J. L. Wagener, U.S. Pat. No. 5,802,236]. The basic idea is to let the pump waveguide be formed by glass surrounded by air, with NA>1. The structure is then supported by a thin outer glass shell that surrounds the fibre and runs along its length. However, this type of fibre is not readily used together with the pump-couplers of
It is also difficult to use the pump couplers in
With reference to
By “optical contact” we mean that light propagating in the near surface region in one of the adjacent optical fibre sections 71 can penetrate into the near-surface region of the other adjacent optical fibre section 72. This will clearly not be the case if one of the optical fibre sections is coated with a typical coating such as an acrylate or silicone compound. The optical fibre sections 71, 72 can be of constant cross-section along their length.
The optical fibre sections 71, 72 can comprise a core and at least one cladding. The core can be circular or non-circular. The core can be in the located in the center of the cladding or offset from the center. The cladding can be circular or non-circular. One or more of the optical fibre sections 71, 72 can comprise a glass rod that can be silica or soft glass.
The optical fibre sections 71, 72 can be constructed from the same optical fibre 81 as shown in
The first and second optical fibres 120, 121 can be formed from a glass selected from the group consisting of silica, doped silica, silicate, phosphate, and soft glass. The first optical fibre 120 can also be an amplifying optical fibre doped with rare-earth ions.
The amplifying optical fibre preferably has a single multimode cladding and a waveguiding core. The core and/or cladding can comprise at least one rare earth dopant comprising Ytterbium, Erbium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Thulium, Samarium, Holmium, Dysprosium or it can be doped with a transition metal or a semiconductor. The core and/or cladding can be co-doped with Erbium/Ytterbium. The core and/or cladding can be doped with germanium, phosphorous, boron, aluminium and/or fluoride. The core diameter can be substantially in the range of 2 μm to 100 μm. The cladding area can be at least 10 to 1000 times larger then the cross sectional area of the core.
More than one amplifying optical fibre can be included in the optical fibre arrangement 70, each one of the amplifying optical fibres containing the same dopants or different dopants. The second optical fibre 121 can be a pump optical fibre, the pump optical fibre being in optical contact with the amplifying optical fibre along at least a portion of its length.
The second optical fibre 121 can be a pump optical fibre, the pump optical fibre being in optical contact with the holey fibre 201 along at least a portion of its length. The amplifying optical arrangement can contain a single second optical fibre 121 or a plurality of second optical fibres 121. The second optical fibre 121 can also be a pump optical fibre, the pump optical fibre being in optical contact with the amplifying optical fibre along at least a portion of its length.
The amplifying optical fibre 222 preferably has a single multimode cladding and a waveguiding core. The core and/or cladding can comprise at least one rare earth dopant comprising Ytterbium, Erbium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Thulium, Samarium, Holmium, or Dysprosium, or it can be doped with a transition metal or a semiconductor. The core and/or cladding can be co-doped with Erbium/Ytterbium. The core and/or cladding can be doped with germanium, phosphorous, boron, aluminium and/or fluoride. The core diameter can be substantially in the range of 2 μm to 100 μm. The cladding area can be at least 10 to 1000 times larger then the cross sectional area of the core. The rare earth dopant can be disposed in the core, in the cladding, in regions in the core and the cladding, or in a ring around the core.
More than one amplifying optical fibre 222 can be included in the optical fibre arrangement 70, each one of the amplifying optical fibres 222 containing the same dopants or different dopants.
The amplifying optical fibre 222 can comprise a waveguide constructed from so-called “holey fibre” or “photonic bandgap fibre” and can be doped with one or more of the rare earth dopants listed above.
The pump optical fibre 221 can have a substantially uniform refractive index across its cross-section and can be drawn from a silica rod.
Advantageously, one of the optical fibre sections 71, 72 can be individually separated by pulling it from the remaining optical fibre section or sections 71, 72. This is a feature which can be particularly useful in the design and manufacture of a range of optical fibre amplifiers and lasers, since it simplifies the problem of coupling of multiple pump sources to an optical fibre amplifier or fibre laser. It also enables parallel (i.e., multi-channel) optical amplifiers to be constructed, can have major cost and reliability advantages over the prior art.
The invention therefore provides the following method for manufacturing an optical fibre arrangement comprising: providing a first and second optical fibre preform 271, 272 having optical fibres 275, 276; mounting the first and second optical fibre preforms 271, 272 in a chuck 273 on a fibre drawing tower 270; drawing a first and second optical fibre 275, 276 from the first and second optical fibre preforms 271, 272 under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed; and twisting the first and second optical fibre 275, 276 during the drawing process; the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of their lengths. The first and second optical fibres 275, 276 can be passed through a coating cup 281 during the manufacturing process.
It is to be appreciated that it will not always be convenient or practicable to manufacture an optical fibre arrangement directly during the fibre drawing process. The above method can be modified by using uncoated optical fibre, which can be unwound from drums. Such a method comprises the following steps: providing a first and second optical fibre 275, 276; pulling the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 under a drawing tension and at a drawing speed; and twisting the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 during the drawing process; the drawing tension and the drawing speed being selected such that the outside surface of the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 are in optical contact along at least a respective portion of its length. The first and second optical fibres 275, 276 can be passed through a coating cup 281 during the manufacturing process.
It can be convenient to apply a coating to the first and second optical fibres 275, 276 when they are first manufactured that can be removed immediately prior to manufacturing the optical fibre arrangement. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the surface of the optical fibre is not damaged during such removal of the coating.
Referring again to
An optical amplifier based upon the amplifying optical device 300 preferably includes at least one optical isolator orientated to amplify an optical signal at the input of the amplifier and a filter to filter out amplified spontaneous emission at the output of the amplifier. By amplifying optical device we mean an optical amplifier, a power amplifier, a laser, a broadband source of amplified spontaneous emission.
The differences between the embodiments shown in
The amplifying optical device shown in
The embodiments are similar to the parallel optical amplifier shown in
The amplifying optical device 370 can be considered to be either a single amplifying optical device containing the optical element 371, or two amplifying optical devices connected together via the optical element 371. The amplifying optical device 370 can also comprise the coating 262.
The amplifying optical device 370 can be constructed from an optical fibre arrangement 70 in which the amplifying optical fibre 222 can be individually separated by pulling from the remaining pump optical fibres 221, thus facilitating the insertion of the optical device 370. This is an advantageous feature that has particular benefit in the design and manufacture of a range of optical fibre amplifiers and lasers, since it simplifies the problem of adding more flexibility into the design of optical amplifiers and lasers.
The amplifying optical fibre 222 is preferably an unclad optical fibre that can be either single-mode or multimode, and have a circular or non-circular cross-section.
The coil 411 can be supported by at least one support 415. The support 415 can be a ceramic, glass or silica rod, tube, cylinder, or bead, epoxied or otherwise bonded to the coil 411. The support 415 can be a support means. The coil 411 can be enclosed within an enclosure, which can be sealed and evacuated, or filled with inert gas such as nitrogen or argon.
The amplifying optical device can comprise a plurality of amplifying optical fibres 222 as shown in
The coils 411, 421, 431 and 441 can be potted in a polymer 443 as shown in
The pump optical fibre 221 depicted in
The pump optical fibre 221 can be formed from a material having a lower melting point than the material of the amplifying optical fibre 222.
The coils 421, 431 and 441 in which one or more pump optical fibres 222 are attached can be considered to be a pumped coil. The number of pump optical fibres 221 can be between 1 and 100, or even higher for applications involving amplifiers and lasers requiring high power outputs (>1 W to 5 W). The pump optical fibre 221 is preferably a multimode fibre fabricated either from silica or soft glass. For certain applications, it is convenient to have the pump optical fibre 221 smaller than the amplifying optical fibre 222, i.e., in the range 5 μm to 100 μm. For other applications, the pump optical fibre 221 should be of a comparable size or even much larger than the amplifying optical fibre 222. For example, when coupling to a diode bar, the pump optical fibre 221 can conveniently be in the region 100 μm to 1000 μm—the larger dimension representing a glass rod which can be moulded into the pumped coil. The coil turns in the pumped coil can be melted to each other. The diameter of the pumped coil can be in the range 10-1000 times greater than the diameter of the amplifying optical fibre 222.
In configurations wherein the former 462 is a hoop, the coils can be conveniently wound around the hoop in a toroidal winding. The glass can be a soft glass, or can be silica or doped silica glass. Preferably, the refractive index of the glass is substantially the same as the refractive index of the cladding of the amplifying optical fibre 222 and the pump optical fibre 221.
The pump source 302 preferably contains at least one semiconductor laser diode, and there is preferably more than one pump source 302 connected to each of the ends of the pump optical fibre 221. The semiconductor laser diode can be a broad stripe laser diode or a diode bar. There is preferably more than one pump optical fibre 221 connected to additional pump sources 302. These features are preferred to increase pump redundancy, to increase the saturated power available from each amplifying optical fibre 222, and to amortize the investment of the relatively expensive semiconductor laser diodes over several amplifying optical fibres 222. This latter feature is especially relevant in applications requiring low-cost amplification, for example for application in metropolitan areas.
The first multiplexer 512 can be a wavelength division multiplexer as an arrayed waveguide grating AWG. The first multiplexer 512 can also be an add mulitplexer, a drop multipexer, or an add-drop multiplexer constructed from thin-film filters and/or optical fibre gratings. The first multiplexer 512 can be used to separate out wavelength channels input by the input fibre 511 such that each amplifying optical fibre 222 amplifies either different wavelength channels or groups of different wavelength channels. The separate wavelength channels can be combined into a single output port 513 using a coupler 514 as shown in
The optical device 531 can be an optical router, an add-drop multiplexer, an add multiplexer, a drop multiplexer, an optical switch, a polarize, an isolator, a circulator, a grating, an optical fibre Bragg grating, a long-period grating, an acousto-optic modulator, an acousto-optic tunable filter, an optical filter, a Kerr cell, a Pockels cell, a dispersive element, a non-linear dispersive element, an optical switch, a phase modulator, a Lithium Niobate modulator, or an optical crystal. The optical device 531 can also be more than one of the above devices, either singly or in combination.
A preferred embodiment is where the optical device 531 is an optical router which comprises an optical switch configured such that optical signals output from one of the amplifiers 500 are routed to at least two more of the amplifiers 500.
The amplifying arrangements depicted in
A second add/drop multiplexer 546 can be included to remove at least one telecommunication signal 5402 from the first optical fibre 541 and transmit the telecommunication signal 5402 via a second optical fibre 547 to at least one location 5400. An amplifier 548, a coupler 549 and a third optical fibre 5401 can ay be included.
The telecommunication network 540 is not intended to be limited to the arrangement shown in
The amplifier 5403 can be the amplifying optical device shown in
The amplifier 548 can ay be an amplifying optical device according to any one of
The invention therefore provides a method to reduce the granularity in an optical telecommunications network comprising providing at least one of the amplifiers shown in
Provided that each of the pump optical fibres 221 has the same diameter, the optical power provided by the pump optical source 302 is divided approximately equally between the pump optical fibres 221 within the coil 551. The optical power provided by each output 556 of the pump optical fibres 221 can be predetermined by selecting the relative diameters of the pump optical fibres 221.
The pump optical fibres 221 can be twisted or can be left untwisted. The coil 551 can be constructed by forming an interim cable 552. The coil 551 can be potted in a polymer 443. The polymer 433 preferably has a refractive index lower than the refractive indices of the claddings of the pump optical fibres 221. The polymer 443 can be a silicone rubber.
Advantageously, the optical fibre arrangement 70 can be constructed from an optical fibre arrangement in which a first optical fibre is individually separable from a second optical fibre. For example, optical fibre arrangements based on the optical fibre 277 or the optical fibre 284. Such an approach provides an advantageous solution for sharing pump energy from a single pump source amongst a plurality of amplifiers, particularly since many optical power splitters can be fabricated from a typical production quantity of the optical fibre 277 and the optical fibre 284.
Selected detailed examples will now be presented of how pump light can be injected into amplifying optical fibres and converted into signal light. The results will be compared to a prior-art, double clad fibre laser.
This Example is based on the configuration depicted in
Assuming 35% efficiency the saturated output power of the example is in the region of 2.5 W. In many applications however required output power is 1 W which can be achieved with only 2.9 to 3 W of pump power, i.e. by using only two pump diodes. Thus by down-rating all four pump diodes to 800 mW one can achieve the required level of the output power. In the case of failure of one of the pump diodes, pump power from the rest is increased to the level required to obtain a pre-determined level of the output power. Thus this system has protection against pump diode failure.
This Example is a mode-locked cladding pumped fibre laser with repetition rate frequency in the region of 50-200 MHz. The laser is based on the two fibre arrangement shown in
With an appropriate mode-locking technique (either passive or active) the laser is capable of generating 1 ps pulses at repetition rate of 100 MHz and average power of 1 W and peak power in excess of 10 kW. Mirrors 401 form an optical resonator for the signal.
An advantage of using this configuration is that the signal and pump are spatially separated and thus high pulse peak power will not result in damage of pump diodes.
This Example is a multi-fibre arrangement including two or more pump diodes pumping simultaneously several amplifying optical fibres as shown in
This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with a longitudinal pump absorption of 50 dB/m at 975 nm. The fibre has an outside diameter (“OD”) of 50 μm and a core diameter of 10 μm. The core is single-moded at the signal wavelength and made of Yb3+-activated aluminosilicate glass. The pump absorption cross-section is 20×10−25 m2, which implies an Yb3+-concentration of 1.44×1026 ions/m3 or about 1.6% by weight. A 10 m long fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 30 turns and with a cross-sectional area of approximately 300×300 μm2. (Thus, the thickness of the torus is similar to the thickness of a typical double-clad fibre.) The output of three laser diodes, each at 2 W and with a 100 μm wide stripe are injected into the torus with an overall efficiency of 75% via pump couplers made with 125 μm diameter fibres and equally spaced along the torus. We estimate that the numerical aperture of the pump beam injected into the torus is 0.2. The couplers are thus spaced by 10 cm. In order to absorb the pump, the beam should propagate approximately 20 cm (10 dB absorption) around the loop, and pass by another pump coupler a single time. We have estimated the excess loss for light propagating in the coil upon passing a pump coupler is negligible due to high numerical aperture of the coil and low numerical aperture of the pump optical fibre. Thus, the design allows essentially the entire pump power to be efficiently converted to signal.
This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with longitudinal pump absorption of 2 dB/m at 975 nm. The fibre has an OD of 250 μm and a core diameter of 10 μm. The core is single-moded at the signal wavelength and made of Yb3+-activated aluminosilicate glass. The pump absorption cross-section is 20×10−25 m2, which implies an Yb3+-concentration of 1.44×1026 ions/m3 or about 1.6% by weight. A 200 m long fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 600 turns and with a cross-sectional area of about 6×6 mm2. The output of 10 laser diode sources, each at 20 W and coupled to a fibre with 300 μm diameter and with an NA of the beam of 0.2 are injected into the torus with an overall efficiency of 75% via pump couplers which are grouped into pairs and equally spaced along the torus. It is estimated that the numerical aperture of a pump beam injected into the torus is 0.3. The couplers are thus spaced by 6 cm. In order to absorb the pump, the beam should propagate approximately 5 m (10 dB absorption) around the loop, and in this distance pass by a pump coupler 80 times. Since the pump couplers are a small perturbation on a thick torus, the excess loss for light propagating in the coil upon passing a pair of pump couplers will be small, in the region of 0.05 dB or 1%. Thus, with this design, approximately 70% of the pump power will be usefully absorbed by the Yb3+, while the other 30% will be scattered by the pump couplers.
This Example is a laser structure formed by coiling a fibre with longitudinal pump absorption of 0.1 dB/m at 975 nm. The fibre has an OD of 1 mm and a core diameter of 10 μm. The core is single-moded at the signal wavelength and made of Yb3+-activated aluminosilicate glass. The pump absorption cross-section is 20×10−25 m2, which implies Yb3+-concentration of 1.15×1026 ions/m3 or about 1.3% by weight. A 100 m long fibre is coiled to a torus of 10 cm diameter, i.e., with approximately 300 turns and with a cross-sectional area of approximately 17×17 mm2. The output of 10 laser diode sources, each at 20 W and coupled to a fibre with 300 μm diameter and with an NA of the beam of 0.2 are injected into the torus with an overall efficiency of 75% via pump couplers which are grouped into pairs and equally spaced along the torus. We estimate that the numerical aperture of a pump beam injected into the torus is 0.3. The couplers are thus spaced by 6 cm. In order to absorb the pump, the beam should propagate approximately 100 m (10 dB absorption) around the loop, and in this distance pass by a pump coupler 1700 times. Because of the very small area of the pump coupler fibre compared to the torus, we estimate the excess loss for light propagating in the coil upon passing a pair of pump couplers to 0.1% (0.005 dB). Thus, approximately 55% of the pump power injected into the torus will be absorbed by the Yb3+-ions, and 45% will be scattered by the pump couplers.
This Example is a fibre laser operating at 975 nm. It is well known that Yb ions in silica glass have a large emission cross-section at 975 nm which makes a Yb-doped fibre laser a candidate to replace conventional pigtailed laser diodes operating at this wavelength. Due to three level nature of the Yb-doped fibre laser at this wavelength the pump power intensity at the far end of the laser should be in the region of 3·104 W/cm2 in order to ensure no signal absorption along the laser. This means that for a double clad fibre with a 200 μm outer diameter, the pump-through power will be 10 W, which makes such a laser unpractical. Reducing the fibre OD to 20 μm and transparency power to 100 mW could make this laser practical from the required pump power point of view but fibre handling would be extremely difficult. Therefore all previous attempts to realize 975 nm fibre laser based on double clad fibre have had very limited success. As mentioned above, an advantage of the present configuration is that the pump intensity inside the laser can be made very high provided pump optical fibres are thin enough, which makes a high power 976 nm fibre laser feasible. One possible configuration is based on 4 W pump diodes operating at 915 nm pigtailed to 200 μm fibre. The fibre is silica rod with silicone rubber cladding. In reasonably short length the pump power NA can be kept as low as 0.1 which allows preservation of pump brightness by tapering output (uncoated) end of the fibre to 20 μm so that pump intensity would be in the region of 106 W/cm2. 1 m of Yb-doped fibre with pump absorption 10 dB/m at 915 nm is wrapped around a silica tube with 3 cm diameter. The fibre outer diameter is 120 μm and doped core diameter is 10 μm. The 975 nm laser threshold is estimated to be in the region of 1.2-1.5 W, slope efficiency in the region of 80%, and output power in the range of 1-1.5 W with one pump diode. Increasing number of pump diodes can scale up the output power.
There is given below the following advantages of coiled amplifying devices:
This Example illustrates the advantages of a parallel optical amplifier 580 shown in
The amplifier 580 has eight independent ports (or amplifying channels) that provide independent amplification, each port comprising the input fibre 582 connected to the isolator 583, connected to the amplifier 500, connected to another one of the isolators 582 that connects to the output fibre 583. Thus, the amplifier 580 can replace eight single-port amplifiers and bring down the amplifier count in a large system by nearly an order of magnitude.
Furthermore, as a result of the abundance of amplifier capacity, the amplifier 580 can be configured in different ways to fulfill different roles. This Example demonstrates cascading of ports to increase output power and bandwidth, as well as independent amplification of eight different wavelength channels.
The Example is based on an optical fibre arrangement that comprises eight Er/Yb co-doped amplifying optical fibres for signal amplification and two pump optical fibres arranged in such a way that pump power launched into one of the pump optical fibres crosses into all eight amplifying optical fibres via evanescent field coupling.
Each of the amplifier optical fibres 282 has a 100 μm cladding and a 10 μm core. The pump optical fibres 281 have a diameter of 125 μm. Fibres coming out of the amplifier 500 were coated with UV curable secondary coating. Each end of the amplifying optical fibres 282 was then spliced to a different one of the optical isolators 581 so that the amplifier 580 can be considered as a set of eight independent fibre amplifiers.
The pump source 302 was provided by a module comprising six broad stripe 915 nm laser diodes coupled into a single 100 μm core, 0.22 NA multimode optical fibre. The pump module had built-in laser diode driver and control electronics in a compact package. The pump module can provide up to 8 W of pump power. The pump absorption of the amplifying optical fibre 282 at this wavelength was approximately 5 dB/m so that the length of each amplifier fibre was below 2 m.
The pump optical source 320 was connected to one end of a single pump optical fibre 282. In this Example, the unabsorbed pump power was re-injected into the amplifier 500 by connecting the pump optical fibres 281 as shown.
The electrical current for the pump laser diodes was set at approximately 70% of its maximum value. This protected the amplifier 580 against diode failure: one or even two failed diodes can be compensated for by a larger pump current to restore the pre-set output power of the system.
However, the saturation output power from each of the eight amplifiers varied from 15-18 dBm. The variation is caused by non-uniform pump power distribution between individual amplifying optical fibres. The uniformity can be improved by further developments of the system.
The amplifier configuration allows two or more fibre amplifying channels to be cascaded (as described with reference to
The performance of the amplifying channels was also tested with an array of eight distributed feedback DFB fibre lasers with a 50 GHz signal spacing. The DFB fibre lasers were individually pumped and the output power was deliberately made unequal with more than 10 dB power variations.
Another way of using the amplifier 580 is for amplification of wavelength division multiplexed WDM signals, with the channels demultiplexed and then amplified in separate amplifying optical fibres. As seen in
This Example has demonstrated a zero cross-talk parallel optical amplifier with small signal gain above 30 dB and noise figure below 5 dB. The system comprises eight, parallel, amplifying optical fibres pumped by a compact module with a built-in pump redundancy scheme. The amplifying optical fibres have a length of 1.5 m, possess low cross-talk and low nonlinear signal distortion. The system can be reconfigured by cascading two or more amplifiers in order to increase gain or saturated power, retaining at the same time a very-low noise figure. This parallel amplifier is particularly useful for application in wavelength-division-multiplexed telecommunication networks.
While the above invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features, it is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9910165.1 | Apr 1999 | GB | national |
| 9911958.8 | May 1999 | GB | national |
| 9917594.5 | Jul 1999 | GB | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10999758 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Child | 11788054 | US | |
| Parent | 09560593 | Apr 2000 | US |
| Child | 10999758 | US |
