Patent Grant
8413643
The use of gaseous fuel in internal combustion engines helps reduce engine out emissions due to more complete combustion; however, gaseous fuel displaces fresh air and thus limits peak torque as compared with liquid fuel. One approach is to use turbocharging to boost engine fresh intake air in order to compensate for the air displaced by the gaseous fuel. While turbocharging can address the fresh air displacement, it may lead to delayed engine response due to turbocharger lag.
The inventors herein have recognized that, contrary to conventional thinking, the displacement of fresh air by gaseous injection can be used to advantage in certain circumstances, particularly in systems having the ability to deliver fuel from at least two injectors to a cylinder, one of them being gaseous fuel and another being liquid fuel. Specifically, the inventors herein have recognized that it may be possible to utilize changes in the displacement of fresh air to reduce the effects of turbocharger delay.
In one example approach, a method of controlling an engine having a cylinder is provided. The method comprises injecting a gaseous fuel to a cylinder of the engine; directly injecting liquid fuel to the cylinder of the engine; boosting intake air delivered to the cylinder via a turbocharger coupled to the engine; and when increasing turbocharger boosting from a reduced boost level, decreasing the gaseous fuel injection while increasing liquid fuel injection to increase cylinder fresh air.
By decreasing the gaseous fuel injection while increasing liquid fuel injection when increasing turbocharger boosting, it is possible to take advantage of the displacement of fresh by gaseous fuel. Namely, by decreasing the gaseous fuel injection, the cylinder can be filled with a correspondingly increased fresh air amount, and then the extra air can be fueled via the liquid injector, even before the turbocharger has spun up, since the liquid fuel displaces substantially less fresh air than the gaseous fuel. In the example of compressed natural gas, which displaces around 13% of fresh air, if natural gas injection is completely stopped, this enables up to 13% more fresh air to the cylinder, and thus up to approximately 13% more torque to respond to a driver tip-in, for example, even before the turbocharger has spun up. Such operation can thus reduce the effects of turbocharger delay.
In addition, the ability to adjust cylinder torque by manipulating the displacement of fresh air by injected gaseous fuel can be expanded to various other torque control issues, not just turbocharger lag compensation. Thus, in another example, a method of controlling torque of an engine having a cylinder comprises: adjusting a cylinder air amount while maintaining a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the adjusting including: adjusting a displacement of fresh air by adjusting a gaseous fuel injection to the cylinder; and adjusting liquid fuel injection to the cylinder based on the adjusted fresh air in the cylinder.
In this way, it is possible to take advantage of the displacement of fresh air by a gaseous fuel, while also maintaining stoichiometry during the torque adjustment operation. Such operation can enable adjusting of the amount of fresh air in the cylinder by manipulation of the gaseous injection in coordination with liquid fuel injection to maintain a desired air-fuel ratio.
Note that maintenance of stoichiometry may include oscillation of exhaust air-fuel ratio round the stoichiometric ratio, e.g., due to feedback from exhaust air-fuel ratio sensors. In an alternative example, the method may maintain another desired air-fuel ratio, such as a desired lean air-fuel ratio.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.
A vehicle engine system is described in
Turning now to the figures,
Cylinder 14 can receive intake air via a series of intake air passages 142, 144, and 146. Intake air passage 146 can communicate with other cylinders of engine 10 in addition to cylinder 14. In some embodiments, one or more of the intake passages may include a boosting device such as a turbocharger or a supercharger. For example,
Exhaust passage 148 can receive exhaust gases from other cylinders of engine 10 in addition to cylinder 14. Exhaust gas sensor 128 is shown coupled to exhaust passage 148 upstream of emission control device 178. Sensor 128 may be any suitable sensor for providing an indication of exhaust gas air/fuel ratio such as a linear oxygen sensor or UEGO (universal or wide-range exhaust gas oxygen), a two-state oxygen sensor or EGO (as depicted), a HEGO (heated EGO), a NOx, HC, or CO sensor. Emission control device 178 may be a three way catalyst (TWC), NOx trap, various other emission control devices, or combinations thereof. Engine 10 may include an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system indicated generally at 194. EGR system 194 may include an EGR cooler 196 disposed along the EGR conduit 198. Further, the EGR system may include an EGR valve 197 disposed along EGR conduit 198 to regulate the amount of exhaust gas recirculated to the intake manifold 144.
Each cylinder of engine 10 may include one or more intake valves and one or more exhaust valves. For example, cylinder 14 is shown including at least one intake poppet valve 150 and at least one exhaust poppet valve 156 located at an upper region of cylinder 14. In some embodiments, each cylinder of engine 10, including cylinder 14, may include at least two intake poppet valves and at least two exhaust poppet valves located at an upper region of the cylinder.
Intake valve 150 may be controlled by controller 12 via actuator 152. Similarly, exhaust valve 156 may be controlled by controller 12 via actuator 154. During some conditions, controller 12 may vary the signals provided to actuators 152 and 154 to control the opening and closing timing and/or lift amount of the respective intake and exhaust valves. The position of intake valve 150 and exhaust valve 156 may be determined by respective valve position sensors (not shown). The valve actuators may include electric valve actuation or cam actuation, or a combination thereof. In the example of cam actuation, each cam actuation system may include one or more cams and may utilize one or more of cam profile switching (CPS), variable cam timing (VCT), variable valve timing (VVT) and/or variable valve lift (VVL) systems that may be operated by controller 12 to vary valve operation. For example, cylinder 14 may alternatively include an intake valve controlled via electric valve actuation and an exhaust valve controlled via cam actuation including CPS and/or VCT. In other embodiments, the intake and exhaust valves may be controlled by a common valve actuator or actuation system, or a variable valve timing actuator or actuation system.
In some embodiments, each cylinder of engine 10 may include a spark plug 192 for initiating combustion. Ignition system 190 can provide an ignition spark to combustion chamber 14 via spark plug 192 in response to a spark advance signal SA from controller 12, under select operating modes. However, in some embodiments, spark plug 192 may be omitted, such as where engine 10 may initiate combustion by auto-ignition or by injection of fuel as may be the case with some diesel engines.
In some embodiments, each cylinder of engine 10 may be configured with one or more fuel injectors for providing fuel thereto. As a non-limiting example, cylinder 14 is shown including two fuel injectors 166 and 170. Fuel injector 166 is shown coupled directly to cylinder 14 for injecting fuel directly therein in proportion to the pulse width of signal FPW-1 received from controller 12 via electronic driver 168. In this manner, fuel injector 166 provides what is known as direct injection (hereafter referred to as “DI”) of fuel into combustion cylinder 14. While
Fuel injector 170 is shown arranged in intake passage 146, rather than in cylinder 14, in a configuration that provides what is known as port injection of fuel (hereafter referred to as “PFI”) into the intake port upstream of cylinder 14. Fuel injector 170 may inject fuel in proportion to the pulse width of signal FPW-2 received from controller 12 via electronic driver 171. Fuel may be delivered to fuel injector 170 by a second fuel system 173, which may be a high pressure fuel system, including a fuel tank, a fuel pump, and a fuel rail. In one example as shown in
The delivery of the different fuels may be referred to as a fuel type, such that the fuel type may be varied by injection relatively more or less of the liquid fuel compared with the gaseous fuel, or vice versa.
Controller 12 is shown in
As described above,
Turning now to
Graph 202 shows an exhaust valve profile (204) of an exhaust valve (e.g., 156) and an intake valve profile (206) of an intake valve (e.g., 150) of combustion chamber 14 during combustion cycle 200. The x-axis of graph 202 shows crank angle, with top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC) of piston position illustrated. A spark event may occur at 212, which is shown slightly after TDC after the compression stroke. While the graph 202 shows example valve timings, valve lifts, and spark timing, various modifications may be included, such as those described herein. For example, while graph 202 shows spark timing slightly after TDC after the compression stroke, the spark timing may be adjusted to be earlier or later, such as during an end of the compression stroke.
Graph 214 shows an example timing of a CNG port fuel injector (PFI) injection pulse 218 during cycle 200 during the intake stroke of the cylinder (e.g., injection during an open intake valve). Alternatively, the PFI injection may be before intake valve opening (e.g., injection during a closed intake valve), shown by the dashed pulse 216. While both closed and open valve injection is illustrated, various alternative timings may also be used, such as injection partially during a closed intake valve and partially during an open intake valve. In addition to variable injection timing (e.g., variable start of injection timing), variable injection amount (e.g., duration) may also be used, depending on operating conditions. Further, fuel injection amounts may be adjusted to maintain a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the cylinder/exhaust.
During engine operation, the port fuel injection of gaseous fuel (e.g., CNG) during or before the intake stroke mixes with fresh air flowing into the combustion chamber, thus enabling the gaseous fuel and fresh air to form a well-mixed mixture.
Graph 220 shows an example timing of a direct injector (DI) pulse 222 in combustion cycle 200. The DI injects liquid fuel (e.g., gasoline, ethanol, or combinations thereof) into combustion chamber 14. The timing of the DI liquid fuel pulse 222 may be adjusted based on engine speed, engine temperature (e.g., measured by an ECT sensor), and/or other engine operating conditions. Specifically, during engine operation, the timing of the DI injection is set so that the fuel forms a rich pocket near the spark plug at a desired timing for ignition. As the desired spark timing is retarded, the DI fuel injection may be correspondingly retarded so that the formation of the rich pocket near the spark plug is aligned with the timing of the spark.
Additional details regarding control for the various injections and timings are described with regard to
First, at 302, the routine determines whether engine cold starting conditions (e.g., engine starting from non-warmed up conditions) are present. Such conditions may be identified based on an engine shut-down duration, comparison of engine coolant temperature with ambient temperature, and/or various other parameters. When the answer to 302 is no, the routine continues to 304. During 304, the engine operates with a single injection of fuel during the engine start (e.g., gaseous fuel injection). For example, during warmed-up engine starts, engine re-starts, etc., a single injection of fuel may be used.
When the engine is started under cold start conditions at 302, the routine continues to 306. At 306, the routine determines whether an initial combustion from rest (e.g., the first combustion event from rest of the engine start) has been completed. For example, the initial combustion may allow for the engine speed to surpass a threshold amount, e.g., engine RPM>600. If so, the routine continues to 308. If not, even during cold engine starting, the first combustion event may be fueled according to 304. Thus, in one example, the operation of 304 may be carried out during a cold engine starting during the initial combustion event from rest, until the engine completes initial combustion and/or until the engine RPM is larger than a given threshold value.
Continuing with
Next, the injection timing of the directly injected liquid fuel and the spark retard is determined at 312 based on the amount and timing of fuel injections and engine operating conditions. The amount and timing of liquid fuel injection may be dependent on the amount of spark retard. In one example, the amount of retard of the spark timing may be increased with an increase in the amount of liquid fuel injection. The increase in amount of liquid fuel injected improves the ability to achieve reliable combustion with the rich cloud, allowing for spark timing to be significantly more retarded than would otherwise be possible. In another example, if spark retard is increased, the amount of directly injected liquid fuel may be increased to maintain the rich cloud to achieve reliable combustion. Alternatively, the timing of the direct injection may be retarded in correspondence with the spark retard.
Further, depending on the combustion event (e.g., during a second or subsequent combustion event from rest) the port injected gaseous fuel may be injected to the cylinder at least during or before an intake stroke of an engine cycle to form a well-mixed overall lean air-fuel mixture, and the direct injected liquid fuel may be injected to the cylinder at least during one of a compression and expansion stroke of the engine cycle to form a rich air-fuel cloud near the spark plug; and spark igniting the injected fuels. Thus, when co-fueling is carried out during the start, additional spark retard may be provided, as compared with the single fuel fueling of 304.
In one example, such as during a subsequent combustion event from the start or after engine speed has maintained a threshold speed (e.g., 600 RPM), a majority of the total fuel burned may be gaseous fuel, and further the spark timing may be additionally retarded via the rich cloud while stilling maintaining sufficient combustion stability. In this way, it is possible to achieve both low engine out emissions as the majority of burned fuel is gaseous and well mixed (and lean of stoichiometry), but is it also possible to further retard spark timing and achieve reliable combustion via the rich cloud formed by the liquid fuel injection when co-fueling is enabled.
In the example where co-fueling is enabled after engine speed reaches a threshold speed, the initial combustion event(s) may allow for the already spinning engine during the later combustion events to further improve the ability to achieve reliable combustion with the rich cloud and with spark timing significantly more retarded than would otherwise be possible.
As an example, during the first combustion event of a start from rest, gaseous fuel may be injected (304) without injecting liquid fuel to the cylinder. A first spark retard amount may be delivered to combust the gaseous fuel. Then, if co-fueling is enabled for a subsequent combustion event (such as after a plurality of combustion events without gaseous fuel, or immediately following the first combustion event), port injected gaseous fuel and direct injected liquid fuel may be provided. The subsequent combustion event may occur in a second cylinder following, according to a cylinder firing order, the cylinder having the first combustion event. Alternatively, it may be a subsequent (e.g., second, third, etc.) combustion event in the cylinder having the first combustion event.
Continuing with the subsequent combustion event operation, both gaseous fuel and liquid fuel may be injected to the cylinder and a second spark retard amount, which may be different from and more retarded than the first spark retard amount, is used to combust the gaseous and liquid fuel during the subsequent combustion event. Further, the amount of gaseous fuel injected during the subsequent combustion event may be less than the amount injected during the prior combustion event.
In this way, the prior event (without gaseous fuel) can reliably achieve combustion with low engine out emissions, but then later combustion events can utilize increased spark retard to more rapidly increase catalyst temperature, while achieving low engine out emissions. For example, injecting well mixed gaseous fuel (e.g., CNG) can lead to more complete combustion as compared to liquid fuel, yet some liquid fuel injection to improve combustion stability with increased spark retard can increase exhaust temperature at a faster rate leading to faster catalyst light-off. Further, for still later combustion events, only liquid fuel, such as gasoline, may be used since gasoline may have a lower catalyst light-off temperature than a gaseous fuel such as CNG. In this example, before reaching catalyst light-off, gaseous and liquid fuel injections are used (along with further retarded spark timing, for example), and then once the catalyst nears the liquid fuel light-off temperature, the combustion can be transitioned to a majority (e.g., all) liquid fuel injection.
Referring now to
When an engine is being operated at boost or incipient boost, a “fast acting” torque reserve may be used while a “slower-acting” torque comes on (boost in this case). In some operating conditions or configurations torque reserve is provided via maintaining excess boost in combination with throttling. While such an approach may provide acceptable results under some conditions, under other conditions maintenance of such excess boost can reduce fuel efficiency. As described further below, switching temporarily to liquid fuel from gaseous fuel (or adjusting relative amounts of gaseous and liquid fuel injection to a cylinder) may be used to provide the requisite fast-acting torque reserve when the engine is not throttled (steady state efficient). Additional fast-acting torque reserve may also be available from alterations in other parameters, such as valve timing
In the example of gaseous CNG, it can displace intake air by up to 13% leading to up to 13% less peak torque. However, liquid fuel displaces essentially no air. thus by decreasing gaseous fuel injection while increasing liquid fuel injection, additional fresh air can be provided even without adjusting throttling, boosting, engine speed, valve timing, and the like. Specifically, the decreasing in gaseous fuel enables increase fresh air cylinder charge to be inducted to the cylinder. Likewise, the additional liquid fuel injection (to both compensate for the decreasing gaseous fuel and to compensate for the additional fresh air) enables the increased fresh air to generate a corresponding increased engine torque (e.g., up to an additional 13% when transitioning from only CNG fuel to only liquid fuel). While adjusting of the fuel injection can thus influence torque, additional actions may also be taken in combination to further adjust torque, such as decreased throttling, increased boosting, etc. Further, in addition to increasing cylinder fresh charge by decreasing gaseous fuel injection to the cylinder (and increasing liquid fuel injection to the cylinder), it is also possible to decrease cylinder charge by increasing gaseous fuel injection to the cylinder (and decreasing liquid fuel injection to the cylinder). The adjustments can thus not only adjust cylinder charge, but also maintain cylinder and exhaust air-fuel ratios. Moreover, such adjustments in cylinder air amounts can provide rapid transient torque effects as they are less restricted by manifold filling effects.
When applying adjustments in the liquid and gaseous fuel injection to provide transient torque control, it may also be advantageous to consider a range-of-authority of the adjustment. For example, if mostly transient increases in engine torque are provided, then during steady conditions the fueling may be biased toward more gaseous fuel injection (so that there is gaseous fuel which can be reduced). Thus, in one example, routines, such as in
Referring now to
If a transient torque request is not identified at 504, the base levels are maintained without further adjustment at 506. However, if a transient request is identified at 504 and the current gaseous/liquid amounts provide at least some range of authority at 508, then the port injected gaseous fuel and directly injected liquid fuel injection amounts are adjusted based on transient torque and range of authority at 510, as further elaborated in
One particular example of a transient torque request includes, during idling operation and/or low vehicle speed and low engine speed conditions (where turbocharger speed is relatively low) and/or when a boost level is less than a threshold amount. For example, the torque of the cylinder may be adjusted in response to a difference between a desired engine idle speed and actual engine idle speed during idle speed control. In these conditions, the base split may be set to substantially all gaseous fuel injection. Then, in response to driver demand (e.g., a driver tip-in) and the corresponding increase in desired engine torque, the gaseous fuel injection may be substantially reduced and liquid fuel injection increased (to not only compensate for the reduced gaseous fuel, but also to compensate for the increased fresh charge). Such operation can fill in engine torque while the turbocharger is speeding up in response to the driver tip-in. In this way, a faster vehicle response can be achieved providing improved customer satisfaction.
In one example, an engine running on at least port injected gaseous fuel (e.g., CNG) and operating with a turbocharger at lower engine speed and with reduced boosting conditions can show an improved response to a driver tip-in. For example, if the engine is running on CNG only, then approximately 13% of the cylinder fresh air charge is displaced by the gaseous fuel. In this example cylinder fresh air charge may then be increased by increasing liquid fuel injection amount while decreasing gaseous fuel injection amount to maintain a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Increasing liquid fuel injection to the cylinder while decreasing (e.g., stopping) gaseous fuel injection to the cylinder may thereby increase cylinder air charge and thus torque of the engine. Specifically, the liquid fuel injection increase not only supplements the decrease of gaseous fuel, but further includes additional fuel to match the decreased gaseous injection. The increase in cylinder fresh charge and thus cylinder torque can “fill-in” the turbo-lag normally experienced while waiting for the turbocharger to spin-up in response to the tip-in.
Note that various other adjustments may be further included in the routines of
As another example, consideration of knock may also be included in adjusting the relative amount of gaseous and liquid fuel injection to a cylinder of the engine, as some gaseous fuel injection may have higher knock abatement than some liquid fuel injection. For example, in the example situation of a tip-in during idle, it can be advantageous to decrease gaseous fuel injection as noted above. However, such operation may increase a potential for engine knock. Thus, during conditions where engine knock is more likely (e.g., increased ambient temperature and decreased ambient humidity), the amount of transient torque increase employed in
Referring now to
In this example a driver tip-in occurs at 700 which may lead to an opening of the throttle at 702 at a phase-in point 704. The opening of the throttle at 702 increases intake air delivered to the cylinder. Since the manifold air pressure 706 at phase-in point 704 is lower than a first threshold amount 708, the port fuel injector, which is injecting gaseous fuel (e.g., CNG) at 710, is decreased at 712 in response to driver tip-in 700. The direct injector, which may be injecting liquid fuel at 714 in an amount such that the stoichiometric cylinder air fuel ratio is maintained, is increased at point 716 in order to maintain the stoichiometric cylinder air fuel ratio when the port injected gaseous fuel is increased at point 712. The decrease in the amount of port injected gaseous fuel leads to an increase in the partial pressure of air as shown in curve 730. When switching from gaseous to liquid fuel, for example at phase point 704, the partial pressure of air goes near the MAP (shown by dashed line 732) and the partial pressure of the injected fuel, shown by curve 734, goes to near zero. In one example, where the port injected gaseous fuel is CNG, the decrease of CNG at 712 may lead to more fresh air charge as shown at 718 and as compared with what the airflow would otherwise be (without gaseous fuel adjustment 720). The additional fresh charge at 718 may lead to a reduction of the effects of turbocharger lag 722. In this example, once the turbocharger has been “spun up” the fuel injection may be switched back to CNG, although at a slower rate of change than the phase-in.
In the example of
Note that the various routines included herein may be used all together, or individually, if desired and may be used with various engine and/or vehicle system configurations. For example port injected gaseous fuel used during an engine cold start without liquid fuel injection, yet using coordination of gaseous and liquid fuels to control engine torque and/or address turbocharger lag falls within the scope of this invention. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various steps, operations, or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated steps or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, the described steps may graphically represent code to be programmed into the computer readable storage medium in the engine control system.
It will be further appreciated that the configurations and routines disclosed herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. For example, the above technology can be applied to V-6, I-4, I-6, V-12, opposed 4, and other engine types. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and configurations, and other features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein.
The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub-combinations regarded as novel and non-obvious. These claims may refer to “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Other combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure.
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