Patent Grant
9859840
Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to improved solar photovoltaic systems, and/or methods of making the same. More particularly, certain example embodiments of this invention relate to building-integrated photovoltaic systems including concentrated photovoltaic skylights having a cylindrical lens array, and/or methods of making the same. In certain example embodiments, the photovoltaic skylight and lens arrays may be used in combination with strip solar cells and lateral displacement tracking. Such techniques may advantageously help to reduce cost per watt related, in part, to the potentially reduced amount of semiconductor material to be used for such example embodiments. Furthermore, a photovoltaic skylight may permit diffuse daylight to pass through into an interior of a building so as to provide lighting inside the building, while the strip solar cells absorb the direct sunlight and convert it to electricity. In addition, the photovoltaic skylight may provide variable solar heat gain control.
Photovoltaic devices are known in the art (e.g., see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,784,361, 6,288,325, 6,613,603, and 6,123,824, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference). Some conventional mainstream photovoltaic modules use a large number of crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers. The inclusion of the large number of c-Si wafers tends to dominate the cost of the overall photovoltaic module. Indeed, about 60% of the costs involved in the production of conventional photovoltaic modules is related to the c-Si solar cells. To address this issue, concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems have been proposed, in which the sunlight is to be focused with concentration ratios of 100× to 1000×. Calculations suggest that a concentration ratio of approximately 10× should enable a photovoltaic system to be produced that uses at least 90% less silicon material.
Unfortunately, however, current concentrated photovoltaic systems use expensive high efficiency multi-junction solar cells, expensive dual-axis tracking systems, and/or relatively expensive concentrating optics. Therefore, these systems have difficulty competing with other photovoltaic solutions on a cost per watt basis.
Thus, it will be appreciated there is a need in the art for a simple low-cost CPV systems, together with low cost solar cells and low-cost concentrating optics, and/or methods of making the same.
One aspect of certain example embodiments relates to a patterned glass cylindrical lens array, and/or methods of making the same.
Another aspect of certain example embodiments relates to using such a cylindrical lens array to focus light on substantially elongate or strip solar cells.
Another aspect of certain example embodiments relates to lateral displacement tracking systems, and/or methods of making and/or using the same.
Further aspects of certain example embodiments relate to building-integrated photovoltaic systems, which may include insulating glass units comprising cylindrical lens arrays and strip solar cells. In certain examples, the photovoltaic system may be integrated into a building as an insulated glass skylight.
According to certain example embodiments, lateral tracking of a solar cell strip substrate relative to a lenticular array that concentrates light thereon advantageously results in cost-effective electricity generation, self-regulated solar heat gain control, and diffuse daylight entry, thereby providing a multifunctional BIPV product. The concentration ratio preferably is at least 2:1, more preferably at least about 3:1, although high concentration ratios are possible. In some instances, heat sinks may be provided to keep the assembly cool, e.g., when high concentration ratios are provided.
According to certain example embodiments, the lens array does not move at all, but the PV array glass moves laterally to keep direct sunlight focused on the solar cell strips.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a lens array for use in a solar photovoltaic module is provided. Glass is made using a float process or other process. The glass is patterned using a plurality of rollers disposed (e.g., potentially along the float glass) line so as to form a plurality of first lenses oriented along a common axis. The rollers each have profiles such that each said first lens is patterned to have at least one convex major surface when viewed in side cross section.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a solar photovoltaic module is provided. A lens array comprising a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis is provided, with the lenses being patterned using rollers (e.g., potentially along the float glass), and with the lenses each having at least one convex major surface when viewed in side cross section. A plurality of elongate solar cells is provided, with each said solar cell comprising c-Si. The lens array is oriented relative to the solar cells such that each said lens is arranged to concentrate light incident thereon in substantially one dimension on the elongate solar cells. In certain example instances, a solar photovoltaic module is made in this way, and the photovoltaic module may be operated by connecting it to a single-axis tracking system at a fixed tilt, with the single-axis tracking system being movable so as to match the East-West movement of the sun. However, in certain example embodiments, the PV array substrate and lens array may be spatially separated from each other and the PV array moves laterally to maintain focus of the sunlight on the PV strip cells during the course of the day.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a solar photovoltaic system is provided. At least one lens array comprising a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis is provided, with the lenses being patterned using rollers, and with the lenses each having at least one convex major surface when viewed in side cross section. The at least one lens array is oriented relative to a plurality of elongate solar cells comprising c-Si such that each said lens is arranged to concentrate light incident thereon in substantially one dimension on the elongate solar cells.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a photovoltaic system is provided. A plurality of elongate solar cells is provided, with each said solar cell comprising c-Si. A lens array comprising a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis is provided, with each said lens being configured to concentrate incident light in substantially one dimension the elongate solar cells, and with each said lens having a concentration ratio of 3×-30×.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a building product is provided. A plurality of elongate solar cells comprising c-Si is supported by a cover glass substrate. A lens array comprises a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, with each said lens being configured to concentrate incident light in substantially one dimension on the elongate solar cells, and with the lens array being substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the cover glass substrate. Each said lens has a convex top and/or bottom surface when viewed in side cross section. The lens array is patterned from a single low-iron glass substrate. In certain example instances, a frame may be structured to maintain the lens array and the cover glass substrate in parallel spaced apart relation.
In certain cases, some example existing photovoltaic and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems may focus primarily on electricity generations. In certain example embodiments of this invention, however, a BIPV system may be multi-functional in that it provides not only cost-effective electricity generation, but also other advantageous features such as daylight entry, variable solar control, thermal insulation, and/or an aesthetic building “skin.”
In certain example embodiments, the BIPV system may include a photovoltaic skylight. In some cases, the photovoltaic skylight may comprise an insulated glass unit (IGU).
In certain example embodiments, a BIPV system (e.g., photovoltaic skylight) may be provided on the roof of a building and/or other suitable structure. In certain example instances, the photovoltaic skylight may be installed on a roof at latitude tilts and may transmit diffuse daylight into the interior of the building, while converting direct sunlight into electricity at a relatively high efficiency.
The features, aspects, advantages, and example embodiments described herein may be combined to realize yet further embodiments.
These and other features and advantages may be better and more completely understood by reference to the following detailed description of exemplary illustrative embodiments in conjunction with the drawings, of which:
Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells convert solar radiation into usable electrical energy. The energy conversion occurs typically as the result of the photovoltaic effect. Solar radiation (e.g., sunlight) impinging on a photovoltaic device and absorbed by an active region of semiconductor material generates electron-hole pairs in the active region.
Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to patterned glass that can be used as a cylindrical lens array in a concentrated photovoltaic application, and/or methods of making the same. In certain example embodiments, the lens arrays may be used in combination with strip solar cells and lateral displacement tracking systems. That is, in certain example embodiments, lenses in the lens array may be arranged so as to concentrate incident light onto respective strip solar cells, and the solar cell substrate is controlled a lateral displacement tracking system that is programmed to follow the East-West movement of the sun. A low-iron glass may be used in connection with certain example embodiments. Such techniques may advantageously help to reduce cost per watt related, in part, to the potentially reduced amount of semiconductor material to be used for such example embodiments.
As indicated above, certain example embodiments relate to patterned glass cylindrical lens arrays, and/or methods of making the same. In this regard,
A patterning line in a glass factory may be used to create the large area cylindrical lens array of certain example embodiments. This can be done by using one or more sets of top and bottom rollers with the example profile shown in
Any suitable transparent substrate may be used in connection with certain example embodiments of this invention. For instance, certain example embodiments may incorporate a low-iron glass substrate, e.g., to help ensure that as much red and near-IR light as possible is transferred to the semiconductor absorber layer. Example low-iron glass substrates are disclosed, for example, in co-pending and commonly assigned application Ser. Nos. 11/049,292; 11/122,218; 11/373,490; 12/073,562; 12/292,346; 12/385,318; and 12/453,275, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
For instance, certain example embodiments may incorporate a high transmission low iron glass. Further details of example low iron glass are provided below.
In addition, the low iron glass may be thermally tempered. Such tempering may occur in certain example embodiments at the end of the production line, e.g., after the glass has been patterned in certain example instances.
Current CPV systems typically implement two-axis tracking because they use two-dimensional focusing. In this regard, current CPV systems usually are mounted on poles with individual tracking for each unit system. This arrangement increases the cost of the system. By contrast, certain example embodiments that implement cylindrical lens arrays reduce (and sometimes completely eliminate) the need for dual-axis tracking. This is because the cylindrical lens arrays of certain example embodiments are configured to linearly focus sunlight on or along a strip as opposed to a smaller point or spot location. Indeed, when the cylindrical lenses of certain example embodiments are oriented substantially vertically, simple East-West one-axis tracking may be implemented easily and efficiently.
In Table 1 the annual energy outputs from a 20% efficient system at an example location (Phoenix, Ariz.) are compared for fixed latitude tilt, one-axis tracking, and two-axis tracking systems. More particularly, the solar cells are high efficiency, back contact solar cell strips commercially available from Sunpower. The improvement in energy output going from a fixed orientation system to a one-axis tracking system is 30.7%. This is a very significant gain. However, the improvement of moving from a one-axis tracking system to a dual-axis tracking system is only an additional 5.8%. This additional 5.8% energy gain typically is offset by the expense of the dual-axis tracking system itself. Current dual-axis tracking systems therefore are not seen as economical. In any event, certain example embodiments that implement a linearly focused system are able to realize at least the efficiency gains associated with moving from a single-axis tracking system to dual-axis tracking system without actually having to incur the expenses associated with the dual-axis tracking system because such embodiments may be implemented with only one-axis tracking systems.
It will be appreciated that single-axis tracking systems advantageously can be implemented at low cost, because many modules can be oriented with a single actuator by connecting all modules to each other through parallel beams. The lens array is oriented substantially vertically and is therefore largely self-cleaning, as rain will flow down in the grooves of the patterned glass and reduce the amount of dust accumulation. Additional periodic cleaning optionally may be implemented, of course. Single-axis tracking systems also may be low to the ground, as the mechanisms for moving it are simplified compared to the mechanisms used for two-axis tracking systems.
The solar cells in the
As alluded to above and as suggested in the use of the term “strip” itself, the strip solar cells of certain example embodiments may have a substantially elongated shape. For instance, certain example strip solar cells may be 2 mm×150 mm, although other dimensions also are possible. In any event, the strip solar cells may be cleaved along the direction of its crystal orientation. The strip cells optionally may be mounted on a second glass substrate or another type of substrate in certain example embodiments. In so doing, the second substrate may be made to function as a heat sink, thereby helping to keep the operating temperature of the solar cells low and their efficiency high. Active cooling may be used in place of, or in addition to, such heat sink techniques in certain example embodiments.
In connection with example embodiments that implement strip solar cells, low-cost assembly techniques known and commonly used in, for example, the flat panel display (FPD) industry, may be used. For example, such techniques may readily be used in connection with strip solar cells having a width of 2-20 mm, and such techniques may include, for example, chip on glass (COG) manufacturing. These COG manufacturing techniques may, in turn, incorporate interconnecting wires such as, for example, patterned metals provided on the glass, copper tape, and/or the like. Certain example embodiments may incorporate solar cells with low shading or non-shading interconnects. Non-shading interconnects sometimes are used, for example, in back contact solar cells (e.g., available from Sunpower).
It will be appreciated that there are a number of advantages associated with certain example embodiments of this invention. For example, the 3× to 30× concentration optics may be produced easily and inexpensively using patterned glass. This may, in turn, also allow for a 3× to 30× smaller area of c-Si solar cells. Cylindrical lens arrays may be substantially self-cleaning when installed vertically at a latitude tilt in certain example implementations, as the amount of dust and/or other debris that will accumulate will be reduced, since rain will clean the grooves of the vertically positioned patterned glass lens array. Certain example embodiments also enable low cost and known, reliable assembly techniques from the FPD industry to be used in connection with strip solar cells (e.g., when they are provided with a width of about 2-20 mm). Also, as noted above, the use of low-cost single-axis tracking or lateral displacement systems may in certain example embodiments advantageously improve power output as compared to fixed orientation systems. Furthermore, many modules may be easily connected to the same single-axis tracking system. The use of such example techniques in high direct-insolation areas such as the Southwest USA may lead to higher annual energy output.
In certain example embodiments, antireflective (AR) coatings may be provided to one or both sides of the lens array to increase transmission. In certain example embodiments, a broadband AR may be provided using any suitable technique. In certain example instances, a low index silicon oxide (e.g., SiO2 or other suitable stoichiometry) coating having an index of refraction of about 1.3 may be provided on one or both sides of a lens array through a wet application process (e.g., a dip, spray, roll, or other coating process), for a sol, for example. Such a technique may lead to for example, a 3-6% increase in lens array transmission and/or module power, depending on the coating used and the number of surfaces coated.
In certain example embodiments, the lens array may be heat strengthened and/or thermally tempered. Of course, thermal tempering may be difficult to accomplish in connection with patterned glass having varying thicknesses. Chemical tempering and/or strengthening techniques therefore may be used in connection with certain example embodiments.
As another alternative or addition, lens arrays may be laminated together, e.g., as shown in
Although the presence of cooling water may increase efficiency of an individual strip solar cell, the overall solar cell efficiency may be decreased by providing fewer total solar cells, e.g., because a solar cell may not be provided along the return path for the hot output water. Nevertheless, overall efficiency may be improved by virtue of the cooling water's effect on the strip solar cells that are present and the further heating of the water via the lens array throughout the entire path, including the return path (where there is no solar cell). The heated water, of course, may be used as it otherwise would be used in connection with a thermal solar power application. As explained in greater detail below, the lens array and/or the tubing may move relative to one another, e.g., so as to match the East-West movement of the sun. This may be advantageous, for example, in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications.
Focusing additionally or alternatively may be performed using a patterned mirror array.
Although certain examples have been described in connection with a fixed or stationary solar cell module and a moving lens array, certain other example embodiments may involve a fixed or stationary lens array and a moving solar cell module. In the latter case, the lens array may be stationary at a fixed orientation, and the solar cell array may be configured to move during the day to maintain the focus of the light from the sun on the strip solar cells, e.g., to match the East-West movement of the sun. In this regard, the strip solar cells may be provided on a substrate as described above, and the substrate may be made to move. Such example embodiments may be used, for instance, in connection with building-integrated photovoltaic applications, similar to self-regulating windows. Self-regulating windows are known to dynamically adjust the amount of light passing therethrough, e.g., using diffusers, blinds, or the like. In certain example embodiments, the movement of the sun may be tracked (directly or indirectly, e.g., based on time of day and/or day of year) so that the substrate may be moved appropriately to increase or maximize the amount of sunlight impinging on the solar cells. It will be appreciated that diffuse light may be transmitted in such instances, and direct sunlight may be converted into electricity by the photovoltaic cells.
The following table compares cost per watt for various types of photovoltaic technologies.
As can be seen, the example in Table 2 produces 2.4× higher output per square meter as compared to CdTe type photovoltaic systems for direct sunlight. The example in Table 2 also provides a potentially lower cost/watt compared to CdTe type photovoltaic systems.
Certain example embodiments may be used as windows, skylights, roof-mounted PV modules, or the like in connection with BIPV applications. For example, in rooftop applications, full size solar cells may be replaced with strip cells. The lens array may be provided in substantially parallel spaced apart relation to the strip solar cells. Known tabbing, framing, and junction box technology may be leveraged to help provide BIPV applications.
It will be appreciated from the description above that certain example applications may be structured somewhat similarly to insulating glass (IG) units. The first or outer pane may be the cylindrical lens array, whereas the second or inner pane may have the strip solar cells formed thereon. Rather than spacers, window frame components may help maintain the panes in substantially parallel, spaced apart relation to one another, e.g., at the appropriate focal length. In certain example embodiments, when the lens array has a flat surface, this side may face outwardly, e.g., towards the sun. Of course, providing patterned glass may be viewed as a desirable aesthetic feature in certain example instances, and a patterned surface may face outwardly in such cases.
For instance, solar panels may be produced by slicing silicon solar cell wafers into narrow strips, In certain instances, solar panel systems such as the foregoing may be advantageous in certain respects, for example, in that they may reduce the area of expensive silicon solar cells required by a factor of more than two.
As social and political pressures increase to improve efficiency and implement “green” technology, it may be desirable to implement methods and/or products that help improve the efficiency of, for example, the operation of buildings and the like (e.g., with respect to electricity usage, etc.). It will be appreciated that in certain scenarios, the efficiency of a building may be improved through different avenues. For example, photoelectric controls, solar shading, and/or glass performance may be improved and/or implemented, in order to increase operating efficiency in certain instances. Certain example photoelectric controls relate to the inclusion of controls that can improve “daylighting,” e.g., by improving interior lighting through the use of natural, outside light. Solar shading, in certain instances, may include the addition of horizontal and/or vertical devices. Finally, another example technique for controlling efficiency is through glass performance—e.g., improving the solar and/or thermal properties of glass substrates and units used as windows in buildings.
Table 3 illustrates certain existing percentages by which the efficiency of certain structures may be improved through photoelectric controls, solar shading, and glass performance, from a report entitled “Driving Transformation to Energy Efficient Buildings: Policies and Actions.”
Accordingly, it will be appreciated that there is an opportunity to further improve the efficiency of certain building operations, in some instances. For example, assemblies and/or methods for making these assemblies that include some degree of photoelectric control, solar shading, and improved glass performance would be desirable. The implementation of BIPV systems into existing structures and/or new construction may advantageously help further improve operating efficiency of these structures.
Unfortunately, certain existing BIPV systems have not yet been substantially commercialized (e.g., in high volume) due to several drawbacks. For example, certain existing BIPV systems are installed vertically, and do not take full advantage of the direction and/or angle of the sun, particularly in southern locations where the sun may be overhead for much of the time. Furthermore, certain existing BIPV systems may be opaque, and therefore may not allow daylight to enter the building. In some cases, when BIPV systems are partially transparent (e.g., do allow some daylight to enter the building), it is usually at the expense of PV efficiency and electricity output. Additionally, certain existing BIPV systems may not substantially provide thermal insulation, and/or may fail to provide solar heat gain control. Thus, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that there is a need for an improved BIPV system that overcomes the foregoing shortcomings.
Certain example embodiments described herein relate to improved BIPV systems (e.g., building integrated photovoltaics), and methods of making the same. Certain example embodiments of the assemblies described herein may include photovoltaic skylights, windows, windshields, sunroofs for automobiles, and/or other photovoltaic applications. The assemblies described herein may include dual or triple glazing units in certain example embodiments. Assemblies including example improved BIPV systems may be installed in existing roof and/or façade areas in certain example instances. Of course, certain assemblies described herein may also be installed during new construction. In certain example embodiments, assemblies including improved BIPV systems may replace existing building materials with a potentially more cost-effective system.
In certain example embodiments, assemblies as described herein may advantageously (1) be installed at a latitude tilt, such that they face the equator, in order to increase the amount of direct sunlight incident upon the lenticular array; (2) permit diffuse daylight entry into a structure, while utilizing most or substantially all of the direct sunlight for the solar cells; (3) provide self-regulating or dynamic solar heat control, including a lower solar heat gain coefficient when necessary, and/or (4) provide improved thermal insulation.
If certain example embodiments, the assembly may include an additional (e.g., third, or even more) glass substrate, and may be a triple glazing unit.
Because of the (at least) double glazing nature of certain example embodiments of the assembly, some degree of thermal insulation may result, in certain example instances. In addition, the air gap provided between the first and second and/or second and third substrates may be substantially evacuated and/or filled with an inert gas (e.g., Ar, N, Xe, and/or the like) in order in forming an insulated glass unit. This may further improve thermal insulation in certain examples. It will be appreciated that in certain example embodiments, a triple glazing assembly may advantageously provide an even greater degree of thermal insulation than similar dual glazing systems when implemented as a window and/or skylight. However, in other example cases the air gap may simply include air.
In certain examples, the assemblies of
During the course of the day, the sun moves from the east to the west. In certain example embodiments, the glass substrate supporting the strip solar cells illustrated in
It will be appreciated that this type of movement (e.g., part of the unit remaining substantially fixed while another aspect of the unit moves with respect to the fixed aspect) may be different from other one axis tracking systems. For example, in other cases, the position of the solar cells may be fixed with respect to the lens array, and the sun may be tracked by using one axis tracking, or even two axis tracking, in some situations. However, as explained above, the implementation of system tracking by moving the solar cells substantially laterally, relative to the lenticular array may replace one or two axis tracking,
In certain example embodiments, tracking by moving the solar cells laterally relative to the lens array may be more advantageous than situations in which the position of the solar cells is fixed with respect to the lens array. For example, this may enable the assembly to be more easily integrated into existing structures and/or new construction. In certain cases, this may enable the overall assembly to remain substantially stationary within the building, roof, façade, or the like (e.g., the only movement occurs within a substantially fixed frame and/or the like); while still permitting the sunlight to remain focused on the solar cell strips throughout the course of the day, as described above.
As a result of this relative shift of the solar cells with respect to the lenticular array, the solar cells may continue to generate electricity while partially or substantially blocking direct solar radiation from entering the building, thereby reducing glare. This may provide self-regulating solar heat control, in certain example embodiments. For example, when the assembly is exposed to an uncovered sun, in full daylight, the solar cells may absorb substantially all of the direct light, and consequently block direct solar radiation from entering the building. Thus, the solar heat gain coefficient of certain example assemblies may advantageously be lowered during situations where this would be desirable.
On the other hand, diffuse light (e.g., light not directly from the sun, but nonetheless incident upon the glass surface), may not be focused on the solar cell strips, and may pass between the solar cells, in certain example embodiments. The diffuse light entering the building may advantageously provide lighting therein. In certain example embodiments, the diffuse lighting may be provided in the building and/or structure without significantly impacting (e.g., decreasing) the photovoltaic efficiency and/or electricity output. Furthermore, the increase in diffuse light entry may also advantageously reduce the need for artificial lighting, in certain example embodiments.
Turning more particularly to the structure(s) and advantages relating to the example improved BIPV systems described above, in certain instances these assemblies may include a lens array (e.g., cylindrical lens array (CLA), lenticular array, etc.) and a substrate supporting solar cells, the substrate being capable of lateral movement, in certain example embodiments.
Direct solar radiation focused by a lenticular array on the strip solar cells is shown in
An example lens array is shown in
The CLA illustrated in
As indicated above, in a triple insulating glass unit embodiment, a low-E coating may be provided on surface 4 and/or surface 5. One or more surfaces (e.g., of the middle substrate) may be etched to help promote diffusion of light through the unit. AR coatings also may be used. Example low-E and AR coatings, and their configurations, are set forth in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/324,267, filed on Dec. 13, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Additional example low-E coatings are set forth below, and additional example AR coatings include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,767,253, as well as U.S. Publication Nos. 2012/0057236, 2011/0157703, 2009/0133748, 2009/0101209, 2009/0032098, 2009/0025777, and U.S. application Ser. No. 13/360,898 (filed Jan. 30, 2012) and Ser. No. 13/361,754 (filed Jan. 30, 2012). The entire contents of each of these documents is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Using Phoenix Ariz. as an example, such a unit would be expected to produce 175-750 kWh/m2/year, more preferably 225-500 kWh/m2/year, with an example energy production being 258 kWh/m2/year. In certain example embodiments, under direct sun light, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) preferably is less than 0.40, more preferably less than 0.20, still more preferably less than 0.15, and sometimes 0.12 or lower. By contrast, in cloudy conditions, SHGC preferably is less than 0.80, more preferably less than 0.65, and sometimes about 0.5 or lower. Of course, higher or lower values may be provided in different climates and/or geographic regions. The U-value of the assembly when both low-E and AR coatings are provided may be less than 0.5, more preferably less than 0.35, and sometimes about 0.2. Visible transmission in such circumstances may be about 50%, although higher or lower values may be provided based on the desired application.
It will be appreciated that the lens arrays disclosed herein may include glass, plastics, and/or other suitable materials.
As described herein, the lenticular array may focus and/or concentrate the incident light into a small area, and this concentrated light may be transmitted through the array and be incident upon one or more solar cells. The solar cells may be lined up such that their location substantially corresponds to the size, shape, and/or position of the concentrated light transmitted through the lenticular array. In this regard, the smaller the area into which the light can be concentrated, the narrower the solar cell may be, in certain instances. Narrower strip solar cells may advantageously permit more diffuse light to pass through the lenticular array and substrate supporting the solar cells, into an interior of the building upon which the assembly is disposed, in certain example embodiments.
Lens arrays for concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) may be cost-effectively manufactured in several ways, including, for example, by patterning glass as described in co-owned and commonly assigned U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0259394 and 2011/0263066, both incorporated herein by reference. In certain examples, the glass may be of or include low iron glass. In further example embodiments, lenticular arrays for CPV applications may be made by laminating a plastic, molded, lenticular array (for example, made from PMMA) to a glass substrate (e.g., a low iron glass substrate). In this case, the lens array is in an interior position, while the glass substrate protects it from the elements outside.
In certain example embodiments, an anti-reflection coating may be disposed on a surface of a lenticular array.
In some cases, solar cell strips may be directed attached to the back of the cylindrical lens array, effectively requiring single axis tracking. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,119,902, as well as U.S. Publication Nos. 2012/0067397, 2011/0315196, 2011/0186107, 2011/0168232, 2010/0294338, 2009/0056788, 2008/0289689, which show these and/or other associated designs.
Slim chip technology and packaging have been used in some instances for driver chips in the flat panel display industry. In certain example embodiments, elongated silicon strips with a relatively high aspect ratio may be utilized. For example, the aspect ratio (e.g., length to width) may be about 10:1, more preferably about 15:1, and most preferably about 20:1 (e.g., 10 mm×1 mm, 20 m×2 mm, 15 mm×1 mm, 20 mm×1 mm, etc.), but in certain instances it may be even greater. For example, in certain example embodiments, driver ICs for LCDs (e.g., in the flat panel display industry) may have a length greater than 30 mm long and a width of less than 1.5 mm. These strips may be directly or indirectly mounted on glass with low cost Chip on Glass (COG) technology, in certain examples.
Solar cells with only back contacts (e.g., from Sunpower), may be preferred in certain examples, to avoid shading effects. Furthermore, in certain example embodiments, solar cells having only back contacts may be mounted directly on a glass substrate with a low-cost COG technology. However, in other example embodiments, the solar cells may have front and/or back contacts.
Furthermore, certain example methods of wafer slicing that may be used on certain solar cells may advantageously lead to lower cost strip solar cells with lengths up to 6 or 8 inches (and in some cases even longer), in certain cases. These wafer slicing techniques may advantageously be used, in particular, on high efficiency back contact solar cells, in certain example embodiments. In certain example embodiments, wafer slicing techniques used on high efficiency back contact solar cells (e.g., manufactured by Sunpower), may lead to ultralow cost (e.g., on the order of cents) strip solar cells with a length up to, for example, 6 or 8 inch wafer dimensions (e.g., 150 to 210 mm).
Thus, it will be appreciated from the foregoing that elongated silicon strips with relatively high aspect ratios may be attached directly or indirectly to glass substrates at a relatively low cost.
Additionally, certain example assemblies described herein may advantageously differ from other commercialized solar strips. For instance, in certain example embodiments of the instant invention, the lenticular array and substrate supporting the solar cells may be disposed in a frame such that an insulating glass unit may be formed. In certain instances, an air gap may be provided between the first glass substrate (e.g., the lenticular array), and the second glass substrate with the solar cells. In certain instances, the substrates are spaced farther apart to form the air gap. As a result of the increased distance between the lenticular array and the solar cells, higher concentration ratios may be possible (e.g., from about 2× to 20×, preferably from about 3× to 10× and all sub-ranges therebetween). This increase in concentration of the light, and consequent reduction in size of the “beam” of light, may advantageously reduce the necessary width of the silicon solar cells, in certain cases. Such a reduction in area may also further reduce costs associated with the solar cells (e.g., since a smaller area of solar cells may consequently reduce the amount of solar cell material needed).
As described above, the substrate supporting the solar cells may be configured for lateral movement within the assembly. In other words, certain example embodiments of assemblies described herein may advantageously include a lateral movement mechanism for only the lower substrate, e.g. the substrate supporting the solar cells. In that regard, the lens array and substrate supporting the solar cells may be supported together in a frame, and in certain instances the frame may be provided such that it permits lateral movement of the substrate supporting the solar cells.
Certain example embodiments may advantageously permit the solar cells (e.g. strip solar cells) to remain substantially in line with the “beam” of light focused by the lenticular array, as the sun's position in the sky changes throughout the day, without the need for more conventional one or two axis tracking systems. This lateral movement capability may in certain example embodiments advantageously enable an assembly to be installed in and/integrated with a building, structure, and/or the like, in a fixed manner, such that the assembly, overall, remains substantially stationary (e.g., permitting better seals, less cumbersome frames, etc.). This lateral movement may be used instead of one or two axis tracking, in certain example embodiments.
For example, in order to maintain the focus of direct sunlight on the solar cell strips, in certain example embodiments, the second glass substrate (e.g., the substrate upon which the solar cells are disposed) may be made to move throughout the course of the day. This movement may be on the order of a cm to an inch, in certain implementations. Referring once again to
In certain examples, small, low cost linear motors and/or actuators may be available to control the lateral movement of the glass substrate with the solar cell strips. The motors and/or actuators may be miniature, in certain instances. Miniature linear actuators in some cases may be operated by small stepper motors. Small linear motors/actuators may also be used in low cost consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial applications. However, it will be appreciated that the lateral movement of substrate 200 may be controlled in any suitable manner.
Linear motors and/or actuators may be built into the frame of the assembly, in certain example embodiments. These motors and/or actuators may be controlled, in certain examples, by low cost microcontrollers. The controllers may be programmed to maintain relative orientation between a lenticular array and a glass substrate with solar strips disposed thereon, in order to maintain the focus of the sunlight, in certain examples.
This movement preferably is a low friction movement. Thus, the movement may require very little power. For example, in certain embodiments, a lateral movement step of from about 0.01 to 1 mm every 10 minutes is all that may be necessary to maintain the focus of the sunlight. Furthermore, the force requirement to move the glass may be low, particularly if the glass substrate is relatively thin (e.g., less than about 10 mm, more preferably less than about 5 mm, and most preferably from about 1 to 2 mm). In certain instances, the glass may be thick enough to reduce bowing, but thin enough to reduce weight. In some cases, power generated by the solar cells may be used to power this movement.
The dual and/or triple glazing assemblies described herein may not suffer from problems experienced by traditional concentrated photovoltaic system. In certain conventional concentrated photovoltaic systems (e.g., those installed in the desert or the like), a rugged, robust, and expensive tracker system may be needed in order for the system to withstand windloads, other external forces, and certain acts of nature. However, in certain example embodiments of the assemblies disclosed herein, there may be no or few heavy external forces impacting the tracker system (e.g., wind, etc.). This is because the glass with the solar strips may be safely enclosed between the lenticular array and the inside of a building (e.g., in the case of a dual glazing unit), or even between a first and third glass substrate (e.g., in the case of a triple glazing unit, or a unit with even more substrates). It will be appreciated that the improved durability resulting from the double, triple, quad, etc., glazing is advantageous, and makes the assemblies described herein desirable for implementation into energy-efficient buildings.
Certain example assemblies disclosed herein may be installed at a latitude tilt as shown in
In certain example embodiments, the installation of an example assembly may be particularly advantageous in southern locations (in the northern hemisphere), locations near the equator, and in northern locations in the southern hemisphere (though one skilled in the art will understand the modifications to this system if implemented in locations other than the northern hemisphere). In certain instances, installing an assembly at a latitude tilt, facing the equator, may advantageously give more annual energy output than a vertical façade system. In other words, the assemblies described herein may be particularly advantageous in warmer climates, e.g., with an abundance of direct sunlight. However, the applicability of these assemblies is widespread and they may be used in any climate or region.
The table below shows example energy output data for Phoenix, at a 33.43 degree latitude. The calculations in Table 4 were calculated using the NREL PVWatts calculator.
The 4 kW system of Table 5 uses about 25-50 m2 of (BIPV) skylight area if the efficiency for direct sunlight is 10-20%, in certain examples.
Certain example assemblies, e.g., of
Furthermore, because of the direct sunlight being absorbed by the solar cell strips (e.g., for the generation of electricity), diffuse daylight is the primary light entering the building. This may help reduce the glare from direct sunlight. The transmitted diffuse daylight may reduce the need for artificial lighting in the building, without substantially increasing the ambient temperature within the building. In other words, integrating example embodiments of assemblies described herein, e.g., as a skylight, window, or the like, in a building may advantageously increase lighting within the building without increasing the temperature, decrease the need for artificial lighting, and of course, provide an additional source of electricity. Accordingly, certain example assemblies described herein may reduce energy usage and/or utility costs in multiple ways. In addition, daylight tends to promote health and productivity of the occupants of a building, as shown in many studies.
As described above, certain example embodiments assemblies described herein (e.g., windows, skylights, dual and/or triple glazings, etc.) may advantageously provide a degree of thermal insulation in certain example embodiments. Certain example assemblies described herein may be double or triple glazing units. In this regard, in some cases, an additional degree of thermal insulation may be provided as a result.
Further, to provide additional thermal insulation for a building, low-emissivity coatings may be provided on one or more of the interior glass surfaces. In certain example embodiments, the degree of additional thermal insulation provided may advantageously enable the cost of heating to be reduced. This may also advantageously reduce utility bills, energy usage, etc. Additional example low-E coatings are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,686,050, 6,723,211, 6,782,718, 6,749,941, 6,730,352, 6,802,943, 4,782,216, 3,682,528, and 6,936,347, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In certain example embodiments, if it is desired that more light reach the interior of the building (e.g., temporarily), the system may be programmed to move the solar cell strips out of the focus line of the solar light. This may be occasionally valuable in providing increased light (daylight), including direct solar radiation, to the interior of the building. However, in this situation, the production of electricity may be reduced and/or stopped, in certain examples. This is simply an additional advantage related to certain example aspects of the assemblies disclosed herein.
Thus, it will be appreciated that certain example assemblies described herein may advantageously be installed at a latitude tilt, and therefore may have increased electricity output, the assemblies may provide daylight entry into the building, and also may also provide thermal insulation (e.g., as a dual and/or triple glazing). Furthermore, certain assemblies may also advantageously provide self-regulating or dynamic solar heat control, and a low solar heat gain coefficient if and/or when needed under direct sunlight.
In certain example embodiments, the multi-functionality of example assemblies described herein may cause these assemblies to be a much more attractive building-integrated photovoltaic system than existing/conventional BIPV systems. In some circumstances, electricity generation by itself may not be seen as enough of a benefit to justify an investment in BIPV technology. However, by adding thermal insulation, variable solar heat gain control, and diffuse daylight entry, certain example embodiments of the assemblies of or including improved BIPV systems described herein (e.g., windows, skylights, etc., comprising double and/or triple glazings, insulating glass units, and the like) may provide a more comprehensive solution for energy efficient buildings.
It will be appreciated that the improved BIPV systems disclosed herein may be used in connection with an IGU-inclusive photovoltaic skylight) and may be installed on commercial roofs, for example, roofs of factories, warehouses, office buildings, large stores, schools, shopping centers, etc. For example, an IGU-inclusive photovoltaic skylight system may be advantageous in any scenario where a combination of electricity generation, thermal insulation, solar heat gain control, and/or daylight entry may reduce the utility and/or operational costs of the building.
For instance, in certain example embodiments, a pin 1710 may connect the second glass substrate 1704 to a body portion 1712 of the servo motor. When the servo motor is actuated, it will cause the servo motor rod 1714 (which may include magnets in certain example embodiments) to expand or contract, causing the second substrate 1706 that is connected thereto via the pin 1710 to be correspondingly displaced. Movement may be facilitated by providing one or more sliders 1716 that roll on or otherwise travel along a compact rail 1718 disposed on one or both sides thereof.
As alluded to above, the servo motor may be a linear motor inside of the frame that helps control the lateral movement of the second substrate 1704. A microcontroller may be programmed to cause the servo motor to move, e.g., based on the time of day and/or based on feedback from a photo-detector or the like. The total movement may be about 1 cm during the day based on, for example the latitude tilt or the like. The movement may take place slowly, e.g., about 0.01 to 0.1 mm once every 10 min. to accomplish the full movement throughout the day, thereby enabling the servo to consume a low amount of power. Advantageously, the system is protected by the inner and outer first and third substrates 1702 and 1706. Thus, the need to protect the system from external forces (e.g., high winds, hail, etc.) is reduced.
As indicated above, the skylight advantageously becomes self-regulating. In some cases, only about 15% of the total maximum irradiation, which corresponds to diffuse light, is transmitted into the building. Direct solar radiation is blocked, thereby enabling variable solar heat gain control, e.g., such that heat is blocked when most appropriate (e.g., under full sunlight), which can in turn lead to heating/cooling advantages, etc.
As indicated above, certain example embodiments may include low-iron glass. The total amount of iron present is expressed herein in terms of Fe2O3 in accordance with standard practice. However, typically, not all iron is in the form of Fe2O3. Instead, iron is usually present in both the ferrous state (Fe2+; expressed herein as FeO, even though all ferrous state iron in the glass may not be in the form of FeO) and the ferric state (Fe3+). Iron in the ferrous state (Fe2+; FeO) is a blue-green colorant, while iron in the ferric state (Fe3+) is a yellow-green colorant. The blue-green colorant of ferrous iron (Fe2+; FeO) is of particular concern when seeking to achieve a fairly clear or neutral colored glass, since as a strong colorant it introduces significant color into the glass. While iron in the ferric state (Fe3+) is also a colorant, it is of less concern when seeking to achieve a glass fairly clear in color since iron in the ferric state tends to be weaker as a colorant than its ferrous state counterpart.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a glass is made so as to be highly transmissive to visible light, to be fairly clear or neutral in color, and to consistently realize high % TS values. High % TS values are particularly desirable for photovoltaic device applications in that high % TS values of the light-incident-side glass substrate permit such photovoltaic devices to generate more electrical energy from incident radiation since more radiation is permitted to reach the semiconductor absorbing film of the device. It has been found that the use of an extremely high batch redox in the glass manufacturing process permits resulting low-ferrous glasses made via the float process to consistently realize a desirable combination of high visible transmission, substantially neutral color, and high total solar (% TS) values. Moreover, in certain example embodiments of this invention, this technique permits these desirable features to be achieved with the use of little or no cerium oxide.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, a soda-lime-silica based glass is made using the float process with an extremely high batch redox. An example batch redox which may be used in making glasses according to certain example embodiments of this invention is from about +26 to +40, more preferably from about +27 to +35, and most preferably from about +28 to +33 (note that these are extremely high batch redox values not typically used in making glass). In making the glass via the float process or the like, the high batch redox value tends to reduce or eliminate the presence of ferrous iron (Fe2+; FeO) in the resulting glass, thereby permitting the glass to have a higher % TS transmission value which may be beneficial in photovoltaic applications. This is advantageous, for example, in that it permits high transmission, neutral color, high % TS glass to be made using raw materials having typical amounts of iron in certain example instances (e.g., from about 0.04 to 0.10% total iron). In certain example embodiments of this invention, the glass has a total iron content (Fe2O3) of no more than about 0.1%, more preferably from about 0 (or 0.04) to 0.1%, even more preferably from about 0.01 (or 0.04) to 0.08%, and most preferably from about 0.03 (or 0.04) to 0.07%. In certain example embodiments of this invention, the resulting glass may have a % FeO (ferrous iron) of from 0 to 0.0050%, more preferably from 0 to 0.0040, even more preferably from 0 to 0.0030, still more preferably from 0 to 0.0020, and most preferably from 0 to 0.0010, and possibly from 0.0005 to 0.0010 in certain example instances. In certain example embodiments, the resulting glass has a glass redox (different than batch redox) of no greater than 0.08, more preferably no greater than 0.06, still more preferably no greater than 0.04, and even more preferably no greater than 0.03 or 0.02.
In certain example embodiments, the glass substrate may have fairly clear color that may be slightly yellowish (a positive b* value is indicative of yellowish color), in addition to high visible transmission and high % TS. For example, in certain example embodiments, the glass substrate may be characterized by a visible transmission of at least about 90% (more preferably at least about 91%), a total solar (% TS) value of at least about 90% (more preferably at least about 91%), a transmissive a* color value of from −1.0 to +1.0 (more preferably from −0.5 to +0.5, even more preferably from −0.35 to 0), and a transmissive b* color value of from −0.5 to +1.5 (more preferably from 0 to +1.0, and most preferably from +0.2 to +0.8). These properties may be realized at an example non-limiting reference glass thickness of about 4 mm.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, there is provided a method of making glass comprising:
wherein the glass has visible transmission of at least about 90%, a transmissive a* color value of −1.0 to +1.0, a transmissive b* color value of from −0.50 to +1.5, % TS of at least 89.5%, and wherein the method comprises using a batch redox of from +26 to +40 in making the glass.
In certain example embodiments of this invention, there is provided a glass comprising:
wherein the glass has visible transmission of at least 90%, TS transmission of at least 90%; a transmissive a* color value of −1.0 to +1.0, a transmissive b* color value of from −0.5 to +1.5.
In still further example embodiments of this invention, there is provided solar cell comprising: a glass substrate; first and second conductive layers with at least a photoelectric film provided therebetween; wherein the glass substrate is of a composition comprising:
wherein the glass substrate has visible transmission of at least 90%, TS transmission of at least 90%; a transmissive a* color value of −1.0 to +1.0, a transmissive b* color value of from −0.5 to +1.5.
As used herein, the terms “on,” “supported by,” and the like should not be interpreted to mean that two elements are directly adjacent to one another unless explicitly stated. In other words, a first layer may be said to be “on” or “supported by” a second layer, even if there are one or more layers therebetween.
In certain example embodiments, a skylight is provided. A plurality of elongate solar cells are supported by a substrate. A lens array comprises a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, with each said lens being configured to concentrate light on the elongate solar cells, and with the lens array being substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the substrate such that a gap is defined between the lens array and the substrate. The skylight is arranged to permit some diffuse light incident thereon to pass therethrough and to cause direct light to be focused onto the solar cells.
In addition to the features of the previous paragraph, in certain example embodiments, the skylight may be substantially horizontally disposable on a roof.
In addition to the features of either of the two previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the skylight may be orientable at a tilt selected in dependence on a latitude where the skylight is to be installed.
In addition to the features of any of the three previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the solar cells may comprise c-Si.
In addition to the features of any of the four previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the solar cells may have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1.
In addition to the features of any of the five previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the solar cells may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1.
In addition to the features of any of the six previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, a movement mechanism may be configured to move the substrate supporting the solar cells relative to the lens array
In addition to the features of the previous paragraph, in certain example embodiments, the substrate supporting the solar cells may have a substantially horizontal range of motion of up to about 20 mm.
In addition to the features of any of the eight previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, first and second edge seals may be provided, with each of the edge seals optionally including first and second openings into which first and second edges of the substrate and the lens array may be inserted, respectively.
In addition to the features of any of the nine previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, a motor may be provided, and the first openings of the first and second edge seals may be spaced apart a distance greater than a length of the substrate such that the substrate is slidable along an axis under control of the motor.
In addition to the features of any of the ten previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the skylight may be arranged to be installed at a latitude tilt of from about 5 to 50 degrees, more preferably from about 15 to 45 degrees.
In addition to the features of any of the eleven previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, a motor and/or actuator for controlling lateral movement of the substrate supporting the solar cells may be provided.
In certain example embodiments, a method of making a building-integrated photovoltaic skylight is provided. A substrate supports a plurality of spaced apart, generally elongate solar cells. A lens array comprises a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis. The substrate and the lens array are connected to one another such that each said lens is configured to concentrate light incident thereon towards the elongate solar cells and such that the lens array is substantially parallel to and spaced apart from the substrate.
In addition to the features of the previous paragraph, in certain example embodiments, the photovoltaic skylight may include another substrate provided in spaced apart relation to the substrate supporting the solar cells on a surface opposite the lens array.
In addition to the features of either of the two previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the solar cells may comprise c-Si.
In addition to the features of any of the three previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the solar cells may have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1, more preferably at least about 5:1.
In addition to the features of any of the four previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, the skylight may be installable at a latitude tilt such that it is angled toward the equator.
In addition to the features of any of the five previous paragraphs, in certain example embodiments, a motor and/or actuator may be provided for laterally moving the substrate supporting the solar cells.
In addition to the features of the previous paragraph, in certain example embodiments, the substrate supporting the solar cells may have a range of lateral motion of up to about 20 mm.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/477,400, filed May 22, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 12/662,624, filed Apr. 26, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are all hereby incorporated herein by reference in this application.
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| Child | 13477400 | US |
