Patent Grant
10551058
There are many different types of burners and combustion systems. Generally, a burner or combustion system includes a fuel nozzle that injects fuel into a combustion chamber. The fuel mixes with an oxidant (e.g., air) and, after mixing, the fuel and air mixture is ignited and combusted in the combustion chamber to generate heat. Furthermore, heat generated by the combustion system may be transferred and may raise a temperature of one or more objects and/or materials. For example, heat may be transferred from the combustion system to one or more pipes in a boiler system.
One or more pollutants may be produced during combustion of the fuel. Typically, such pollutants are exhausted into an outside environment and/or atmosphere and may have a negative impact on that environment. In addition, typical combustion systems operate below a theoretical maximum efficiency for converting chemical energy of the fuel into heat, which may be transferred to one or more objects or materials that are heated by the combustion system.
Therefore, developers and users of burners and combustion systems continue to seek improvements to operating efficiency thereof and/or production of pollutants thereby.
Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to integrated combustion assemblies including a perforated flame holder, combustion systems that include one or more integrated combustion assemblies, and related methods of making and using the same. For example, an integrated combustion assembly may be placed into service (e.g., integrated into a combustion system) as a complete and/or replaceable unit such that elements and/or components of the combustion assembly are preassembled and no further assembly is required at the installation site. In some configurations, an existing combustion system may be retrofitted with one or more combustion assemblies, which may be swapped in and/or exchanged for existing burners, without requiring further assembly and/or modifications during the retrofitting, which may reduce installation errors and/or improve quality of the retrofitted assembly (e.g., as compared with a retrofit that requires assembly of multiple components at the retrofit site).
In an embodiment, an integrated combustion assembly is disclosed. The integrated combustion assembly includes one or more fuel nozzles each of which is configured to output fuel flow in generally a downstream direction, and a fuel distribution hub operably coupled to the plurality of fuel nozzles and configured to distribute fuel among the plurality of fuel nozzles. The integrated combustion assembly further includes a perforated flame holder including a body defining a plurality of apertures that extend between an upstream side of the perforated flame holder and a downstream side of the perforated flame holder. The perforated flame holder is positioned at a selected distance downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and defining a flow space between the upstream side of the flame holder and the plurality of fuel nozzles. One or more supports extend downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and support the perforated flame holder at the selected distance from the plurality of fuel nozzles.
In an embodiment, a heating unit is disclosed. The heating unit includes a shell defining an interior space of the heating unit, and one or more integrated combustion assemblies extending into the interior space. Each of the one or more integrated combustion assemblies includes a plurality of fuel nozzles each of which is configured to output fuel flow in generally a downstream direction, a fuel distribution hub operably coupled to the plurality of fuel nozzles and configured to distribute fuel among the plurality of fuel nozzles, and a perforated flame holder positioned at a selected distance downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and defining a flow space between an upstream side of the perforated flame holder and the plurality of fuel nozzles. The perforated flame holder includes a body defining a plurality of apertures that extend between the upstream side of the perforated flame holder and a downstream side of the perforated flame holder. Each of the one or more integrated combustion assemblies further includes one or more supports extending downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and supporting the flame holder at the selected distance from the plurality of fuel nozzles.
In an embodiment, a method of upgrading a heating unit is disclosed. At least one burner is removed from the heating unit, thereby vacating a burner space therein. An integrated combustion assembly is installed in the vacated burner space in the heating unit. The integrated combustion assembly includes a fuel distribution hub operably coupled to the plurality of fuel nozzles and configured to distribute fuel among a plurality of fuel nozzles, a perforated flame holder positioned at a selected distance downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and defining a flow space between a downstream side of the perforated flame holder and the plurality of fuel nozzles, and one or more supports extending downstream from the plurality of fuel nozzles and supporting the perforated flame holder at the selected distance from the plurality of fuel nozzles. The perforated flame holder includes a body defining a plurality of apertures that extend between an upstream side of the perforated flame holder and the downstream side of the perforated flame holder. Each of the plurality of fuel nozzles is configured to output fuel flow in generally a downstream direction.
Features from any of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
The drawings illustrate several embodiments, wherein identical reference numerals refer to identical or similar elements or features in different views or embodiments shown in the drawings.
Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to integrated combustion assemblies including a perforated flame holder, combustion systems that include one or more integrated combustion assemblies, and related methods of making and using the same. For example, an integrated combustion assembly may be placed into service (e.g., integrated into a combustion system) as a complete and/or replaceable unit, such that elements and/or components of the combustion assembly are preassembled and no further assembly is required at the installation site. In some configurations, an existing combustion system may be retrofitted with one or more combustion assemblies, which may be swapped in and/or exchanged for existing burners, without requiring further assembly and/or modifications during the retrofitting, which may reduce installation errors and/or improve quality of the retrofitted assembly (e.g., as compared with a retrofit that requires assembly of multiple components at the retrofit site).
In an embodiment, an integrated combustion assembly may include multiple fuel nozzles secured by and/or connected to a fuel distribution hub and may include a perforated flame holder that may be positioned at a selected distance downstream from the fuel nozzles. For example, the integrated combustion assembly may include one or more supports that may secure the flame holder at the selected distance downstream from the fuel nozzles (e.g., the support(s) may be secured or connected to the fuel distribution hub and may extend downstream therefrom, and the flame holder may be positioned on and/or secured to the support(s)). The support(s) may be formed from a heat-resistant material, such as a nickel superalloy, a stainless steel (e.g., RA 253 MA® or other suitable creep resistant stainless steel), ceramic, such as silicon carbide, or other suitable material (e.g., refractory materials). In at least one embodiment, the flame holder includes a plate or a body having one or more apertures extending therethrough in a direction of fuel flow from the fuel nozzles. Under some operating conditions, fuel flowing from the fuel nozzles and an oxidant may enter at least some of the apertures in a manner that the apertures facilitate mixing of the fuel and oxidant therein (e.g., to improve combustion of the fuel).
Generally, the fuel nozzles may be arranged in any number of suitable arrangements. For example, the fuel nozzles may be arranged along one or more generally circular paths. Likewise, the flame holder may have any number of apertures extending through the body thereof, and the apertures may be arranged in any number of suitable arrangements and/or may have any number of suitable sizes. For example, the apertures may be arranged along one or more generally circular paths or a rectilinear array.
In some embodiments, the combustion system may exhibit an increased or improved heat transfer therefrom to one or more objects and/or material heated thereby. As such, under some operating conditions, a greater amount of chemical energy stored in a fuel may be converted to heat transferred to objects and/or materials heated by the retrofitted heating unit or combustion system (e.g., more of the chemical energy may be converted to radiant heat that may be transferred more efficiently to one or more materials heated thereby than by, for example, convection). Furthermore, the combustion system may combust the fuel at a lower temperature than a conventional combustion system. Under some operating conditions, by reducing the combustion temperature, an amount of pollutants produced by the retrofitted combustion system also may be reduced (e.g., as compared to the amount of pollutants produced by a conventional combustion system). For example, the combustion system may produce less oxides of nitrogen “NOx” (e.g., NO and/or NO2) than a conventional combustion system. In some embodiments, the combustion system may facilitate a leaner combustion than a conventional combustion system (e.g., the combustion system may sustain a flame from a leaner fuel to air ratio than may be sustained by the conventional combustion system).
The flame holder 120 may be attached to and/or positioned on the supports 130 with any number of suitable mechanisms and in any number of suitable configurations. In an embodiment, the supports 130 may include a shoulder, which may position and/or orient the flame holder 120 relative to the fuel nozzles 110 (e.g., an downstream side 121 of the flame holder 120 may be positioned at a selected distance from the fuel nozzles 110). Additionally or alternatively, the flame holder 120 may be fastened, brazed, welded, or otherwise secured to the supports 130 and/or via an intermediate support structure (e.g., a flame holder support system or structure that may be secured to the supports 130) in another suitable manner. In some embodiments, the flame holder 120 may be positioned on an intermediate support structure without being fastened thereto. In an embodiment, an annular refractory tile (not shown) may extend circumferentially about the fuel nozzles 110 and inside the flow space 10.
Generally, the fuel nozzles 110 may inject fuel into the flow space 10 and the oxidant inlets 140 may facilitate flow of and/or force oxidant into the flow space 10. For example, the fuel may include a hydrocarbon gas such as natural gas (mostly CH4) or propane, or hydrocarbon liquids such as fuel oil, diesel oil, etc. Additionally or alternatively, other suitable fuels include hydrogen or mixtures of gaseous fuels such as methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. The fuel and oxidant may mix (e.g., in the flow space 10 and/or in apertures 123 of the flame holder 120 (described below in more detail), etc.) and may be ignited and combusted thereafter. For example, the integrated combustion assembly 100 may include an ignition device, such as a spark igniter, which may be positioned downstream of the fuel and air flow and may ignite the fuel. Ignition and/or combustion of the fuel and oxidant in the flow space 10 may produce a flame that, in some embodiments, may be anchored at, in, and/or near the flame holder 120.
The flame holder 120 may have downstream side 121 and upstream side 122. As the fuel and air mixture approaches and/or contacts the flame holder 120 (e.g., the upstream side 122 of the flame holder 120), the fuel and air mixture may be ignited and/or combusted. Furthermore, the flame holder 120 includes a plurality of apertures 123 that may be formed in and/or defined by a body 124 of the flame holder 120. Each or some of the apertures 123 extend from the downstream side 121 to the upstream side 122 and completely through the body 124. In any event, as the fuel and air mixture ignites and/or combusts at, in, and/or near the flame holder 120, at least some of the flame formed thereby may enter and/or be formed in and/or near one or more of the apertures 123 in the body 124 of the flame holder 120.
Generally, the flame holder 120 may be formed from and/or include any number of suitable materials, which may vary from one embodiment to the next. For example, the flame holder 120 may include refractory metal materials, ceramics, high-temperature alloys (e.g., nickel superalloys), etc. The apertures 123 of the flame holder 120 may have any suitable shape and/or size (e.g., the apertures 123 may be approximately cylindrical, prismoid, etc.). Similarly, the apertures 123 may be positioned and/or arranged on the body 124 in any number of suitable configurations (e.g., the apertures 123 may have a generally circular arrangement on the body 124 of the flame holder 120). Examples of suitable configurations for the flame holder 120 are disclosed in PCT International Application No. PCT/US2014/016628 filed on 14 Feb. 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
The flame holder 120 also may have any suitable thickness, shape, size, or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, the flame holder 120 may have an approximately cylindrical shape (e.g., the flame holder 120 may have a rectangular cross-section). Moreover, in some embodiments, the thickness of the flame holder 120 may be selected such that the combusted fuel produces a flame located at or near the upstream side 122, the downstream side 121 of the flame holder 122, in the flame holder 122 itself, or combinations thereof.
As mentioned above, the integrated combustion assembly 100 may include a fuel distribution hub 150 operably coupled to one, some, or all of the fuel nozzles 110 and configured to distribute fuel 20 to and/or among the fuel nozzles 110. In an embodiment, the fuel nozzles 110 may be connected to the fuel distribution hub 150 such that fuel 20 flowing from a fuel supply line 160 may enter the fuel distribution hub 150 and may be distributed to the fuel nozzles 110 (e.g., through one or more channels in the fuel distribution hub 150 that are in fluid communication with corresponding ones of the fuel nozzles 110). For example, the fuel 20 may be generally evenly or generally equally distributed among the fuel nozzles 110 by the fuel distribution hub 150. Alternatively, more of the fuel may be preferentially distributed to one or more of the fuel nozzles 110 than one or more other fuel nozzles 110. For example, the fuel nozzles 110 positioned farther from a general fuel flow line or centerline 30 of the flow space 10 and/or of the integrated combustion assembly 100 may receive more fuel than the fuel nozzles 110 closer to the centerline 30, or vice versa).
The fuel from the fuel nozzles 110 may be generally injected or may flow into the flow space 10. In some embodiments, the distribution of the fuel in the flow space 10 may be at least partially controlled or regulated by the fuel distribution hub 150. Additionally or alternatively, as described below in more detail, the direction and/or that amount of fuel injected into the flow space 10 may be at least partially controlled and regulated by nozzle orientations and/or sizes of the corresponding fuel nozzles 110. In any event, the fuel 20 may enter the fuel distribution hub 150 from the fuel supply line 160, may be distributed to the fuel nozzles 110 in any number of suitable ways and/or quantities, and may flow from the fuel nozzles 110 into the flow space 10.
As described above, the fuel nozzles 110 may be positioned in any number of suitable arrangements.
In some embodiments, in one, some, or each of the paths 40, 41, 42, the adjacent fuel nozzles 110 may be spaced from one another at substantially the same distances, as measured along the corresponding paths 40, 41, 42. Hence, for example, there may be more fuel nozzles 110 positioned along paths having a greater diameter than along paths having a smaller diameter (e.g., there may be more fuel nozzles 110 positioned along the path 40 than along the path 41). Alternatively, at least some of the adjacent fuel nozzles 110 may have different distances or spacing.
In the illustrated embodiment, outer paths (e.g., the paths having a relatively greater diameter) have more of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon than inner paths (e.g., the path having a relatively smaller diameter). More specifically, the path 40 has more of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon than the path 41, and the path 41 has more of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon than the path 42. In particular, for example, the number of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned on each subsequent outer path may be greater than the number of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned on the preceding inner path by a select ratio (e.g., an integer-based ration, such as 2×, 3×, etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, each subsequent outer path has twice as many of the fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon than the immediately preceding inner path (e.g., the path 42 has three fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon, the path 41 has six fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon, and the path 40 has twelve fuel nozzles 110 positioned thereon). However, the number and distribution of the fuel nozzles 110 may depart from the illustrated embodiment.
In some embodiments, the circular paths 40, 41, 42 may be substantially equidistantly spaced from the adjacent ones of the paths 40, 41, 42 (e.g., the difference between radii of the path 40 and path 41 may be approximately the same as the difference between the radii of the paths 41 and 42). It should be appreciated, however, that the paths may have any suitable shape and the fuel nozzles 110 may be arranged thereon in any number of suitable arrangements. Also, the paths may have any suitable spacing therebetween. Moreover, the fuel nozzles 110 may be arranged in any number of arrangements that do not follow any path or that have irregular-shaped paths.
Generally, the fuel nozzles (e.g., the fuel nozzles 110a and/or fuel nozzles 110a′) may be independently connected to a fuel supply or may be connected to a common fuel distribution hub that connects to a fuel supply and distributes and/or regulates distribution of fuel 20 among the fuel nozzles.
Generally, the fuel channels 152a may have any suitable shape (e.g., cross-sectional shape and/or extended shape), length, arrangement, and combinations of the foregoing, which may vary from one embodiment to the next. In the illustrated embodiment, at least some of the fuel channels 152a extend in generally circular or radial paths. For example, the fuel channel 152a′ and the fuel channel 152a″ may extend about the same or similar circular paths as corresponding fuel nozzles (e.g., the centerlines of the fuel channel 152a′ and the fuel channel 152a″ may be located on or correspond to generally circular paths). Alternatively or additionally, the fuel channels 152a may extend in the hub body 151a along any number of paths, such as to connect the fuel nozzles to the fuel 20 flowing in fuel channels 152a.
Moreover, the fuel distribution hub 150a may include channels that extend radially (e.g., fuel channels 152a′″) and/or connect adjacent radial or circular channels, such as fuel channels 152a′, 152a″. As mentioned above, the fuel channels 152a may have any suitable cross-sectional shape (e.g., half-round, square, rectangular, etc.) and/or size (e.g., cross-sectional area). Furthermore, the shape and/or size of the fuel channels 152a may vary from one to another. For example, reducing or increasing size of one or more fuel channels 152a as compared to another fuel channels 152a may control flow of fuel 20 to one or more fuel nozzles by correspondingly increasing or decreasing flow of fuel 20 in the fuel channels 152a that supply the fuel to such nozzles.
Alternatively or additionally, one, some, or each of the fuel nozzles may be connected to an independent channel and/or fuel line. For example, each of the fuel nozzles may connect to a designated fuel line that may supply a suitable amount of fuel thereto. Moreover, in some embodiments, fuel flow from each of the designated or corresponding fuel lines may be controlled by a corresponding valve (e.g., mechanical or electromechanical valve), such that, for example, the fuel flow to any of the nozzles may be controlled independently of all other nozzles.
In an embodiment, the fuel distribution hub 150a includes openings 153a that correspond to and place the corresponding fuel nozzles in fluid communication with the fuel channels 152a, such that fuel 20 may be supplied from the fuel distribution hub 150a into the fuel nozzles. In some embodiments, the fuel distribution hub 150a may include a cover 154a, which may seal the fuel 20 in the fuel channels 152a, such that the fuel 20 may flow along the fuel channels 152a without leaking out of the fuel distribution hub 150a. The openings 153a may extend through the cover 154a and to the fuel channels 152a, such that the fuel flowing in the fuel channels 152a may exit through the openings 153a and enter the fuel nozzles. In at least one embodiment, the fuel nozzles may seal against the fuel distribution hub 150a (e.g., inside corresponding openings 153a, against the cover 154a and about the corresponding openings 153a, combinations thereof, etc.), such as to prevent or limit fuel leaks between the fuel distribution hub 150a and the fuel nozzles. In any event, the fuel distribution hub 150a may distribute and/or regulate distribution of fuel 20 to corresponding fuel nozzles of the integrated combustion assembly.
In at least one embodiment, the distribution hub may have fewer or no fuel channels, such that fuel is distributed to two or more fuel nozzles at substantially the same pressure. For example, the distribution hub may have a generally hollow interior (defined by exterior walls of the distribution hub), and the fuel may flow from a fuel supply (e.g., from a fuel supply line) into the interior and subsequently to the openings in the distribution hub, which supply the fuel to the fuel nozzles. In an embodiment, a pilot nozzle may be supplied directly (e.g., a fuel supply to the pilot nozzle may be from a separate channel and/or may pass through the distribution hub and connect to the pilot nozzle that, for example, may be positioned approximately at the center of the integrated combustion assembly).
In any event, the fuel 20 may be distributed in a suitable or selected amounts to suitable and/or selected fuel nozzles in the integrated combustion assembly and may exit or flow out of the fuel nozzles into the flow space thereof. In some embodiments, one or more of the fuel nozzles in the integrated combustion assembly may flow at least some fuel in a direction generally parallel to the centerline of the integrated combustion assembly.
In an embodiment, the fuel nozzles 110a may flow fuel 20 into flow space 10a of the integrated combustion assembly 100a. The fuel 20 may exit the fuel nozzles 110a as a spray or flow that may have any suitable shape. For example, after exiting the fuel nozzles 110a, the fuel 20 may form a flow having a generally conical shape, a fan shape, etc. (e.g., the fan, cone, etc., formed by the flow of the fuel 20 may have a spray angle θ (
In an embodiment, at least some of the fuel nozzles 110a that are located near and/or closest to the interior surface of the support 130a or a burner tile (not shown) may flow at least a portion of the fuel 20 substantially parallel to the interior surface of the support 130a and/or the burner tile. For example, spray angle bisector 50 (
Moreover, fuel nozzles of the integrated combustion assembly may have any number of suitable spray angles, which may vary from one fuel nozzle to another and/or from one embodiment to another.
The fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may have any number of suitable sizes (e.g., heights, widths, etc.), flow throughputs, spray angles, orientations, combinations of the foregoing, etc., which may vary from one fuel nozzle to another and/or from one embodiment to another. In some embodiments, the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may supply the fuel 20 into the flow space 10b in a manner that produces a generally uniform or balanced distribution of the fuel 20 and/or of the fuel-oxidant mixture inside the flow space 10b. For example, as shown in
In an embodiment, the fuel nozzles 110a may flow at least some of the fuel 20 in a direction that may be generally parallel to the centerline of the combustion assembly and/or to the orientation of the fuel nozzles 110a. For example, at least some of the fuel 20 that may flow near and/or close to an interior wall that may define the flow space 10b may flow generally parallel to such wall and/or to the centerline of the combustion assembly. In some embodiments, the fuel nozzles 110a may have a spray angle that is oriented or tilted toward the centerline of the combustion assembly (e.g., as shown in
Moreover, as described above, the spray angle and/or the flow throughput of the fuel nozzles 110a, fuel nozzles 110b, fuel nozzles 110c may vary. For example, the fuel nozzles 110c may be positioned near and/or at the centerline of the combustion assembly and may have a generally small spray angle (e.g., most of the fuel 20 exiting the fuel nozzles 110c may flow generally along the centerline of the combustion assembly). In some embodiments, the fuel nozzles 110b may be positioned at location(s) between the fuel nozzles 110c and the fuel nozzles 110a (e.g., the fuel nozzles 110b may be closer to the centerline than fuel nozzles 110a but farther than fuel nozzles 110c).
In some embodiments, the fuel 20 flowing from the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may at least partially overlap and/or mix together and/or with oxidant that flows into the flow space 10b. For example, the streams of fuel 20 flowing from adjacent ones of the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may overlap and/or mix. Overlapping and/or mixing fuel 20 from multiple fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may provide a balanced and/or substantially uniform distribution of fuel 20 and/or of fuel-oxidant mixture in the flow space 10b. Moreover, the fuel flows from the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may be intersecting in a manner that facilitates cross-lighting of the fuel and/or stabilizing the flame formed therefrom (e.g., during a startup or heating phase, such as a phase where the flame holder is heated to an operating temperature).
The embodiment illustrated in
In some embodiments, the operating capacity of the integrated combustion assembly may be reduced below 100% operating capacity. For example, the amount of fuel supplied to and combusted in the integrated combustion assembly may be reduced to an amount that is less than maximum designed amount of fuel flow. In an embodiment, the fuel flow may be reduced at a main valve, such that the fuel flow from each of the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c is reduced (e.g., reducing the flow speed of the fuel). Alternatively, one or more selected fuel nozzles (e.g., of the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c) may be disabled or may have reduced fuel flow therethrough, such that at least some of the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c maintain a selected (e.g., un-reduced) speed of fuel flow. For example, selectively stopping flow through one or more of the fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c, while maintaining the speed of fuel flow out of remaining fuel nozzles 110a, 110b, 110c may reduce the possibility of unstable combustion and/or upstream flame propagation.
Furthermore, as described below in more detail, the combustion assembly may be operated to first heat the flame holder to a suitable temperature. For example, one or more fuel nozzles may extend closer to and/or may be positioned and configured to heat the flame holder to a suitable temperature (e.g., to a temperature at or near combustion temperature of the fuel 20). Under some operating conditions, after the flame holder is heated to the suitable temperature, the fuel-oxidant mixture may be combusted inside the flow space 10b (e.g., the fuel-oxidant mixture may be combusted near the flame holder, such that the flame formed from the combustion anchors to and/or positions on and/or in the flame holder).
In an embodiment, the combustion assembly may include one or more valves that may be operated to first permit flow of fuel 20 to fuel nozzle(s) heating the flame holder and subsequently permit flow of fuel 20 to fuel nozzle(s) that flow fuel in a manner that forms a flame attached to the flame holder. In some embodiments, some of the fuel may flow to the fuel nozzle(s) that direct fuel flow into the flow space and some of the fuel may flow to the fuel nozzle(s) positioned and configured to heat the flame holder (e.g., without combusting fuel inside the flow space). For example, the combustion assembly may include a bypass valve that may be operated to divert at least a portion (e.g., from about 1% to about 100%, such as 30%) of the fuel to the fuel nozzle(s) positioned and configured to heat the flame holder and away from the fuel nozzle(s) positioned and configured to flow fuel into the flow space, and vice versa. Hence, for example, the bypass valve may control the flow of fuel to the fuel nozzles that heat the flame holder, thereby controlling heating of the flame holder. It should be appreciated that the bypass valve may be operated in any suitable manner (e.g., the bypass valve by controlled directly or indirectly by a controller and/or may be controlled manually).
As described above, the combustion assembly may have any number of suitable configurations.
In an embodiment, the integrated combustion assembly 100d may include one or more oxidant inlets 140d that may allow and/or regulate flow of oxidant into flow space 10d, such as air or other suitable oxidant. For example, the fuel distribution hub 150d and the support 130d may be connected in a manner that seals the bottom of the integrated combustion assembly 100d (e.g., such as to prevent or limit oxidant flowing through the fuel distribution hub 150d and/or between the support 130d and fuel distribution hub 150d). Alternatively, the bottom of the integrated combustion assembly 110d may be at least partially unsealed. In some embodiments, at a lower portion of the support 130d may be generally tubular and the fuel distribution hub 150d may be attached to the lower portion of the support 130d (e.g., welded and/or fastened) in a manner that forms a seal and to generally prevent or limit oxidant from entering therebetween.
In some embodiments, the integrated combustion assembly 100d may include at least one flow control ring 190d that may include or form at least a portion of at least one of the oxidant inlets 140d. For example, the support 130d may have one or more openings that may be aligned with corresponding one or more openings in the flow control ring 190d to allow and/or regulate flow of oxidant into the flow space 10d. Generally, the amount of oxidant supplied into the flow space 10d may vary from one embodiment to the next. Hence, for example, the openings in the flow control ring 190d and/or in the support 130d may be generally aligned in a manner that may form one or more suitable oxidant inlets, such as oxidant inlets 140d, to supply a suitable and/or selected amount of oxidant into the flow space 10d.
As shown in
Furthermore, the relative alignment of the flow control ring 190d and the support 130d may be fixed (e.g., with fasteners, welding, etc.). Alternatively, the flow control ring 190d may be movable or rotatable relative to the support 130d (e.g., relative to the lower portion of the supper 130d). For example, pivoting the flow control ring 190d relative to the lower portion of the support 130d, such as to change the relative alignment between the support 130d and the flow control ring 190d, may change the shape and/or size of the oxidant inlets, such as oxidant inlets 140d, thereby regulating or controlling the flow of oxidant into the flow space 10d (e.g., controlling the amount or volume and/or speed of flow of the oxidant). In an embodiment, the relative positions and/or alignment between the flow control ring 190d and the lower portion of the support 130d may be maintained by suitable friction therebetween.
In some embodiments, one, some, or all of the fuel nozzles may be adjusted and/or may be adjustable relative to the flame holder (e.g., without disassembling the integrated combustion assembly). For example, as shown in
In an embodiment, the flow control ring 190d′ may be secured to the supports 130d′. For example, a backup plate 195d′ may be secured to the supports 130d′ and may secure the flow control ring 190d′ thereto. In some embodiments, one, some, or each of the fuel nozzles 110d′ may include an independent control valve that may regulate or control fuel flow therethrough. For example, the fuel valve(s) may be positioned downstream from fuel distribution hub 150d′ that supplies fuel to the fuel nozzles 110d′.
The backup plate 195d′ may be attached to the flow control ring 190d or may be integrated therewith. Moreover, the backup plate 195d′ may at least partially secure the fuel nozzles 110d′ and fuel distribution hub 150d′ connected thereto. For example, the integrated combustion assembly 100d′ may include connector elements 196d′ that may secure the fuel nozzles 110d′ together with the fuel distribution manifold 150d′ to the supports 130d′, thereby positioning the fuel nozzles 110d′ at a selected distance from the flame holder 120d′. Furthermore, the connector elements 196d′ may releasably secure the fuel nozzle 110d′, such that the fuel nozzles 110d′ may be selectively repositioned (e.g., relative to the flame holder 120d′).
Generally, the connector elements 196d′ may have any number of suitable configurations for selectively securing the fuel nozzles 110d′.
In some embodiments, the combustion assembly may include multiple flow control rings (e.g., a first flow control ring may be attached to or integrated with the support of the combustion assembly, and a second flow control ring may be movable and/or pivotable relative to the first flow control ring).
The inner and outer rings 191e, 192e may have and/or define respective openings 193e, 194e. Specifically, the openings 193e, 194e may extend through the respective walls of the inner and outer rings 191e, 192e. Hence, for example, when the inner ring 191e is positioned inside the outer ring 192e, at least partially aligning the openings 193e, 194e may form or define oxidant inlets, such that the oxidant located outside of the outer ring 192e may flow through the oxidant inlets, through the flow ring assembly 190e, and into flow space. For example, the flow control ring 190d of the integrated combustion assembly 100d (
Generally, the openings 193e, 194e may have any suitable size, shape, location on the respective rings, combinations thereof, etc., which may vary from one embodiment to the next. Moreover, the inner and/or outer ring 191e, 192e may have any suitable number of openings. In some embodiments, the openings 193e, 194e may be approximately the same size and/or shape, and the inner and outer rings 191e, 192e may be positioned and oriented such that the openings 193e, 194e are aligned to define oxidant inlets that have approximately the same size and shape as the openings 193e, 194e (e.g., the flow ring assembly 190e may have fully open oxidant openings configuration). Alternatively, the openings 193e, 194e may be misaligned, such as to define or form oxidant inlets that have different shape and/or size than the openings 193e, 194e (e.g., when the openings 192e, 193e are misaligned, the oxidants may be smaller than when the openings 192e, 193e are substantially aligned. Hence, for example, when the openings 193e, 194e are misaligned, a smaller oxidant inlet formed thereby (as compared with the configuration where the openings 193e, 194e are aligned) may impede flow of oxidant into the flow space as compared with the fully open configuration of the oxidant inlets in the flow ring assembly 190e.
Generally, the inner and outer rings 191e and 192e may be oriented relative to one another by any number of suitable mechanisms. In an embodiment, the inner ring 191e and/or outer ring 192e may be manually rotated to suitable orient the respective openings 193e, 194e relative to one another (e.g., such as to facilitate a suitable oxidant flow therethrough). Alternatively or additionally, the inner ring 191e and/or outer ring 192e may be rotated by one or more rotation mechanisms (e.g., a motor). For example, the inner ring 191e and/or outer ring 192e may have a geared connection with a motor that may rotate the inner ring 191e and/or outer ring 192e. In an embodiment, a controller may be operably coupled to the motor and may control relative orientation of the inner ring 191e and/or outer ring 192e and the respective openings 193e, 194e relative to one another, such as to produce a selected or suitable oxidant flow therethrough.
Generally, the shapes of the openings may be configured to produce a suitable change in the opening produced therebetween as the inner and outer rings are reoriented relative to each other. For example, the area of the opening formed by the misaligned opening openings of the inner and outer rings may change linearly or nonlinearly related to a linearly changing relative radial reorientation of inner and outer rings (e.g., area change of the opening per radiant or per degree of relative reorientation of the inner and outer rings).
For example, openings in the inner and outer rings, which have substantially uniform cross-sectional shape (e.g., a rectangular projection onto a cylinder) may produce a linearly changing area of an opening formed thereby in response to linearly changing angular orientation of the inner and outer rings. Alternatively, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, substantially circular openings 192e, 193e (e.g., circular projections onto the cylinders of the inner and outer rings 191e, 192e) form an opening with the area that changes nonlinearly in response to linearly changing relative orientation of the inner and outer rings 191e, 192e (e.g., the area changes nonlinear in response to single degree-incremented or radian-incremented relative reorientation of the inner and outer rings 191e, 192e).
As mentioned above, the openings 193e, 194e of the respective inner and/or outer rings 191e, 192e may have any number of suitable shapes. As shown in
In some embodiments, an integrated combustion assembly may include one or more elements or components for starting and/or controlling combustion. Moreover, an integrated combustion assembly may be included or secured to a heater (e.g., to heat a space, fluids, etc.).
For example, similar to the integrated combustion assembly 100 (
In an embodiment, the integrated combustion assembly 100f may include a pilot 210f that may be lit by igniter 220f. For example, the igniter may be an electrical spark igniter that may provide a spark to light the pilot flame or other suitable igniter. It should be appreciated that the pilot flame produced by the pilot 210f may ignite fuel 20 flowing downstream from the fuel nozzles 110f inside the flow space 10f. Moreover, the pilot 210f may produce suitable or sufficient flame to heat the flame holder 120f to an operating temperature.
In some embodiments, the integrated combustion assembly 100f includes a flame sensor 230f that may detect ignition of the fuel 20 and a pilot flame formed from such ignition. As described below in more detail, the flame sensor 230f may be operably coupled to a controller that may receive signals therefrom and may, at least partially based on the signals, operate fuel valves (e.g., as described above), igniter(s), oxidant supply, combinations thereof, etc., as well as otherwise control combustion of the fuel inside the flow space 10f. In an embodiment, the integrated combustion assembly 100f may include at least a second flame sensor 231f, which may be positioned at or near the flame holder 120f. For example, based on the signals from the flame sensor 231f, the controller may determine that the flame is moving from the flow space 10f to the flame holder 120f.
The flame sensor 231f may measure one or more combustion parameters (e.g., temperature, opacity, or combinations thereof) of the flame to, for example, determine position of the flame. For example, the flame sensor 231f may include thermal sensors, electrical sensors, optical sensors (e.g., UV and/or IR sensors, such as UV scanners), other suitable sensors, or combinations thereof. Additionally, the flame sensor 231f may be configured to measure combustion parameters, such as a fuel particle flow rate, gas temperature, gas optical density, combustion volume temperature and/or pressure, luminosity, level of acoustics, combustion volume ionization, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, as described above, the oxidant may enter the flow space 10f through oxidant inlets 140f that may be formed or defined one or more flow control rings 190f. In an embodiment, the flow control ring(s) 190f may be positioned below (e.g., in upstream direction and away from the flow space 10f) the mounting flange 200f. Moreover, the flow control ring(s) 190f may extend about a centerline of the integrated combustion assembly 100f. As shown in
Generally, the flow of oxidant into the flow space 10f may be restricted to the flow through the openings in the flow control ring(s) 190f (i.e., through the oxidant inlets 1400. For example, the flow control ring(s) 190f may extend between the fuel distribution hub 150f and the mounting flange 200f and may at least substantially close the space therebetween, leaving the openings in the flow control ring(s) 190f to define the path and/or channels (i.e., oxidant inlets 1400 for the oxidant to flow into the flow space 10f.
In an embodiment, generally, the space defined by the flow control ring(s) 190f may be in fluid communication with the flow space 10f, such that the oxidant may flow from the space in the flow control ring(s) 190f into the flow space 10f. For example, the integrated combustion assembly 100f may include one or more openings extending from the space defined by the flow control ring(s) 190f and into the flow space 10f. For example, the space defined by the flow control ring(s) 190f may be separated from the flow space 10f by a barrier or a plate that may include the openings that connect the space in the flow control ring(s) 190f and the flow space 10f for the oxidant to flow from the flow control ring(s) 190f into the flow space 10f. Alternatively, the space in the flow control ring(s) 190f may open directly into the flow space 10 substantially without any barriers or impediments.
Inside the flow space 10f, the oxidant may mix with the fuel 20 and may be ignited. Furthermore, the flame may initially heat the flame holder 120f to a suitable and/or selected temperature (e.g., the flame holder 120f may be heated with the flame formed by igniting fuel 20 from the fuel nozzles 110f and/or from additional or alternative fuel nozzles, such as fuel nozzles (not shown) positioned and configured to heat the flame holder 120f).
In some embodiments, a lower portion 240f of the integrated combustion assembly 100f may be closed or sealed at a bottom thereof, such that the oxidant may enter the flow space 10f through oxidant inlets 140f, which may extend through sides of the lower portion 240f. For example, the one or more flow control rings 190f, which may be similar to or the same as the flow control ring 190d (
In an embodiment, a controller may receive signals from the flame sensors 230f and/or 231f and may control and/or direct operation of the valve(s) controlling flow to the fuel nozzles 110f and/or to fuel nozzle(s) positioned and configured to preheat the flame holder 120f. For example, the controller may operate one or more valves to reduce or stop flow to the fuel nozzle(s) preheating the flame holder 120f when the flame sensor 231f detects flame thereon, and the control receives corresponding signal(s) from the flame sensor 231f. Moreover, the controller may control and/or direct operation of the valve(s) supplying fuel to the fuel distribution hub 150f (e.g., in response to receiving a signal from the flame sensors 230f and/or 231f, indicating presence of the flames in the flow space 10f, the controller may direct at least a portion of the flow from the fuel distribution hub 150f and/or from the fuel nozzles 110f to one or more other fuel nozzles that may preheat the flame holder 120f, for example, until the flame holder 120f reaches a suitable temperature and/or the flame sensor 231f detects flame anchored at the flame holder 120f.
Generally, the integrated combustion assembly may have any number of flame holders that may have any number of suitable configurations (e.g., hole sizes, shapes, and arrangements) and/or may have any number of suitable sizes (e.g., thicknesses and/or peripheral dimensions). In some embodiments, the flame holder may have multiple segments that may collectively define upstream and downstream surfaces of the flame holder.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the segments 121g and/or 122g may be at least partially secured in place by one or more end plates 133g that may be connected to and/or integrated with at least some of the support members 132g. More specifically, for example, the end plates 133g may prevent or limit lateral movement of the one, some, or each of the segments 121g and 122g. In an embodiment, the segments 121g and 122g may be fastened, welded, or otherwise secured to the end plates 131g. Alternatively, the weight of the segments 121g and 122g and/or friction therebetween may be suitable or sufficient to maintain the segments 121g and 122g generally stationary relative to the support rack 131g during operation.
Any of the integrated combustion assemblies described herein may be included and/or retrofitted into any number of suitable (new and/or existing) heating units (e.g., heaters, boilers, etc.).
In an embodiment, at least some of the integrated combustion assemblies 100h are secured to and/or near a bottom of the heating unit 300. For example, the bottom of the heating unit 300 may define and/or enclose the interior space 310 into which the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may extend. As described above, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may include a flange that may be secured to the bottom of the heating unit (e.g., fastened, welded, or otherwise secured to the bottom).
In an embodiment, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may be positioned along a substantially circular path (e.g., the heating unit 300 may include eight integrated combustion assemblies 100h). In any event, the heating unit 300 may include a suitable number of the integrated combustion assemblies 100h that may have suitable heat output to heat the interior heating space 310 of the heating unit 300.
Generally, the interior heating space 310 of the heating unit 300 may be defined by a shell that may include one or more walls, such as by walls 321, 322, 323. It should be appreciated, however, that the heating unit 300 may have any number of suitable shapes, sizes, configurations, etc. Moreover, the integrated combustion assembly 100h may have any suitable orientation when secured in and/or integrated with the heating unit 300. In the illustrated embodiment, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h are oriented generally vertically. Alternatively or additionally, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may have any number of suitable orientations (e.g., angled, horizontal, etc.). Furthermore, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may heat the interior heating space 310 and/or any number of suitable media in the heating unit 300 (e.g., gas, liquid, etc.).
As described above, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may be used to retrofit an existing heating unit or system. Under some operating conditions, the existing heating unit may be upgraded or retrofitted to include the integrated combustion assemblies 100h without shutting down or stopping operation of such heating unit. For example, the existing combustion assemblies or burners may be removed and/or disassembled from the heating unit (e.g., from the heating unit 300) one at a time.
Moreover, when an existing burner is removed from the heating unit, such burner may be replaced with an integrated combustion assembly, such as an integrated combustion assembly 100h. That is, for example, one or more burners of the heating unit may remain operating, while at least one burner is removed and replaced with the integrated combustion assembly 100h. Also, as mentioned above, the integrated combustion assembly 100h may include all elements and/or components integrated or assembled or preassembled together, such that the integrated combustion assembly 100h may be placed into operation as a single unit. For example, the integrated combustion assembly 100h may be suitably sized and shape to fit into the opening or space vacated by the burner removed from the heating unit.
Accordingly, for example, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may be preassembled offsite (e.g., at a fabrication facility) and may be ready for onsite installation without further assembly. For example, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may be preassembled before installation and/or before removal of one or more of the existing burners from service. For example, the flame holder may be positioned at a preselected downstream distance from the fuel nozzles of each of the integrated combustion assemblies 100h. This preselected downstream distance may vary from application to the next and may be set offsite at the fabrication facility and, in some embodiments, may be adjusted as desired or needed onsite at the installation site. In any case, according to an embodiment, the existing burners in the heating unit may be removed and replaced (e.g., one or more at a time) with the integrated combustion assemblies 100h until a selected or suitable number of integrated combustion assemblies 100h is placed into operation (e.g., until the integrated combustions assemblies replace all existing burners in the heating unit 300).
Generally, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may transfer heat from the combusted fuel to the one or more elements or components of the heating unit 300. In one or more embodiments, a majority of heat transferred from one, some, or each of the combustion assemblies 100h may be transferred by radiation heat transfer. For example, the integrated combustion assemblies 100h may transfer heat from the combusted fuel to the walls 321, 322, 323, to the floor, to the roof, or combinations thereof of the heating unit 300 (e.g., infrared or radiant heat may be transferred from the respective flame holders of the integrated combustion assembly 300), which may subsequently radiate heat to one or more additional elements and/or components of the heating unit 300 to heat such elements and/or components.
While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/310,433 filed on 18 Mar. 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference.
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