Patent Grant
8275850
The present invention relates to the management of personal health information or data on individuals. The invention in particular relates to the assembly and use of such data in a longitudinal database in manner, which maintains individual privacy.
Electronic databases of patient health records are useful for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. Longitudinal (life time) patient record databases are used, for example, in epidemiological or other population-based research studies for analysis of time-trends, causality, or incidence of health events in a population. The patient records assembled in a longitudinal database are likely to be collected from a multiple number of sources and in a variety of formats. An obvious source of patient health records is the modern health insurance industry, which relies extensively on electronically-communicated patient transaction records for administering insurance payments to medical service providers. The medical service providers (e.g., pharmacies, hospitals or clinics) or their agents (e.g., data clearing houses, processors or vendors) supply individually identified patient transaction records to the insurance industry for compensation. The patient transaction records, in addition to personal information data fields or attributes, may contain other information concerning, for example, diagnosis, prescriptions, treatment or outcome. Such information acquired from multiple sources can be valuable for longitudinal studies. However, to preserve individual privacy, it is important that the patient records integrated to a longitudinal database facility are “anonymized” or “de-identified”.
A data supplier or source can remove or encrypt personal information data fields or attributes (e.g., name, social security number, home address, zip code, etc.) in a patient transaction record before transmission to preserve patient privacy. The encryption or standardization of certain personal information data fields to preserve patient privacy is now mandated by statute and government regulation. Concern for the civil rights of individuals has led to government regulation of the collection and use of personal health data for electronic transactions. For example, regulations issued under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), involve elaborate rules to safeguard the security and confidentiality of personal health information. The HIPAA regulations cover entities such as health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers who conduct certain financial and administrative transactions (e.g., enrollment, billing and eligibility verification) electronically. (See e.g., http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa). Commonly invented and co-assigned patent application Ser. No. 10/892,021, “Data Privacy Management Systems and Methods”, filed Jul. 15, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, describes systems and methods of collecting and using personal health information in standardized format to comply with government mandated HIPAA regulations or other sets of privacy rules.
For further minimization of the risk of breach of patient privacy, it may be desirable to strip or remove all patient identification information from patient records that are used to construct a longitudinal database. However, stripping data records of patient identification information to completely “anonymize” them can be incompatible with the construction of the longitudinal database in which the stored data records must be linkable patient by patient.
Consideration is now being given to integrating “anonymized” or “de-identified”. patient records from diverse data sources in a longitudinal database, where the data sources may employ different encryption techniques that can hinder or prohibit accurate longitudinal linking patient records. Attention is in particular directed to efficient processes for integrating multi-sourced longitudinal data in a manner that ensures the protection of an individual patient's privacy and complies with industry privacy regulations.
The present invention provides systems and processes for assembling de-identified patient data records in a longitudinal database. An object of the present invention is to provide processes for encrypting multi-sourced patient data records to overcome data source variances in individual encryption techniques and in the content of data records. The present systems and processes allow de-identified data records received from multiple data sources or suppliers to be assembled in a longitudinal database for market research and other analysis. The inventive systems and processes ensure patient privacy consistent with industry and other regulations concerning patient privacy.
An exemplary system for assembling the longitudinal database may include three sequential and tightly integrated components. A first component, which may be implemented at each of the multiple data source or vendor locations, is configured to perform critical data encryption of patient or healthcare data records generated or collected by the data source. Patient-identifying attributes in the data records are encrypted and coded in these processes. The patient-identifying attributes may be encrypted using two or more suitable encryption keys. Each attribute is encrypted using a longitudinal encryption key that only resides at the data source location and a second data source specific encryption key unique to each data source involved in the encryption process. Prior to encryption, the process standardizes the input data to ensure consistent encryption. The encrypted data records are transmitted securely to a common “central facility,” which may receive data records from multiple data sources or vendors for assembly in the longitudinal database.
A second component of the exemplary system is implemented at the common central facility, which receives encrypted data records from the multiple data source or vendor locations. The various data sources or vendors may have encrypted the transmitted data records differently using the longitudinal encryption key and the data source specific encryption key. Accordingly, the second system component is configured to further process the received data records into standard encrypted formats. This process includes partial decryption of the data source specific encryption to a longitudinally encrypted level, and may further include re-encryption of the received data records using a “central facility” encryption key (e.g., a token-based key) to add an additional layer of encryption protection on the data before use. The data records are processed at the second component into a common encrypted format that allows the data records to be linked longitudinally (at the third system component). The second component processes are designed to be irreversible so that the processed data record attributes or fields cannot be decrypted under any circumstance to reveal the original patient-identifying attribute values.
A third and final system component, which also may be implemented at the central facility or other convenient longitudinal database facility, assembles the processed data records in the longitudinal database. This component applies matching algorithms, which may configurable according to data source specifics, against the processed data to determine suitable fictitious or pseudo “longitudinal patient” identifiers which can be used to label or tag the encrypted data records (processed at the second component). The two-component encrypted data records may, for example, be associated or tagged with a unique de-identified central facility “Longitudinal Patient Identifier, (LI)”. Suitable statistical matching algorithms, which may be customizable, are employed to associate the LIs with the encrypted data records. The LIs can be used to link the respectively tagged data records longitudinally—i.e. LI by LI, to assemble the longitudinal database.
The longitudinal databases, which are assembled by the inventive system and processes, may address pharmaceutical and healthcare industry demand for multi-sourced longitudinal data analysis while protecting individual patient privacy. The inventive data encryption processes using multiple encryption keys, allow data sources (suppliers or vendors) to provide patient-level data to a longitudinal database facility, without fear of compromising HIPAA regulations or other privacy requirements. In addition, the inventive two-component encryption processes restrict the ability of a user or intruder to discover the identity of any individual patient from the encrypted data records. Thus, a longitudinal database facility can safely analyze data records received from multiple, independent data sources without risk of breaching individual patient privacy.
Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the accompanying drawing and the following detailed description.
a-2d illustrate exemplary data supplier input and output file formats conforming to software applications that are used to process patient data records, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
a-c illustrate exemplary data source audit file formats and audit reports generated by the software applications for processing patient data records, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
a-c illustrate exemplary audit file formats and audit reports generated by the software applications for processing patient data records, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
While the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the FIGS., it is done so in connection with the illustrative embodiments.
The present invention provides solutions for integrating patient data records, which may be acquired from multiple sources into a longitudinal database. The patient data records are integrated into the longitudinal database, at least on a statistical basis, individual patient-by-patient, without any risk of breaching of any individual patient's privacy.
An exemplary solution involves multiple data processing steps in which patient data records are encrypted at least twice using multiple encryption keys. The solution may be implemented in a data processing system, which spans or involves one or more entities (e.g., a data source, vendor or supplier (“DS”), a longitudinal database facility (“LDF”), a third party implementation partner (“IP”), and an encryption key administrator. The IP, who also may serve as the encryption key administrator, may be authorized to operate at a LDF component site.
At a first processing step of the solution, each DS prepares data records for secure transmission to the LDF. The DS standardizes and encrypts selected data fields (e.g., patient-identifying attributes and/or other standard attribute data fields) in the patient data records to convert the patient data records into a first “anonymized” format. Each DS uses two keys (i.e., a vendor-specific key and a common longitudinal key associated with a specific LDF) to doubly-encrypt the selected data fields. The doubly-encrypted data records are transmitted to the LDF component site, where the IP can further process the data records. The received data records are further processed at the LDF component site into a second anonymized format, which is designed to allow the data records to be linked (on a statistical basis) individual patient-by-patient without recovering the original unencrypted patient identification information. For this purpose, the doubly-encrypted data fields in the patient records received from a DS are partially decrypted using the specific vendor key (such that the doubly-encrypted data fields still retain the encryption by the common longitudinal key). A third key (e.g., a token based key) may be used to further prepare the now-singly encrypted (i.e. common longitudinal key encrypted) data fields for use in a longitudinal database. Longitudinal identifiers (IDs) or dummy labels that are internal to the LDF, may be used to tag the data records so that they can be linked individual ID by ID in the longitudinal database without knowledge of original unencrypted patient identification information. Statistical matching algorithms are used to associate the IDs with the data records.
Component 110a relates to data processing activities at one or more data source locations 116 (e.g., data suppliers or vendors, pharmacies, hospitals, etc.) At these locations, raw transaction data records (e.g., patient prescription records) are prepared for transmission to a LDF. The raw data records may contain patient-identifying attributes 112 and other attributes (e.g., prescription attributes 114) that are non-identifying information. Component 110a includes a two-key encryption application, which is used to doubly-encrypt and code patient-identifying attributes 112 in the raw data records. This double-encryption may be accomplished using a longitudinal facility encryption key “K1” and a data supplier's private encryption key “K2”. The resulting doubly-encrypted data attributes 112e are merged with corresponding prescription attributes 114 in the data records by a suitable merging application (e.g., application 118b). The merged data records may be assembled as doubly-encrypted data records in a data file 121 or other form suitable for secure transmission to longitudinal database facility (e.g., LDF 130).
Components 110b and 110c relate to data processing activities at LDF 130. Component 110b is configured to remove data source specific characteristics from the data record. This may be achieved, for example, by partial decryption of the doubly-encrypted data attributes in a data record received from an individual data source. A suitable decryption application 122 is included for this purpose in component 110b. The data records in file 121 received at LDF 130 are first processed by a split process application 126 to separate prescription attributes 114 from the doubly-encrypted data attributes 112e. The doubly-encrypted data attributes 112e are then processed by decryption application 122. Decryption application 122 may use a public key K2′ (which is complementary to the data supplier's private encryption key K2) to partially decrypt the doubly-encrypted data attributes 112e, and thereby recover singly-encrypted data attributes 112a. The singly-encrypted data records correspond to raw data record attributes that are singly encrypted by longitudinal facility encryption key K1. Component 110b also may include another encryption application 124 to further encrypt the now singly-encrypted data attributes 112a in a manner specific to particular LDF 130. Encryption application 124 may, for example, use a token-based key K3 to encrypt data attributes 112a to generate LDF-encrypted attributes 112f.
Component 110c at LDF 130 includes a data acquisition process 115a, which issued to segregate prescription attributes 114 into two categories (1) a set of standardized prescription attributes 114a, and (2) a set of matching attributes 114b. The latter attributes may be used in a linking process application 115b by which encrypted data records 112f are associated with or assigned unique longitudinal patient identifiers (IDs). Component 110c also may include a longitudinal ID cross-reference table or database 113, which can be referenced by application 115b during the assignment process. Cross-reference database 113 may include a list of IDs and sets of corresponding data attribute values. Linking process application 115b may include suitable matching algorithms, which assign unique longitudinal patient identifiers (IDs) to the encrypted data records on a statistical and/or deterministic basis by matching attributes in the encrypted data records with reference attribute values. Exemplary matching algorithms are described in coinvented and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/122,565, filed on May 5, 2005. The assigned IDs may be stored in a ID database 117. Component 110c may further include a merge process application 119, which merges standardized prescription records 114a by assigned IDs 117 into a longitudinal database 200.
The probabilistic and/or deterministic matching algorithms of linking process application 115b are designed to utilize only a small set of encrypted patient-identifying data attributes for effective assignment of a longitudinal patient identifier (ID). In an exemplary implementation, the assignment of a longitudinal patient identifier (ID) may be based on a select set of a few encrypted patient-identifying data attributes (e.g., up to only eight attributes such as a patient's date of birth, cardholder identification, record number, zip code, first name, last name, street address, and an industry standard patient identifier. The industry standard patient identifier may, for example, be a patient identifier according to the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) standards).
The selected set of data attributes in a data record may be first placed in a standard format using any suitable standardization algorithm and then stored, for example, in database or file 112. The selected set of data attributes is then twice encrypted using a two-key encryption application 118a, which includes a longitudinal encryption key K1 and vendor specific encryption key K2. In particular, each data attribute in the selected set is independently encrypted twice at the data source 116. First, the universal longitudinal encryption key K1 (which is available only at data suppler sites but not at LDF 130) is used to encrypt the data attributes. Then, the vendor specific key K2, is used to again encrypt the data attributes. The set of twice-encrypted data attributes and the prescription attributes in the data record are transmitted to LDF 130 in a suitable electronic file (e.g., in file 121).
LDF 130 may arrange with a third party implementation partner (IP) to assist data suppliers or sources in defining and implementing the acquisition, encryption and transmission processes. Further, LDF 130 may include a secure processing environment 133 to receive and process the transmitted data file 112. Secure processing environment 133 may be accessible only to the third party IP, to minimize or avoid the risk of breach of patient privacy by LDF personnel or processes. The secure processing environment 133 may include a list of the vendor specific keys K2-K2′ corresponding to all data sources involved in supplying data to LDF 130. These keys may be used by the IP to partially decrypt the twice encrypted set of data attributes in secure processing environment 133. Secure processing environment 133 also may include suitable counting processes to account for and audit records for each data source 116. Similar counting processes may be conducted in components 110b and 110c to provide traceable audit records of all activities. The traceable audit records may be useful for identifying and resolving data quality issues that may occur.
In another view, the present invention can be described from a perspective of software implementations of data processing system 100. Various software applications may be utilized in components 110a-110c of data processing system 100 to conduct different data processes (e.g., processes 118a, 118b, 122, 124, 126, 115a, 115b, and 119). The software applications may be designed so that the processes can be operated individually or separately by the following primary parties: a LDF, various data suppliers who communicate various healthcare transactions to the LDF, a key administrator responsible for generation and management of encryption keys used at both the data suppliers' and LDF's environments, and an implementation partner (IP) who may be responsible for installation/maintenance of the execution environments. The IP and the key administrator may be the same party.
The separate software applications may be designed to meet specific private initiative privacy standards, government regulations, and industry standard data formatting requirements. The separate software applications are operated in a integrated manner (referred to herein collectively as the “Software System”) across data processing system 100.
The Software System and its applications provide various functions at various stages of steps in the inventive double encryption/matching solution for constructing a longitudinal database with formatted data records. The functions may be called or operated by an authorized user (e.g., one or more of the four parties: LDF, DS, IP and/or key administrator).
The Software System through its encryption applications, enables multiple data suppliers to provide an LDF with data records that have patient attributes in an industry accepted secure encrypted format. The encrypted attributes are in placed in a format that enables the LDF to link multi-sourced transaction records by individual. The format of the encrypted attributes is such that it does not allow the LDF to learn the identity of the individual(s). However, the format allows the LDF to link the records by individual using suitable statistical matching applications without having to learn any individual's identity. The Software System also may include other applications or routines for performing other functions, e.g., standardizing data, reformatting or acquiring data attributes, and generating audit counts or audit reports
The Software System includes at least a LDF encryption application and a DS encryption application, and at least one key administration (IP) application. The DS encryption application may include one or more routines that are designed to acquire data records or attributes, standardize the data attributes including HIPAAtization of data attributes if requested, and doubly encrypt patient-identifying information. The DS encryption application may include routines for creating encryption keys and to encrypt the encryption keys. A secure storage is provided for the encryption keys. The DS application also may include routines for auditing and secure auditing data management (audit data to be written to a file), and audit reporting. Further, the application also may include routines for reference file integration (HIPAA, zip codes/first name standardization file etc.).
The LDF encryption application allows decryption and encryption of data supplier's encrypted attributes using a data supplier key and a LDF encryption key, respectively. A secure storage is provided for the encryption keys. The LDF application also may include routines for auditing and secure audit data management (e.g., writing audit data to a file), and audit reporting. Secure audit data management advantageously allows parties (e.g., a LDF) to demonstrate or verify that the audit files have not been modified. Secure auditing data management may include the capability to detect modification and/or tampering of the audit files or reports. The LDF application may be deployed on suitable hardware security modules (e.g., an nCipherHSM).
The key administration application may include routines for generation of encryption keys, a solution for secure storage solution for encryption keys, and processes for deploying the encryption keys to data suppliers, LDF, and IP.
In an implementation of the Software System, the software applications and encryption keys may be installed by the three parties (DS, LDF and IP) by themselves or with the help of external technical support. The Software System may be designed to be operate on a variety of hardware or software environments or platforms. The data supplier applications, in particular, may be designed to be operated to be deployed across a variety of platforms that are in common use. The reporting routines in the applications may involve customized GUIs. The applications may include subroutines to fill in blanks (e.g., write a ‘B’ character to an attribute's data field) if the input data received has missing data fields (blank, spaces, zeros). Similarly, the applications may mark (e.g., write an ‘I’ character to an attribute's content) if the data fields received are invalid. (See e.g.,
The Software System may be configured so that the LDF will not have access to the LDF encryption application software, encryption keys, or any encryption hardware. In suitable implementations of the Software System, the LDF encryption application and keys may be maintained and operated in a secure hardware platform that can only be accessed using a smart card or other restricted access mechanism. A suitable hardware platform may be nCipher's nShield Hardware Security Module.
In preferred embodiments of the Software System, the encryption applications and other applications may be designed to be sufficiently generic to accept a variety of input file formats. For example, some data suppliers may choose to send the patient-identifying attributes and the non-identifying transaction attributes as a separate file, while other data suppliers may choose to send both together in a single file. The encryption applications may be designed to operate on either format. The individual data supplier file formats may be agreed upon by the data supplier and the LDF beforehand. Upon receipt of data from a data supplier, the LDF may map the received encrypted attributes into the LDF Data Encryption application's standard format. Since common data suppliers usually provide data files that contain the transaction data and patient data in the same record, separation/merging of encrypted and unencrypted data attributes is not necessary and may be optional in most instances. The Software System applications may be configured so that data attributes that need to be encrypted are acquired and encrypted, and then added to other non-encrypted transaction attributes at the end of a data record.
The data file, data record, and report formats at input and/or output stages of various applications in the Software System may be standardized. The file or data records may, for example, have a defined structure with fixed length data fields.
With reference to
With reference to
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The System Software and its applications provide various functions at various stages of the inventive double encryption/matching solution for constructing a longitudinal database with formatted data records. The functions may be called or operated by an authorized user (i.e., one or more of the involved parties, LDF, DS or IP/key administrator). The Software System may include specific functions for acquiring data attributes, standardizing data attributes, making the data HIPAA Privacy compliant, and encrypting the data attributes, and requesting audit count reports at a data supplier location (e.g., component 110a), and specific functions for acquiring data-supplier encrypted data attributes, and encrypting the data attributes and requesting audit count reports at an LDF location. The Software System also may include specific functions for key administration, key security, and audit storage. Exemplary properties and features of the various functions of a System Software configuration are shown in tabular form in Appendices A-K.
The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Various modifications and alterations to the described embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the teachings herein. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous techniques which, although not explicitly described herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/568,455 filed May 5, 2004, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/572,161 filed May 17, 2004, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/571,962 filed May 17, 2004, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/572,064 filed May 17, 2004, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/572,264 filed May 17, 2004, all of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
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