Patent Application
20130028738
The present invention relates to a multifunctional de-icing/anti-icing system according to the preamble of claim 1 and an article comprising an outer surface, which serves as an aerodynamic surface when the article moves relatively the air.
An article (e.g. a wind turbine blade) moving through the air may be subject for icing if specific weather conditions are present. Today aerodynamic surfaces of wind turbine blades are protected from icing by means of anti-icing and de-icing devices arranged at or beneath the aerodynamic surface. Icing is known as an undesired phenomenon, wherein a build-up of ice takes place on the aerodynamic surface.
Composite or metallic structures of the article comprising the aerodynamic surface are thus formed with aerodynamic functions and are subjected to ice build-up on their outer surfaces under specific operational conditions. The ice build-up has a strong negative effect on the aerodynamic efficiency of the affected article. For compensating the loss of aerodynamic function (e.g. low efficiency etc.) due to eventual icing, the article (wind turbine blade) is often designed oversized. However, this implies a higher weight of the article itself, which of course is not desirable for wind turbine blades.
Anti-icing (preventing ice to form) and de-icing (melting of already formed ice) systems are therefore required in order to ensure and maintain the sufficient aerodynamic function of the affected aerodynamic surface of the article. Currently used ice protection systems include the use of chemical liquids before the use of the wind power station, pneumatic boots that brake of formed ice when inflated, resistive heating of embedded electrical wires in the wind turbine blades and electro-mechanic devices that subject the affected structures to short duration vibration or single high energy pulses (chock waves).
The aerodynamic surface is herein defined as the outer (wet) surface of the article. The article's structure may comprise a resin matrix made of a laminate of plies, wherein each ply comprises fibres having an orientation different from—or identical to—the fibre orientation of an adjacent ply, wherein an outer ply of the laminate forms the outer surface. The article can also be defined as a component moving relatively the air, which can be a component mainly made of metal, such as a metallic structure, and covered by a composite layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,612,810 discloses a wind turbine blade having a first and second conductor extending in the longitudinal direction of the blade and heating elements formed by thin metal foils which can carry electric current are provided for heating the outer surface of the blade.
WO 98/53200 discloses a heatable wind turbine blade comprising conductive fabrics to cease the buildup of ice on the outer surface of the blade. Heater elements are connected to a controller for controlling the heat needed for removing the ice.
There is thus a need to provide a de-icing/anti-icing system including an electrical heating system with improved reliability, having heaters with a high strength and low weight. The de-icing/anti-icing system is also desired to promote for low energy consumption.
It is further desirable to provide a de-icing/anti-icing system, wherein heaters of the system can be placed at positions in the article as near the aerodynamic surface as possibly and beneath it for concentrating the heat preventing ice to form thereupon or removing ice, still not affecting the aerodynamic function (smoothness) and the structure and/or strength of the article.
It is also desirable that the system has low power consumption and that it is reliable and fail-safe in service. A need for an environmental-friendly technique is also present for reducing or eliminating de-icing equipments using sprayed-on chemical liquids.
It is also desirable to increase a wind turbine's efficiency, as this is environmental friendly at the same time as the production cost of the turbine blade can be reduced.
It is also desirable to provide a de-icing/anti-icing system, which allows high use temperature.
It is also desirable to achieve a cost effective and flexible manufacture of the systems heaters.
There is also a need for an article comprising an aerodynamic surface, which article can be integrated in the de-icing/anti-icing system for providing an energy-saving anti-icing and de-icing functionality and which article at the same time is cost-effective to produce.
A further object is also to eliminate the eventual drawbacks of known techniques.
This has been achieved by the multifunctional de-icing/anti-icing system defined in the introduction being characterized by the features of the characterizing part of claim 1.
Thereby is provided a de-icing/anti-icing system, which allows high use temperature, due to the nano structure conductivity properties. The strength of the component will at the same time be increased by means of the oriented nano filaments of the nano structure (nano tubes/nano fibres) of the nano structure. By using the conductive nano structure as a heating element (increasing the electrical resistance for the current fed through the conductive structure by different arrangement of the filaments of the conductive nano structure) an effective de-icing/anti-icing system is provided.
The nano structure (comprising e.g. carbon nano tubes CNT, carbon nano fibres, graphite nano wires etc.) has a very good thermal and electrical conductivity and since the nano structure can be situated near and beneath the outer surface of the component, the energy losses for melting the ice will be low which means low power consumption. Thereby an energy saving system is achieved.
In such way a wind power station will be designed with a de-icing/anti-icing functionality promoting an optimal power generation of the station. The wind power station has thus not to be shut down during icing weather conditions.
Suitably, the nano structure comprises carbon nano tubes (CNT). CNT's may be used because of their well defined conductive capacity resulting in low power consumption. They can also be arranged as continuos layers or as patterns made of conductive (resistive) channels or surfaces with a suitable separation.
The CNT can be produced by emerging CNT technology resulting in grown forests of CNT for high efficiency. It is known that CNT can be grown in the shape of “forests” (mats of aligned CNT s) with vertical, tilted or horizontally arranged nanotubes. Combinations of these arrangements are also possible, e.g. as two or more separate layers stacked on top of each other. It is also possible to grow CNT's as well-defined patterns, suited for the intended application. The heating circuits, i.e. individually connected conductive nano structures, can be achieved during the CNT growth process. The term CNT in this application includes all types of carbon nanotubes. These can be single-wall, double-wall or multi-wall nanotubes. In addition, CNT-like materials like graphene, graphone and similar carbon-based materials with suitable electrical and thermal properties can be used. This includes single or multiple layers arranged in the plane of the anti-icing/de-icing layer or placed at a suitable angle to this plane. CNT and similar materials as described above have a very good thermal and electrical conductivity and are therefore very suited for the de-icing/anti-icing system. The design of an efficient system for de-icing/anti-icing functions, containing the conductive nano structure should be based on the fact that both the thermal and electrical conductivity of a bulk material, e.g. a polymer, using these fillers will vary with the filler content. The thermal conductivity of such a system can for instance increase or decrease with the CNT filler content, depending on specific conditions. The same is true for electrical conductivity.
The advantage of using carbon nano tubes (or suitable conductive nano structure) is the lower power needed for this material. The advantage is also that a cost effective production of the component is provided by the only need to different concentrations of the carbon nano tubes in the layer, and in different sections of the layer, for achieving different degrees of heat, depending on the needed mode of the ice protection system (i.e. where and to what degree heat should be applied to the outer surface for preventing/removing ice formations on the outer surface). This also means that it will be possible to minimize the total power consumption by optimizing the use of individual heating sections, i.e. in the same area (over each other or as interleaved circuits in the same area) or in selected areas of the component.
Preferably, the nano filament (CNT, nano fibre, nano multi wall filament, nano double wall filament, nano wire etc.) has a length of 0.125 mm or less. This is suitable for a common pre-preg ply having a thickness of 0.125 mm used in the production of aircrafts. If leaning, or in the plane oriented nano filaments are used, the length preferably can be longer. The definition of nano means that a filament particle has at least one dimension not more than 200 nm. 1 nm (nanometre) is defined as 10−9 metre (0.000000001 meter). Preferably, the diameter of a multiwall nano tube is 15-35 nm, suitably 18-22 nm. Suitably, the diameter of a single wall nano tube is 1.2-1.7 nm, preferably 1.35-1.45 nm.
The article is suitably made of a resin matrix, which comprises a laminate of plies. Each ply comprises fibres (in the present application also can be called large fibres or traditional laminate reinforcing fibres) having an orientation different from—or identical with—the large fibre orientation of an adjacent ply (the diameter of the large fibre is approximately 6-8 micro metres).
The first and second conductive structures are preferably compatible regarding the thermal elongation with both glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) and carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures. A common conductive structure for ice protection is today made of metal, which is less compatible with GFRP and CFRP due to a higher thermal expansion which may cause debonding, failure in the electrical path etc.
The de-icing/anti-icing system will be more robust than known integrated de-icing/anti-icing system due to the strength of the nano structure. Also is achieved a fail-safe function due to the high number of nano filaments and a low weight due to high efficiency and low specific density of carbon nano tubes when used as resistive heating elements and mechanical reinforcement. Heat resistant carbon nano tubes allow a higher use temperature than most existing systems.
Eventual cure shrinkage of the resin in different plies during manufacture of the component due to eventual uneven distribution of resin and different thermal elongation in the plies during the manufacture of the wind turbine blade structure, will thereby not affect the smoothness of the outer surface by means of the reinforcing conductive nano structure arranged in the outer surface. By including the de-icing/ant-icing system in structure, an article for such system is achieved which is simple to produce and resistant to cracks in the outer surface and which is resistant to erosion during its use.
Alternatively, at least one of the conductive nano structures is embedded in a resin layer to such extent that at least a part of the conductive nano structure is exposed at the outer surface. In such way a very smooth and hard outer surface is provided having close geometrical tolerances. In such way is achieved that the outer surface of the article will be damage tolerant and hard.
The nano structure per se may thus extend to the outer surface, at the same time as it serves as a heating element. Thereby the outer surface (wet surface) of the article can be smooth (no exterior heaters) and hard. The achieved hardness promotes for a long-life smoothness of the aerodynamic surface, which increases the efficiency of a wind power station due to the thereby actual laminar airflow over the aerodynamic surface.
Preferably, the energy supply is based on using DC power supply commonly used in current wind power stations.
Alternatively, the energy supply is based on using AC power supply.
Suitably, the first conductive nano structure serves as a heating conductor and the second conductive nano structure serves as a heating element.
The conductive structure can thus comprise a conductive nano structure, which transfers thermal energy directly to the ice, and a conductive nano structure which transfers heat to the second conductive nano structure. This can be achieved by arranging the conductive filaments (nano tubes, nano fibres, nano wires etc) such that, within the area of the second conductive nano structure, the filaments have a closer distance between each other (than between the conductive filaments in the first conductive nano structure) to such degree that the resistance increases, but not to such degree that the conductivity ceases. The conductive filaments of the first conductive nano structure are preferably oriented parallel with the outer surface and essentially in the desired current conducting direction, wherein the first conductive nano structure works more as a heating conductor than a heating element. The conductive filaments of the second conductive nano structure are preferably oriented more transverse relative the outer surface than the conductive filaments of the first conductive nano structure, thus concentrating the heat to the outer surface.
The extension of the conductive nano structure's filaments (prolongation of nano tubes, nano fibres, nano wires etc) is preferably arranged in a layer in such way that the thermal energy will be streamed in the desired direction, i.e. the extension of the conductive filaments corresponds with the direction of the flow of thermal energy. In such way the thermal energy can be addressed to different areas of the outer surface—depending on which area at the moment being desired to heat—by different paths, each having a specific nano structure filament prolongation.
The de-icing/anti-icing system promotes both for a low weight of heating conductor due to low density of CNT's and large area applications due to the lower power consumption and improved efficiency, wherein the total area of the outer surface being protected from ice can be larger than with prior art de-icing/anti-icing systems.
Thereby is provided an extremely cost-effective assembly of the de-icing/anti-icing system and the article having the integrated de-icing/anti-icing functionality, wherein the conductive structures (heating elements and heating conductors) are made of the similar material (i.e. the conductive nano structure filaments).
Preferably, the first and second conductive nano structures are embedded in a common plane of a resin layer forming the outer surface.
In such way is achieved that the two conductive nano structures can co-operate for an anti-icing functionality in a first mode. Alternatively, only one of the conductive nano structures can be activated, so that less heat is generated for a de-icing functionality in a second mode.
Thereby is also achieved that the de-icing/anti-icing system's conductive structures promotes for a thin shell which is beneficial, i.e. for saving weight.
An article made of a polymeric composite matrix can thereby integrate the conductive structures. The article's shell comprising the resin layer including the conductive nano structures will therefore be reinforced, since the conductive nano structures per se also promote for a strengthening of the shell, which also may reduce the article's weight.
Alternatively, the resin layer comprises engineered patterns of nano structure in a suitable electrically insulating material, e.g. Kapton (trade name) and others. Also electrically conductive matrix materials are suitable as well, depending upon the functionality of the system.
Suitably, the first conductive nano structure of a first resin layer is arranged at least in a section isolated from and facing the second conductive nano structure of a second resin layer.
Thereby the first conductive nano structure can generate heat in an effective way, with no thermal losses transferred to the face to face arranged second resin layer not being activated in a specific low energy mode. The insulating layer can preferably be made of a suitably electrically insulating material, e.g. a polymer such as Kapton (trade name) or a glass material etc.
For example, the second nano structure can comprise CNT grown forest in specific pattern on an insulating substrate, wherein the extension of the “CNT forest” is predetermined from a desired functionality. The insulating layer between the second nano structure resin layer and the first nano structure resin layer comprises openings, through which two conductive nano structures of a respective layer contact each other. In this way a building of heating circuits in the article is achieved. Preferably, the conductive nano filaments (within an area positioned at the substrate corresponding with the openings) of one conductive nano structure are grown longer within this area so that they can come into contact with the other conductive nano structure through the opening in the insulating layer. Thereby also compensation in material is achieved regarding the lack of insulating material of the insulating layer within the area of the opening.
Vertical, leaning, horizontal carbon nano tubes can be applied into the respective layer in such way that separation of their thermal conductivity can be used to improve the functionality of the de-icing/anti-icing system.
Alternatively, the separation can thus be made by leaning the nano tubes of one layer relative to prolongation of the nano tubes of the adjacent layer.
For example, a separated heating conductor—arranged through the first resin layer for supplying heat to the second conductive nano structure—can preferably be isolated by insulating carbon nano tubes of the separate conductor with e.g. boron nitride which insulates the individual nano tube in transversal direction. The separated heating conductor itself can comprise parallel oriented carbon nano tubes extending in the direction of the heating conductor.
Preferably, the outer surface is a lightning protection layer.
Thereby the de-icing/anti-icing system is protected from being damaged due to eventual lightening strikes. The lightning protection layer may be a bronze net embedded in a resin layer. It is electrically isolated from the conductive nano structures. The insulation is provided in such way that an eventual lightning strike would not affect the de-icing/anti-icing system. The insulation being at the same time provided with a thermal property, such that the conductive nano structure of the article (when the de-icing/anti-icing system is in a de-icing/anti-icing mode) is able to transfer thermal energy to the lightning protection layer and thus the outer surface.
Alternatively, the outer surface also is an erosion protection layer. Thereby the article also is protected from being damaged in its surface due to rain erosion, sand erosion, dust etc.
Preferably, the system's conductive nano structure is exposed in the outer surface for achieving an optimal laminar flow over the outer surface acting as an aerodynamic surface. The outer surface thereby serves as the aerodynamic surface, when the wind turbine blade moves relatively the air or through the air.
Suitably, the at least two conductive structures, are comprised in one set of heating elements, each of which being individually controlled by the control unit.
In such way individual heating areas of multi-section de-icing/anti-icing can be used sequentially. This means that the total power consumption can be minimized by optimizing the use of individual heating areas which may be placed in the same area or in different areas of the outer surface.
Thereby the conducting nano structure (e.g. CNT) patterns needed for anti-icing and/or de-icing can be arranged in multiple circuits with independent or combined function, thus resulting in several redundant systems. Depending on the number of connected active (powered) CNT patterns, the same treated (heated) area of the outer surface can be used for both anti-icing and de-icing.
There is thus possibly to tailor the de-icing/anti-icing system by adding additional layers of thermally conductive or insulating functions in order to achieve specific functions of the system depending on the required performance of the system.
Alternatively, the system further includes ice detection devices arranged in the outer surface and coupled to the control unit, and the control unit is adapted to activate one or several sets of heating elements in correspondence with detection of formed ice.
In such way the use of conductive nano structures allows multi-pattern of conductive structures for improved reliability and intelligent design of both de-icing and anti-icing function in the same application. As an example, it would be possible to release and partly melt formed ice locally over one section of a wind turbine blade (such as a leading edge), using a relatively low power input. This would result in ice run-back to aft sections of the aerodynamic surface where a local high-power de-icing or anti-icing function would take care of the ice/water mix from the leading sections of the aerodynamic surface. Thereby the system cost, aerodynamic surface area and weight are minimized.
Preferably, the control unit is adapted to activate the two conductive structures to an anti-icing mode, wherein one conductive structure also is a reserve heating element for the de-icing/anti-icing system.
Thereby a failure proof function is achieved. The energy supply is provided to supply a current via a separate conductor to the reserve heating element for adding heat to the outer surface layer.
Suitably, the conductive structures cover a metal structure.
Thereby already existing components, such as a wind turbine blade comprising an aluminium shell or another component having an aerodynamic surface made of a structure including other metal materials, can be provided with the de-icing/anti-icing system. Several conductive nano structure prepared resin layers (with or without structural matrix fibres), matching each other in respect to functionality are preferably adhered to e.g. the aluminium shell of the wind turbine blade.
Alternatively, the article may cover any suitable material. In such way a thin layer comprising the de-icing/anti-icing functionality is achieved, which can be applied on all types of engineering materials used for wind power stations.
An adhesive layer is preferably applied between the conductive structure and the metallic structure, possible with suitable sectioning of the conductive structure comprising the conductive nano structures.
The present invention will now be described by way of examples with references to the accompanying schematic drawings, of which:
a-8b illustrate cross-sections of the conductive structures in
a-9c illustrate a fourth embodiment wherein two conductive nano structures in one set are embedded in a common resin layer;
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein for the sake of clarity and understanding of the invention some details of no importance are deleted from the drawings. Also, the illustrative drawings show nano structures of different types, being illustrated extremely exaggerated and schematically for the understanding of the invention. The conductive nano structures are illustrated exaggerated in the figures also for the sake of understanding of the orientation and the alignment of the conductive nano filaments.
Another heating element 13″ comprises a second conductive nano structure 19″. The heating element's 13′, 13″ conductive properties differ from each other (by arranging the nano structure filaments in certain directions and concentrations) so that different amount of heat will be transferred to the outer surface 5 in different positions. The position of each heating element 13 is elected from the knowledge where it is desirable to protect the shell from building of ice. Further conductive structures 13′ comprising a further design of conductive nano structures 19″ are embedded in a resin layer (heating conductor layer 25) beneath the sets 11 of conductive structures 13′, 13″ (heater layer 15). The conductive nano structures 19′ of the heating conductor layer 25 serve as heating conductors 27 conducting heat to the sets 11 of conductive structures. An isolator layer 29 is sandwiched between the sets 11 of conductive structures and the heating conductor layer 25. The isolator layer 29 is made of a suitably electrically insulating material, e.g. a polymer such as Kapton (trade name) or a glass material etc. In proper positions are openings 31 provided in the insulating material for making contact between the conductive nano structures 19′″ of the heating conductor layer 25 and the sets 11 of conductive structures (heating elements). The heating conductors 27 are achieved by CNT grown forest on an insulating substrate, wherein the extension of the “CNT forest” is predetermined from the desired functionality. Conductors 27′ made of bronze are also provided in the conductor layer 25 for contact with the sensors 9. Openings 31′ in the isolator layer 29 are provided for this contact via partly isolated contact bronze plates 30.
The wind turbine blade shell (shell) is assembled in one working step. The lightning protection layer 7, the heater layer 15, the isolator layer 29 comprising the openings 31, 31′, the heating conductor layer 25 and a further insulating layer 33 are laid up, formed and cured into a finished article, here the shell. The layers are delivered to the assembly industry and are engineered with proper conductive nano structures for the purpose of achieving the de-icing/anti-icing functionalities of the system 1. The layers 7, 15, 25, 29, 33 are rolled up at rollers (not shown) after that the engineered heating pattern with conductive nano structures 19′, 19″, 19′″, 19″″ are produced in the layers. The extension and orientation of each layer's conductive nano structure 19′, 19″, 19′″, 19″″ for providing the different anti-icing/de-icing functions, are computed by a computer (not shown) and each layer will match each other when they are laid in a pre-determined position forming the system 1.
Titanium (or other suitable material) plates 35 are partly embedded in the respective conductor's 27, 27′ nano structure for connection via electrical wires to a respective connection point P. A bus 37 is adapted to be arranged in contact with the sensors 9 and heating elements 13 via the bronze conductors 27′ and heating conductors 27. A control unit 39 is arranged to control energy supply to the conductive structures 3 (heating elements 13, conductors 27) via the bus 37 from a current supply 38 for generating heat to the outer surface 5. The energy supply 38 is based on using DC power supply commonly used in current wind power plant applications. By orientating and proper disposal of the conductive nano structure in the heating element 13, electric resistance can be increased in the latter for pre-determined sections of the heating element 13. During the production of the article, the different properties of the conductive nano structure are embedded in the shell for achieving the system 1.
The de-icing/anti-icing system 1 will work as follows. Ice is detected by the sensor SB1 in area B for one of the sets 11 (i.e. set 11′). A signal is fed to the control unit 39 via the conductor CS1 and bus 37 connection point s1. The control unit 39 is set to activate the specific heating element p1, wherein current is fed from energy supply bus 37 connection point P1 via the heating conductor CP1 to the heating element p1 (heating element 13″ of set 11′). Only the p1 heating element 13″ has to be activated in this example, which saves energy. The heating conductor CS1 has carbon nano tubes essentially oriented parallel with the extension of the conductor layer's 25 and in the direction for leading the heat. The heating element p1 has carbon nano tubes oriented transversely to the extension of the heater layer 15 and the carbon nano tubes are arranged so near each other that the electric resistance increases for generating heat. An example of use of the system 1 is following. A wind turbine blade standing still over night has been affected by ice over the wing in area B. The system 1 detects the ice before start up and the system activates the p1, p2, p3 heating elements 13″ so that the outer surface within these areas is clear from ice. Also clear ice not visible for service personnel will thus be detected and removed before the start up by means of the system 1. Only the area B heating elements 13″ have to be activated, thus energy is saved.
During use, the wind turbine blade shell and the system 1 are adapted to detect risk for icing, wherein the area A heating elements 13′ (in a condition with risk for build-up of ice) are activated. The conductive nano structure filaments in the area A heating elements 13′ are so dense packed that the electric resistance is as high as possible, but not so dense that the conductive nano structure will become insulating. The area A heating elements 13′ are thus acting as ant-icing elements. Less energy is needed for the area B heating elements 13″, since this part of the wing shell is heated to such extent that eventual ice becomes water and blows backward due to the air stream. The area B heating elements 13″ are thus acting as de-icing elements. Eventual ice formed in area C will be detected by the sensors SC1, SC2, SC3, i.e. ice formed of water kept by the turbulent air flow over the rear part of the shell. In such case the area C heating elements 13′″ will be activated by the system 1. This intelligence of the system 1, in combination with the robustness of the system 1, the cost effective and simple production of the wind turbine blade 2 creates a system that also saves energy.
a schematically illustrates a fourth embodiment. Two conductive nano structures 19′, 19″ are arranged in one set 11 of heating elements 13′, 13″ and are embedded in a common resin layer 23 of the wind turbine blade shell. One (the inner 19′) of the conductive nano structures comprises CNT's oriented in two directions, i.e. parallel with the layer (at position m) and transverse (at position n) to the layer. Bronze plates 36 are arranged in contact with the conductive nano structure 19′, 19″ for electrical connection to a current supply (not shown) via electrical wires. The outer conductive nano structure 19″ comprises leaning CNT's 43 as is shown in
An adhesive layer (not shown) is preferably applied between the conductive structure 3 and the metallic structure 55, possible with suitable sectioning of the conductive structure 3 comprising the conductive nano structures 19.
A lightning protection layer 7, in the form of a bronze net embedded in electrical insulating resin, covers the heating layers 61′, 61″ and is electrically isolated from the heating layers. However, the resin has a thermal property which promotes for the transportation of heat from the heating layers 61′, 61″ to the outer surface 5 of the lightning protection layer 7, i.e. the aerodynamic surface. Thus is achieved a de-icing/ant-icing system 1 with multiplex functions and which is robust in all aspects.
The present invention is of course not in any way restricted to the preferred embodiments described above, but many possibilities to modifications, or combinations of the described embodiments, thereof should be apparent to a person with ordinary skill in the art without departing from the basic idea of the invention as defined in the appended claims. For example the number of heating layers within the system can be of any number. The CNT can be grown in the shape of “forests” (mats of aligned CNT's) with vertical, tilted or horizontally arranged CNT's. Combinations of these arrangements are also possible, e.g. as two or more separate layers stacked on top on each other. It is also possible to grow CNT's as well defined patterns, suited for the intended application. The term CNT in this application includes all types of carbon nano tubes suited for the system. The CNT can be single-wall, double-wall or multi-wall nano tubes. In addition, CNT-like materials like grapheme, graphone and similar carbon-based materials with suitable thermal properties can be used. This includes single or multiple layers arranged in the plane of the de-icing/anti-icing layer or placed at a suitable angle to this plane. The composite matrix of the article can be epoxy, polymides, bismaleimides, phenolics, cyanatester, PEEK, PPS, polyester, vinylester and other curable resins or mixtures thereof. If used, the fibre structure in the matrix may be of ceramic, carbon and metal or mixtures thereof.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE2010/050030 | 1/14/2010 | WO | 00 | 10/16/2012 |
