Patent Application
20050172205
The present invention relates to the field of error detection in digital communications; more specifically, it relates to method and circuit for generating and checking a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for a digital data unit.
As the speed of digital communication networks increases and data bandwidths become wider current serial CRC calculation methods and circuits are increasing gating transmission speed because of the time required to generate the CRC or are consuming ever increasing amounts of silicon real estate and power as gate counts increase. Even increasing gate counts not only impacts the physical layout in terms of wireability, but also increases the power consumption of the CRC circuit. Additionally, as data size decreases, the resultant large increase in the size of the CRC increases because of the poor resolution of parallel CRC circuits. Therefore, an improved CRC generation/checking methodology and circuit design is required for high speed, high resolution, and high bandwidth digital communication applications.
A first aspect of the present invention is a CRC generator/checker for generating CRC results, comprising: a set of CRC circuits connected in series, each CRC circuit responsive to a different control signal generated by a control logic, each CRC circuit having a seed input adapted to receive a seed, a data input adapted to receive and process a different set of M-bits of a data unit and a result output adapted to generate a result, the result output of a previous CRC circuit connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit, the seed input of a first CRC circuit connected to an output of a remainder register, an input of the remainder register connected to an output of a multiplexer, the result outputs of the multiplicity of CRC circuits connected to different inputs of the multiplexer, the multiplexer responsive to a select signal generated by the control logic.
A second aspect of the present invention is a CRC generator/checker, comprising: a multiplicity of CRC circuits adapted to process a single-byte of data from a data bus, each CRC circuit having a seed input, a data input adapted to receive a different byte of data from the bus, a control input and a result output; an multiplexer having an output connected to an input of a remainder register, a select input and a multiplicity of inputs, each result output of each the CRC circuit connected to a different input of the multiplexer; each CRC circuit connected in series, the result output of a previous CRC circuit connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit, the seed input of a first CRC circuit connected to an output of the remainder register; and a control logic having a select output and a multiplicity of control outputs, the select output connected to the select input of the multiplexer and the control outputs connected to corresponding control inputs of the CRC circuits.
A third aspect of the present invention is a method of generating and checking a CRC result, comprising: providing a control circuit for generating control signals and a select signal; providing a multiplexer; and providing a set of CRC circuits connected in series, each CRC circuit responsive to a different control signal generated by a control logic, each CRC circuit having a seed input adapted to receive a seed, a data input adapted to receive and process a different set of M-bits of a data unit and a result output adapted to generate a result, the result output of a previous CRC circuit connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit, the seed input of a first CRC circuit connected to an output of a remainder register, an input of the remainder register connected to an output of the multiplexer, the result outputs of the multiplicity of CRC circuits connected to different inputs of the multiplexer, the multiplexer responsive to a select signal generated by the control logic.
The features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
For the purposes of the present invention, the term data unit is defined as a set of related data bits or data bytes. The size of a data unit can be variable and the number of bits or bytes in a data unit does not matter. Examples of data units include but are not limited to data packets, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells and frames. The notation [|FUNC|] is read as the largest integer not exceeding the absolute value of FUNC. The notation 2{circumflex over ( )}X should be read as 2X and the notation 2{circumflex over ( )}(X−Y) should be read as 2X−Y. Since one byte is equal to 8-bits, a circuit processing M-bits of data at one time is a 1-byte circuit when M is equal to eight.
CRC circuits 105 are connected in series, the result output of a previous CRC circuit connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit. Each result output of each CRC circuit 105 is also connected to a different input of result multiplexer 115. The output of result multiplexer 115 is connected to the input of remainder register 117. The result outputs of each CRC circuit 105 form the CRC RESULT of CRC generator/checker 100. Multiplexer 115 is responsive to a SEL signal generated by control logic 110. The SEL signal chooses the result of the CRC circuit processing the last byte of the current data. The output of remainder register 117 is connected to the seed input of the first CRC circuit 105 (the one receiving byte 1). Control logic 110 generates one bit control signals CNTRL1 through CNTRLW based on delimiters in the data stream on data bus 120. Each control signal CNTRL1 through CNTRLW is connected to a corresponding control input of CRC circuits 105. Control signals determine if the incoming seed is to be used by a particular CRC circuit 105 of if the seed is to be reset internally by the CRC circuit itself. Thus, circuit 100 can handle a data unit of any number of bytes.
In one example, a logical 1 control signal on a particular CRC circuit 105 will disconnect the seed input from of the particular CRC circuit from the result output of a previous CRC circuit 105 and cause the particular CRC to generate a reset K-bit seed internally, where K is dependent on the CRC parameter by CRC generator/checker 100. In one example, the internally generated seed is all logical 0s. In one example W is 32. The operation of CRC generator/checker 100 is illustrated in
CRC generator/checker circuit 100 processes a data unit as received via data bus 120. When used as a CRC generator, CRC RESULT of CRC generator/checker circuit 100 is concatenated to the end of the data unit and the thus modified data unit transmitted. When used as a CRC checker, the received data unit is run through CRC generator/checker circuit 100 and if CRC RESULT is all zeros or a fixed pattern of ones and zeros, then the data unit is considered to have been received free of transmission induced errors.
In
In
CRC circuits 130 are connected in series, the result output of a previous CRC circuit connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit. Each result output of each CRC circuit 130 is also connected to a different input of result multiplexer 140. Multiplexer 140 is responsive to a SEL signal generated by control logic 135. The output of result multiplexer 140 is connected to the seed input of the first CRC circuit 130 (the one receiving bits 1 to M). The SEL signal chooses the result of the CRC circuit processing the last bits of the current data. The result outputs of each CRC circuit 130 form the CRC RESULT of CRC generator/checker 125. CRC generator/checker 125 processes data units in C by M-bit groups. Control logic 135 generates one bit control signals CNTRL1 through CNTRLC based on the number of bits (up to a maximum of C×M) of the current data unit on data bus 145. Each control signal CNTRL1 through CNTRLC, which are dependent on the delimiters of current data units in the data stream on data bus 145, is connected to a corresponding control input of CRC circuits 130.
In one example, a logical 1 control signal on a particular CRC circuit 130 will disconnect the seed input from of the particular CRC circuit from the result output of a previous CRC circuit 130 and cause the particular CRC to generate a reset K-bit seed. In one example, the seed is all logical 0s. In one example, N is 32 and C is 4 and K is CRC parameter dependent. Thus, in this example, CRC circuits 130 are 4-byte CRC circuits, that is, capable of processing 4-bytes of data at a time. The operation of CRC generator/checker 125 is similar to that of CRC generator/checker 100 of
A limitation of CRC generator/checker circuit 100 of
Q=[|W/(L+1)|] (1)
Substituting W=32 and L=10 gives Q=2.
Each CRC circuit 160, 190, 205A, 225B and 220 has a seed input, a data input, a control input and a K-bit result output. Control logic 225 is adapted to receive data from a 32-byte wide data bus (not shown). Control logic 225 generates control signals for each CRC circuit 160, 190, 205A, 205B, and 220 select signals for each multiplexer 165, 185, 200A, 200B, 215 and 230 and directs specific data bytes of a current data unit to the appropriate data input of each CRC circuit 160, 190, 205A, 205B and 220 based on the number of bytes of data in the current data unit.
It should be understood, due to the cyclic nature of CRC generator/checker 150 that references in the description of the structure of the CRC generator/checker to a CRC circuit connected to a designated byte (byte .1, byte 2, etc.) means that a wiring path to control logic 225 from the data input bearing that designation of the CRC circuit exists, but the actual presence of data on that wire and the specific data byte of a specific data unit on that wire is conditional on the number of data bytes in the current data unit and previous data units and is controlled by control logic 225. The direction of particular data bytes of a data unit to particular CRC circuits is described infra.
CRC circuits 160 are connected in series, the result output of a previous CRC circuit 160 connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit 160 though for the 10 byte through 31 byte CRC circuits 160 the input is through a multiplexer 165. Each data input of each CRC circuit 160 is adapted to receive a single data byte as directed by control logic 225. The data input of the first CRC circuit 160 in the series is connected to byte 1, the data input of the second CRC circuit 160 is connected to byte 2 so on until the data input of the 32nd CRC circuit 160 is connected to byte 32. The result of the first CRC circuit 160 in the series is R1, the result of the second CRC circuit 160 is R2 so on until the result of the 32nd CRC circuit 160 is R32. The seed inputs of 10 byte through 31 byte CRC circuits 160 are connected to the output of corresponding multiplexer 165. The inputs of multiplexers 165 are connected to the result outputs of corresponding immediately previous CRC circuits 160 and to the outputs CRC circuits 190, 205A, 205B and 220, which are results RL2, RL3A, RL3B, RL4 respectively. Each result output of each CRC circuit 160 (R1 through R32) with RL2, RL3A, RL3B and RL4 are connected to a different input of result multiplexer 230. The output of result multiplexer 230 is connected to the input of remainder register 232. The output of remainder register 232 is connected to inputs of multiplexers 185, 200A, 200B and 215, and the seed input of byte 1 CRC 160. Results R1 through R32, RL2, RL3A, RL3B and RL4 are the CRC RESULT of CRC generator/checker 150.
First level result generator 155 functions similarly as CRC generator/checker 100 of
The data input of CRC circuit 190 is adapted to receive 16 bytes of data as directed by control logic 225. The seed input of CRC circuit 190 is the output of multiplexer 185. The inputs of multiplexer 185 are the output of remainder register 232 and R1 to R32.
The data input of CRC circuit 205A is adapted to receive 8 bytes of data as directed by control logic 225. The seed input of CRC circuit 205A is the output of multiplexer 200A. The inputs of multiplexer 200A are the output of remainder register 232, RL2 and R1 to R32.
The data input of CRC circuit 205B is adapted to receive 8 bytes of data as directed by control logic 225. The seed input of CRC circuit 205B is the output of multiplexer 200B. The inputs of multiplexer 200B are CRC the output of remainder register 232, RL2, RL3A and R1 to R32.
The data input of CRC circuit 220 is adapted to receive 4 bytes of data as directed by control logic 225. The seed input of CRC circuit 220 is the output of multiplexer 215. The inputs of multiplexer 215 are CRC RESULT, RL4, RL3A, RL3B and R1 to R32.
While multiplexers 185, 200A, 200B and 215 are illustrated and described as separate from corresponding CRC circuits 190, 205A, 205B and 220, the multiplexers may be incorporated into the corresponding CRC circuits. Similarly, multiplexers 165 may be incorporated into the 11th byte and 32nd byte CRC circuits 160.
When CRC generator/checker 150 receives data units, control logic 220 determines the data unit sizes and data unit boundaries (the separation between adjacent data units). For CRC circuits 160, the byte location of unit boundaries determines whether the seed input of a particular CRC circuit 160 remains connected to the output result of the previous CRC circuit 160 or an all 0 seed is generated within the CRC circuit 160. For CRC circuits 190, 205A, 205B and 220, the data unit boundary determines whether the seed is a result from multiplexer 185, 200A, 200B or 210 respectively or all zeros. Note, the seed need not be all zeros, but may be any combination of ones and zeros depending upon the design of the CRC circuits. Control logic 225 then directs the various bytes of the data unit to specific CRC circuits according to the rules in TABLE 1. It should be remembered that Table 1 is for L=10 and if a data unit is more than 32 bytes, it is processed as groups of 32 bytes plus one group of MOD(number of bytes in the data unit). Also, the specific 1-byte CRC circuits 160 (if any) used, depends upon the previous byte loading of the 1-byte data CRC circuits 160.
Taking the example of an initial loading of successive data units of sizes 11-bytes, 11 bytes and 10 bytes, control logic 225 would allocate CRC circuits as follows:
Logic circuit 225 is designed such that it allocates data units such that a worst-case CRC calculation requiring all four levels of processing (32 bytes data using one 16-byte CRC plus one 8-byte CRC plus one 4-byte CRC plus 4 1-byte CRC, can be completed in one clock cycle.
CRC generator/checker circuit 250 further includes a 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) (second level) result generator 280 including a multiplexer 285 and a 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1)-byte CRC circuit 290, a 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2) (third level) result generator 295 including, a multiplexer 300 and a 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2)-byte CRC circuit 305, and additional 2{circumflex over ( )}Z result generators, in the series with Z is integer from (N−3) to X+1 if (N−3)>=X+1. If (N−3)<X+1, then there's no 2{circumflex over ( )}Z result generator in between. N is defined by 2{circumflex over ( )}N>W>=2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1), X is defined by (2{circumflex over ( )}X)≦L and (2{circumflex over ( )}(X+1))>L.
CRC generator/checker 250 further includes Q sets of (2{circumflex over ( )}X) result generators 310, each including a multiplexer 315 and (2{circumflex over ( )}X)-byte CRC generator 320. Q=[|W/(L+1)|] as defined supra in equation (1). There are Q multiplexers 315 and (2{circumflex over ( )}X) result generators 310.
CRC generator/checker 250 further includes a last level 2{circumflex over ( )}Y result generator 325 including a multiplexer 330 and a (2{circumflex over ( )}Y)-byte CRC circuit 335. There are also additional 2{circumflex over ( )}P result generators in the series with P is integer from Y−1, to X−1 if X>Y. If X<=Y, there is no 2{circumflex over ( )}P result generator in between.
Each CRC circuit 260, 290, 305, 320 and 335 has a seed input, a data input, a control input and a K-bit result output where K is CRC parameter dependent. The output of result multiplexer 345 is connected to the input of a remainder register 347. The output of remainder register 347 is connected to one input of each multiplexer 280, 295, 310 and 325 and the seed input of byte-1 CRC circuit 260. Control logic 340 generates control signals for each CRC circuit 260, 290, 305, 320 and 335 select signals for each multiplexer 265, 285, 300, 315, 330 and 345 and directs specific data bytes of a current data units to the appropriate data input of each CRC circuit 260, 290, 305, 320 and 335 based on the number of bytes of data in the current data unit.
CRC circuits 260 are connected in series, the result output of a previous CRC circuit 260 connected to the seed input of an immediately subsequent CRC circuit 260 from byte 1 to byte L CRC circuits 260 though for byte (L+1) to byte W CRC circuits 260 the input is through a multiplexer. Each data input of each CRC circuit 260 is adapted to receive a single data byte as directed by control logic 340. The data input of the first CRC circuit 260 in the series is connected to byte 1, the data input of the second CRC circuit 260 is connected to byte 2 so on until the data input of the Wth CRC circuit 260 is connected to byte W. The result of the first CRC circuit 260 in the series is R1, the result of the second CRC circuit 260 is R2 so on until the result of the Wth CRC circuit 260 is RW. The seed input of the byte L through byte W CRC circuits 260 are connected to the output of respective multiplexer 265. One input of each multiplexer 265 is connected to the result output of the immediately previous CRC circuit 260 and to the outputs of (2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1)) CRC circuit 290, (2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2)) CRC circuit 305, . . . , (2{circumflex over ( )}X) CRC circuit 320, . . . , (2{circumflex over ( )}Y) CRC circuit 335 and all intervening CRC circuits between CRC circuit 305 and 320 and between CRC circuit 320 and 335 which are respectively, results RES 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1), RES2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2) through Q of RES 2{circumflex over ( )}X and through RES2{circumflex over ( )}Y.
Each result output of each CRC circuit 260 (R1 through RW) is connected to a different input of result multiplexer 345. First level result generator functions similarly as CRC generator/checker 100 of
The data input of CRC circuit 290 is adapted to receive 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) bytes of data as directed by control logic 340. The seed input of CRC circuit 290 is the output of multiplexer 285. The inputs of multiplexer 285 are the output of remainder register 347 and R1 to RW.
The data input of CRC circuit 305 is adapted to receive 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2) bytes of data as directed by control logic 340. The seed input of CRC circuit 305 is the output of multiplexer 300. The inputs of multiplexer 300 are the output of remainder register 347, RES2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) and R1 to RW.
The data input of CRC circuits 320 are adapted to receive 2{circumflex over ( )}X bytes of data as directed by control logic 340. The inputs of multiplexers 315 are the output of remainder register 347, RES2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) through RES2{circumflex over ( )}(X+1), any RES2{circumflex over ( )}X in lower level (not shown in
The data input of CRC circuit 335 is adapted to receive 2{circumflex over ( )}Y bytes of data as directed by control logic 340. The seed inputs of CRC circuit 335 are the output of multiplexer 330. The inputs of multiplexer 330 are the output of remainder register 347, RES2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) through RES2(Y+1) and R1 to RW.
The output of CRC generator/checker 250 are R1 though R32, RES2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1), 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2), . . . , Q modules of 2{circumflex over ( )}X, . . . , 2{circumflex over ( )}Y.
While multiplexers 285, 300, 315 and 330 are illustrated and described as separate from corresponding CRC circuits 290, 305, 320 and 335, the multiplexers may be incorporated into the corresponding CRC circuits. Similarly, multiplexers 265 may be incorporated into the (L+1) byte through W byte CRC circuits 260.
When CRC generator/checker 250 receives a data unit, control logic 340 determines the data unit size and data unit boundary (the separation between adjacent data units). For CRC circuits 260, the data unit boundary determines whether seed inputs of a particular CRC circuit 260 remains connected to the output result of the previous CRC circuit 260 or an all 0 seed is generated within the CRC circuit 260. For CRC circuits 290, 305, 320 and 335, the data unit boundary determines the seed is a result from multiplexer 285, 300, 315 or 330 respectively or all zeros. Note, the seed need not be all zeros, but all ones or any combination of ones and zeros depending upon the design of the CRC circuits. Control logic 340 then directs the various bytes of the data unit to specific CRC circuits according to the rules in a manner similar to that described for CRC generator/checker 150 (see
The timing criteria for CRC generator 250 is defined by (1) each multi-byte CRC circuit 280, 295, only one multi-byte CRC circuit 310 (though there are Q modules) and multi-byte CRC circuit 335 and all intervening multi-byte CRC circuits processing different numbers of bytes of data selected from the series of powers of two bytes in the range 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) to 2{circumflex over ( )}Y where 2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1) is equal to the number of CRC circuits 260 and Y is less than (N−1) and where Y is chosen such the number of concatenated multi-byte CRC calculations performed plus (W−[2{circumflex over ( )}(N−1)+2{circumflex over ( )}(N−2)+ . . . +2{circumflex over ( )}X+ . . . +2{circumflex over ( )}Y]) concatenated 1-byte CRC circuit 260 calculations can be performed in a single clock cycle and (2) the number Q of identical multi-byte CRC circuits able to process (2{circumflex over ( )}X)-bytes of data is defined by the largest integer not exceeding |W/(L+1)| where W, the data bus width, is also the number of CRC circuits 260 and where X is defined by (2{circumflex over ( )}X)≦L and 2{circumflex over ( )}(X+1)>L where L is a maximum number of 1-byte concatenated CRC calculations that can be done by CRC circuits 160 in a single clock cycle. Further, logic circuit 340 is designed such that it allocates data units such that a worst-case CRC calculation requiring all levels of processing can be completed in one clock cycle.
Returning to
Thus, the present invention provides an improved CRC generation/checking methodology and circuit design is required for high speed, high resolution and high bandwidth digital communication applications.
The description of the embodiments of the present invention is given above for the understanding of the present invention. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is capable of various modifications, rearrangements and substitutions as will now become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore it is intended that the following claims cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
