This invention relates to an optical communication system which transmits optical signals over multimode fibre. In particular it relates to the transmission of radio frequency signals over multimode fibre using a multimoded optical launch into the fibre.
Network operators who wish to deploy cellular radio or wireless LAN systems within buildings are interested in high quality ways of providing in-building coverage. One of the most effective and efficient ways of providing this coverage is to place the base station either inside the building or remotely, and to use a distributed antenna system (DAS) to provide a relatively uniform signal strength to the mobile user. DASs are currently usually constructed using coaxial cable. However for longer spans it is likely that optical fibre will become the preferred solution because its insertion loss is virtually independent of link length (at least in comparison with coaxial cable), simplifying the system design and future extensions to the distribution system.
Today analogue radio over fibre optical links are in use in many commercial DAS installations. However, these installations transmit the radio over fibre signal within the low pass bandwidth of the fibre used. Thus such systems use either single mode fibre (SMF) to provide the necessary transmission bandwidth or use multimode fibre (MMF) at an intermediate frequency that is within the low pass bandwidth of the multimode fibre. The first approach has the disadvantage that it requires specially installed fibre since the installed fibre base within buildings is predominantly multimode. The second approach requires the simultaneous transmission of a low frequency reference tone for phase locking the remote local oscillators required for signal conversion between the intermediate frequency and the required radio frequency. Consequently each approach results in a high installation cost as well as greater cost of ownership as a consequence of the high complexity of such systems. This has lead to a low take up of radio over fibre technology for distributing radio signals such as cellular radio or wireless LAN.
Installed base multimode fibre typically has a specified bandwidth-length product of 160 MHz.km at 850 nm and 500 MHz.km at 1300 nm wavelength. This bandwidth is specified for over-filled launch, where all the modes supported in the fibre are excited equally. Consequently a radio over multimode fibre system operating at 850 nm and transmitting at a carrier frequency of 2 GHz would be limited to a transmission distance of 80 m to ensure that the signal was within the low pass bandwidth of the fibre. This severely limits the application of such systems to very small installations and hence they are currently not preferred to those described above.
It is known that multimode fibres possess a significant passband response beyond the 3 dB bandwidth. This can allow the successful transmission of digital signals when these are upconverted onto a radio frequency subcarrier. This was first described in Raddatz et al., “High Bandwidth Multimode Fibre Links using Subcarrier Multiplexing in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers”, in Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington D.C., 1998), 358-359.
Furthermore, Wake et al. showed (Electronics Letters, vol. 37, pp. 1087-1089, 2001) that it was possible to transmit radio frequency signals over multimode fibre by operating at frequencies in this flat-band region beyond the 3 dB bandwidth of the fibre. Whilst this work demonstrated the feasibility of transmitting such signals over longer lengths of multimode fibre than previously thought possible, it only demonstrated this for high quality fibres. Subsequently it was shown in the UK patent application no. 0229238.1 “AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM” that it was possible to ensure that signal transmission over the fibre occurs in a stable operating regime for all guarantee high quality transmission of a radio signal.
It is well known that the bandwidth of multimode fibre is limited by dispersion. The two main types of dispersion observed in multimode fibre are chromatic dispersion, where the refractive index of the fibre varies with the wavelength of the light, and modal dispersion, where the different modes of the multimode optical fibre travel at different group velocities. Whilst the relative contributions of the two types of dispersion vary with fibre type, typically the bandwidth of multimode fibre is limited by modal dispersion.
The modal bandwidth depends strongly on the specific modes excited in the multimode fibre and so the optical launch conditions can have a great effect on the achievable transmission distance for signals within the low pass bandwidth of the fibre. Consequently restricted launch schemes have been developed to maximise this distance. Two such schemes are centre launch and offset launch.
In the centre launch scheme, the optical power from a single mode optical transmitter is coupled into the centre of a multimode optical fibre. This predominantly excites the fundamental mode of the fibre and consequently greatly increases its bandwidth. For many fibres this works very well. However a significant number of fibres contain defects in their refractive index profile which results in very poor bandwidth performance using this centre launch scheme.
In the offset launch scheme a single mode transmitter launches light into a region offset from the centre of the fibre. Here the optical power is coupled into the higher order modes which tend to have reasonably low relative modal dispersion and can, in contrast to centre launch, guarantee the low pass bandwidth performance of multimode fibres. This technique is described in L Raddatz et al., “Influence of Restricted Mode Excitation on Bandwidth of Multimode Fibre Links”, Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 10, pp. 534-536, 1998 and the PCT patent specification no. WO97/3330 “MULTIMODE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS”. Offset launch was the basis of the UK patent application no. 0229238.1 “AN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”. It allows a reduction in modal dispersion and modal interference and smoothing of the frequency response passband region beyond the fibres specified 3 dB base band bandwidth assisting RF transmission and recovery within this region.
The present invention goes beyond these examples of prior art. Many low cost optical transmitters used in multimode fibre systems have multiple transverse modes. The prior art described above relies on single mode optical launches into the multimode fibre whereas this invention relates to the use of multiple transverse mode launches.
The essence of the present invention is that the use of defined restricted mode launch schemes from the multiple transverse mode optical transmitter can result in stable and robust radio frequency signal transmission for all types of multimode fibre. This would enable the use of low cost multiple transverse mode transmitters along with the pre-installed multimode fibre base for DAS applications such as cellular radio and wireless LAN systems. One benefit would be that it would not be necessary to measure fibre performance in situ or to install fibre specifically for this application.
This approach is a fundamental distinction over known existing digital communications systems using restricted launch and multiple transverse mode optical transmitters. These are currently limited to operating within the baseband bandwidth specification of the fibre. They cannot provide the required performance for radio frequency signals over multimode fibre that this invention achieves.
It should be stressed that the advance should apply to all signal distribution schemes whose bandwidths are greater than the 3 dB transmission bandwidth of the optical fibre, and which rely on advanced or multi-state coding, decoding or equalisation to achieve low error rate. Here the technique ensures that frequencies do not fade or drop-out so that the coded spectra do not suffer high localised energy loss that reduce the benefits of the advanced or multi-state coding or the potential for signal enhancement by decoding or equalisation, for example.
The invention therefore represents an advance over existing techniques in the field; with advantageous results flowing from its application.
An optical communication system comprising:
The preferred method of ensuring that the correct restricted set of modes is excited in the fibre to enable high quality radio over fibre transmission is to limit the proportion of encircled flux launched into the fibre within a certain radius from the centre and to limit the radius within which a higher proportion of encircled flux is launched.
In such an optical communication system, where the fibre has a core diameter of 62.5 μm, where the operating wavelength is 850 nm and where the laser transmitter is a multiple transverse mode Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL), the preferable encircled flux launch condition is:
Other features of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows.
The present invention will now be described more particularly with reference to the accompanying drawings which show, by way of example only, a preferred embodiment of the optical communication system according to the invention.
In the drawings:
The multiple transverse mode lasing device used in this work was a proton implanted VCSEL with an aperture diameter of 15 μm. The VCSEL had a threshold current of 3.5 mA.
Referring to
The effect of restricted launch on the transmission of high frequency radio signals over ‘worst-case’ multimode fibre using a complex digital modulation format (16-QAM) was measured in a series of experiments in order to determine the best strategy for ensuring good quality radio over fibre transmission over multimode fibre. 16-QAM (16 state quadrature amplitude modulation) encodes 4 bits into one symbol by varying the amplitude and phase of the carrier signal. Error vector magnitude (EVM) was used as the link performance metric in this series of measurements.
The optical radiation source 13 is a multi transverse mode laser. The laser 13 is an uncooled 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) device.
The light beam from the laser 13 was collimated and focussed onto the multimode fibre facet 17 using a collimating lens 14, a focussing lens 15. Both lenses have a magnification of 20.
A precision xyz-stage 16 was used to control the launch conditions into various combinations of reels of ‘worst-case’ multimode fibre 17. In this case, in order to obtain very high precision the stage was electrically controlled with a piezo-electric controller.
Experimental results shown in
The receiving sub-system converts the low intensity modulated light back into an electrical signal. It consists of a photodetector 18 and an amplification stage 19. The photodetector 18 is a broadband photodiode, with the photodiode having a multimode fibre 17 input. The amplification stage is a high gain electrical preamplifier 19.
The signal generating and analysing means 20 consists of a vector signal generator which has the ability to generate a 16-QAM signal at a centre frequency of 2 GHz with a symbol rate of 2 Ms/s and a vector signal analyzer which has the ability to demodulate a 16-QAM signal at a centre frequency of 2 GHz with a symbol rate of 2 Ms/s. 16-QAM modulation was chosen as it is representative of wireless communication modulation systems. Further it requires very high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and therefore provides a good test of the link performance. It should be noted that the electrical back to back EVM floor of the instrument used was 2%. Therefore any received EVM values close to 2% after transmission over the optical link represent the fact that the optical transmission has added only a very small amount of EVM penalty.
From
With reference to
When combining the results from these experiments one finds that in order to provide good link performance one has to apply a restricted launch condition. For each of these cases, the restricted launch can be characterised by an 80% encircled flux within a circle radius of 12 μm centred on the core of the multimode fibre. Clearly this relies on the multiple transverse mode launch not being an offset launch scheme similar to that described in PCT patent specification no. WO97/3330 “MULTIMODE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS”.
Minimum EVM degradation correlates to smoothing of the RF transmission region beyond the 3 dB bandwidth specification of the multimode fibre. As a result of this effect susceptibility of signal loss due to transmission nulls is substantially eliminated.
The metrics for quality include, but are not restricted to:
Types of graded-index multimode fibre that can be used include, but are not restricted to:
The means of coupling include, but are not restricted to:
The scope of the invention is defined by the claims which now follow.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/GB04/03593 | 8/20/2004 | WO | 00 | 2/20/2007 |