Multimode optical transmission system employing modal-conditioning fiber

Abstract

A multimode optical fiber transmission system that employs an optical fiber with at least one modal-conditioning fiber is disclosed. The system includes a single-mode transmitter that generates modulated light having a wavelength between 800 nm and 1600 nm; an optical receiver configured to receive and detect the modulated light; a multimode optical fiber that defines an optical path between the single-mode transmitter and the optical receiver, the multimode optical fiber having a core with a diameter D40 and a refractive index profile configured to optimally transmit light at a nominal wavelength of 850 nm; and at least one modal-conditioning fiber operably disposed in the optical path to perform at least one of modal filtering and modal converting of the optical modulated light.

Description

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to optical transmission systems that employ multimode optical fiber, and in particular relates to an optical fiber transmission system that employs at least one modal-conditioning fiber.

BACKGROUND

The entire disclosure of any publication or patent document mentioned herein is incorporated by reference, including U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2013/0266033 and 2013/0322825.

Optical fiber transmission systems are employed in data centers to establish communication between devices such as routers, servers, switches and storage devices. The optical fiber transmission system typically utilizes a trunk cable (e.g., tens to hundreds of meters long) that carries many optical fibers (e.g., twelve, twenty-four, forty-eight, etc.). Each end of the trunk cable optically connects to a breakout assembly to transition from MPO-style multifiber trunk connectors to other types of connectors which are then interfaced with patch cords or plugged directly into equipment ports, thereby establishing an optical path between the devices. The breakout assembly is frequently housed in a break-out module.

Data centers are configured with cable assemblies containing multimode optical fibers. Such fibers are used because the light sources in the transceivers in the optical devices are multimode light sources. Also, historically it has been easier to work with multimode fiber than single-mode fiber. Unfortunately, multimode fiber has a smaller bandwidth-distance product due to modal dispersion, which makes it difficult and expensive to extend the reach or to increase the data rate of the optical fiber transmission system.

In addition, the existing multimode fibers are optimized for operation at a nominal wavelength of 850 nm at which multimode fibers have high chromatic dispersion. For longer reach or higher data rate transmission, it is desired to have an operating wavelength of nominally around 1300 nm where the chromatic dispersion is the lowest. For example, many single-mode transceivers, such as LR and LRM transceivers, are designed and operated at a nominal wavelength of 1310 nm. Some of the transceivers operating at a wavelength of about 1300 nm involve CWDM or four wavelengths propagating with the same optical fiber at 10 Gb/s for each wavelength, so that the total data rate for each transceiver is 40 Gb/s.

The wavelengths for each operating channel are nominally 1270 nm, 1290 nm, 1310 nm, and 1330 nm. Traditionally, they are operated with single-mode fibers, with the exception of an LRM transceiver, which can operate with a single-mode to multimode fiber patch cord with offset splicing so that multimode fiber can also be used. But recently there has been increasing interest in using the single-mode transceiver with multimode fiber in data center for improved interoperability, providing a smooth upgrade path and easier logistical management, all of which provide economic and financial benefits.

Consequently, it is advantageous to have ways of improving the performance of a multimode optical fiber transmission system without incurring the time, labor and expense of having to replace the multimode fibers.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the disclosure are directed to optical transmission systems that operate at a wavelength in the range from 800 nm to 1600 nm and that employ a single-mode optical transmitter and an optical receiver optically coupled to respective ends of an optical fiber path comprising a multimode fiber designed for operation at a wavelength of about 850 nm. The optical fiber path employs at least one modal-conditioning fiber. The modal-conditioning fiber can serve as: 1) a modal-converting fiber when used adjacent the transmitter for converting the launching light close to the fundamental LP01 mode of the multimode fiber; 2) a modal-filter fiber when used adjacent the receiver for substantially filtering out the higher-order modes; 3) as both a modal-converting fiber and a modal-filter fiber when operably disposed within the optical path between the optical transmitter and the receiver; or 4) as both a modal-converting fiber and a modal-filtering fiber when first and second modal-conditioning fibers are used at respective first and second ends of the multimode fiber adjacent the transmitter and the receiver.

When the modal-conditioning fiber is used as a modal-converting fiber, it ensures that primarily the fundamental mode of the multimode fiber is launched or excited. When the modal-conditioning fiber is used as a modal-filter fiber, it ensures that only light from a certain radial region of the multimode fiber or in most cases from the fundamental mode of the multimode fiber is detected. This enables various embodiments of the system to have a system bandwidth for the received signals of: greater than 2 GHz·km; greater than 4 GHz·km; greater than 8 GHz·km; greater than 10 GHz·km; greater than 15 GHz·km; or greater than 20 GHz·km.

The modal-conditioning fiber can have a relatively short length, e.g., as short as 5 mm, but it can be any reasonable length longer than 5 mm to achieve the same functionality. The modal-conditioning fiber can be either a single-mode fiber, a few-mode fiber or a multimode fiber having a core with a diameter in a select range, e.g., smaller than the core diameter of the main multimode fiber. In an example involving launching and/or receiving substantially only the fundamental mode of the multimode fiber, the core diameter of the modal-conditioning fiber can be in the range from 10 μm to 23 μm.

In some other embodiments, if the purpose of the modal-conditioning fiber is to strip away just the very high-order modes that travel near the edge of the multimode fiber core, the core size of the modal-conditioning fiber can be in the range from 30 μm to 45 μm. In this case, the optical fiber can be used with a smaller-area multimode photo-receiver designed for 10 Gb/s to 32 Gb/s operation, and examples can work at even higher data rates of 40 Gb/s, 50 Gb/s or above. In other embodiments, the core size (diameter) of the modal conditioning fiber is 50 microns or less, or is between 10 microns and 50 microns.

The at least one modal-conditioning fiber can be integrated within the optical path in any of the components that define the optical path, such as in one or more jumpers, as part of a connector, or concatenated to a section of multimode fiber either within a breakout module or a break out harness (i.e., a fan-out harness). It can even be spliced to form part of the above-mentioned components or devices at one or both ends of the optical fiber path, i.e., connected to either the transmitter and/or receiver. In examples, the optical transmission system that utilizes the mode-conditioned optical fibers disclosed herein supports a data rate of 10 Gb/s, 16 Gb/s, 25 Gb/s or even higher.

An aspect of the disclosure is an optical transmission system for transmitting data. The system includes: a single-mode transmitter that generates modulated light having a wavelength between 800 nm and 1600 nm; an optical receiver configured to receive and detect the modulated light; a multimode optical fiber that defines an optical path between the single-mode transmitter and the optical receiver, the multimode optical fiber having a refractive index profile configured to transmit light in an operating wavelength of about 850 nm; at least one modal-conditioning fiber operably disposed in the optical path having a length of at least 5 mm, a core diameter D_C, and wherein 10 μm<D_C<50 μm; and a modal bandwidth of at least 2 GHz·km.

Another aspect of the disclosure is an optical transmission system for transmitting data. The system includes: first and second transceivers each including a single-mode (SM) transmitter that generates modulated light having a wavelength between 800 nm and 1600 nm, and each including an optical receiver configured to receive and detect the modulated light; a first multimode optical fiber that defines a first optical path between the SM transmitter of the first transceiver and the receiver of the second transceiver; a second multimode optical fiber that defines a second optical path between the SM transmitter of the second transceiver and the receiver of the first transceiver, wherein the first and second multimode optical fibers have refractive index profiles configured to transmit light at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm; at least one first modal-conditioning fiber operably disposed in the first optical path; at least one second modal-conditioning fiber operably disposed in the first optical path, wherein the at least one first and at least one second modal-conditioning fibers each has a length of at least 5 mm and a core diameter D_C wherein 10 μm<D_C<50 μm; and wherein the first and second optical paths each supports a modal bandwidth of at least 2 GHz·km.

Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of transmitting optical signals over an optical path of an optical transmission system. The method includes: generating single-mode modulated optical signals at a wavelength in a range between 800 nm and 1600 nm; transmitting the optical signals over an optical path having a modal bandwidth of at least 2 GHz·km and defined by a length of multimode optical fiber having a refractive index profile configured to optimally transmit light at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm; performing modal conditioning of the transmitted optical signals with at least one modal-conditioning fiber operably disposed in the optical path and having a length at least 5 mm and a core diameter D_C, wherein D_C<50 μm; and receiving the transmitted and mode-conditioned optical signals at a receiver.

Another aspect of the disclosure is a modal-conditioning fiber assembly of N fibers. The assembly includes: a first fiber array of first fibers T=1 to N/2 and a second fiber array of second fibers R=[(N/2)+1] to N, with N being an even number greater than 2, and wherein one end of the first and second fiber arrays terminate at first connection locations and another end of the first and second fibers terminate at second connection locations, wherein each fiber T and each fiber R comprises a length of modal-conditioning fiber having a length of 5 mm or greater and a core diameter D_C, wherein D_C<50 microns; and wherein pairs (T, R) of fibers T and R are defined at the first connection locations.

Another aspect of the disclosure is directed to an optical-fiber transmission system including at least one multimode fiber section, and at least one modal-conditioning fiber section in optical communication with the at least one multimode fiber section. The at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is configured to provide at least one of (a) modal-conversion to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section, or (b) modal-filtering to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section.

Another aspect of the disclosure is directed to an optical-fiber transmission system including at least one multimode fiber section with a core diameter equal to 50 microns, and at least one modal-conditioning fiber section with a core diameter of less than or equal to 23 microns, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is in optical communication with the at least one multimode fiber section. The at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is configured to provide at least one of (a) modal-conversion to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section, or (b) modal-filtering to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section.

Additional features and advantages are set forth in the Detailed Description that follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following Detailed Description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s), and together with the Detailed Description serve to explain principles and operations of the various embodiments. As such, the disclosure will become more fully understood from the following Detailed Description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying Figures, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of an optical fiber transmission system that employs a single-mode transmitter and a multimode receiver optically connected by a multimode optical fiber;

FIG. 1B is similar to FIG. 1A but employs a single-mode receiver;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example measurement system used to measure modal bandwidth;

FIGS. 3A and 3B are plots of the radial offset δr (μm) versus modal bandwidth BW (GHz·km) at a wavelength of 1300 nm for two different OM4-type multimode fibers as measured using the measurement system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a plot of the measured transfer function TF(dBe) versus frequency ƒ (GHz) for a center SM launch condition (i.e., δr=0) for a multimode fiber as measured using the measurement system of FIG. 2;

FIGS. 5A through 5D are schematic diagrams of example optical transmission systems configured to reduce the detrimental effects of differential mode delay by incorporating at least one modal-conditioning fiber in the optical path between the transmitter and the receiver;

FIG. 5E is a close-up elevated view of one end of the optical transmission system of FIG. 5D and illustrates an example two-fiber transceiver and a pair of duplexed single fiber connectors that terminate the end of a two-fiber optical fiber patch cord;

FIG. 5F is a perspective view of a two-fiber adapter with modal-conditioning fibers internal to an adapter housing, the two-fiber adapter configured to couple to, and provide optical communication between, a transceiver and multimode fiber;

FIG. 5G is a cross-sectional view of the two-fiber adapter of FIG. 5F;

FIG. 5H is a perspective view of another embodiment of a two-fiber adapter with modal-conditioning fibers external to an adapter housing;

FIG. 5I is a diagram illustrating use of a bridge fiber;

FIG. 6 is a plot of the measured transfer function TF(dBe) versus frequency ƒ (GHz) for a center launch condition (δr=0) and an offset launch condition (δr=4.5 μm) for an example optical fiber having a few meters of single-mode fiber concatenated to a longer length of multimode fiber, and illustrating the relatively large bandwidth over the measured frequency range;

FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of an example optical transmission system wherein the optical path between the single-mode transmitter and the receiver includes two breakout modules optically connected by a trunk cable, with the modules optically connected to the transmitter and receiver with respective jumper cables;

FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of an example optical transmission system wherein the optical path between the single-mode transmitter and the receiver includes a trunk cable connected to two breakout harnesses that include two connectorized cable sections that respectively attach to the transmitter and receiver;

FIG. 7C is an example breakout harness that includes cable sections that each has a section of modal-conditioning fiber;

FIG. 8A is a side view of an example jumper that includes a section of modal-conditioning fiber;

FIG. 8B is a partial cut-away view of an example breakout module wherein the fiber array within the module includes sections of modal-conditioning fiber; and

FIG. 8C is a schematic diagram of an example modal-conditioning fiber assembly that includes two fiber arrays each made up of modal-conditioning fibers, wherein the two fiber arrays define select pairings of the modal-conditioning optical fibers from the two modal-conditioning fiber arrays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference is now made in detail to various embodiments of the disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same or like reference numbers and symbols are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, and one skilled in the art will recognize where the drawings have been simplified to illustrate the key aspects of the disclosure.

The claims as set forth below are incorporated into and constitute part of this Detailed Description.

In the description below, the term “relative refractive index,” as used herein in connection with the optical fibers and fiber cores discussed below, is defined as:Δ(r)=[n(r)²−n_REF²)]/2n(r)²,where n(r) is the refractive index at radius r, unless otherwise specified. The relative refractive index is defined at the operating wavelength, which is the wavelength where the multimode core of the optical fiber is designed to work optimally, e.g., where the differential mode delay is minimized. In one aspect, the reference index n_REF is silica glass. In another aspect, n_REF is the maximum refractive index of the cladding. The parameter n₀ is the maximum index of the index profile. In most cases, n₀=n(0).

As used herein, the relative refractive index is represented by Δ and its values are given in units of “%,” unless otherwise specified. In cases where the refractive index of a region is less than the reference index n_REF, the relative refractive index is negative and is referred to as a “trench.” The minimum relative refractive index is calculated at the point at which the relative index is most negative, unless otherwise specified. In cases where the refractive index of a region is greater than the reference index n_REF, the relative refractive index is positive and the region can be said to be raised or to have a positive index. The value of Δ(r) for r=0 is denoted Δ₀.

The alpha parameter α as used herein relates to the relative refractive index Δ, which is in units of “%” where r is the radius (radial coordinate) of the fiber, and which is defined by Δ(r)=Δ₀·[1−Q^α], where Q=(r−r_m)/(r₀−r_m), where r_m is the point at which Δ(r) is the maximum Δ₀ and r₀ is the point at which Δ(r) %=0. The radius r is in the range r_i≤r≤r_f, where Δ(r) is defined above, r_i is the initial point of the α-profile, r_f is the final point of the α-profile and α is an exponent that is a real number.

For a step index profile, α>10, and for a gradient-index profile, α<5. It is noted here that different forms for the core radius r₀ and maximum relative refractive index Δ₀ can be used without affecting the fundamental definition of Δ. For a practical fiber, even when the target profile is an alpha profile, some level of deviation from the ideal situation can occur. Therefore, the alpha parameter α for a practical fiber is obtained from a best fit of the measured index profile. An alpha parameter in the range 2.05≤α≤2.15 provides a minimum for the differential mode delay (DMD) at 850 nm and an alpha parameter in the range 1.95≤α≤2.05 provides a minimum for the DMD at 1300 nm.

The modal bandwidth (or overfill bandwidth) of an optical fiber is denoted BW and is defined herein as using overfilled launch conditions at 850 nm according to IEC 60793-1-41 (TIA-FOTP-204), “Measurement Methods and Test Procedures: Bandwidth.” The minimum calculated effective modal bandwidths BW can be obtained from measured DMD spectra as specified by IEC 60793-1-49 (TIA/EIA-455-220), “Measurement Methods and Test Procedures: Differential Mode Delay.” The units of bandwidth for an optical fiber can be expressed in MHz·km, GHz·km, etc., and a bandwidth expressed in these kinds of units is also referred to in the art as the bandwidth-distance product. The modal bandwidth is defined in part by modal dispersion. At the system level, the overall bandwidth can be limited by chromatic dispersion, which limits the system performance at a high bit rate.

The limits on any ranges cited herein are considered to be inclusive and thus to lie within the range, unless otherwise specified.

The symbol “μm” means “micron” or “microns”, and the symbol “μm” and the word “micron” or “microns” are used interchangeably herein.

The term “modal-conditioning fiber” is used to generally denote at least one fiber that performs modal conditioning as disclosed herein. In various examples, the modal-conditioning fiber can serve as: 1) a modal-converting fiber when used adjacent the transmitter for converting the launching light close to the fundamental LP01 mode of the multimode fiber; 2) a modal-filter fiber when used adjacent the receiver for substantially filtering out the higher-order modes; 3) as both a modal-converting fiber and a modal-filter fiber when operably disposed within the optical path between the optical transmitter and the receiver; 4) as both a modal-converting fiber and a modal-filtering fiber when first and second modal-conditioning fibers are used at respective first and second ends of the multimode fiber adjacent the transmitter and the receiver. The modal-conditioning fiber can comprise a single section of one type of optical fiber that performs modal conditioning or can comprise two or more sections of optical fiber wherein one or more of the sections perform the modal conditioning.

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a prior art optical fiber transmission system (“system”) 10 that employs a single-mode (SM) transmitter 20S that emits modulated light 22, and a multimode (MM) receiver 30M optically connected by a multimode optical fiber (MMF) 40 having a refractive index profile designed to optimally operate around a nominal wavelength of 850 nm, e.g., 840 to 860 nm (i.e., has an operating wavelength of 850 nm where mode dispersion is minimum) or at a wavelength in the range from 800 nm to 1600 nm. MM receiver 30M is configured to receive modulated light 22.

FIG. 1B is similar to FIG. 1A but employs an SM receiver 30S. The SM transmitter 20S can be one that is used in an optical communications transceiver, such as an LR and LR4 transceiver. For an LR4 transceiver, four wavelengths are co-propagating within the same fiber to reach an aggregated data rate of 40 Gb/s. The MM receiver 30M can be one that is used in VCSEL-based transceivers or an MM receiver used in an LRM transceiver operating around 1300 nm, or it can be a specially designed MM receiver. The SM transmitter 20S emits modulated light 22, which in an example has a nominal wavelength of 1300 nm. More generally, the SM transmitter 20S emits modulated light (i.e., modulated optical signals) 22 having a wavelength in the range from 800 nm to 1600 nm, and the systems and methods disclosed herein can have operating wavelengths in this range. The SM transmitter 20S can also be a silicon-photonics-based transmitter, which in an example emits single-mode modulated light 22 having a wavelength in the range from 1250 nm to 1650 nm.

As noted above, there is increasing interest in using existing 850 nm MMF 40, such as OM2, OM3 or OM4 fiber, with SM transmitters 20S operating at a wavelength in the range from 800 nm to 1600 nm (and in particular at 1300 nm) to transmit data within or between data centers over distances of 100 m to 1000 m, depending on the system capability as limited by the power budget and the bandwidth of the MMF 40. The SM transmitter 20S discussed here can be one that is designed based on an existing standard to work with single-mode fiber. Such an SM transmitter 20S can be configured for use with the MMF 40 to ensure better interoperability, upgradability, logistic management and/or compatibility with the existing installation. Note also that the MMF 40 is designed for optimal operation at 850 nm, but that systems 10 of FIGS. 1A and 1B can operate at a nominal wavelength in the range from 1200 nm to 1600 nm, and in particular at a nominal wavelength of 1300 nm.

Bandwidth measurements were conducted for the basic configuration of system 10 as shown in FIG. 1A. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the measurement system 60 used to perform the bandwidth measurements. To emulate the launch condition from SM transmitter 20S, a cleaved end 52 of a short section of single-mode fiber 50 was butt coupled with a cleaved end 42 of a short section of MMF 40. The single-mode fiber section 50 and MMF section 40 were supported on an X-Y-Z alignment stage 70. A tunable laser 80 and an optical modulator 90 were optically connected to the input end of the single-mode fiber section 50. A network analyzer 100 was optically connected to the optical modulator 90 and an MM receiver 30M, which was optically coupled to an output end 43 of the MMF section 40.

The single-mode fiber section 50 was initially aligned with the MMF section 40 (center to center). Controlled radial offsets δr were then introduced in about 1 micron steps (increments) using the X-Y-Z alignment stage 70, and the bandwidth of the fiber defined by the single-mode fiber 50 and MMF section 40 was measured. The tunable laser 80 generated laser light 82 of nominally 1300 nm. The network analyzer 100 was used to send out sweeping RF-frequency signals to drive the optical modulator 90, thereby forming modulated optical signals 82M from the laser light 82.

The modulated optical signals 82M traveling in the single-mode fiber section 50 were coupled into the MMF section 40 and were then received by the MM receiver 30M. The received signals were then analyzed by the network analyzer 100, which produced a transfer function TF(ƒ), often also referred to as “S21 signals,” where ƒ stands for frequency. The bandwidth of the optical fiber can be determined from the transfer function using standard techniques. For example, the bandwidth can be extracted at the 3 dBo point (defined by the 10·log(⋅) operator) or the 6 dBe point (defined by the 20·log(⋅) operator) of the transfer function TF(ƒ).

FIGS. 3A and 3B are plots of the radial offset δr (μm) versus modal bandwidth BW (GHz·km) at 1300 nm for two different OM4-type MMF 40, as measured using the measurement system 60. FIG. 4 is a plot of the measured transfer function TF (dBe) versus frequency ƒ (GHz) for a center SM launch condition (i.e., δr=0) obtained using the measurement system 60. With reference first to FIG. 3A, the first OM4 MMF 40 tested shows a modal bandwidth BW>1.5 GHz·km for δr<5 μm. With reference to FIG. 3B, the second OM4 MMF 40 tested shows a modal bandwidth BW<1 GHz·km over the same offset range. With over 1.5 GHz·km modal bandwidth BW, system 10 of FIG. 1 can have a reach of up to about 200 m at a data rate of 10 Gb/s. However, with less than 1 GHz·km modal bandwidth BW, the reach of system 10 of FIG. 1A is limited to 150 m or less, which is useful for some practical applications but not enough for applications (including many data center applications) demanding a longer system reach.

This observation is surprising when compared to the conventional understanding of SM launch at 850 nm, which assumes the coupling from a specific launch condition to nearby mode groups or mode groups with different radial positions is not substantial. The fact that a low bandwidth is observed even with an SM-type of launch condition means that there is some level of mode coupling in the MMF 40. The higher-order modes can be excited from the launch point and along the length of the MMF 40. Additional coupling can occur likely from lower-order modes into higher-order modes at a nominal wavelength of 1300 nm (more so than those at 850 nm). Note that for MMF optimized for 850 nm operation, the time delays of the higher-order modes at 1300 nm are much higher than for the fundamental modes, which would form a right-tilt DMD chart.

Thus, even though more laser light 82 is launched near the center of MMF 40 or with a small spot size with an offset, this light gets coupled to higher-order modes that travel at greater radial positions. Note that OM3 and OM4 MMFs are made for operation at nominally 850 nm, so that its overfilled launch (OFL) modal bandwidth is only guaranteed to be above 500 MHz·km at 1300 nm. The light 82 propagating at larger radial positions has a dramatically different delay when it reaches the other end of the MMF 40. When the light of the higher-order modes is captured by the MM receiver 30M, it degrades the system performance dramatically. Therefore, the system performance cannot support a reach of greater than about 200 m, or 300 m if the light from the whole core region of the MMF is detected by the MM receiver 30M.

FIGS. 5A through 5D are schematic diagrams of example optical transmission systems 104 that are modified versions of systems 10 from FIGS. 1A and 1B, and that include optical fibers (“fibers”) 110 configured to reduce or substantially eliminate the detrimental effects of higher order modes on system performance. Fibers 150 herein can be referred to as “modal-conditioning fibers,” where the mode conditioning can involve modal conversion, modal filtering, or both.

With reference to FIG. 5A, system 104 includes either a single-mode or multimode receiver (“receiver”) 30 and a modal-conditioning fiber 150 arranged between the MMF 40 and receiver 30. In FIG. 5A, the modal-conditioning fiber 150 serves as a modal-filtering fiber because it is disposed between the MMF 40 and receiver 30. The two close-up insets of FIG. 5A show cross-sectional views of the modal-filtering fiber 150 and MMF 40. The modal-filtering fiber 150 has a central core 152 surrounded by a cladding 154. The central core 152 has a diameter D_C. The modal-filtering fiber 150 also has a length greater than 5 mm, and can typically have a length of 0.5 to 2 m but would work for any reasonable length greater than 5 mm. MMF 40 has a core 42 of diameter D₄₀ surrounded by a cladding 44.

In FIG. 5B, only one modal-conditioning fiber 150 is disposed between the SM transmitter 20S and MMF 40. In this configuration, the modal-conditioning fiber 150 serves as a modal-converting fiber.

FIG. 5C is similar to FIGS. 5A and 5B and includes two modal-conditioning fibers 150: one disposed between the SM transmitter 20S and MMF 40 and that serves as a modal-converting fiber, and one disposed between the receiver 30 and MMF 40 and that serves as a modal-filtering fiber.

When the modal-conditioning fiber 150 is used as a modal-converting fiber, in some of the embodiments, the purpose is to primarily excite the fundamental mode of the MMF 40. The MMFs OM2 to OM4 have cores 42 with diameters D₄₀ of 50 microns and mode-field diameters (MFDs) of fundamental mode LP01 of about 15 microns at 1310 nm wavelength, which is greater than that for the SMF-28® single-mode fiber. If single-mode fiber SMF-28® is used for the modal-converting fiber 150, the performance is not expected to be optimal since the MFD of SMF-28® does not match the fundamental mode of the MMF 40.

Further, in addition to exciting the fundamental mode of MMF 40, higher order modes are also excited and these have a much different time delay. To ensure optimal launch of the fundamental mode, the core diameter D_C of the modal-converting fiber 150 should be close to that of the fundamental mode of the MMF 40. Therefore, in one example, the range of the core diameter D_C of the modal-converting fiber 150 is 10 μm≤D_C≤23 μm, and in another example is 12 μm≤D_C≤23 μm. Also in an example, the core delta (Δ₀) is in the range from 0.2% to 2.0%. The modal-converting fiber 150 in this example can also optionally be a bend-insensitive fiber, e.g., by having a trench structure in the refractive index profile. In certain embodiments, the fiber 110 is an MMF 40 with a core delta around 1%, a core diameter around 50 microns, and an LP01 MFD of 14.5 μm at 1310 nm and/or 15.8 μm at 1550 nm.

In certain embodiments, the fiber 110 is a universal fiber having a multimode core with the mode field diameter of fundamental mode similar to that of a standard single mode fiber. For single mode transmission, light needs to be launched into the fundamental mode. However, for single mode transceivers, the single mode stub fiber typically used at the laser output is defined with a cable cutoff of less than 1260 nm measured on a 22 m long fiber. For a stub fiber with a length of 1-2 cm, the cutoff wavelength can be much longer than a 1310 nm operating wavelength. In such a configuration, the single mode launch to a universal fiber cannot be guaranteed (e.g., due to the short length of the stub fiber), which may cause system penalty due to multipath interference (MPI). To mitigate such issues, a modal-conditioning fiber 150 (e.g., modal-converting fiber) may be used, as discussed below.

In certain embodiments, the fiber 110 includes Corning Ultra fiber with a cutoff below 1260 nm, a graded refractive index profile with a core delta of 0.44%, a core alpha of 2.1, and a core radius of 6.1 nm. In certain embodiments, the fiber 110 includes Corning UniCam® fiber including a cutoff below 1200 nm, a step like index profile with a core alpha around 20, a core delta of 0.32%, and a core radius of 4 nm.

As discussed above, when the modal-conditioning fiber 150 is disposed between the MMF 40 and the receiver 30, it acts as a modal filter. The smaller core diameter D_C of the modal-filtering fiber 150 acts to filter out the higher-order modes that can travel in the MMF 40. While there is some modal loss, the modulated light 22 from the SM transmitter 20 that travels over the optical path will be limited to those modes that travel substantially down the center of the MMF 40 and out to the core diameter D_C of the modal-filtering fiber 150 so that only the light emitted substantially from the center of the MMF 40 is received at the receiver 30.

In some embodiments, the core diameter D_C is in the aforementioned range of between 10 μm and 23 μm so that the modulated light 22 traveling over the fiber 110 and received by the receiver 30 is substantially only that associated with the fundamental mode LP01. Consequently, the delay difference between the modes (i.e., the DMD) for the received light after the modal-filtering fiber 150 will be much smaller than the delay difference between the higher-order modes from the edge of the core and the center of the core when the modal-filtering fiber 150 is not employed. In an example embodiment, the modal-filtering fiber 150 has a core delta Δ₀ in the aforementioned range from 0.2% to 2.0%. Also in an example, the modal-filtering fiber 150 can optionally be a bend-insensitive fiber, e.g., by having a trench structure in the refractive index profile.

Some examples of the modal-conditioning fiber 150 can have a step refractive index profile with a core delta Δ₀ value of less than 0.5% and core diameter D_C of less than 23 microns. The large-effective-area fibers EX2000® and EX3000® made by Corning, Inc., Corning, N.Y., are example types of fibers that meet these requirements. In some embodiments, the modal-conditioning fiber 150 can operate essentially as single-mode fibers at the operating wavelength (e.g., nominally 1300 nm) even though the fiber has a theoretical cutoff above the operating wavelength. To force a few-mode fiber to operate in single mode, a portion of the fiber can be coiled to have a coil diameter within the range of 10 mm to 50 mm.

In some other embodiments, the modal-conditional fiber 150 can be gradient index (GRIN) fiber with an alpha profile having a core delta Δ₀ in the range from 0.3% to 2.0%, and the aforementioned core diameter D_C in the range from 10 microns to 23 microns. In other embodiments, D_C≤50 microns.

As explained above in connection with FIGS. 5A through 5C, the modal-conditioning fiber 150 can operably disposed in the fiber 110 near the SM transmitter 20S to serve as a modal-converting fiber, or can be operably disposed near the receiver 30 to serve as a modal-filtering fiber. The modal-conditioning fiber 150 can also be used in both locations as illustrated in FIG. 5C, i.e., two modal-conditioning fibers 150 can be employed at the opposite ends of the fiber 110. When first and second modal-conditioning fibers 150 are operably disposed adjacent the SM transmitter 20S and receiver 30 respectively, in some embodiments the modal-converting fiber and modal-filtering fiber are made of the same fiber to simplify the formation of the fiber 110.

FIG. 5D is similar to FIGS. 5A through 5C and illustrates an example where there are two SM transmitters 20S and two receivers 30, with one transmitter and one receiver being part of a transceiver 25, and where there are transceivers at each end of the system 104. The fiber 110 includes two sections 110A and 110B each having an MMF 40 with at least one modal-conditioning fiber 150 operably connected to the MMF 40. With reference to FIG. 5E, in an example, the fiber 110 can be terminated at its respective ends with a two-fiber connector 27 that mates with each transceiver 25. In an example, the connector 27 can be an MT-RJ® connector or a duplexed single-fiber connector, such as an SC or LC connector, and the transceiver 25 can be configured to mate with the particular type of connector used. The transceiver 25 and connectors 27 can also be parallel optic transceiver and connectors.

In an example, at least one modal-conditioning fiber 150 is included at least partially within each two-fiber connector 27, as illustrated in FIG. 5E. Using the same type of modal-conditioning fiber 150 allows for forming fibers 110A and 110B of fiber 110 without the need to differentiate between fiber types, thereby simplifying the configuration and management of the system 104.

$\mathrm{Loss}=10·\log 10\left[\frac{4}{{\left(\frac{{\omega }_1}{{\omega }_2}+\frac{{\omega }_2}{{\omega }_2}\right)}^2}\right]$

FIGS. 5F and 5G are views of a two-fiber adapter 160 with modal-conditioning fibers 150 internal to an adapter housing 162. The adapter housing 162 includes a two-port male connection interface 164 at one end, and a two-port female connection interface 166 at an opposite end. The modal-conditioning fibers 150 are positioned within a ferrule stub 168 within the adapter housing 162 and extend between the male connection interface 164 and the female connection interface 166. The male connection interface 164 is configured to mechanically engage and optically connect to a transceiver 25. The female connection interface 166 is configured to mechanically engage and optically connect to optical fibers 110 (e.g., MMF 40). Accordingly, the two-fiber adapter 160 is configured to couple to, and provide optical communication between, the transceiver 25 and optical fibers 110 (e.g., MMF 40). Although two-port interfaces are shown and described, a single-port interface could also be used. An advantage of the two-fiber adapter 160 is that it is compact and can be retroactively fitted. In certain embodiments, the fiber 150 has a length of less than 30 cm, such as between 10 and 25 cm or between 0.5 and 1.5 cm. In certain embodiments, the core to ferrule eccentricity of the adapter ferrule stub 168 is less than 800 nm on both ends so that the insertion loss at each interface is less than 0.25 dB. A low core to ferrule eccentricity ensures that the optical power is fully coupled into the fundamental mode of the fiber 110.

FIG. 5H is a perspective view of another embodiment of a two-fiber adapter 170 with modal-conditioning fibers 150 external to an adapter housing 172. The adapter housing 172 includes a first two-port female connection interface 174 at a first end and a second two-port female connection interface 176 at an opposite end. The two-fiber adapter 170 further includes a jumper 178 including the modal-conditioning fibers 150 with a first two-port male connection interface 180 at a first end and a second two-port male connection interface 182 at a second end.

The first male connection interface 180 of the jumper 178 is configured to mechanically engage and optically connect to a transceiver 25. The second male connection interface 182 of the jumper 178 is configured to mechanically engage to the first female connection interface 174 of the adapter housing 172. The second female connection interface 176 of the adapter housing 172 is configured to mechanically engage the fibers 110 (e.g., MMF). Accordingly, the adapter housing 172 optically couples the fibers 110 to the jumper 178. An advantage of the two-fiber adapter 170 is that the modal-conditioning fiber 150 could be shortened or lengthened as needed by simply replacing the jumper 178. Further, the two-fiber adapter 170 can be retroactively fitted. In certain embodiments, a length of the fiber 110 is longer than 110 mm.

The adapters 160, 170 may be directly plugged into the transceiver 25 and the connectors from the fiber 110 can be further plugged into the adapter 160, 170. This may significantly improve performance (e.g., enabling use of universal fiber for single mode transmission). The adapter 160, 170 ensures that the output is single moded, such as at wavelengths greater than 1260 nm. In certain embodiments, the adapter includes a short single mode fiber less than 30 cm (e.g., between 10 mm and 30 cm, between 15 and 25 cm, 05 and 1.5 cm, etc.).

To ensure single mode operation of single mode adapters, the cutoff wavelength of the fiber length of the adapter 160, 170 should be below the operating wavelength of the transmission system, for example 1310 nm. In certain embodiments, the modal-conditioning fiber has a profile described by core delta Δ₀, core radius r₀ and profile shape parameter α. In certain embodiments, the cutoff wavelength is less than 1200 nm to ensure single mode operation at wavelengths greater than 1260 nm, and the mode field diameter is similar to the standard single mode fibers (e.g., 9.2 um at 1310 nm, 10.4 um at 1550 nm) to minimize insertion loss to the fundamental mode. Table 1 includes six different embodiments of the fiber 150.

TABLE 1
Fiber designs
	Example
	1	2	3	4	5	6
Core delta	0.32	0.35	0.28	0.318	0.325	0.39
Core Radius (um)	4.06	3.85	4.25	4	4.3	5.1
alpha	20	20	20	200	10	2
Cutoff (nm)	1164	1155	1140	1194	1185	1159
MFD at 1310 nm (um)	9.1	8.7	9.7	9.2	9.1	9
MFD at 1550 nm (um)	10.6	10.1	11.3	10.6	10.6	10.6

In FIG. 5D, the dashed-line boxes for modal-conditioning fibers 150 in fiber sections 110A and 110B illustrate an optional example embodiment where each fiber section 110A and 110B includes two modal-conditioning fibers 150 at each end of the respective MMFs 40. This configuration is amendable to using duplex or two-fiber jumpers, as explained below.

In a simple demonstration of the concept, a section of single-mode fiber 50 of few meters in length was connected to the end of a section of MMF 40 in the measurement system 60 of FIG. 2, and the modal bandwidth of this example fiber 110 was measured. It was found that up to about a radial offset of δr=5 μm, the modal bandwidth BW stayed much higher than 10 GHz·km, which is much higher than the upper limit of the measurement system. The transfer functions TF(ƒ) measured for a center SM launch (δr=0) and for an offset launch of δr=4.5 μm are shown in the transfer function plot of FIG. 6. The plot of FIG. 6 shows that up to a frequency ƒ=10 GHz, the transfer function TF(ƒ) is far from dropping to 6 dBe (or 3 dBo) as needed to determine the modal bandwidth. Therefore, the modal bandwidth BW of the example fiber 110 is far greater than 10 Ghz, and is thus more than enough to meet the system reach requirement.

In making the above measurement, the modal bandwidth property of the example fiber 110 was measured by using a single-mode fiber section 50 to launch light from the center of the MMF 40 and another single-mode fiber section 50 placed at the end of the MMF 40 to filter out higher-order modes. The configuration is used for modal bandwidth characterization. The performance of a system with an SM transmitter 20S and MMF 40 are affected not only by the modal bandwidth BW but also the amount of power that can reach the receiver, and by power fluctuations caused by external perturbation of fiber 110.

As discussed above, an example core diameter D_C for modal-condition fiber 150 is in the range from 10 μm to 23 μm to launch substantially only the fundamental mode of the MMF 40. Therefore, when the core diameter D_C for the modal-conditioning fiber 150 is within this select range, it is expected that the modal bandwidth performance would be similar or better than for a fiber 110 having SMF-28® single-mode fibers operably disposed at both ends of the MMF 40.

However, as discussed above, there are additional drawbacks of using SMF-28® single-mode fiber for modal-conditioning fiber 150 in either or both ends of the MMF 40. This is because the core diameter D_C of SMF-28® is too small as compared to the fundamental mode of the MMF 40. Consequently, a significant amount of light coming from the SM transmitter 20S or the launching SMF-28® single-mode fiber will be lost when the light is received by and attempts to pass through the receiving-end SMF-28® single-mode fiber. Furthermore, the large mismatch in MFD of the LP01 mode between the SMF-28® and the MMF 40 causes excitation of higher-order modes at the launching end of the MMF 40, which degrades the system performance.

With a single span of MMF 40 of 1 km, there is a minimal amount (e.g., 4 dB) optical loss measured at the output of receiving-end SMF-28® single-mode fiber. This optical loss value is smaller for shorter distances of about 400 m to 500 m, e.g., the optical loss value is about 2.5 dB. In practice, when multiple spans of MMFs 40 are used, because of the slight offset at each connecting junction, the received optical power from an SMF-28® single-mode fiber can be much smaller than otherwise expected.

Additionally, the received optical power is also very sensitive to the perturbation of the MMF 40, which is inevitable in the field. Thus, the power fluctuation would be too large (e.g., greater than 1 to 2 dB) to ensure a reliable performance as gauged by a bit error rate measurement. The bit error rate is always measured through using a particular threshold for the received signals. If the overall level of the signal drifts up and down too dramatically, it will result in significant bit errors.

On the other hand, when a modal-conditioning fiber 150 with a larger core is used, the drawback observed for SMF-28® single-mode fiber can be largely eliminated. In the above-described experiments, two short modal-conditioning fibers 150 were made from the aforementioned commercially available EX3000® large-effective-area (and thus large MFD) single-mode fiber with LC connectors placed in both fiber ends. The nominally effective area of EX3000® fiber at 1550 nm is around 150 μm² so that the estimated core diameter D_C=13.8 μm, which is close to the optimal value of around 15 μm.

The above-described experiments employed an LRM transceiver 25 operating at about 1310 nm at 10 Gb/s. Note that the receiver 30 of the LRM transceiver 25 is a multimode receiver so that it can receive/capture the light output from the fibers used in the experiment. The MMF fiber 110 was formed by four spans of MMF 40 (OM3) with respective lengths of 300 m, 50 m, 300 m, and 100 m, with the total length of 750 m. Each span of the MMF 40 was connectorized with an LC connector 27 and mated together to form a 750 m MMF fiber. Each end of the MMFs 40 was connected with an EX3000® jumper with LC connectors (see FIG. 5E) to form fiber 110. The other end of the EX3000® jumper was plugged into the LRM transceiver 25 in transmitter and receiver ends.

The measured signal was error free for at least 20 minutes before shifting to other testing. By shaking the fiber 110 in several accessible places, the power fluctuation from the output of the EX3000® fiber was only 0.15 dB, which is well within the acceptable range. The use of the EX3000® fiber caused a power loss of around 1.5 dB, as compared to the case without the EX3000® jumper fibers, which is also well within the acceptable range.

In another experiment, an MMF fiber 110 with three spans of MMF 40 (OM3) of respective lengths of 300 m, 50 m, and 300 m, for a total MMF length of 650 m. Similar results were obtained, with error-free BER performance over 20 minutes and very little power fluctuation due to perturbation.

FIG. 5I is a diagram illustrating use of bridge fibers 184(1), 184(2). It is noted that the bridge fibers 184(1), 184(2) can be included in adapters 160, 170. In particular, the LP01 MFDs of 50 μm core MMF may be significantly higher than those of standard single mode fiber (e.g., standard single mode fiber has an LP01 MFD of around 9.2 μm at 1310 nm and 10.3 μm at 1550 nm). If the MMF 110 is directly mated with the standard SMF 186 of the transceiver 25, the coupling/insertion loss may be high (e.g., 0.8 dB) due to mode field mismatch, and/or result in MPI issues. Accordingly, bridge fibers 184(1), 184(2) (may also be referred to as intermediate fibers) may be used to reduce mode field mismatch. The insertion loss due to mode field mismatch can be calculated by the following equation,

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Loss}=10·\log 10\left[\frac{4}{{\left(\frac{{\omega }_1}{{\omega }_2}+\frac{{\omega }_2}{{\omega }_2}\right)}^2}\right]& \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$

The bridge fibers 184(1), 184(2) include a plurality of fibers with increasing diameters. In certain embodiments, the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section of the adapter 160, 170 comprises a single mode fiber section 150 and at least one bridge fiber section 184(1), 184(2) in optical communication with the single mode fiber section. In certain embodiments, the single mode fiber section 150 may also act as a bridge fiber. A mode field diameter of the at least one bridge fiber section 184(1), 184(2) is larger than a mode field diameter of the single mode fiber section 150, and is smaller than a mode field diameter of the at least one multimode fiber section 40. In certain embodiments, the at least one bridge fiber section 184(1), 184(2) comprises a first bridge fiber section 184(1) and a second bridge fiber section 184(2) in optical communication with the first bridge fiber section 184(1). The first bridge fiber section 184(1) is proximate to the single mode fiber section 150, and the second bridge fiber section 184(2) is proximate to the at least one multimode fiber section 40. A mode field diameter of the second bridge fiber section 184(2) is larger than a mode field diameter of the first bridge fiber section 184(1).

In certain embodiments, for example, bridge fibers reduce insertion loss to around 0.4 dB, 0.27 dB, and 0.2 dB with 1, 2, 3 bridge fibers, respectively.

TABLE 4
The MFD of bridge fiber and the insertion
loss using three bridge fiber.
MFD of Bridge	MFD of Bridge	MFD of Bridge
Fiber 1 (μm)	Fiber 2 (μm)	Fiber 3 (μm)	Loss (dB)
12.0	—	—	0.43
12.2	—	—	0.41
12.4	—	—	0.40
12.6	—	—	0.40
12.8	—	—	0.39
13.0	—	—	0.40
13.2	—	—	0.40
13.4	—	—	0.41
14.0	12.1	—	0.2676
14.2	12.1	—	0.2723
14.2	12.3	—	0.2748
14.0	11.9	—	0.2678
14.0	12.0	—	0.2671
14.4	13.0	11.7	0.2012

The desired MFD for the bridge fibers can be achieved through fiber design while matching the requirements to have the desired MFD and low theoretical cutoff wavelength. Example 1 is for one bridge fiber configuration. Examples 2 and 3 are for the two fibers used in two bridge fiber configuration. Examples 4, 5, and 6 are for the three fibers used in three bridge fiber configuration. Example 7 is the fiber for launching LP01 at the launch end.

TABLE 5
The fiber design examples for bridge fibers
	Example
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Core delta	0.221	0.187	0.25	0.177	0.215	0.264	0.145
Core Radius (μm)	4.6	4.8	4.5	4.95	4.6	4.3	5.7
Alpha	20	20	20	20	20	20	20
Cutoff (nm)	1097	1053	1140	1057	1082	1120	1100
MFD at 1310 nm (μm)	10.86	11.74	10.27	12.08	10.99	9.96	13.42
MFD at 1550 nm (μm)	12.81	14.01	12	14.4	13	11.69	15.82

FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of an example system 104 wherein the optical path between the SM transmitter 20S and receiver 30 includes two breakout modules 200 optically connected by a trunk cable 220. Breakout modules 200 each include front and back ends 202 and 204. The trunk cable 220 also includes connectorized ends 222 that are respectively connected to adapters 214 at the back ends 204 of the two breakout modules 200. Connectorized jumper cables or “jumpers” 250 are used to connect the SM transmitter 20S to adapter 212 at the front end 202 of the adjacent breakout module 200. Likewise, jumpers 250 are used to connect the receiver 30 to adapter 212 at the front end 202 of the adjacent breakout module 200.

FIG. 7B is similar to FIG. 7A but instead of breakout modules 200, the system 104 instead includes two breakout harnesses 270, e.g., MPO to LC harnesses. The breakout harnesses 270 include connectors 274 that obviate the need for jumpers 250 by providing for direct connection to equipment ports.

FIG. 7C shows an example of a breakout harness 270 as shown in FIG. 7B. With respect to FIGS. 7B and 7C, the breakout harness (also called a “fan out” cable) 270 includes a main portion 271 that carries (e.g., encases) multiple MMFs 40. The main portion 271 includes a furcation point 275 wherein the MMFs 40 break out from the main portion 271 into branches or legs 272 having one or more MMFs terminated by connectors 274. The connectors 274 can be, for example, single-fiber connectors, duplex LC-type connectors, etc. At least a portion of the legs 272 includes modal-conditioning fiber 150. One end of the main portion 271 opposite furcation point 275 is terminated by at least one main connector 273. The configuration of FIG. 7C provides breakout harness 270 with built-in modal-conditioning capability. In an example, the breakout harness 270 converts MPO connector input at connector 273 with LC connector output at the connectors 274. Other connector formats at either end of breakout harness 270 can also be employed.

FIG. 8A is a close-up view of an example jumper 250, including connectors 252A and 252B at opposite ends. The jumper 250 includes a section of modal-conditioning fiber 150 adjacent connector 252A, while the remaining part of the jumper includes MMF 40. The two fibers are shown joined at a location 256, which in an example includes a splice. The jumper 250 thus has built-in modal-filtering capability when used to connect to the receiver 30 and built-in modal-converting capability when used to connect to the SM transmitter 20S. In an example, the jumper 250 includes indicia that shows where modal-filtering fiber 150 is located so that it can be located closest to the SM transmitter 20S. In examples, the jumper 250 includes two-fiber connectors 252A, 252B, such as MT-RJ® connectors, or duplexed single-fiber connectors, such as SC or LC connectors (see, e.g., FIG. 5E).

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of an example breakout module 200 that includes a module housing 201 that defines a front end 202, a back end 204, and an interior 206. Breakout module interior 206 houses fiber arrays 208. The front end 202 of the breakout module 200 includes one or more front-end adapters 212, and the back end 204 of breakout module includes one or more back-end adapters 214. The front-end adapters 212 and back-end adapters 214 can be MPO adapters. In an example, the front-end adapters 212 can be configured as parallel optic adapters, LC adapters, SC adapters, MT-RJ® adapters, etc.

The fiber array 208 is made up of modal-conditioning fibers 150 optically connected to (e.g., concatenated to) respective MMFs 40, with the ends of the modal-conditioning fibers terminated with connectors 213 inserted into the front end adapters 212, and the free ends of the MMF terminated with connectors (not shown) inserted into the back-end adapters 214. The fiber array 208 is configured to provide a select optical connection configuration between the front-end and back-end adapters 212 and 214. An example of such a select optical connection configuration is described below.

Trunk cable 220 is shown by way of example as including two multifiber legs 220L that are respectively optically connected to the two back-end adapters 214 via trunk connectors 222. Likewise, jumpers 250 are optically connected to the front end 202 of module 200 via the front-end adapters 212. Thus, the front-end and back-end adapters 212 and 214 respectively serve to provide connection locations for jumper connectors 252A, 252B and trunk connectors 222 to complete the optical path between the SM transmitter 20S and receiver 30, as shown in FIG. 7A.

Other configurations of the module 200 are possible, e.g., a single back-end adapter 214 that includes all of the necessary fiber connection locations, different locations and/or orientations for the front-end adapters 212, etc. The configuration of FIG. 8B provides the module 200 with built-in modal-conditioning capability.

FIG. 8C is a schematic diagram of an example embodiment of a modal-conditioning fiber assembly (“fiber assembly”) 300. The fiber assembly 300 can be embodied as the above-described breakout module 200 or as the above-described breakout harness 270. The fiber assembly 300 is made up of two fiber arrays 310T and 310R that respectively include modal-conditioning fibers T (solid lines) and R (dashed lines) each formed from a section of MMF 40 and modal-conditioning fiber 150, as illustrated in the close-up inset view on the right-hand-side of FIG. 8C.

The fiber assembly 300 is shown by way of example as including N=24 fibers, with each fiber array 310T and 310R having N/2=12 fibers T and R. In general, N is an even number greater than 2, and the choice of N=24 is simply by way of illustration. In the example, fibers T are numbered 1 through 12 and fibers R are numbered 13 through 24. More generally, for N total fibers, fibers T are numbered 1 through N and fibers R are numbered (N/2)+1 to N.

The fiber assembly 300 includes on one side (the left side) first connection locations 320 where one side of the T and R fibers terminate in pairs, denoted as (T,R). In example embodiments, the paired connection locations 320 can be defined by one or more connector adapters or one or more fiber connectors, such as duplex connectors, two-fiber connectors, etc., as discussed above in connection with breakout module 200 and breakout harness 270.

The fiber assembly 300 also includes on the other side (the right side) second connection locations 330 where the other side of fibers T and R are terminated in groups or sections, as denoted by (T) and (R). In an example embodiment, connection locations 330 can be defined by one or more connector adapters or one or more fiber connectors, etc., as discussed above in connection with breakout module 200 and breakout harness 270.

In the example shown, two multifiber connectors 332R and 332T are employed that respectively define the connection locations 330 for fibers R and T at the right side of the fiber assembly 300. In another example, a single connector 332 is used that includes a first row or plane (group) of connection locations for fibers R and a second row or plane (group) of connection locations for fibers T. Thus, the connection locations 330 serve to separate and group fibers R and fibers T.

In various examples, modal-conditioning fibers 150 can reside at anywhere between connection locations 320 on the left side of the fiber array 300 and the connection locations 330 on the right side of the fiber array. The modal-conditioning fibers 150 can also span the full distance between the connection locations 320 and 330 such that MMF 40 is not part of the fiber assembly 300.

In a preferred embodiment system, polarity is maintained by defining duplexed fiber pairs for fiber assembly 300 denoted in shorthand as (T),(R)→(T,R), wherein the pairings (T,R) of transmit and receive fibers T and R at the left side can be written as (T,R), where T=1 to (N/2) and R=((N/2)+1) to N. This configuration of fibers T and R within fiber assembly 300 reduces manufacturing complexity in instances where performance optimization or cost considerations may dictate that only modal-converting fibers or modal-filtering fibers be used, or if modal-converting fibers and modal-filtering fibers are required to be of different fiber types. It is further disclosed that proper maintenance of system polarity requires that the connectors of trunk cable 220 be mated to the fiber assembly 300 at each end of the trunk in a manner so that each transmit fiber of fiber array 310T on each end of the trunk cable 220 is placed in optical communication with a receive fiber of fiber array 310R on the other end of the trunk and that the fiber paths so formed should be paired at each end as described above. As an example, for a 24-fiber trunk cable 220 of FIG. 8B having two legs 220L on each end, each leg terminated with a 12-fiber MPO connector and subsequently mated on each end to a fiber assembly embodying the fiber assembly 300 of FIG. 8C and where 332T and 332R are 12-fiber MPO style connectors, the desired polarity can be achieved by orienting and terminating the fibers of each trunk leg 220L on one end of the trunk into the MPO connectors in a forward fiber order from 1 to 12 and orienting and terminating the fibers of each trunk leg 220L on the other end of the trunk into the MPO connectors in a reverse fiber order from 12 to 1. The trunk leg 220L mated to connector 332T at one end of the trunk and the trunk leg 220L mated to connector 332R at the other end of the trunk must be in optical communication with one another.

Aspects of the disclosure include providing modal-filtering fiber 150 at one or more components of the system 104, e.g., in the jumpers 250 at one or both ends of the system; in the breakout module 200; in the breakout harness 270; in the fiber assembly 300; in connectors used anywhere along the optical path to establish an optical connection for the optical path; or in a combination of these components. Likewise, aspects of the disclosure include providing modal-conditioning fiber 150 at one or both ends of MMF 40, as shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 5A through 5D. The relatively short length L_F of modal-conditioning fiber 150 allows for one or more modal-conditioning fibers 150 to constitute relatively small portions of the optical path, such as small enough to fit at least partially entirely within the aforementioned connectors. When convenient, the length L_F of modal-conditioning fiber 150 can be made longer than 2 cm, e.g., it can be a meter or many meters long.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to the preferred embodiments of the disclosure as described herein can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims. Thus, the disclosure covers the modifications and variations provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and the equivalents thereto.

Claims

1. An optical-fiber transmission system comprising: at least one multimode fiber section with a core diameter of 50 microns, the at least one multimode fiber section configured to transmit light at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm by having an alpha parameter in the range of 2.05 to 2.15; andat least one modal-conditioning fiber section with a core diameter of less than or equal to 23 microns, a length of less than or equal to 2 m, and an alpha parameter greater than 10, the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section being in optical communication with the at least one multimode fiber section,wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is configured to provide at least one of the following functions (a) or (b):(a) modal-conversion to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal to the at least one multimode fiber section; or(b) modal-filtering to propagate a lower mode of an optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section and block propagation of a higher mode of the optical signal from the at least one multimode fiber section.

2. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a single-mode fiber.

3. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is configured to propagate a fundamental mode LP01 and block propagation of higher order modes.

4. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a length in a range from 2 mm to to 30 mm.

5. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a core diameter in a range from 10 μm to 23 μm.

6. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one multimode fiber section comprises a core delta of about 1% and a mode-field diameter of a fundamental mode LP01 of at least one of: about 14.5 microns at a 1310 nm wavelength; orabout 15.8 microns at a 1550 nm wavelength.

7. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section is configured to provide both functions (a) and (b).

8. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein: the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a first modal-conditioning fiber section and a second modal-conditioning fiber section; andthe at least one multimode fiber section is positioned between the first modal-conditioning fiber section and the second modal-conditioning fiber section.

9. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, further comprising a patch cord comprising the at least one multimode fiber section, the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section, and at least one connector proximate to the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section.

10. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein: the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a single mode fiber section and at least one bridge fiber section in optical communication with the single mode fiber section; anda mode field diameter of the at least one bridge fiber section is larger than a mode field diameter of the single mode fiber section, and is smaller than a mode field diameter of the at least one multimode fiber section.

11. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 10, wherein: the at least one bridge fiber section comprises a first bridge fiber section and a second bridge fiber section in optical communication with the first bridge fiber section, the first bridge fiber section being proximate to the single mode fiber section, and the second bridge fiber section being proximate to the at least one multimode fiber section; anda mode field diameter of the second bridge fiber section is larger than a mode field diameter of the first bridge fiber section.

12. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, further comprising: a patch cord comprising the at least one multimode fiber section and at least one male connector; andan adapter comprising the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section, at least one female connector configured to engage the at least one male connector of the patch cord, and at least one male connector configured to engage a transceiver.

13. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 12, wherein: the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a single mode fiber section and at least one bridge fiber section in optical communication with the single mode fiber section; anda mode field diameter of the at least one bridge fiber section is larger than a mode field diameter of the single mode fiber section, and is smaller than a mode field diameter of the at least one multimode fiber section.

14. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, further comprising a first optical transceiver configured to propagate the optical signal;wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a first modal-conditioning fiber section positioned between the first optical transceiver and the at least one multimode fiber section.

15. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 14, further comprising a second optical transceiver configured to receive the optical signal; wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section further comprises a second modal-conditioning fiber section positioned between the second optical transceiver and the at least one multimode fiber section.

16. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, further comprising: a single-mode transmitter that generates modulated light having a wavelength between 800 nm and 1600 nm; andan optical receiver configured to receive and detect the modulated light;wherein the at least one multimode fiber section and the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section define at least a portion of an optical path between the single-mode transmitter and the optical receiver, the at least one multimode fiber section having a refractive index profile configured to transmit light at the operating wavelength of about 850 nm; andwherein the optical-fiber transmission system has a modal bandwidth of at least 2 GHz·km.

17. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one multimode fiber section comprises a mode-field diameter of a fundamental mode LP01 of about 15 microns at 1310 nm wavelength.

18. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section has a core delta in a range from 0.2 to 2.0%.

19. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 1, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a core diameter in a range from 10 μm to 23 μm, a length in a range from 5 mm to 30 mm, and an alpha parameter between 10 and 200.

20. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 19, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises an alpha parameter of around 20.

21. An optical-fiber transmission system comprising: a patch cord comprising a multimode fiber section and at least one male connector, the multimode fiber section having a core diameter of 50 microns and being configured to transmit light at an operating wavelength of about 850 nm by having an alpha parameter in the range of 2.05 to 2.15; andat least one adapter, wherein each adapter of the at least one adapter comprises a modal-conditioning fiber section, at least one female connection interface configured to engage the at least one male connector of the patch cord, and at least one male connection interface opposite the female connection interface, and wherein the modal-conditioning fiber section has a core diameter of less than or equal to 23 microns, a length of less than or equal to 2 m, and an alpha parameter greater than 10, the modal-conditioning fiber section being in optical communication with the at least one multimode fiber section,

22. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 21, wherein the at least one adapter comprises: a first adapter with the modal-conditioning fiber section being a single mode fiber section; anda least one second adapter, wherein: for each second adapter of the at least one second adapter, the corresponding modal-conditioning fiber section is a bridge fiber section in optical communication with the single mode fiber section; anda mode field diameter of the bridge fiber section is larger than a mode field diameter of the single mode fiber section and smaller than a mode field diameter of the at least one multimode fiber section.

23. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 21, wherein for each adapter of the at least one adapter, the corresponding modal-condition fiber section is positioned within a ferrule stub of the adapter and extends between the male connection interface and the female connection interface.

24. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 21, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises a core diameter in a range from 10 μm to 23 μm, a length in a range from 5 mm to 30 mm, and an alpha parameter between 10 and 200.

25. The optical-fiber transmission system of claim 24, wherein the at least one modal-conditioning fiber section comprises an alpha parameter of around 20.