Patent Application
20100167937
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the identification of the relationships between two or more biomarkers for differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease. More specifically, the present invention relates to protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, whereby lack of detection, and/or the quantity of a first protein biomarker in a biological sample from Alzheimer's disease patients correlates with significant differences in the quantities of other protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. When Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control subjects are each placed into separate categories based on whether they do or do not have detectable quantities of the first protein biomarker, the protein identities of, and the differences in the quantities of the first protein biomarker and/or one or more other protein biomarkers in the biological sample provide opportunities: improve sensitivity and specificity of differential diagnosis; measure disease severity and monitor drug response; monitor drug clinical trial stratification of patients; indicate differences in neuronal degeneration mechanisms in the patients; measure the activity of these mechanisms of neuronal degeneration; determine which of these mechanisms of neuronal degeneration predominates; determine which biomarkers and disease mechanisms measure the severity of Alzheimer's disease in the patients; discover new targets for drug therapies; and develop companion diagnostics.
More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of the relationships between two or more of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related protein, as biomarkers for distinguishing between different categories or types of Alzheimer's disease, and for early detection, screening, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring of disease severity and disease mechanisms of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Alzheimer's disease Like (AD-Like) dementias, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), and Parkinson's disease.
2. Description of the Related Art
Proteomics is a new field of medical research wherein the proteins of an organism, including a human being are studied as a group, are identified, and linked to biological functions, including roles in a variety of disease states. With the completion of the mapping of the human genome, the identification of unique gene products, or proteins, has increased exponentially. In addition, molecular diagnostic testing for the presence of certain proteins already known to be involved in certain biological functions has progressed from research applications alone to use in disease screening and diagnosis for clinicians. However, proteomic testing for diagnostic purposes remains in its infancy. There is, however, a great deal of interest in using proteomics for the elucidation of potential disease biomarkers and their uses in diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Detection of abnormalities in the genome, including genetic mutations and minor genetic variants, can reveal the risk or potential risk for individuals to develop a disease. The transition from such risk to the emergence of disease can be characterized as an expression of genomic abnormalities or other abnormalities, not of genetic origin, in the proteome, i.e. in proteins. Thus, the appearance of abnormalities in the proteome signals the beginning of the process of cascading effects that can result in the deterioration of the health of the patient. Therefore, detection of proteomic abnormalities at an early stage is desirable in order to allow for detection of disease either before it is established or in its earliest stages where treatment may be most effective.
Recent progress using a novel form of mass spectrometry called surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization time of flight (SELDI-TOF) for the testing of ovarian cancer has led to an increased interest in proteomics as a diagnostic tool (Petricoin E F, et al). Furthermore, proteomics has been applied to the study of breast cancer through use of 2D gel electrophoresis and image analysis to study the development and progression of breast carcinoma in patients (Kuerer, H M, et al.).
Detection of biomarker molecules is an active field of research. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,785 discloses a biomarker for detecting long-term or chronic alcohol consumption. The biomarker disclosed is a single biomarker and is identified as an alcohol-specific ethanol glycoconjugate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,108 discloses a biomarker for mustard chemical injury. The biomarker is a specific protein band detected through gel electrophoresis and the patent describes use of the biomarker to produce protective antibodies in a kit to identify the presence or absence of the biomarker in individuals who may have been exposed to mustard poisoning. U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,209 discloses measurement of total urinary 17 ketosteroid-sulfates as biomarkers of biological age. U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,177 discloses a process for preparation of a single biomarker specific for 0-2 acetylated sialic acid and useful for diagnosis and outcome monitoring in patients with lymphoblastic leukemia.
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are difficult to diagnose, particularly in their earlier stages. Currently there are no biomarkers in blood available for early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, determination and monitoring of disease severity and mechanisms, or for use as drug targets for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Therefore, there remains a need for better ways to objectively and accurately detect, diagnose, and distinguish AD from other neurodegenerative diseases, to accurately and specifically diagnose patients, to predict therapeutic response, to stratify patients for clinical trials, to measure disease severity, to monitor patient's response to treatment, and to find new drug targets to design new drugs.
In Alzheimer's disease, one genetic abnormality, the dementia risk Apo E ε4 gene allele, is inherited as one of three Apo E alleles, termed ε2, ε3, and ε4, with mean frequencies in the general population of about 8%, 78%, and 14%, respectively (Utermann G, et al.). The degree of risk of dementia conferred by the Apo E ε4 allele rises in a “gene dose” dependent manner (Corder, E. H. et al.), increasing with the number of Apo E ε4 alleles inherited, from: zero, i.e. Apo E ε4 non-carriers; to carriers of one Apo E ε4 allele, i.e. ε4/ε3; ε4/ε2 hetero-zygotes; to two Apo E ε4 alleles, i.e. zygotes (Greenwood P M, et al.), all of whom are capable of developing Alzheimer's disease, although those lacking the Apo E ε4 allele may tend to get the disease at a later age of onset (Poirier J, J.).
The present invention relates to blood serum protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, whereby the detection and/or concentration, or the lack of detection of one or more proteins correlates with significant increases or decreases in one or more other proteins in a disease specific manner. More specifically, the present invention relates to blood serum protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, whereby the detection, and/or concentration, or the lack of detection, of a first biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the blood serum of Alzheimer's disease patients correlates with significant differences in the blood serum concentrations of additional protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein. Also in the present invention, Alzheimer's disease patients, and age-matched normal control subjects, are each placed into separate categories based on whether they do or do not have detectable blood serum levels of a first biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and the differences in these and other Alzheimer's disease blood serum biomarker protein profiles indicate differences in Alzheimer's disease mechanisms, providing opportunities for improvements in differential diagnosis, disease severity and drug response monitoring, drug clinical trial stratification of patients, and for discovery of new targeted therapies.
One aspect of the present invention is the use of blood serum protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and determining and monitoring of disease severity and mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease, comprising obtaining a blood serum sample from a test subject; determining whether a quantity of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected in the blood serum sample, wherein detection of a quantity of a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of one form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the lack of detection of a quantity of a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of another form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop the other form of Alzheimer's disease.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is the use of the blood serum protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, or differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease comprising obtaining a blood serum sample from a test subject; determining whether or not a quantity of a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected in the blood serum sample; and determining the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample, and determining whether the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected and determining the quantities of a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in blood serum samples from normal control individuals, from patients with Alzheimer's disease, with Parkinson's disease, and with AD-Like and Mixed dementias, wherein the detection of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of one form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, such as: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA, and wherein the lack of detection of a quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of another form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, such as: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is the use of the blood serum protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, or differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease comprising obtaining a blood serum sample from a test subject; determining whether or not an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected in the blood serum sample; and determining the quantity of a first protein biomarker such as Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample, by quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; and determining whether a quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected, and quantitating the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Albumin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the protein expression patterns of the 2D gels of the serum samples; wherein the detection of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of one form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, and wherein the lack of detection of a quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of another form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, such as: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is the use of the blood serum protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, or differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease comprising obtaining a blood serum sample from a test subject; determining whether or not a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected in the blood serum sample; and determining the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample, by an immunoassay using an antibody that recognizes the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein and one or more other antibodies that recognize one or more additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein, in the blood serum sample of the test subject, wherein the detection of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of one form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a
Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, such as: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA, and wherein the lack of detection of a quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein in the test subject blood serum sample is indicative of another form of Alzheimer's disease or a normal condition with a potential to develop that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject within the ranges of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values is indicative of the presence of that other form of Alzheimer's disease, and the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample of the test subject outside the range of that other form of Alzheimer's disease values are indicative of the absence of that form of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of a normal condition, or another neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease, or an AD-Like or Mixed dementia, such as: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is the use of blood serum protein biomarkers, for early detection and for monitoring the disease severity and response to therapy of patients with Alzheimer's disease, comprising obtaining a blood serum sample from a test subject; determining whether a first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected and determining the quantity of the first protein biomarker such as an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample from the test subject, and in blood serum samples from normal control individuals, and from patients with mild (MMSE score=25-20), moderate (MMSE score=19-11) and severe (MMSE≦10) Alzheimer's disease, wherein, whether an Apolipoprotein E4 protein can be detected and the quantity of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and of additional protein biomarkers such as an the first protein biomarker such as Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein in the blood serum sample from the test subject, indicates the degree of severity of Alzheimer's disease in the test subject.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly several aspects of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed might be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or redesigning the structures for carrying out the same purposes as the invention. It should be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lewy body dementia (LBD), Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia, Thalamic CVA combined with HX or Lung CA, Post-irradiation Encephalopathy, Seizures, Alcohol related dementia, Semantic dementia, Memory Dysfunction, neuro exam “Normal,” and Corticalbasal Ganglionic Degeneration (CBGD), with examples of the differences between the ranges of the patient and control groups and their statistical significance by analysis of variance (ANOVA-P) and by Sensitivity, Specificity, and ROC probability (ROC-P), calculated by Analyze-it for Microsoft Excel with these data.
Table 1 depicts the reproducibility of quantitation in 2D gels whereby 9 replicate analyses were performed with an individual sample of bovine serum albumin standard, where the sample was separated by 2D gel electrophoresis into a characteristic set of 5 spots which were then subjected to quantitation. The raw density counts (Gaussian Peak Values) are shown as are the individual values, averages, standard deviations, % Coefficients of Variation, and the quantity of the protein in nanograms (ng) for each spot.
Table 2 illustrates the reproducibility of quantitation of protein spots over the dynamic range of the 2D gel assay of human serum depicted in
Table 3 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 4 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 5 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 6 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 7 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 8 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 9 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 10 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 11 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 12 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 13 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 14 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 15 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 16 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 17 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 18 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 19 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 20 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 21 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 22 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 23 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 24 illustrates the summary statistics for the graph depicted in
Table 25 illustrates the summary statistics for the graphs depicted in
Table 26: illustrates the summary statistics of multivariate linear discriminant analysis (constructed using SAS software) for the graph in
Table 27 illustrates the different disease mechanisms of familial and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases revealed by the patients' blood serum biomarkers
Table 28 illustrates the different disease mechanisms of PD and ALS neuronal degeneration revealed by patients' blood serum biomarkers.
Table 29 illustrates the general applications of the invention.
SEQ ID NO. 1 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of the Apolipoprotein E4 protein precursor of protein spot N5203 wherein amino acids 1-17 are the signal peptide or leader sequence which is removed to make the mature protein.
SEQ ID NO. 2 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of protein spot N5302 as the full size mature Apolipoprotein E4 protein after trimming the signal peptide off the amino terminal end of the molecule.
SEQ ID NO. 3 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of the Apolipoprotein E3 protein precursor of protein spot N3314 wherein amino acids 1-17 are the signal peptide or leader sequence which is removed to make the mature protein.
SEQ ID NO. 4 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of protein spot N3314 as the full size mature Apolipoprotein E3 protein after trimming the signal peptide off the amino terminal end of the molecule.
SEQ ID NO. 5 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Transthyretin “Dimer” Protein spot N3307, whose molecular weight by 2D gel electrophoresis is twice that of the molecular weight estimated using the amino acid sequence.
SEQ ID NO. 6 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement C3, the parent precursor protein of Complement C3c1 protein spot N7310 (Tyrosine Phosphorylated, amino acids 749-951); C3c2a protein spot N9311 (not tyrosine phosphorylated, amino acids 749-951); and C3dg protein spot N1511 (amino acids 955-1303).
SEQ ID NO. 7 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of tyrosine phosphorylated Complement C3c1 Protein spot N7310, derived from the tyrosine phosphorylated variant of Complement C3 (SEQ ID NO. 6, amino acids 749-951).
SEQ ID NO. 8 (identical to SEQ ID NO. 7 but not tyrosine phosphorylated) illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, derived from the non tyrosine phosphorylated variant of Complement C3 (SEQ ID NO. 6, amino acids 749-951).
SEQ ID NO. 9 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Similar to C3, alternative parent precursor for an alternative C3dg isoform of protein spot N1511 (amino acids 902-1256), but not for C3c1 protein spot N7310 nor for C3c2a protein spot N9311.
SEQ ID NO. 10 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, derived from Complement C3 (SEQ ID NO. 6, amino acids 955-1303).
SEQ ID NO. 11 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement C3dg alternate isoform for protein spot N1511, derived from Similar to C3 (amino acid SEQ ID NO. 9; amino acids 902-1256).
SEQ ID NO. 12 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616.
SEQ ID NO. 13 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement Factor H Parent Protein precursor of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411.
SEQ ID NO. 14 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement Factor Hs (Short Splice Form) alternate parent of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411.
SEQ ID NO. 15 illustrates the amino acid sequence of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411, derived from either SEQ ID NO. 13 and/or SEQ ID NO. 14.
SEQ ID NO. 16 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy (H4) chain related protein, parent of the 35 KD protein spot N2307.
SEQ ID NO. 17 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy (H4) chain related 35 KD protein isoform 1, protein spot N2307.
SEQ ID NO. 18 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy (H4) chain related protein 35 KD isoform 2, alternate protein of spot N2307.
SEQ ID NO. 19 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Haptoglobin HP-1 Protein spots N1514; N2401; N2407; N3409.
SEQ ID NO. 20 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Complement Factor I Protein spot N1416.
SEQ ID NO. 21 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Protein spot N6224.
SEQ ID NO. 22 illustrates the identification of the amino acid sequence of Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein spot N2502.
The present invention relates to protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, whereby lack of detection, detection, and/or the quantity of a first protein biomarker in a biological sample from Alzheimer's disease patients correlates with significant differences in the quantities of other protein biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. When Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control subjects are each placed into separate categories based on whether they do or do not have detectable quantities of the first protein biomarker, the protein identities of, and the differences in the quantities of the first protein biomarker and/or one or more other protein biomarkers in the biological sample provide opportunities: to improve sensitivity and specificity of differential diagnosis. To measure disease severity and monitor drug response. To monitor drug clinical trial stratification of patients. To indicate differences in neuronal degeneration mechanisms in the patients. To measure the activity of these mechanisms. To determine which of these mechanisms predominates. To determine which biomarkers and mechanisms measure the severity of Alzheimer's disease in the patients. To discover new targeted therapies. To develop companion diagnostics.
More particularly, a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the identification of the relationships between two or more of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an Immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein, as biomarkers for distinguishing between different categories or types of Alzheimer's disease, and for early detection, screening, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring of disease severity and disease mechanisms of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Alzheimer's disease Like (AD-Like) dementias, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), and Parkinson's disease. In this embodiment, the lack of detection, detection, and/or the quantity of the first protein biomarker, an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, and the quantities of one or more of an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor I protein, an immunoglobulin protein, a Haptoglobin protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein, are employed for distinguishing between different categories or types of Alzheimer's disease, and for early detection, screening, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring of disease severity and disease mechanisms of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Alzheimer's disease like (AD-Like) dementias, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), and Parkinson's disease (PD).
The method for identification of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease is based on the comparison of 2D gel electrophoretic images of serum obtained from human subjects with and without diagnosed Alzheimer's disease.
2D gel electrophoresis has been used in research laboratories for biomarker discovery since the 1970′s (7-16). In the past, this method has been considered highly specialized, labor intensive and non-reproducible. Only recently with the advent of integrated supplies, robotics, and software, combined with bioinformatics, has progression of this proteomics technique in the direction of diagnostics become feasible. The promise and utility of 2D gel electrophoresis is based on its ability to detect changes in expression of intact proteins and to separate and discriminate between specific intact protein isoforms that arise due to variations in amino acid sequence and/or post-synthetic protein modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, conjugation with ubiquitin-like proteins, acetylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing. These are critical features in cell regulatory processes that are differentially expressed in blood serum biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and ALS (Goldknopf, I. L. et al. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/507,337, and 17-19).
There are few comparable alternatives to 2D gel electrophoresis for tracking changes in intact protein expression patterns related to disease. Furthermore, the introduction of high sensitivity fluorescent staining for ultra high sensitivity visualization of characteristic, recognizable protein spot patterns, digital image processing, and computerized quantitative image analysis has greatly amplified and simplified the detection of unique species and the quantification of proteins. By using known protein standards as landmarks within each gel run, computerized analysis can detect unique differences in protein expression and modifications between two samples from the same individual or between several individuals.
Separated intact protein spots in the 2D gels that of interest can be excised from the gels and the proteins can then be identified by in-gel proteolytic digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis. This includes matrix assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) based peptide mass fingerprinting and database searching, and/or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS) to provide partial sequencing of individual peptides to confirm identification of the proteins
The identification of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, an Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H/Hs protein, a Complement Factor 1 protein, a Haptoglobin protein, an immunoglobulin protein, and an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related 35 KD protein as biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease was based on a quantitative comparison of the 2D gel electrophoretic images of blood serum samples obtained from 75 normal/Controls, 115 Alzheimer's disease patients (AD), 12 Parkinson's disease patients (PD), and 12 patients with AD-Like and Mixed dementias including Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Corticalbasal Ganglionic degeneration (CBGD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA.
Sample collection and storage have been performed in many different ways depending on the type of sample and the conditions of the collection process. In the present study, serum samples were collected, aliquoted and stored in a −80° C. freezer before analysis.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the serum samples were removed from −80° C. and placed on ice for thawing. To each 100 μL of sample, 100 μL of LB-2 buffer (7M urea. 2M Thiourea, 1% DTT, 1% Triton X-100, 1× Protease inhibitors, and 0.5% Ampholyte pH 3-10) was added and the mixture vortexed. The sample was incubated at room temperature for about 5 minutes.
Separation of the proteins in the serum samples was then performed using 2D gel electrophoresis. The 2D gel electrophoretic images were obtained, compared and analyzed as described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/411,659 filed Apr. 26, 2006 and entitled “Assay for Neuromuscular Diseases” by inventors Goldknopf I L, et al., and as described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/4487,715 filed Jul. 17, 2006 and entitled “Assay for ALS and ALS-like Disorders” by inventors Goldknopf IL, et al., and as described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/503,881 filed Aug. 14, 2006 and entitled “Assay for Differentiating Alzheimer's and Alzheimer's-like Disorders” by inventors Goldknopf I L, et al., incorporated herein by reference. A protein assay was performed on the sample to determine total protein content in μg.
Based on the total protein content in the sample, an aliquot of approximately 100 μg of the protein was suspended in a total volume of 184 μL of IEF loading buffer containing 1 μL Bromophenol Blue as a marker to trace the progress of the electrophoresis. Each sample was loaded onto an 11 cm IEF strip (Bio-Rad), pH 5-8, and overlaid with 1.5-3.0 ml of mineral oil to minimize the sample buffer evaporation. Using the PROTEAN® IEF Cell, an active rehydration was performed at 50V and 20° C. for 12-18 hours.
IEF strips were then transferred to a new tray and focused for 20 min. at 250V followed by a linear voltage increase to 8000V over 2.5 hours. A final rapid focusing was performed at 8000V until 20,000 volt-hours were achieved. Running the IEF strip at 500V until the strips were removed finished the isoelectric focusing process.
Isoelectric focused strips were incubated on an orbital shaker for 15 mm with equilibration buffer (2.5 ml buffer/strip). The equilibration buffer contained 6M urea, 2% SDS, 0.375M HCl, and 20% glycerol, as well as freshly added DTT to a final concentration of 30 mg/ml. An additional 15 mm incubation of the IEF strips in the equilibration buffer was performed as before, except freshly added iodoacetamide (C2H4INO) was added to a final concentration of 40 mg/ml. The IPG strips were then removed from the tray using clean forceps and washed five times in a graduated cylinder containing the Bio Rad running buffer 1× Tris-Glycine-SDS.
The washed IEF strips were then laid on the surface of Bio Rad pre-cast CRITERION SDS-gels 8-16%. The IEF strips were fixed in place on the gels by applying a low melting agarose. A second dimensional separation was applied at 200V for about one hour. After electrophoresis, the gels were carefully removed and placed in a clean tray and washed twice for 20 minutes in 100 ml of pre-staining solution containing 10% methanol and 7% acetic acid.
The gels were stained with SyproRuby™ (Bio-Rad Laboratories) fluorescent protein stain and subjected to fluorescent digital image analysis in an FX Imager (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The protein patterns of the serum samples were analyzed using PDQUEST™ (Bio-Rad Laboratories) image analysis software.
The 2D gel patterns of the 75 serum samples collected from normal control subjects were compared with each other pursuant to the methodology described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/411,659 filed Apr. 26, 2006 and entitled “Assay for Neuromuscular Diseases” by inventors Goldknopf I L, et al., and as described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/4487,715 filed Jul. 17, 2006 and entitled “Assay for ALS and ALS-like Disorders” by inventors Goldknopf I L, et al., and as described in the U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/503,881 filed Aug. 14, 2006 and entitled “Assay for Differentiating Alzheimer's and Alzheimer's-like Disorders” by inventors Goldknopf I L, et al., incorporated herein by reference. The 75 normal individual blood serum samples all gave similar 2D gel protein patterns.
These normal protein expression patterns were then compared to the gel patterns obtained with blood serum samples from the 115 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, 12 Parkinson's disease patients (PD), and 12 patients with AD-Like and Mixed dementias including: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Lewy body dementia (LBD); Alcohol related dementia; Semantic dementia; Vascular (Multi-infarct) dementia; Stroke (CVA); Post-irradiation Encephalopathy and Seizures; Alzheimer's disease combined with Vascular (Multi-Infarct) dementia; Alzheimer's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease combined with Lewy body dementia; Frontotemporal dementia combined with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy; and Thalamic CVA combined with HX of Lung CA. When the gel patterns of AD patients were compared to the gel patterns of normal subjects, protein spots N5302, N3314, N3307, N7310, N9311, N1511, N7616, N4411, N 1416, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224, N2502, and N2307, of particular interest, were identified as shown in
In order to assess the reproducibility of the 2D gels and staining, 75 nanograms of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was run on 9 separate 2D gels. The gels were stained with SYPRO RUBY and the 5 spots resolved in the BSA region of the gel were then subjected to quantitative analysis using PDQUEST™ and the Gaussian Peak Value method. The results shown in Table 1 illustrate that the electrophoretic patterns were reproducible and the reproducibility (% Coefficient of Variation=% CV) was independent of the spot amount over the range tested (2.9-38.6 ng/spot).
As shown in
3
5
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
Protein spots N5302 N3314, N3307, N7616, N4411, N1416, N7310, N9311, N1511, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224, N2502, and N2307, were carefully excised, in-gel digested with trypsin, and subjected to mass fingerprinting/sequence analysis by high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and expert database searching.
Tandem mass spectrometry provides a powerful means of determining the structure and identity of proteins and peptides. The unknown tryptic peptide is first separated and purified by liquid chromatography and then the effluent from the separation is vaporized by electrospray, separated in a mass spectrometer and then bombarded with high-energy electrons causing it to fragment in a characteristic manner, indicative of its amino acid sequence. The fragments, which are of varying mass and charge, are then passed through a magnetic field and separated according to their mass/charge ratios. The resulting characteristic fragmentation pattern of the unknown peptide is used to identify its amino acid sequence.
A protein can often be unambiguously identified by an LC MS/MS analysis of its constituent peptides (produced by either chemical or enzymatic treatment of the sample).
Following differential expression analysis, protein spots N5302 N3314, N3307, N7616, N4411, N1416, N7310, N9311, N1511, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224, N2502, and N2307, were carefully excised from the gel for identification. Excised gel spots of proteins N5302 N3314, N3307, N7616, N4411, N1416, N7310. N9311, N1511, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224 N2502, and N2307, were de-stained by washing the gel spots twice in 100 mM NH4HCO3 buffer, followed by soaking the gel spots in 100% acetonitrile for 10 minutes. The acetonitrile was aspirated before adding the trypsin solution. Typically, a small volume of trypsin solution (approximately 5-15 μg/ml trypsin is added to the de-stained gel spots and incubated at 3 hours at 37° C. or overnight at 30° C. The digested peptides were extracted, washed, desalted and subjected to liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectral analysis to identify the protein spots.
Tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides provides a powerful means of determining the structure and identity of proteins. The unknown tryptic peptides from the digestion are extracted from the gel and first separated and purified by liquid chromatography and then the effluent from the separation is vaporized by electrospray, separated in a mass spectrometer and then bombarded with high-energy electrons causing the peptides to fragment it in a characteristic manner, indicative of their amino acid sequences. The fragments, which are of varying mass and charge, are then passed through a magnetic field and separated according to their mass/charge ratios. The resulting characteristic fragmentation patterns of the unknown peptides are used to identify the amino acid sequence of the protein spot from which they were obtained. Those of skill in the art are familiar with mass spectral analysis of digested peptides. The mass spectral analysis was conducted on a Micromass LC QTOF (Waters). Peptide fragmentation patterns were obtained from the tryptic in-gel digests of the protein spots and the patterns were subjected to public database searches using the GenBank and dbEST databases maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (hereinafter referred to as the NCBI database). Those of skill in the art are familiar with searching databases, like the NCBI database. The NCBI database search results were displayed with the best matched amino acid sequences of the identified peptides and the protein accession of number the protein sequence they were derived from. Biomarkers identified by LC-MS/MS of the in-gel tryptic peptide digests are listed.
The NCBI database search results were displayed with the best matched amino acid sequences of the identified tryptic peptides and the protein accession numbers of the proteins sequences they were derived from. For protein spots N5302 N3314, N3307, N7616, N4411, N1416, N7310, N9311, N1511, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224, N2502, and N2307, the proteins identified by the NCBI database search were: N5302, is an Apolipoprotein E4 protein (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 1, N5302 SEQ ID NO. 2); N3314, an Apolipoprotein E3 (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 3, N3314 SEQ ID NO. 4); N3307, a Transthyretin “Dimer” protein (N3307 SEQ ID NO. 5); 3 Complement C3 proteins; N7310, a Complement C3c1 protein (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 6, N7310 SEQ ID NO. 7); N9311, a Complement C3c2a protein (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 6, N9311 SEQ ID NO. 8,); and N1511, a Complement C3dg protein (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 6, N1511 SEQ ID NO. 10, alternate precursor SEQ ID NO. 9, N1511 alternate SEQ ID NO. 11); N7616, a Complement Factor Bb protein (N7616 SEQ ID NO. 12); N4411, a Complement Factor H/Hs protein (Precursor SEQ ID NO. 13, alternate precursor SEQ ID NO. 14, N4411 SEQ ID NO. 15); and N2307, An Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor protein (Heavy Chain H4 Related Precursor Protein SEQ ID NO. 16, N2307 Heavy Chain H4 isoform 1 SEQ ID NO. 17, N2307 Heavy Chain H4 alternate isoform 2 SEQ ID NO. 18); Four Haptoglobin proteins; N1514 N2401, N2407, and N3409, electrophoretic variants of a Haptoglobin HP-1 protein (N1514 N2401, N2407, N3409 SEQ ID NO. 19); N1416, Complement Factor I protein (N1416 SEQ ID NO. 20); N6224, an Immunoglobulin Light Chain protein (N6224 SEQ ID NO. 21); and N2502, an Apolipoprotein A-IV protein (N2502 SEQ ID NO. 22).
Statistical significance of differences in individual biomarker blood serum concentrations between different patient and control groups is performed using methods well known in the art, Dot Box and Whiskers plots, analysis of variance, and Receiver Operator Characteristics, employing a standard off the shelf software package, “Analyze-it” in Microsoft XL. Box and Whisker plots give a visual representation of non-parametric descriptive statistics. The central “box” (
The diagnostic performance of a test or the accuracy of a test to discriminate diseased cases from normal cases is evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. ROC curves can also be used to compare the diagnostic performance of two or more laboratory or diagnostic tests. In ROC curve the true positive rate (Sensitivity) is plotted in function of the false positive rate (1—Specificity) for different cut-off points. Each point on the ROC plot represents a sensitivity/specificity pair corresponding to a particular decision threshold. A test with perfect discrimination (no overlap in the two distributions) has a ROC plot that passes through the upper left corner (100% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Therefore the closer the ROC plot is to the upper left corner, the higher the overall accuracy of the test (64).
Differential Expression of Protein spots N5302, N3314, N3307, N7616, N4411, N1416, N7310, N9311, N1511, N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, N6224, N2502, and N2307 in Age Matched Normal Control Subjects, and Patients Diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease, with Parkinson's disease, and with AD-Like, and/or Mixed Disorders
The blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (
Shown in
The Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is the protein product of the Apo E ε4 gene allele. The Apo E ε4 gene allele is known to be associated with increased risk of dementia, and is inherited as one of three Apo E gene alleles, termed ε2, ε3, and ε4, with mean frequencies in the general population of about 8%, 78%, and 14%, respectively (3). The degree of risk of dementia conferred by Apo E ε4 allele rises in a “gene dose” dependent manner (4), increasing with the number of Apo E ε4 alleles inherited, from: ε4 non-carriers; to ε4/ε3 and ε4/ε2 hetero-zygotes; to ε4/ε4 homo-zygotes (5), all capable of developing Alzheimer's disease, although those lacking Apo E ε4 allele have the least risk of developing AD, and also may tend to get the disease at a later age of onset (6). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, those Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls who have detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein in their blood serum (N5302>0) are assumed to be either Apo E ε4/ε3 or ε4/ε2 hetero-zygotes, or ε4/ε4homo-zygotes, and to not be Apo E ε4 non-carriers. Also in a preferred embodiment of the invention those Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls who have no detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein in their blood serum (N5302=0) are assumed to be Apo E ε4 non-carriers, although there may be some individuals in this group who have the Apo E ε4 allele in their genome but it is unexpressed as protein or expressed below the level of detection of the 2D gel electrophoresis method employed.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the detection, or a lack of detection of Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 expression, as measured in blood serum, whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein concentration is detected (N5302>0), or is not detected (N5302=0), is determined and its effect upon the expression of other blood serum biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, measured as changes in blood serum concentration, are used to measure differences in the form that Alzheimer's disease takes in the patient.
As shown in
As shown in
However, as shown in
When the potential utility for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is measured by plotting Receiver Operator Characteristics of blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein N3314 as a function of whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) or not detected (N5302=0) in blood serum (
Thus, in active Alzheimer's disease, decreased expression of Apo E ε3 wild type allele gene product, the Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314, in blood serum has clinical diagnostic utility, when the detection or lack of detection in blood serum of the Alzheimer's disease risk gene allele Apo E ε4 protein product, Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is also taken into account.
Results similar to that obtained for Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 were also obtained for Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307 (see
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the lack of detection or the detection, and the quantity of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, is employed combined with the concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein N3307 in blood serum wherein: Concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307 in blood serum that are significantly below the ranges of age matched normal controls, with detection of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, and with concentrations of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 significantly above the range of age matched normal controls, are indicated for sensitive and specific detection of Alzheimer's disease.
For the purposes of the preferred embodiment of this invention, the known association of Apolipoprotein E protein and Transthyretin protein into neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, as well as the neuroprotective role of Apolipoprotein E3 against oxidative stress and related signals for apoptosis, indicate significant differences in the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration between these two forms of Alzheimer's disease (wherein either N5302=0 or N5302>0,
Also in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a lack of detection N5302=0), or the detection (N5302>0) and the quantity of Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 as measured in blood serum, is determined and its effect upon the expression of Complement Factor H/Hs protein N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein N7616 is also determined.
Complement Factor H/Hs protein N4411 is significantly up-regulated in the blood serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but not in patients with AD-like and Mixed dementias, as compared to age matched normal controls (AMC) (
In the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) vs. age matched normal controls (AMC), using a cutoff for N4411 of AD>261 ppm, the separation between AD and AMC groups is equally sensitive and specific (
However, when Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls are compared on the basis of whether or not Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is detected in blood serum (N5302>0 vs. N5302=0, respectively), an opposite effect to that on Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314, and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein N3307 was seen. The Alzheimer's disease patients without detectable blood serum levels of Apolipoprotein E4 (N5302=0) had significantly higher expression of both Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 (
When the potential utility for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is measured by plotting Receiver Operator Characteristics of blood serum concentrations of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 (
Thus, in active Alzheimer's disease, increased expression of Complement Factor H/Hs protein N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein N7616 in blood serum has clinical diagnostic utility, when the detection or lack of detection in blood serum of the Alzheimer's disease risk gene allele Apo E ε4 protein product, Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is also taken into account. Furthermore, the significantly up-regulated levels of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 in Alzheimer's disease patients above age matched normal controls are found only in patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 expression (N5302=0), is opposite to the effect of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 expression on Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” Protein spot N3307. This indicates that reduced levels of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” Protein spot N3307 reflect characteristics of one form of Alzheimer's disease (N5302>0), whereas increased levels of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 are characteristics of the other form (N5302=0) of Alzheimer's disease, and this provides for complimentary diagnostic utilities.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, combining the lack of detection or the detection, and the quantity of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, with the concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314, Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307, Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411, and Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 in blood serum wherein: Concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307 in blood serum that are significantly below the ranges of age matched normal controls when Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and the concentrations of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, are indicated for sensitive and specific detection of one form of Alzheimer's disease; and concentrations of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 that are significantly above the range of age matched normal controls when Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is not detected (N5302=0) are indicated for sensitive and specific detection of another form of Alzheimer's disease (N5302=0); and by detecting both of the types of Alzheimer's disease (wherein N5302=0 and N5302>0) with complementary characteristics, greater sensitivity and specificity is obtained for detection of Alzheimer's disease.
For the purposes of the preferred embodiment of this invention, the known activity of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 in releasing Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 from the alternate Complement C3 Convertase, indicate significant differences in the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration between the two forms of Alzheimer's disease (N5302=0, N5302>0,
Complement C3c1, C3c2a, and C3dg
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, lack of detection, detection, detection and/or quantity of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, as measured in blood serum (whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 concentration is >0 or=0), is determined and its effect upon the expression of Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein spot N7310, Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, and C3Sum (N7310+N9311+N1511), are also measured in blood serum. The two isoforms of Complement C3c protein (C3c1 and C3c2a) have the same amino acid sequence (ref. 17) derived from the same locus of Complement C3 parent precursor (SEQ ID NO. 6,
Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 is also derived from the Complement C3 parent precursor, but downstream of the locus for Complement C3c1 and C3c2a (SEQ ID NO. 6, amino acids 955-1303). It arises when Complement iC3b is cleaved to make Complement C3c and Complement C3dg (SEQ ID NO. 10). Alternately, Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 (SEQ ID NO. 11) arises from alternate parent protein Similar to C3 (SEQ ID NO. 9, amino acids 902-1256).
As shown in
By ROC analysis, Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein spot N7310 (
Furthermore, in Alzheimer's disease patients, significantly up-regulated levels of Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein spot N7310, C3c2a protein spot N9311 and Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, and C3Sum, above age matched normal controls are found regardless of the detection (N5302>0), or lack of detection (N5302=0), of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 expression (
The one exception was Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, where the up-regulation was essentially to the same extent, regardless of whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 was detected in their blood serum.
Using ROC analysis (
Again, the only exception in Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, which only showed sensitivity and specificity, when N5302>0:
When the severity of Alzheimer's disease is taken into account (MMSE scores) (
In patients with no detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, blood serum concentration of Complement C3c1 protein spot N7310 is 14 fold higher than age matched normal controls (
Similarly, in patients with no detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, (
On the other hand, in patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, the expression of Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311 is higher (5 fold) than age matched normal controls (
In patients with detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, expression of Complement C3c1 protein spot N7310 is also higher (5 fold) than age matched normal controls (
However, expression of Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311 is not significantly higher than age matched controls in mild AD (
Similar to Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, in patients with detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, expression of Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 is not significantly higher than age matched controls in mild AD (
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, Complement C3c1 protein N7310 blood serum concentration significantly above age matched normal controls is an indication for:
Also in the preferred embodiment of the invention, concentrations of Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311 significantly above the level of age matched normal controls is an indication for:
Also in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the effect of detection, or a lack of detection of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 expression, as measured in blood serum (whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 concentration is >0 or =0), in association with the expression of Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 is determined. Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 (Table 12, SEQ ID NO. 10) consists of a different amino acid sequence derived from a sequence domain downstream of the locus shared by Complement C3c1 protein spot N7310 and C3c2a protein spot N9311, of Complement C3 (Table 8, SEQ ID NO. 6) parent precursor and also derived from as an alternative isoform (Table 13, SEQ ID NO. 11) derived from an alternate parent precursor Similar to C3 (Table 11, SEQ ID NO. 9).
Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the significantly higher level of blood serum concentration of Complement C3dg protein spot N1511 in Alzheimer's disease patients than that of aged matched normal controls is an indication for:
Haptoglobin HP-1 Protein spots N1514, N2401, N2407, and N3409 contain the same amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO. 19), but differ in their electrophoretic mobility in 2D gel electrophoresis (
As shown in
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the concentrations of Haptoglobin HP-1 protein spots N1514, N2401, N2407, and N3409 and their sum (HP-1 Total Proteins,
Using the ROC analysis, the Total of HP-1 Protein spots showed sensitivities and specificities of discrimination between 115 Alzheimer's disease patients and 75 age matched normal control individuals as follows:
HP-1 Total Proteins: 56.2% sensitivity, 56.0% specificity (Table 18, AD>30136 ppm, ROC-P<0.0001).
Furthermore, in Alzheimer's disease patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (N5302=0), blood serum concentrations of Haptoglobin HP-1 protein spots N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, and HP-1 Total Proteins are significantly higher than age matched normal controls (
On the other hand, in Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls with detectable blood serum levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (N5302>0), Haptoglobin HP-1 Proteins spots N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, and HP-1 Total Proteins are not significantly different from the levels of age matched controls (
ROC analysis demonstrated specificity and sensitivity for separation between Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, and no specificity nor sensitivity for separation between Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched normal controls with detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (
Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the significantly higher level of blood serum concentration of Haptoglobin HP-1 Protein spots N1514, N2401, N2407, N3409, and HP-1 Total Proteins (N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409) in Alzheimer's disease patients than that of aged matched normal controls is an indication for:
As shown in
Using ROC analysis (
In Alzheimer's disease patients and age matched controls with and without detectable blood serum levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, the expression levels of Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 related 35 KD protein spot N2307 in blood serum is significantly higher than complementary age matched normal controls (
Using an ROC analysis (
Furthermore, as shown in
Also, as shown in
Thus in a preferred embodiment of the invention, as in the case of Complement C3c1 protein N7310, the significantly higher level of the blood serum concentrations of Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 related 35 KD protein spot N2307, in Alzheimer's disease patients than that of the age matched normal controls, is an indication for:
As shown in
Using the ROC analysis (
Down-regulated blood serum levels of Immunoglobulin Light Chain protein spot N6224 and Apolipoprotein A-IV Protein spot N2502 in Alzheimer's disease patients below that of age matched normal controls are found regardless of whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 was detected or not in blood serum; although more significant in the case of N5302>0 for Immunoglobulin Light Chain protein spot N6224 (
Using the ROC analysis (
Thus in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the significantly low blood serum levels of Immunoglobulin Light Chain protein spot N6224 and Apolipoprotein A-IV protein spot N2502 in Alzheimer's disease patients than that of the age matched normal controls is an indication for: Detection of AD in patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (N5302=0), and for Detection of AD in patients with detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (N5302>0);
As illustrated in Table 26, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, when the blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 and Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314, Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411, Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616, Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein spot N7310, Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, Haptoglobin HP-1 Total Proteins (N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409), Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein spot N2307, Immunoglobulin Light Chain Protein spot N6224 and Apolipoprotein A-IV protein spot N2502 are all combined into a multivariate linear discriminant function to distinguish between all 115 Alzheimer's disease patients and all 75 age matched normal controls, a sensitivity of 69.6% and a specificity of 84.4% are obtained. However, when the Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control subjects are separated into two groups, based on whether Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is detected or not in the blood serum, a sensitivity of 82.3% and a specificity of 82.7% are obtained when the results are combined after the discriminant analysis (Table 26). These results underscore the importance of differentiation between two types of Alzheimer's disease patients for the purpose of better sensitivity during diagnosis of the disease.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention separate linear discriminant functions are performed for those in whom Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is detected in blood serum (N5302>0) and those in whom Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is not detected in blood serum (N5302=0). In each linear discriminant function, Alzheimer's disease patients and Age matched normal controls are distinguished from one another. Also in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the linear discriminant function is generated with the addition of concentrations of other blood serum protein biomarkers, for example, one or more of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314, Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411, Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616, Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein spot N7310, Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, Haptoglobin HP-1 individual and Total of protein spots (N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409), Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein spot N2307, Immunoglobulin Light Chain protein spot N6224 and Apolipoprotein A-IV protein spot N2502.
When separate discriminant functions are performed in the manner of the invention (Table 26) and the results are then combined by adding the true positives together, the true negatives together, the false positives together, and the false negatives together, that were generated by the separate discriminant functions, this results in clinically significant sensitivity and specificity (Table 26, Sensitivity 82.3%, Specificity 82.7%).
Each step of sensitivity and specificity improvements for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease attained by the invention are shown in
In this preferred embodiment of the invention we have compared these changes as a function of the detection (
When both the AD patients and controls had detectable blood serum levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302, the protein biomarkers Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307 were markedly reduced in blood serum concentration in the Alzheimer's disease patients (
Those patients for which the Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 was detected in their blood serum (Apo E4>0,
Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease Patients with Detectable Apolipoprotein E4 Protein in Blood Serum
The marked reduction in the blood serum concentration of soluble Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 and Transthyretin “Dimer” protein spot N3307, in patients with detectable blood serum Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (
Such diminished neuroprotection, is coincident with known markedly increased oxidative stress in Apo E ε4 allele positive AD (47-52), resulting in uncontrolled neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis as the primary neurodegenerative pathway driving AD in Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 positive patients (
In Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 positive patients (N5302>0), we have also found elevated blood serum levels of other protein biomarkers (
Thus in the preferred embodiment of the invention, in Alzheimer's disease patients with detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in their blood serum (
Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease Patients with No Detectable Apolipoprotein E4 Protein in Blood Serum
A different pattern emerged when AD patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in their blood serum were compared to a group of normal controls, also with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in their blood serum (
Nevertheless, Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 positive Alzheimer's disease patients are also undergoing neurodegeneration. The answer lies in the additional biomarkers of acquired immune and innate inflammation (
Also the blood serum levels of innate immune inflammatory biomarkers (8, 9, 38-40) Complement C3c2a protein spot N9311, Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 and Complement Factor Bb protein spot N7616 were all elevated to moderately high levels in mild, moderate and severe AD.
Thus, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, in the Alzheimer's disease patients with no detectable Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in their blood serum (N5302=0), the apoptosis pathway is inhibited and auto-immune inflammation is the predominant pathway driving neuronal degeneration in these patients.
Analogies with Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
As illustrated in Table 27, our findings with blood serum biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease were analogous to our previous findings with the same blood serum protein biomarkers in ALS (17, 18): familial ALS resembles Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 positive Alzheimer's disease; and sporadic ALS resembles Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 negative Alzheimer's disease. Thus the expression of an Apo E ε4 allele protein (N5302>0; a single amino acid mutation in 14% of the population), which signifies higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (5, 6, 38, 39), as well as cognitive deficits in “normal” aged individuals (38), leads to a primary oxidative stress driven apoptotic Alzheimer's disease phenotype, just as does the expression of the ALS risk genetic mutant Superoxide dismutase protein in familial ALS (17, 18) Similarly, in Alzheimer's disease patients not expressing the Apo E ε4 allele protein (N5302=0), an immune inflammatory mechanism is responsible for driving neurodegeneration, just as is the case in the absence of the Superoxide dismutase mutations in sporatic ALS (17, 18) and in Parkinson's disease (17, 18, 63).
Proteins in the blood serum can tell us what disease pathways and mechanisms of neuronal degeneration are active in the patients. We have illustrated this with mechanistic differences, as indicated by blood serum proteomics, between two different types of Alzheimer's disease, and previously between two different types of ALS (17, 18). The mechanisms of neurodegeneration that display variations between two forms of each disease are oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune inflammatory phagocytosis. These familial vs. sporadic disease variations in mechanisms are demonstrated both by Alzheimer's disease and ALS (Table 28). However, when additional blood serum proteins are brought into the analysis, disease specific differences emerge, with capabilities for differential diagnosis between diseases with similar symptoms (Table 29, ref. 19), implying additional disease specific mechanistic differences, which will ultimately lead to differential treatment and personalized medicine (Table 28, ref. 19).
The blood serum samples may also be subjected to various other techniques known in the art for separating and quantitating proteins. Such techniques include, but are not limited to: gel filtration chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, affinity chromatography (typically in an HPLC or FPLC apparatus), affinity capture, one dimensional gel or capillary electrophoresis, or any of the various centrifugation techniques well known in the art. Certain embodiments would also include a combination of one or more chromatography; electrophoresis or centrifugation steps combined via electrospray or nanospray with mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry of the proteins themselves, or of a total digest of the protein mixtures. Certain embodiments may also include surface enhanced laser desorption mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry, or any protein separation technique that determines the pattern of proteins in the mixture, either as a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional or multi-dimensional protein pattern, and/or the pattern of protein post synthetic modifications or different isoforms of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor protein, are used.
Quantitation of a protein by antibodies directed against that protein is well known in the field. The techniques and methodologies for the production of one or more antibodies to an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, are routine in the field and are not described in detail herein.
As used herein, the term antibody is intended to refer broadly to any immunologic binding agent such as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. Generally, IgG and/or IgM are preferred because they are the most common antibodies in the physiological situation and because they are most easily made in a laboratory setting.
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are recognized to have certain advantages, e.g., reproducibility and large-scale production, and their use is generally preferred. The invention thus provides monoclonal antibodies of human, murine, monkey, rat, hamster, rabbit, chicken, or other animal origin. Due to the ease of preparation and ready availability of reagents, murine monoclonal antibodies are generally preferred. However, human auto antibodies or “humanized” antibodies are also contemplated, as are chimeric antibodies from mouse, rat, or other species, bearing human constant and/or variable region domains, bispecific antibodies, recombinant and engineered antibodies and fragments thereof.
The term “antibody” thus also refers to any antibody-like molecule that has a 20 amino acid antigen binding region, and includes antibody fragments such as Fab′, Fab, F(ab′)2, single domain antibodies (DABS), Fv, scFv (single chain Fv), and the like. The techniques for preparing and using various antibody-based constructs and fragments are well known in the art. Means of preparing and characterizing antibodies are also well known in the art (See, e.g., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988; incorporated herein by reference).
Antibodies to an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein may be used in a variety of assays in order to quantitate the protein in serum samples, or other fluid or tissue samples. Well known methods include immunoprecipitation, antibody sandwich assays, ELISA and affinity chromatography methods that include antibodies bound to a solid support. Such methods also include micro arrays of antibodies or proteins contained on a glass slide or a silicon chip, for example.
It is contemplated that arrays of antibodies to an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, or peptides derived from an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, may be produced in an array and contacted with the serum samples or protein fractions of serum samples in order to quantitate the blood serum concentrations of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein. The use of such micro arrays is well known in the art and is described, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854 incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention includes a screening assay for neurodegenerative disease based on the up-regulation and/or down-regulation of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein expression. One embodiment of the assay will be constructed with antibodies to an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein. One or more antibodies targeted to antigenic determinants of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, will be spotted onto a surface, such as a polyvinyl membrane or glass slide. As the antibodies used will each recognize an antigenic determinant of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, incubation of the spots with patient samples will permit attachment of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, to the antibody.
The binding of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, can be reported using any of the known reporter techniques including radioimmunoassay (RIA), stains, enzyme linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA), and sandwich ELISAs with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated second antibody also recognizing an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, the pre-binding of fluorescent dyes to the proteins in the sample, or biotinylating the proteins in the sample and using an HRP-bound streptavidin reporter. The HRP can be developed with a chemiluminescent, fluorescent, or colorimetric reporter. Other enzymes, such as luciferase or glucose oxidase, or any enzyme that can be used to develop light or color can be utilized at this step.
All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods, and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention.
More specifically, it is well recognized in the art that the statistical data, including but not limited to the mean, standard error, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, 95% confidence limits, results of analysis of variance, non-parametric median tests, discriminant analysis, etc., will vary as data from additional patients are added to the database or antibodies are utilized to determine concentrations of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, or any biomarker. Therefore changes in the range of concentrations of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, do not depart from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention.
Also more specifically, it is disclosed (in cross referenced U.S. Utility patent application by Goldknopf, I. L. et al. Ser. Nos. 11/507,337 and 11/503,881, U.S. Provisional Patent Applications by Goldknopf et al. Ser. Nos. 60/708,992 and 60/738,710, and referenced in Goldknopf, I. L. et al. 2006 and E. A. Sheta et al, 2006, hereby incorporated as reference) that blood serum concentrations of protein biomarkers, including an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, protein spot N3314, can be used in combination with other biomarkers for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and screening. Consequently, the use of an Apolipoprotein E4 protein, an Apolipoprotein E3 protein, a Transthyretin protein, a Complement C3c1 protein, a Complement C3c2a protein, a Complement C3dg protein, a Complement Factor Bb protein, A Complement Factor H protein, and/or an Inter-alpha Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain (H4) related protein, in conjunction with one or more additional biomarkers does not depart from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention.
It is also well recognized in the art that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
It is also well recognized in the art that there are other Non-Alzheimer's neurological disorders related to those already mentioned that are hereby included within the scope of the invention including but not limited to Mild Cognitive Impairment, Cortical basal Ganglionic Degeneration, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and any neurological disease or disorder, injury, depression or other psychiatric condition, or any other AD-Like disorder with symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease that results from any other cause.
Table 3a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Apolipoprotein E4 (spot N5302). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 3b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of blood serum Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, using biomarker N5302 cutoff concentration value of zero ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 4a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in all individuals and in individuals with detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 in the blood serum (N5302>0). The proportion of individuals with detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 (N5302>0) is presented as percentage of the total number of individuals in each category. Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 4b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects with detectable levels of Apolipoprotein E4 protein (N5302>0), as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, using biomarker N5302 cutoff concentration value of 159 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 5a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314. Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 5b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, using biomarker N3314 cutoff concentration value of AD<804 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 6: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Apolipoprotein E3 protein spot N3314 when Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in blood serum. Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
values
.75
values
values
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
Table 7: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein E3 protein N3314 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values of the concentration of Apolipoprotein E3 protein N3314 are calculated as AD<AMC for (a) individuals when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is not detected in the blood serum (N5302=0), using biomarker N3314 cutoff concentration value of AD<981 ppm; (b) individuals when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected in the blood serum (N5302>0), using biomarker N3314 cutoff concentration value of AD<607 ppm; and (c) differentiation between two types of Alzheimer's disease patients with Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 detected (N5302>0) vs. not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, using biomarker N3314 cutoff concentration value of AD (N5302>0)<651 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 8a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Transthyretin Dimer (spot N3307). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 8b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Transthyretin Dimer protein spot N3307 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal controls (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, using biomarker N3307 cutoff concentration value of AD<333 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 9: (a) Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Transthyretin Dimer (spot N3307), when N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. (b) Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Transthyretin Dimer protein N3307 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for individuals when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, using biomarker N3307 cutoff values of AD<308 and AD<352 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 10a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Complement Factor H/Hs protein (spot N4411). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 10b: Summary statistics for the graph in
Table 11: (a) Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411, when N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. (b) Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Complement Factor H/Hs protein spot N4411 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for individuals when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, using biomarker N4411 cutoff concentration values of AD>273 and AD>270 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 12a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Complement Factor Bb protein (spot N7616). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 12b: Summary statistics for the graph in
Table 13: (a) Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Complement Factor Bb protein biomarker spot N7616, when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. (b) Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Complement Factor Bb protein biomarker spot N7616 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for individuals when N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, where AD>AMC using biomarker N7616 cutoff concentration values of AD>229 and AD>237 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 14: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and Median (50th percentile) of blood serum a) Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein (spot N7310); b) Complement C3dg protein spot N1511; c) Complement C3c2a protein (spot N9311); Complement C3Sum (N7310+N1511+N9311). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 15: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the differences in blood serum concentrations of a) Complement C3dg protein (spot N1511); b) Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein (spot N7310); Complement C3c2a protein (spot N9311); and C3Sum (N1511+N7310+N9311) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and statistical significance, where AD>AMC using cutoff concentration values for each at Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of AD>105, AD>273, AD>272, and AD>710 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
=
=
0
%
0
= 0
0
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
Table 16: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), Median (50th percentile) and percent change in blood serum levels of a) Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein (spot N7310), Complement C3c2a protein (spot N9311), and b) Complement C3dg protein spot N1511, and Complement C3Sum (N7310+N1511+N9311) when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is not detected (N5302=0) and detected (N5302>0) in the blood serum. These results are illustrated graphically in
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
Table 17: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of a) Complement C3c1 phosphoprotein (spot N7310), Complement C3c2a protein (spot N9311), and b) Complement C3dg protein (spot N1511), and C3Sum (N1511+N7310+N9311) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects and between two Alzheimer's disease patients, when Apolipoprotein E4 protein spot N5302 was not detected (N5302=0) and detected (N5302>0), as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and statistical significance, using a characteristic cutoff concentration value for each biomarker. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 18a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical significance of blood serum Total Haptoglobin Hp-1 proteins (Sum of spots N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 18b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of
Total Haptoglobin Hp-1 proteins (Sum of spots N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of ROC and statistical significance, where AD>AMC using cutoff value at AD>30136 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 19a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum total Haptoglobin Hp-1 proteins (Sum of spots N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409), when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 19b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of total Haptoglobin Hp-1 proteins (Sum of spots N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for each group when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, where AD>AMC using cutoff values of AD>31768 and AD>30216 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 20a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical significance of blood serum Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein (spot N2307). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 20b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein (spot N2307) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of ROC and statistical significance, where AD>AMC using cutoff concentration value at AD>210 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 21a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein (spot N2307), when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 21b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (H4) related 35 KD protein spot N2307 to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for each group when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, where AD>AMC using cutoff concentration values of AD>224 and AD>211 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 22a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical significance of blood serum Immunoglobulin light chain protein (spot N6224). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 22b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin light chain protein (spot N6224) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of ROC and statistical significance, where AD<AMC using cutoff concentration value at AD<368 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 23a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Immunoglobulin light chain protein (spot N6224), when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 23b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin light chain protein (spot N6224) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for each group when N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, where AD<AMC using cutoff values of AD<378 and AD<368 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 24a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal controls (AMC) and statistical significance of blood serum Apolipoprotein A-IV protein (spot N2502). Each sample (n) was run in triplicate on three separate 2D gels. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 24b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of Apolipoprotein A-IV protein (spot N2502) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of ROC and statistical significance, where AD<AMC using N2502 cutoff value at AD<2465 ppm. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 25a: Mean level (ppm)±standard error (SE), percent change from the mean level of age-match normal control (AMC) and statistical differences from AMC (ANOVA-P) of blood serum Apolipoprotein A-IV protein (spot N2502), when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 25b: Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) of the difference in blood serum concentrations of
Apolipoprotein A-IV protein (spot N2502) to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched normal control (AMC) subjects, as reflected by sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve for the ROC. Values are calculated for each group when Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 is detected (N5302>0) and not detected (N5302=0) in the blood serum, where AD<AMC using cutoff concentration values of AD<2588 and AD2412 ppm, respectively. These results are illustrated graphically in
Table 26: Enhanced sensitivity obtained by applying multivariate linear discriminant biostatistics to the blood serum concentrations of the listed protein biomarkers. The first approach employs comparing Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched control using the listed biomarkers without sorting the compared groups. The second approach employs the separation of both Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched control subjects into two categories based on the detection or lack of detection of Apolipoprotein E4 protein N5302 in their blood serum. A multivariate biostatistical analysis is applied to each of the 2 groups, employing all the biomarkers listed (N3314, N3317, N4411; N7616, HP-1 total [N1514+N2401+N2407+N3409], N7310, N9311, N1511, N2307, N2502, and N6224), followed by summing the separate results of the 2 multivariate biostatistical analysis of the sorted categories. As shown, this second approach provides substantial improvement in diagnostic capability over the first, non-sorted approach. These results are illustrated graphically in
§From references 17, 18.
Table 27: Observed similarity in the mechanism of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, drawn from the identities, functions and observed differences in blood serum concentration of the listed biomarkers.
¥From reference 19
Table 28v: Multivariate linear discriminant analysis as indicated by percent sensitivity of classification of each disease in mixture of population, using 34 and step disc-selected 24 serum biomarkers.
This application claims priority to U.S. Utility Patent Application Ser. No. 11/503,881 filed Aug. 14, 2006 which claims priority to U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/708,992 filed on Aug. 17, 2005, now abandoned.
