Patent Grant
9220972
This invention relates to a shuffling, sorting and deck verification apparatus for providing randomly arranged articles and especially to the shuffling of playing cards for gaming uses in a first mode, and provides verified decks or multiple decks of cards in a second mode. The invention also relates to a method and apparatus for providing randomly shuffled deck(s) of cards in a rapid and efficient manner and a capability of automatically calibrating the apparatus for various card sizes, card thicknesses, and for initial setup and having card reading capability for providing information on card rank and/or card suit on cards within the shuffler. The invention also relates to a device that can verify a set of cards (one or more decks) in a rapid non-randomizing event.
In the gaming industry, certain games require that batches of randomly shuffled cards are provided to players and sometimes to dealers in live card games. It is important that the cards are shuffled thoroughly and randomly to prevent players from having an advantage by knowing the position of specific cards or groups of cards in the final arrangement of cards delivered in the play of the game. At the same time, it is advantageous to have the deck(s) shuffled in a very short period of time so that there is minimal downtime in the play of the game.
Breeding et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,139,014 and 6,068,258 (assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc.) describe a machine for shuffling multiple decks of playing cards in a batch-type process. The device includes a first vertically extending magazine for holding a stack of unshuffled playing cards, and second and third vertically extending magazines each for holding a stack of cards, the second and third magazines being horizontally spaced from and adjacent to the first magazine. A first card mover is positioned at the top of the first magazine for moving cards from the top of the stack of cards in the first magazine to the second and third magazines to cut the stack of unshuffled playing cards into two unshuffled stacks. Second and third card movers are at the top of the second and third magazines, respectively, for randomly moving cards from the top of the stack of cards in the second and third magazines, respectively, back to the first magazine, thereby interleaving the cards to form a vertically registered stack of shuffled cards in the first magazine. Elevators are provided in the magazines to bring the cards into contact with the card movers. This shuffler design is currently marketed under the name MD1® shuffler and MD1.1™ shuffler in the United States and abroad.
Sines et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,368 describes a playing card shuffler having an unshuffled stack holder that holds an in-feed array of playing cards. One or more ejectors are mounted adjacent the unshuffled stack holder to eject cards from the in-feed array at various random positions. Multiple ejectors are preferably mounted on a movable carriage. Extractors are advantageously used to assist in removing playing cards from the in-feed array. Removal resistors are used to provide counteracting forces resisting displacement of cards, to thereby provide more selective ejection of cards from the in-feed array. The automated playing card shuffler comprises a frame; an unshuffled stack holder for holding an unshuffled array of playing cards in a stacked configuration with adjacent cards in physical contact with each other and forming an unshuffled stack; a shuffled array receiver for holding a shuffled array of playing cards; at least one ejector for ejecting playing cards located at different positions within the unshuffled stack; and a drive which is controllable to achieve a plurality of different relative positions between the unshuffled stack holder and the at least one ejector. This shuffler design is currently marketed under the name RANDOM EJECTION SHUFFLER™.
Grauzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,154 (assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc.) describes an apparatus for moving playing cards from a first group of cards into plural groups, each of said plural groups containing a random arrangement of cards, said apparatus comprising: a card receiver for receiving the first group of unshuffled cards; a single stack of card receiving compartments generally adjacent to the card receiver, said stack generally adjacent to and movable with respect to the first group of cards; and a drive mechanism that moves the stack by means of translation relative to the first group of unshuffled cards; a card moving mechanism between the card receiver and the stack; and a processing unit that controls the card moving mechanism and the drive mechanism so that a selected quantity of cards is moved into a selected number of compartments. This shuffler is currently marketed under the name ACE® shuffler in the United States and abroad.
Grauzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,096 (assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc.) describes an apparatus for continuously shuffling playing cards, said apparatus comprising: a card receiver for receiving a first group of cards; a single stack of card receiving compartments generally adjacent to the card receiver, said stack generally vertically movable, wherein the compartments translate substantially vertically, and means for moving the stack; a card moving mechanism located between the card receiver and the stack; a processing unit that controls the card moving mechanism and the means for moving the stack so that cards placed in the card receiver are moved into selected compartments; a second card receiver for receiving cards from the compartments; and a second card moving mechanism between the compartments and the second card receiver for moving cards from the compartments to the second card receiver. This shuffler design is marketed under the name KING® shuffler in the United States and abroad.
Johnson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,310 describes a card handling apparatus comprising: a loading station for receiving cards to be shuffled; a chamber to receive a main stack of cards; delivery means for delivering individual cards from the loading station to the chamber; a dispensing station to dispense individual cards for a card game; transfer means for transferring a lowermost card from the main stack to the dispensing station; and a dispensing sensor for sensing one of the presence and absence of a card in the dispensing station. The dispensing sensor is coupled to the transfer means to cause a transfer of a card to the dispensing station when an absence of a card in the dispensing station is sensed by the dispensing sensor. Individual cards delivered from the loading station are randomly inserted by an insertion means into different randomly selected positions in the main stack to obtain a randomly shuffled main stack from which cards are individually dispensed. The insertion means includes vertically adjustable gripping means to separate the main stack into two spaced apart substacks to enable insertion of a card between the substacks by the insertion means. The gripping means is vertically positionable along the edges of the main stack. After gripping, the top portion of the stack is lifted, forming two substacks. At this time, a gap is created between the stacks. This shuffler is marketed under the name QUICKDRAW™ shuffler in the United States and abroad.
Similarly, Johnson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,085 describes an apparatus for shuffling or handling a batch of cards including a chamber in which a main stack of cards is supported, a loading station for holding a secondary stack of cards, and a card separating mechanism for separating cards at a series of positions along the main stack. The separating mechanism allows the introduction of cards from the secondary stack into the main stack at those positions. The separating mechanism grips cards at the series of positions along the stack and lifts those cards at and above the separation mechanism to define spaces in the main stack for introduction of cards from the secondary stack. This technology is also incorporated into the QUICKDRAW™ product.
Sines et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,372 describes an automated playing card shuffler, comprising: a frame; an unshuffled stack holder for holding an unshuffled stack of playing cards; a shuffled stack receiver for holding a shuffled stack of playing cards; at least one ejector carriage mounted adjacent to said unshuffled stack holder, said at least one ejector carriage and said unshuffled stack holder mounted to provide relative movement between said unshuffled stack holder and said at least one ejector carriage; a plurality of ejectors mounted upon said at least one ejector carriage adjacent the unshuffled stack holder for ejecting playing cards from the unshuffled stack, the ejecting occurring at various random positions along the unshuffled stack.
Johnson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,248 describes an apparatus for arranging playing cards in a desired order, said apparatus including: a housing; a sensor to sense playing cards prior to arranging; a feeder for feeding said playing cards sequentially past the sensor; a storage assembly having a plurality of storage locations in which playing cards may be arranged in groups in a desired order, wherein the storage assembly is adapted for movement in at least two directions during shuffling; a selectively programmable computer coupled to said sensor and to said storage assembly to assemble in said storage assembly groups of playing cards in a desired order; a delivery mechanism for selectively delivering playing cards located in selected storage locations of the storage assembly; and a collector for collecting arranged groups of playing cards. The storage assembly in one example of the invention is a carousel containing a plurality of card storage compartments. The device describes card value reading capability and irregular (e.g., missing or extra) card indication. The desired orders described include pack order and random order.
Grauzer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,651,981, assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc., describes a device for forming a random set of playing cards including a top surface and a bottom surface, and a card receiving area for receiving an initial set of playing cards. A randomizing system is provided for randomizing the initial set of playing cards. A card collection surface is located in a card collection area for receiving randomized playing cards, the card collection surface receiving cards so that all cards are received below the top surface of the device. An elevator is provided for raising the card collection surface so that at least some randomized cards are elevated at least to the top surface of the device. A system for picking up segments of stacks and inserting cards into a gap created by lifting the stack is described.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,334 to McCrea, Jr., describes a secure game table system for monitoring each hand in a progressive live card game. The progressive live card game has at least one deck with a predetermined number of cards, the secure game table system having players at a plurality of player positions and a dealer at a dealer position. The secure game table system comprises: a shoe for holding each card from at least one deck before being dealt by the dealer in the hand, the shoe having a detector for reading at least the value and the suit of each card, the detector issuing a signal corresponding at least to the value and suit for the card. A card-mixing system may be combined or associated with the card-reading shoe. A progressive bet sensor is located near each of the plurality of player positions for sensing the presence of a progressive bet. When the progressive bet is sensed, the progressive bet sensor issues a signal corresponding to the presence of the wager. A card sensor located near each player position and the dealer position issues a signal when a card in the hand is received at the card sensor. A game control has a memory and is receptive of progressive bet signals from the progressive bet sensor at each player position for storing in memory which player positions placed a progressive bet. The game control is receptive of value and suit signals from the detector in the shoe for storing in memory at least the value and suit of each card dealt from the shoe in the hand. The game control is receptive of card-received signals from card sensors at each player position and the dealer position for correlating in memory each card dealt from the shoe in game sequence to each card received at a player position having a progressive bet sensed. The specification indicates that FIG. 16 is an illustration setting forth the addition of a single card reader to the automatic shuffler of U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,145, to Verschoor. In FIGS. 16 and 17 is set forth another embodiment of the secure shuffler of the U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,334, based upon the shuffler illustrated in FIGS. 12-16 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,145. The shuffler may be mounted on a base in which is contained a camera with a lens or lenses and the camera may be embedded in a base of the shuffler.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,044 to Block et al. describes a top of a card table with a card-dispensing hole therethrough and an arcuate edge covered by a transparent dome-shaped cover. A dealer position is centrally located on the tabletop. Multiple player stations are evenly spaced along the arcuate edge. A rotatable card placement assembly includes an extendable arm that is connected to a card carrier that is operable to carry a card. In response to signals from a computer, the rotation of the assembly and the extension of the arm cause the card carrier to carry the card from the card dispensing hole to either the dealer position or any of the player positions. The card carries a barcode identification thereon. A barcode reader of the card carrier provides a signal representation of the identification of the card to the computer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,908 to Stardust et al. describes an automated method and apparatus for sequencing and/or inspecting decks of playing cards. The method and apparatus utilize pattern recognition technology or other image comparison technology to compare one or more images of a card with memory containing known images of a complete deck of playing cards to identify each card as it passes through the apparatus. Once the card is identified, it is temporarily stored in a location corresponding to or identified according to its position in a properly sequenced deck of playing cards. Once a full set of cards has been stored, the cards are released in proper sequence to a completed deck hopper. The method and apparatus also include an operator interface capable of displaying a magnified version of potential defects or problem areas contained on a card which may be then viewed by the operator on a monitor or screen and either accepted or rejected via operator input. The device is also capable of providing an overall wear rating for each deck of playing cards.
Many other patents provide for card reading capability in different physical manners, at different locations, and in different types of apparatus, from card reading shoes, to card reading racks, to table security control systems, such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,959 (Pfeiffer et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,848 (Soltys et al., assigned to MindPlay LLC), U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,404 (Sines et al., automated system), U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,447 (Lofink et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,069 (Sines et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,546 (Meissner et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,012 (McCrea, Jr.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,044 (Block et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,632 (Albrecht), U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,908 (Stardust et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,039 (Miller), U.S. Pat. No. 5,669,816 (Garczynski et al., assigned to Peripheral Dynamics), U.S. Pat. No. 5,722,893 (Hill et al., assigned to Smart Shoes, Inc.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,505 (Garczynski et al., assigned to Peripheral Dynamics), U.S. Pat. No. 6,039,650 (Hill, assigned to Smart Shoes, Inc.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,166 (Larson et al., assigned to Advanced Casino Technologies), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,941,769 (Order, unassigned).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,629,894 to Purton and assigned to Dolphin Advanced Technologies Pty Ltd., of Victoria, Australia, discloses an apparatus for verifying a deck or plural decks of cards. The device includes a card in-feed tray, a card moving mechanism, a camera, a processor located on a card transport path and an accumulation tray. The apparatus is incapable of shuffling cards. Cards can be fed from either tray past a camera in order to verify the deck. The processor compares the read cards with stored values and then reports that outline deviations from expected values are printed. Examples of printed reports include the rank and suit of each card that is missing, or the rank and suit of extra cards present.
Although these and other structures are available for the manufacture of playing card shuffling apparatus, new improvements and new designs are desirable. In particular, it would be desirable to provide a batch-style shuffler that is faster, provides random shuffling, is more compact than currently available shuffler designs and is capable of reading the rank and/or suit of each card. Additionally, it would be desirable to use the device of the present invention to verify decks of cards either prior to use or as part of the decommissioning process.
A device for reading card information, forming a set of playing cards in a randomized order and/or reading card information and comparing the read information to stored information without shuffling is described. The device includes a top surface and a bottom surface, and a card receiving area for receiving an initial set of playing cards. The device is also capable of reading, recording, positioning and/or comparing information related to card rank, card suit, and specified card combinations. A randomizing system is provided for randomizing the initial set of playing cards. This randomizing system may be enabled in one mode of operation and disabled in another mode of operation. A card collection surface is located in a card collection area for receiving randomized or read playing cards, the card collection surface receiving cards so that all cards are received below the top surface of the device. An elevator is provided for raising the card collection surface so that at least some cards are elevated at least to the top surface of the device. An automatic system is provided in the device for accurately calibrating the vertical position of the card collection surface and identifying specific card level positions on stacks of cards placed onto the card collection surface. Sensors to identify at least one card level position and support surface positions are used to calibrate the performance of card pickup grippers, platform positions, and card positions on the platform. A calibration routine is performed by the device, and that automated calibration routine ensures a high level of performance of the device and reduces or eliminates the need for initial and periodic manual calibration and for technical maintenance on the device. A camera is provided within the device for reading the values (e.g., suit and rank) of cards, the camera reading values after cards are introduced into the device, before they are collected into a randomized or original order set, and before they are removed. The device may also have an alternative mode, wherein cards are rapidly moved and read, but not shuffled, to verify complete sets of cards. In the alternative mode, the order of cards preferably stays the same from the beginning to the end of the verification process.
A device for forming a random set of playing cards is described. The device includes a top surface and a bottom surface and a receiving area for receiving an initial set of playing cards. A randomizing system is provided for randomizing the initial set of playing cards. A card collection surface is provided in a card collection area for receiving randomized playing cards. A card feed mechanism, in one form of the invention, individually transfers cards from the receiving area into the card collection area. The device further includes an elevator for raising and lowering the card collection surface within the card collection area. At least one card supporting element within the card collection area supports and suspends a randomly determined number of cards within the card collection area. In one example of the invention, a pair of spaced-apart gripping members are provided to grasp the opposite edges of the group of cards being suspended. A card insertion point is created in the card collection area beneath the suspended randomly determined group of cards. The card feed mechanism delivers a card into the insertion point. Card values may be read at the time of or before card insertion. The cards are not required to be read as they are being removed from the shuffler (as in a reading head located in a dealer delivery portion of a shuffler), although such an additional reading capability may be added in some constructions (in addition to the internal reading of the rank and/or suit of cards) where there is a dealer card-by-card delivery section. Card present sensors may be provided to trigger camera activation so that the camera may distribute a single analog or digital snapshot of a card face and the camera does not have to send a steady stream of information. In other forms of the invention, the camera or other imaging device operates continuously. The card present sensors (trigger sensors) may initiate or activate the image-taking procedure by the camera by noting a leading edge of a card, a trailing edge of the card, a time frame when the sensor is blocked, or a delayed activation (e.g., the card triggers an image-taking event to occur after a specified time has elapsed, such as the time expected for a card to move from trigger sensor to the camera focal plane). A leading edge sensor may trigger camera activity when the leading edge of the card has passed over the camera focal point, and the edge then triggers the image-taking event at a time when the symbols are over the camera focal point or focal plane. A trailing edge sensor would trigger the camera event when the trailing edge has passed over the sensor, which is at a measured distance that places the symbols over the camera focal plane.
An automatic card shuffling device is disclosed. The device includes a microprocessor with memory for controlling the operation of the device and/or, optionally, the imaging device. An in-feed compartment is provided for receiving cards to be randomized. In one example of the invention, the lower surface of the in-feed compartment is stationary. In another example of the invention, the lower surface is movable in a vertical direction by means of an elevator. A card moving mechanism moves cards individually from the in-feed compartment into a card mixing compartment. The card-mixing compartment includes a plurality of substantially vertical supports and an opening for the passage of individual cards from the in-feed compartment. In one form of the invention, the opening consists of a slot. The card mixing compartment also includes a movable lower support surface and at least one stationary gripping arm, a lower edge of the gripping arm being proximate to the opening and the gripping arm, the opening allowing for the passage of cards into the card mixing compartment just below the gripped group of cards. The gripping arm is capable of suspending a card or a group of cards of a randomly determined size above the opening. In one example, the opening is a horizontal slot.
The device preferably includes an integrally formed automated calibration system. One function of the automated calibration system is to identify the vertical position of the elevator support platform relative to a lowermost gripping position of the grippers so that the stack of cards in the card mixing compartment can be separated at a precise location in the stack and so that a specific numbers of cards can be accurately lifted and specific card insert positions can be determined for insertion of cards into the randomizing stack of cards. Another function of the automated calibration system of the present invention is to automatically adjust the position of the grippers to compensate for different card length, width and/or card thicknesses. In one form of the invention, card values are read before or during card insertion. The value of the read card(s) may be stored in memory in the shuffling/randomizing device or sent to a distal memory for storage and/or immediate use.
Another function of the automated calibration system is to determine the number of incremental movements of elevator stepper motors that corresponds to the thickness of each card. This information is then used to determine a precise location of the elevator in order to form each point of separation in the group of cards during shuffling.
An elevator is provided for raising and lowering a movable card support surface. In the shuffling mode, a vertical position of the elevator is randomly selected and the support surface is moved to the selected position. After the gripping arm grasps at least one side of the cards, the elevator lowers, suspending a group of cards, and creating a space (or point of insertion) beneath the gripping arm, wherein a single card is moved from the in-feed compartment into the space created, thereby randomizing the order of the cards.
In the deck verification mode, the elevator is lowered during operation such that cards are fed in just above an uppermost card supported by an upper surface of the elevator. This position is desirable because it prevents cards from upturning and also prevents cards from being stood up on their sides or otherwise jamming the device. The gripping arm or arms remain opened (disabled) so that no cards are suspended above the opening between the in-feed compartment and the shuffling chamber.
A method of calibrating a shuffling machine prior to and during the randomization of a group of cards is described. The method comprises the steps of placing a group of cards to be randomized into a card in-feed tray and removing a calibration card from the in-feed tray, and placing the card in the card randomizing area, also known as the card collection area. The elevator and grippers are operated until a precise location of the bottommost card that can be gripped is identified. Either before or after this calibration process, the card width is measured, and the grippers are adjusted to put sufficient tension on the cards to suspend the entire group of cards to be shuffled.
According to the invention, cards are individually fed from the card in-feed tray and delivered into a card collection area. The card collection area has a movable lower surface, and a stationary opening for receiving cards from the in-feed tray. The method includes elevating the movable lower surface to a randomly determined height and grasping at least one edge of a group of cards in the card collection area at a point just above the stationary opening. The method further includes the steps of lowering the movable lower surface to create an opening in a stack of cards formed on the lower surface, the opening located just beneath a lowermost point where the cards are grasped and inserting a card removed from the in-feed tray into the opening.
A device capable of automatically calibrating is described that is capable of automatically making adjustments to process cards of different dimensions. The device includes a card in-feed tray, a card moving mechanism that transports cards from the in-feed tray into a card collection area; an elevator within the card collection area that raises and lowers the group of fed cards; a device capable of suspending all or part of the fed cards above the card feeder; and a microprocessor that selects the position in the stack where the next card is to be inserted, and instructs the device capable of suspending and the elevator to create a gap, and then instructing the card moving mechanism to insert the card.
A dual-mode automatic shuffling and deck verification device is described for forming a randomly arranged set of playing cards or verifying groups of cards. One embodiment of the device of the present invention shuffles between one and eight or more decks of cards (standard deck or decks of 52 cards each or 52 cards plus one or two jokers) and is particularly well suited for providing randomized batches of cards for games such as single-deck blackjack, poker, double deck blackjack, and multi-deck blackjack, for example. Another embodiment of the invention is suitable for shuffling either a single deck or two decks of cards.
The device includes a top surface and a bottom surface, a card receiving area for receiving an initial set of playing cards to be randomized and a randomizing system for randomizing an order of the initial set of playing cards. The device further includes a card collection area and a card collection surface within the card collection area for receiving randomized playing cards, the card collection surface receiving cards in a manner such that all cards that are inserted into the card collection surface are fed below the top surface of the device. An elevator in the shuffling mode is provided for raising and lowering the card collection surface during shuffling, and elevating the shuffled (alternatively referred to as “randomized”) group of cards at least as high as the top surface of the device after shuffling (that is, the lowest card in the shuffled group of cards is raised to a level where it may be easily and manually removed from that level, preferably with the lowest card being level with or above a plane defining the top surface of the device). In the card verification mode, the elevator is positioned just below an opening between the card feeding mechanism and the upper surface of a top card on the elevator, and is lowered during card transfer to prevent cards from falling and turning over and/or becoming wedged in the area surrounding the elevator.
A card suspension mechanism, such as a pair of oppositely spaced grippers, grasps some or all of the cards on the card collection surface in the shuffling mode. The elevator is lowered, creating a gap or point of insertion for the next card to be fed. Once shuffling is complete, the cards are elevated so that they can be removed by an attendant or dealer and used for dealing. While cards are being dealt, a second group of cards is being randomized. The use of two groups of cards eliminates any waiting on the part of the dealer or the casino patrons between rounds of play. In the card verification-only mode, the grippers remain open and do not contact cards. Each card is removed from the bottom of the stack of cards in the in-feed tray and is placed on top of any cards present on the elevator. The order of the cards after verification advantageously remains the same during the verification mode.
In yet another mode of operation, the device shuffles and verifies the composition of the deck in a single operation. In a preferred mode, as will be more completely described below, the cards remain in their original order. Some casinos may prefer to verify the composition of one deck or multiple decks of cards and at the same time randomize the cards so they are ready for insertion into a shoe. The device of the present invention is capable of delivering verified cards in the original order or in a random order, with or without card imaging.
Because the device is able to transport cards rapidly and read card values (e.g., suit and rank, or special values, such as wild cards, jokers, etc.), the device may be used as a deck verification system as well as card shuffler/randomizer. There are a number of modes by which this can be practiced. One method is to have the device shuffle or randomize a complete set of cards and have each and all of the cards of the set read at the same time and compared to the expected content (e.g., in a look-up table for a regular or special deck, a number of regular or special decks, and the like). By comparing the read values to the stored values, the set of cards can be verified. The stored values can be provided from previously prepared stored data, a previous reading of the set of cards (e.g., during an earlier shuffle/randomization) or from a separate reading of the cards from a separate device, such as a card-reading tray (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,848), or a dealing shoe (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,403,908; 5,605,334; 6,039,650; and 5,722,893). It might also be necessary to use machine vision software and train the device to read and understand a particular manufacturer's brand of cards. Or, packs of cards can be read in and used as stored values. Comparison to the earlier stored values can be performed in the microprocessor in the shuffling device, or the information can be output from a port to an external processor (e.g., central computer) that also has the stored values, or at both locations.
In addition to data being output from a port directly into an external computer, the microprocessor may be equipped to communicate directly with a network, and also perform the functions of a G-Mod. Examples of functions performed by a G-Mod may include date- and/or time-stamping data, organizing data, and transmitting the data to a remote database via a network connection, such as TCP/IP or other data transmission method. Or, the microprocessor could be in communication with an external G-Mod that in turn communicates with a network. The precise distribution of functionality between the internal processor, G-Mods and network computer is a function of the requirements of the data acquisition device (in this case, a card shuffler and/or deck verification module) and the capability of the various processors. As processors become smaller and more powerful, the functions may be transferred away from a central controller and the architecture can approach or actually reach complete decentralized control. For a more complete discussion of the structure and functions of G-Mods and their use in decentralized control structures in gaming systems, see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/880,408, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A more preferred method would be to actuate a special mode within the shuffling device wherein cards would be removed one at a time from the card in-feed tray of the shuffler (possibly in an order that had already been read from another device or by the shuffling device in an earlier reading of the cards), and there is a special support plate or an upper surface of the elevator that can receive the entire set of cards without having to create openings for card insertion. For example, the grippers could be deactivated and all cards could be transferred in an original order onto the support plate. This can speed up the card set validation as compared to an actual shuffling or randomization process. In this fast verification mode, the camera may operate with single, quick shot images of each card or provide the data in a steady stream, since there would be less data (because of the faster movement of the cards and set of cards) as compared to a shuffling procedure. The data stream in the fast verification mode would not be as excessive as in a shuffling mode. Cards could be read when stationary or in motion, in the card in-feed tray or during transfer onto the support plate.
There are a number of special features that combine to make the present invention a significant advance over previously described card shuffling systems and card shuffling processes. Individual features that constitute an advance, alone or in combination with other features, include a system for automatically calibrating and inspecting the position and performance of an elevator for moving the final set of randomized cards upwardly so that the stack is accessible to the dealer or attendant. In one example of the invention, the elevator elevates the group of cards to the playing table surface. The same elevator advantageously assists in accomplishing shuffling within the card collection and/or mixing area.
The card collection area in another example of the invention, has a plurality of vertical supports (e.g., two or three walls, or four walls with a manually accessible area where the lowest card may be gripped), and a movable lower surface. The elevator supports this movable lower surface (also referred to herein as the card collection surface) and causes the surface to move back and forth (relatively up and down) in a substantially vertical direction. One function of the movement of the elevator (during the shuffling or randomizing mode) is to position a stack of cards within the card collection area so that a card or cards can be inserted into the stack in a specifically selected or randomly selected precise position within the stack to randomize, organize or arrange the cards in a desired order, such as “pack order” for inspection (particularly after reading the suit and rank of cards), or to randomize the cards into a shuffled set of cards that can be dealt to players. The insertion of cards may be performed in a number of ways, such as by lifting or by dropping a section of the stack and inserting one or more (and preferably just one) cards into the gap, by positioning the stack near a card insertion position and inserting one or more cards into the stack, or inserting a wedge-like element or blade between cards in the stack to elevate a portion of the stack where card(s) may be inserted (as described in Breeding et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,189 (assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc.), which is incorporated herein by reference).
In a preferred mode of operation of the shuffler of the present invention, a picking, gripping or separating system is provided for suspending segments of the stack of cards present in the card collection area during randomization, creating an opening in the group of cards so that a card or cards can be inserted in specific locations relative to other cards in the deck. A variant of this system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,651,981, issued Nov. 25, 2003 (assigned to Shuffle Master, Inc.). According to that invention, the picking, gripping or card suspending system is fixed in the vertical direction. By randomly selecting a vertical position for the movable base of the card receiving area prior to picking, the location of an opening created in the stack of cards by gripping a portion of the cards and lowering another portion of the cards below the gripping area is varied, with random insertion of cards into these openings causing randomization of the cards.
Offset rollers are the preferred mechanism provided for moving the individual cards from the card receiving area into the card collection area, although air jets, belts, injection plates, injection blades, and the like, may also be used for moving individual cards or small numbers of cards (e.g., one, two, three, four or five cards) into the card receiving area. A stack stabilizing area is provided, in one example of the invention, for receiving an elevated final set of cards lifted from the card collection area. This stack stabilization area should be positioned or positionable above the top of the device or should begin at the top of the device. In another example of the invention, the elevator itself is equipped with a stack stabilizing structure that is lowered into the inside of the shuffler prior to the randomization of cards. In one embodiment later described in greater detail, a delivery or elevator platform provides its own card stabilization area or in conjunction with an elevator drive arm provides such a card stabilization area.
A single belt drive is provided, in one example of the invention, for driving two spaced-apart and opposed, vertically disposed picking elements in a card segment picking system. The picking elements are vertically disposed along the path of movement of the collection area of cards in the collection shaft, and are horizontally disposed or opposed with respect to each other. A microprocessor is provided that employs a random number generator to identify or create an intended (including random) distribution of an initial set of cards in the card receiving area at the conclusion of shuffling. The microprocessor executes movement of elements in the shuffling apparatus, including the opposed picking elements and the elevator, to effect placement of each card into spaces in the stack created by the shuffling apparatus, and a randomized set of cards is rapidly formed. That microprocessor (in the shuffling device or in an associated game device) or a separate or parallel microprocessor is used to direct the calibration steps. In one example of the invention, the picking elements move horizontally to grasp opposite edges of a group of cards during the shuffling and shuffling plus verification mode but remain open and out of contact with cards during the card verification mode. Other suspension systems are contemplated, such as inserting a flat member between the cards above the point of separation.
The individual and combined elements of the invention will be described in detail, after a more general description of the invention is provided. A first general description of the invention is a device for forming a randomized set of playing cards comprising: a top surface and a bottom surface of the device; a receiving area for an initial set of playing cards; a randomizing system for randomizing the order of the initial set of playing cards; a card collection surface in a card collection area for receiving the randomized playing cards; an elevator for raising the card collection surface within the card collection area; and at least one card supporting element within the card collection area that is horizontally fixed with respect to the vertical. The card supporting element will support and suspend a precise number of a randomly determined number of cards within the card collection area to create a gap or space within the stack of cards within the card collection area that is a card insertion point. The card insertion point or gap is created in the card collection area just below the lowermost portion of the card supporting element or elements. Each time, the card supporting elements support a next group of cards, and the elevator beneath the card collection area is lowered, lowering a remaining group of cards and creating a gap.
The device may have one or more card supporting elements comprising at least one card supporting element vertically disposed on at least one side of the card collection area. In the alternative, the card supporting elements include at least two opposed supporting elements, such as flexible or soft (e.g., polymeric, elastomer, rubber or rubber-coated) gripping elements, that can move inwardly along a horizontal plane within the card collection area to contact and support the opposite edges of at least a portion of the stack, or substack or group of cards. Alternatively, a horizontally disposed flat member, such as a pair of forks or a flat plate, may be inserted between the cards, so that when the elevator is lowered, an insertion point or gap is formed. A substack may be defined as all cards within the card collection area at or above a randomly selected card or position in the stack within the card collection area. The device desirably has a microprocessor communicatively connected to the device. The microprocessor in one example of the invention is programmed to determine a distance that the card supporting surface must be vertically moved in order to position each card in the desired order within the stack. In one example of the invention, cards fed into the card collection area may be placed anywhere in the stack, including the top or bottom position. This flexibility advantageously allows for a more random shuffle and avoids “dead” areas within the collected stack of cards.
The device of the present invention advantageously senses the length or width of the cards and adjusts the horizontal distance between the gripping arms so that cards of varying lengths or widths can be suspended. Whether the width or length is sensed depends on the designer's selected location of the grippers within the card collection area.
In one example of the invention, the microprocessor instructs the device to feed a first card into the card collection area and to grip the card at a width representing the width of a standard group of cards. If the sensors sense that a card is suspended, no adjustments to a horizontal spacing between gripping arms is necessary. If no suspended cards are sensed, the microprocessor instructs an adjustable gripping support mechanism to move a preselected distance and the gripping and sensing process is repeated. When the final adjustment has been made, cards are suspended and their presence is sensed. The microprocessor then retains this gripping mechanism distance setting. Alternatively, when the processor instructs the grippers to suspend one or more cards and no suspended cards are sensed, the adjustment sequence is activated. This entire process will be described in further detail, below.
The microprocessor is communicatively connected to the device and is most preferably located within the exterior shell of the device. The microprocessor may be programmed to lower the card collection surface within the card collection area after the at least one card supporting element has contacted and supported cards suspending a group of cards within the card collection area, creating two vertically spaced substacks of cards, one suspended, separated by a gap or opening between the cards. Recognition of the presence of suspended and/or supported card(s) within the card collection area may be provided by sensors that are capable of sensing the presence of card(s) within the area by physical (e.g., weight), mechanical (e.g., pressure), electrical (e.g., resistance or conductance), optical (e.g., reflective, opacification, reading) or other sensing. The microprocessor may direct movement of one or more individual cards into the gap created between the two segments (upper and lower) of cards. The microprocessor may be programmed to randomly determine a distance that the card-supporting surface must be vertically moved in order to position at least one specific card relative to an opening created by the gripping of cards and subsequent lowering of the elevator. This method, including measurement of card thickness, will be described in more detail below. In the alternative, the microprocessor may be programmed to select a specific card position below or above a certain card, creating the gap. When the card-supporting element moves to contact cards within the card collection area, and the elevator moves the card-supporting surface downwardly, a gap is created for receiving the next card.
The microprocessor is also preferably programmed to direct the operation of the device in the card verification mode and the card shuffling and verification mode.
The elevator operates in a unique manner to position cards relative to the pickers or grippers within the shuffling chamber. This unique operation offers significant benefits that remove the need for human intervention in the setup or continuing operation of the shuffling device. Among the alternative and optional unique features of the operation of the shuffling device of the present invention are included the following sequence of events. These events need not necessarily be combined within a single process to represent inventive steps, as individual steps and combinations of two or more steps may be used to define inventive processes.
In order to calibrate the shuffling device of the present invention to operate for a particular card size, a calibration set of cards comprising at least one card (usually one, although two, three, four or more cards could be used) is inserted into the shuffling chamber prior to shuffling. The operator may activate a calibration sequence by manually inputting a request, or the device may be programmed to automatically advance through the calibration sequence upon power-up and card loading. The elevator base plate defining the base of the shuffling chamber moves the calibration set of cards to the position within the chamber approximating a position within the gripper (not necessarily at a level or equal position with the bottom of the grippers), and the grippers move inwardly (towards opposed edges of the cards) and attempts to grip the card(s). If the grippers grip the card(s), a sensor identifies either that the card(s) have been gripped by the grippers or that the card(s) remain on the card collection surface of the elevator (depending upon the position of the sensors). If there is no indication that a card(s) has been gripped, then the grippers move inwardly toward each other horizontally a set number of steps (e.g., “steps” being units of movement, as in movement through a microstepping motor or unit of movement through any other motivating system), and the process is repeated. This gripping, sensing and moving sequence is repeated until the sensor(s) sense that a card has been lifted off the support plate and/or is supported in the grippers. The microprocessor identifies a fixed progression of steps of predetermined sizes of steps that are used in this gripping calibration as well as the position that accomplished the gripping. These determinations of card dimensions, gripping positions and elevator position may be done independently and/or in concert.
It is logical to proceed with the gripping identification first. The grippers move inwardly a predetermined distance, initially and in repeated testing. For example, in the first gripping attempt, the grippers may move in 10 or 15 or other number of steps. A larger number than one step or unit is initially desirable to ensure that a rapid first grip is attained. After the first grip of a card(s) is sensed, then the microprocessor will widen the grip by fixed numbers of steps (here single steps may be used), with the widening occurring until no card is gripped. Once no card is gripped, a sufficient number of steps are added to the gripper movement to ensure gripping and even slight elastic bending of the card by the grippers so that more cards can be supported and so that cards will not slip. This may be 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, or any other number of steps, to ensure that secure gripping is effected. This procedure defines the “gripping” and “card release” position of the grippers for a particular group of cards. The microprocessor records the stepper motor positions corresponding to the gripper positions and uses this information to position the grippers during shuffling.
Now the platform offset is to be set (as opposed to the gripper offset positioning). The elevator is put in a base or home position, which may be the position of the elevator (the height of the elevator) at the lowest position possible, or at a position below a framing support at the base of the collection chamber or some other predetermined position. The elevator is then raised in a series of a number of steps (again, in the initial gripping attempt, using larger numbers of steps is desirable to speed up the overall process, while during a more refined positioned identification/calibration sequence, smaller numbers of steps, even single steps, would be used) and the grippers are activated after each step, until the card is caught by the gripper for the first time. The number of steps moved each time for the first gripping action is preferably larger than single steps to ensure that this card will be gripped at the lowermost edge of the grippers. Again, this may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 15, etc., steps (or any number in between, or a larger number of steps). Once the calibration card(s) is gripped, this is an indication that the platform has now raised the cards to at least the bottom of the grippers. Once gripping has occurred, the elevator is then lowered by a smaller number of incremental stop positions (a finer adjustment) and a new position evaluated as to whether the grippers would then grip the calibration card. The process is repeated until the calibration card is just below the lowermost gripping position. This position is then recorded in memory. The repositioning is accomplished by lowering the elevator and support plate to a position well below the grippers and then raising the plate to a position a predetermined number of steps lower than the last position where the card(s) was gripped, and sensing whether the card was gripped at the new position. Depending upon the arrangement of the sensors, plates, and cards, it is possible to merely ungrip the card, then lower the elevator one or more predetermined number of steps, then attempt to regrip the card, and sense whether the card has been gripped.
Once the card has been lowered just below the gripper, a second calibration card is added to the card collection surface. The elevator position is registered and/or recorded. The precision of the system enables options in the practice of the invention, such as the following. After a single card has been gripped, and a position determined where that single card will not be gripped with a slightly lowered elevator position (e.g., movement downward, which may be anywhere from 2 to 20 steps or more), another calibration card or cards may then be added to the shuffling chamber on top of the calibration card(s). The elevator and grippers may then be exercised, with the elevator moving single steps until the sensor(s) determine that one card has been gripped and lifted off the support plate and another card(s) remains on the support plate. To this position is added a number of steps equal to a card's thickness, and this final position is defined as the platform offset and identifies the position where the bottommost card would be lifted off of the support plate.
Prior to inserting the first calibration card, the elevator is raised to a predetermined sensed position in the card collection area, and that position or elevation is recorded in memory. After the first group of cards are inserted and randomized, the procedure is repeated, this time either measuring the height of the elevator when the top card in the stack was at the original height of the elevator, or measuring a new height of the top of the stack of cards when the elevator returns to that recorded position. The difference in distances represents the thickness of the deck or group of cards. As each card is fed into the card collection surface, the number of cards is counted and this number is recorded. The processor uses both pieces of information to calculate an average card's thickness, and to associate the number of motor steps to one card thickness. This information is then used in positioning the elevator for precise placement in the next shuffle.
At this point, all of the remaining cards in the deck(s) may be added to the shuffling chamber (either directly or into the card receiving chamber and then into the card-shuffling chamber). The system may then check on the efficiency of the grippers by raising the deck to a level where all cards should be gripped, the grippers grip the entire deck (one, two, three or more times), and the elevator lowered. If no cards are dropped in the chamber, the system may proceed to normal shuffling procedures. If the grippers leave a card or if a card falls back into the shuffling chamber, the gripper action may be automatically or manually (by an operator signal) adjusted to provided greater force on the cards, and the deck lift procedure is then attempted again, until the entire deck is lifted. The entire calibration process may have to be repeated if there is any uncorrectable failure in a complete deck lift test procedure. The shuffler preferably includes a multiple-segment information display as described in Breeding et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,325,373, titled “Method and Apparatus for Automatically Cutting and Shuffling Playing Cards,” the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The display may then indicate information relating to the state of the shuffler, such as the indication “AUTO ADJUST COMPLETE” or “LOAD ADDITIONAL CARDS,” and the operator may proceed with normal shuffling procedures, with or without further instruction on the display panel.
The display may also advantageously be used to reflect the mode of operation of the machine. For example, the display might indicate “SHUFFLING,” “VERIFYING,” or “SHUFFLING AND VERIFYING,” or additional modes, such as “SLEEP MODE” (indicating power is on but the device is not performing any function), or any other indication of the operation of the device.
The calibration process described above is preferably repeated periodically to compensate for swelling and bending of the cards. In a preferred form of the invention, two cards are fed into the device and separated prior to each shuffle to verify that the device is still properly calibrated. If the cards do not separate, the calibration sequence is repeated. The device of the present invention includes a jam recovery feature similar to that described in Breeding et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,325,373. However, upon the fourth failure (or other number of failures) to recover from a jam, one or more of the calibration features described above are automatically activated.
This element of the total calibration process will thus calibrate the shuffling device in advance of any shuffling procedure with respect to the position of the bottom card (the card touching the elevator base plate or support plate) by moving the elevator up and down, by gripping and regripping the cards to identify a position where no cards are gripped and then a position where only one card is gripped. The other gripping-regripping procedure within the total calibration process will also identify and calibrate the shuffling apparatus with respect to the unique size of cards placed into the shuffling apparatus. Based on the knowledge of how many cards have been inserted into the shuffling chamber in the set (preferably one card and then two cards total), the microprocessor identifies and determines the position of the elevator support plate, the appropriate position of the elevator support plate with respect to the grippers and also the relative height of the number of cards in the set on the elevator card support plate. This information is stored for use with the particular stack of cards to be used in the shuffling process. When subsequent decks are inserted, the operator may optionally indicate that the decks are ‘the same’ or sufficiently similar that the entire process need not be performed or that the process may be initiated, or the machine may automatically make a check of a single card to determine if it appears to be the same size, and then initiate the shuffling program if the card is identified as the same size.
Additionally or alternatively, once the calibration set of cards has been first gripped, the grippers release the cards and regrip the cards, measuring any one or more of a) the position of the grippers relative to each other (with one or more of the two opposed grippers moving, the “steps” or other measurable indicator of extent of movement or position of the grippers) is determined and registered for use by the microprocessor; b) the force or tension between the grippers with the calibration set of cards or only one card gripped between the grippers; c) the height of a top card (or the single card) in the calibration set when cards are flexed by the force of the grippers (which may be measured by sensors positions in the shuffling chamber), or any other system may be used that identifies and/or measures a property or condition indicative of the gripping of the cards with a force in a range between a force insufficient to support the weight of the calibration set against slippage and bending the cards to a point where a card might lift off other cards in the calibration set. The calibration distance is typically in a range of between 93% and 99.5% of the width of the cards or, more typically, the length of the cards, as measured by gripper movement.
The positioning, repositioning and gripping of the cards are performed automatically and directed by the microprocessor or an additional microprocessor (there may even be a networked central control computer, but a microprocessor in the device is preferred). The elevator and the grippers are moved by steps or microsteps by a microstepping motor or other fine-movement control system (e.g., hydraulic system, screw system, geared system, and the like). The use of the automatic process eliminates the need for technicians to set up individual machines, which must be done at regular intervals because of wear on parts or when cards are replaced. As noted, the positioning may be performed with a calibration set as small as a single card. After the automated calibration or position determination has been performed, the microprocessor remembers that position and shuffling can be initiated with the stack of cards from which the calibration cards were taken.
This calibration or preshuffling protocol may be used in conjunction with any system where an elevator is used, whether with grippers, card inserting devices, injectors, and the like (as described above), and not only the specific apparatus shown in the figures. A similar calibration system for determining specific positions of carousel chambers in a carousel-type shuffling device may also be used, without grippers. The carousel may be rotated and the position of the shelves in the carousel with respect to other functional elements in the device may be determined. For example, card reading devices, card injection components, card removal elements, and card receiving chambers may be calibrated with regard to each other. As is understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, there may be variations chosen among components, sequences of steps, and types of steps performed, with those changes still reflecting the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed herein.
In addition, the card collection chamber need not be vertically disposed. The chamber could be angled with respect to the vertical to improve contact between the card edges and the support structure located within the card collection area.
As noted, this description reflects a detailed description of the preferred practice of the invention with grippers. Alternative systems, such as those with injectors or stack wedges, may also be used with the calibration system of the invention with modifications reflecting the different systems. For example, where the calibration in the preferred embodiment addresses the level of the grippers with respect to cards and the elevator support plate, the system may be translated to calibration of air injectors, wedge lifters, and blade or plate injectors. This is done with an equivalent procedure for identifying the position of a card(s) placed on the support plate. For example, rather than performing repeated tests with a gripper, repeated tests may be performed with an air injector (to see when a card is ejected or injected by its operation), with a blade or plate injector (to see when a card is ejected or injected by its operation), or with a wedge separator with associated card(s) insertion (to see when the stack (e.g., a single card or a number of cards) is raised or when a card may be ejected or injected by its operation with minimum force).
The device of the present invention is also capable of monitoring card thickness and uses this information to accurately determine the location or position in the stack where separation is to occur. When combined with the ability to read card rank and suit, the device is capable of verifying that all cards are present and the final order of the cards.
In another embodiment, a first sensor located in the shuffling chamber senses the height of the platform within the shuffling chamber in its lowermost position prior to the beginning of the randomization process, when no cards are in the shuffling chamber. The sensor could also sense the platform position in any other predetermined or “home” position or assign such nomenclature to a position.
After randomization, when all cards have been transferred into the shuffling chamber, the platform is returned to this same position, and the same or another sensor located in the shuffling chamber (also referred to herein as the collection chamber) may sense the height of the top card in the stack. The difference between the two measurements represents the thickness of the stack of cards. This is an alternate method of measuring stack thickness.
Sensors (such as optical sensors, sonic sensors, physical sensors, electrical sensors, and the like, as previously described) sense cards as they are individually fed from the in-feed tray into the shuffling chamber. This information is used by the microprocessor to verify that the expected number of cards is present. In one example of the invention, if cards are missing or extra cards are present, the display will indicate a misdeal and will automatically unload.
The microprocessor uses the two height measurements and the card count to calculate an average card thickness. This thickness measurement is used to determine at what height the elevator must be in order to separate the stack between any two “target” cards. The average card thickness can be recalculated each time the shuffler is activated upon power-up, or according to a schedule, such as every 10 to 30 minutes, with 20-minute intervals as one preferred example.
The inventors have recognized that deck thickness increases the more the cards are used, as humidity in the air increases, and when cards become worn. Under humid conditions, it might be desirable to check the card thickness more often than every 20 minutes. Under extreme conditions of continuous use and high humidity, it might be desirable to recalculate an average card thickness after the completion of every shuffle.
A novel method of determining an average card thickness measurement during shuffling is disclosed herein as an invention. The method includes providing a stack of cards, providing a card feeder capable of relative motion between the card feeder and the stack, and measuring a home position of the stack platform. The home position indicates a height of the elevator platform when no cards are present in the stacking area. The method further includes feeding cards into the stacking area, counting a number of cards placed into the stacking area as they are fed, sensing a height of a topmost card in the stack when the elevator is returned to the same home position, and computing an average card thickness from the collected information (e.g., stack height divided by the number of cards equals the height per card).
The average card thickness is advantageously used to determine the position of card grippers used to grasp cards. Upon lowering the platform beneath the grippers, an opening is formed at a precise predetermined location, allowing precise placement of the next card between two “target” cards.
According to the present invention, a sensor is positioned at a point of insertion into the group of cards in the card collection area. Each time a gap is formed, the sensor verifies that the gap is open, e.g., that no cards are suspended or are hanging due to static forces. The card feeder activates when the sensor indicates the opening is clear. This method avoids jams and provides faster shuffling as compared to programming a time delay between the gripping of cards and subsequent lowering of the elevator and the insertion of the next card.
Another general description of a preferred device according to the invention is a device for forming a randomized set of playing cards, the device comprising: a top surface and a bottom surface of the device; a receiving area for supporting an initial set of playing cards to be randomized; a randomizing system for randomizing the initial set of playing cards; and a card collection surface in a card collection area for receiving randomized playing cards, the card collection surface being movable in a vertical direction. In one example of the invention, cards are received onto the card collection surface, either positioned directly on the surface or positioned indirectly on a card supported by the surface. All cards being randomized in this example are inserted into the card collection area at a location below the top surface of the device. In one example of the invention, cards are fed individually off of the bottom of the stack located in the card receiving area and into the card collection area.
An elevator is provided for raising the card collection surface so that at the conclusion of shuffling, at least some randomized cards are elevated to a position at or above the top surface of the device. The elevator may be capable of raising all or part of the randomized cards at or above the top surface of the device. A cover may be provided to protect or mask the cards until they are elevated into a delivery position from which a dealer may remove the cards manually. The device may have a stack stabilizing area defined by a confining set of walls defining a shuffled card delivery area that confines all randomized cards along at least two, and preferably three edges after the randomized cards are elevated.
Alternatively, the card collection surface itself, elements positioned on the top surface of the shuffler or elements moved above the top surface of the shuffler may act to stabilize the cards so that they are more easily removed by the dealer's hand(s). The present invention also contemplates raising the shuffled group of cards to the top surface of the shuffler, where there are no confining structures around the cards. In one example of the invention, the top surface of the shuffler is flush-mounted into the gaming table surface, and the cards are delivered directly to the gaming table surface after shuffling.
The delivery area may be positioned such that its lower interior surface is at the same elevation as the top surface of the shuffler. The lower interior surface may be elevated above the top surface, or positioned beneath the top surface of the shuffler. In one example of the invention, the lower interior surface is at the same elevation as the top of the exterior of the shuffler. If the shuffler is mounted into and completely surrounded by a gaming table surface, it would be desirable to deliver cards so that the bottom card in the stack is at the same elevation as the gaming table surface.
The card receiving area may be sloped downwardly towards the randomizing system to assist movement of playing cards. The device may have at least one pick-off roller to remove cards one at a time, from the card receiving area and to move cards, one at a time towards the randomizing components of the system. Although in one example of the invention the randomizing system suspends cards and inserts cards in a gap created below the suspended cards, other randomization systems can be employed, such as the random ejection shuffling technique disclosed in Sines et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,483, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. At least one pair of speed-up rollers preferably receives cards from the at least one pick-off roller. A microprocessor preferably controls movement of the pick-off roller and the at least one pair of speed-up rollers. The first card is preferably moved by the pick-off roller so that, as later described in greater detail, movement of the pick-off roller is altered (i.e., stopped or otherwise altered so that tension contact with the card is reduced or ended) so that no card other than the first (lowermost) card is moved by either the pick-off roller or the at least one pair of speed-up rollers. This can be done by sensing of the movement or tension on the first card effected by the at least one pair of speed-up rollers, causing the pick-off roller to disengage from the drive mechanism and freely rotate and to not propel the card.
The microprocessor, for example, may be programmed to direct the pick-off roller to disengage from the drive mechanism and to cease propelling a first card being moved by the pick-off roller when it is sensed that the first card is being moved by the at least one pair of speed-up rollers. A preferred randomization system moves one card at a time into an area overlying the card collection surface. It is desirable to have one card at a time positioned into a randomized set of playing cards over the playing card collection surface. Again, as with the first general structure, the card collection area may be bordered on two opposed sides by two vertically disposed, horizontally opposed movable card supporting elements. There is preferably an insertion point, such as an opening or slot, to the card collection area that is located below a bottom edge of the two movable card supporting elements. The card supporting surface is vertically positionable within the card collection area, usually under the control and direction of a microprocessor. For example, the card supporting surface is moved by a motivator or elevator that is able to move incremental vertical distances that are no greater than the thickness of a playing card, such as incremental vertical distances that are no greater than one-half the thickness of a playing card. The motor may be, for example, a microstepper motor or an analog motor.
A sensor may be present within the collection area, below the top surface of the device, the sensor detecting a position of a top card of a group of cards in the card collection area below the group of suspended cards. In the alternative or in concert, the sensor detects the level of the card collection surface. In addition, a preferred embodiment of the device monitors the elevation of the top card when the two groups of cards are combined into one group, and adjusts for changes in the thickness of the deck due to swelling, humidity, card wear, bowing of cards, etc. A microprocessor is preferably present in the device to control vertical movement of the card collection surface. The sensor may identify the position of the card collection surface to place the top card at a position level with the bottom of at least one card supporting element that is movable substantially horizontally from at least one side of the card collection area towards playing cards within the card collection area.
In one example of the invention, an opening, such as a slot, is provided in a sidewall of the card collection area to permit transfer of cards from the card receiving area into the card collection area. The side wall may comprise a substantially solid support structure, adjoining edges of a plurality of vertical L-shaped corner support structures, or other equivalent structure capable of retaining a stack of cards in a substantially upright position. The microprocessor may be programmed to determine a distance that the card supporting surface must be vertically moved to position at least one specific card, including or other than the top card, at a bottom edge of the at least one card supporting element when the card supporting element moves to contact cards within the card collection area. As previously described, the at least one card supporting element may comprise at least two elements, such as gripping pads that move from horizontally opposed sides of the card collection area towards playing cards within the card collection area.
The microprocessor may be programmed to lower the card collection surface within the card collection area after the at least one card supporting element has contacted and supported cards within the card collection area, creating two vertically spaced-apart segments or substacks of cards, when the machine is shuffling cards. The microprocessor directs movement of an individual card into the card supporting area between the two separated segments of cards. The microprocessor may direct movement of playing card moving elements within the device. The microprocessor randomly assigns final positions for each card within the initial set of playing cards, and then directs the device to arrange the initial set of playing cards into those randomly assigned final positions to form a final set of randomized playing cards. Each card is inserted into the building stack of collected (randomized or shuffled) cards by positioning them in respect to the other cards already in the stack. Thus, even if a first card is not intended to be adjacent to a particular card, but is intended to be above that particular card, the first card is positioned above (and possibly adjacent to) the particular card, and intervening cards in the intended sequence added between the first card and the particular card.
In one embodiment of the invention, the card receiving area is located such that individual cards are fed off of the bottom of the stack, through the slot formed in the card collection area, directly beneath the gripping elements. In another example of the invention, a card loading elevator is provided so that the cards can be loaded into the card receiving area at an elevation higher than that of the first embodiment. The elevator then lowers the cards to a vertical position aligned with the feed mechanism. The use of an elevator on the card loading area is also an ergonomic benefit, as the dealer can keep hand and arm movements at a consistent level and does not have to reach into the device or have to drop cards into the device. The cards to be randomized can be inserted at a level approximately equal to the top of the shuffler, which can also be the height at which a randomized set of cards can be removed from the device.
When the device is used to process large batches of cards, such as groups of eight decks, it is desirable to provide a feed elevator to lower the entire batch of cards beneath the top surface of the shuffler prior to shuffling. The card feeding mechanism from the card receiving area to the card collection or shuffling area is necessarily positioned lower in a shuffler that processes more cards than in a shuffler that processes fewer cards.
When a large number of cards are to be inserted into the machine for shuffling, a retaining structure may be provided, consisting of a card stop or frame to limit card movement on up to three sides of the elevator. The open side or sides permit the dealer to load the stack from the side of the elevator, rather than trying to load the elevator from above, and allowing cards to fall freely and turn over.
A randomizing elevator is provided for moving the cards being randomized and operates to raise and lower the bottom card support surface of the card collection area. This elevator moves during randomization, and also aids in the delivery of the shuffled group of cards by raising the shuffled cards to a delivery area. Reference to the figures will assist in appreciation and enablement of the practice of the present invention. Upwardly extending side walls on the card collection surface, an elevator arm or extension of an elevator arm, or another element attached to the arm may move with the elevator and be used to move other portions of the shuffling apparatus. For example, the arm extension may be used to lift hinged or sliding covers over the cards as the cards are raised above a certain level that exceeds the normal shuffling elevation of the elevator.
Also shown in
There are two additional pairs of nip rollers or offset rollers 144 and 146 acting in concert (or only one of each pair is being driven) to move cards first moved by the first set of nip rollers 142. In a preferred practice of the present invention, the operation of the apparatus 102 may perform in the following manner in the shuffling mode. When a card (not shown) is moved from the unshuffled card accepting/receiving area 106, eventually another card in a stack of cards within the card accepting/receiving area 106 is exposed. The apparatus 102 is designed, programmed and controlled to operate so that individual cards are moved into the first set of nip rollers or offset rollers 142. If more than one card from the card accepting/receiving area advances at any given time (even if in partial sequence, with a portion of one card overlapping another card), it will be more difficult or even impossible for the apparatus to direct individual cards into predetermined positions and shuffle the cards randomly.
If two cards are moved at the same time and positioned adjacent to each other, this uncontrollably decreases the randomness of the shuffling and verifying apparatus 102. It is therefore desirable to provide a capability whereby, when a card is moved into the control area of the first set of nip rollers or offset rollers 142, the drive function of the bottom pick-off roller 138 ceases on that card and/or before the bottom pick-off roller 138 drives the next card. This can be effected by a wide variety of techniques controlled or directed by a microprocessor, circuit board, programmable intelligence or fixed intelligence within the apparatus.
Among the non-limiting examples of these techniques are: 1) a sensor so that when a pre-selected portion of the card (e.g., leading edge, trailing edge, and mark or feature on the card) passes a reading device, such as an optical reader, the bottom pick-off roller 138 is directed to disengage, revolve freely, or withdraw from the bottom of the set of cards; 2) the first set of nip rollers or offset rollers 142 may have a surface speed that is greater than the surface speed of the bottom pick-off roller 138, so that engagement of a card applies tension against the bottom pick-off roller 138 and the roller disengages with free-rolling gearing, so that no forward-moving (in direction 140) forces are applied to the first card or any other card exposed upon movement of the first card; 3) a timing sequence so that, upon movement of the bottom pick-off roller 138 for a defined period of time or for a defined amount of rotation (which correlates into a defined distance of movement of the first card), the bottom pick-off roller 138 disengages, withdraws, or otherwise stops applying forces against the first card and thereby avoids applying forces against any other cards exposed by movement of the first card from the card accepting/receiving area 106; and 4) providing a stepped surface (not shown) between bottom pick-off roller 138 and offset rollers 142 that contacts a leading edge of each card and will cause a card to be held up or retained in the event that more than one card feeds at a time.
The cards are eventually intended to be fed one at a time from final nip rollers or offset rollers 146 into a card mixing area 150. The cards in the card mixing area 150 are supported on elevator platform 156. The elevator platform 156 moves the stack of cards present in the card mixing area 150 up and down during shuffling as a group in proximity with a pair of separation elements 154. The pair of separation elements 154 grips an upper portion of cards, and supports those cards while the elevator drops sufficiently to provide an opening for insertion of a card into the stack. This movement within the apparatus 102 in the performance of the shuffling sequence offers a significant speed advantage in the shuffling operation as compared to U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,085, especially as the number of cards in the card mixing area 150 increases. Rather than having to lower the entire stack of cards to the bottom of the card receiving area and reposition the pickers (as required by U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,085), the cards in the present apparatus 102 may be dropped by the pickers or the elevator platform 156 needs to move only a slight distance to recombine the cards supported by the pair of separation elements 154 (e.g., a gripper, and insertion support, fingers, friction engaging support, rubber fingers, etc.) with the cards supported on the elevator platform 156. When the apparatus 102 is in the card verification mode, the elevator platform 156 rises to a point a few card thicknesses below the opening between the card accepting/receiving area 106 and the card mixing area 150, and lowers as the cards are transferred. The grippers are disabled and preferably remain open so that at the conclusion of card reading and transfer, the entire stack can be lifted to an upper surface (preferably the table game surface) and are free of interference by the grippers.
The stationary pair of gripping pads also maintains the alignment of the pads with respect to each other and grips the cards more securely than the device described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,085, reducing or eliminating the unintentional dropping of a card or cards that were intended to be gripped, rather than lowered. Whenever cards are dropped, the randomness of the final shuffle may be adversely affected. Although the first example of the invention shows a pair of oppositely positioned gripping members, it is possible to utilize just one gripper. For example, the opposite vertical support surface could be equipped with a rubber or neoprene strip, increasing frictional contact, allowing only one gripper to suspend groups of cards.
The elevator of a device with stationary grippers may then be moved to the next directed separation position, which would require, on average, less movement than having to reset the entire deck to the bottom of the card supporting area and then moving the picker, and then raising the picker to the card insertion point, as required in U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,085.
The microprocessor (not shown) controls and directs the operation of the shuffling and card verifying apparatus 102. The microprocessor also receives and responds to information provided to it. For example, a set of sensing devices, such as sensors 152, are used to determine the movement point of the elevator platform 156 that positions the top card in a set of cards (not shown) within the card mixing area 150 at a specific elevation. The sensors 152 identify when an uppermost card on the elevator platform 156 or the top of the elevator platform 156 itself is level with the sensors 152. This information is provided to the microprocessor. A reading system 170 may also be used to provide information, such as the number of cards that have been fed from the card accepting/receiving area 106 into the card mixing area 150, so that the number of cards shuffled and the number of cards present on the elevator platform 156 at any given time is known. This information, such as the number of cards present within the card mixing area 150, is used by the microprocessor, as later explained, to randomly arrange and thus shuffle cards according to the programming of the system.
For example, the programming may be performed as follows. The number of cards in a set of cards intended to be used in the system is entered into the memory of the microprocessor. Each card in the set of cards is provided with a specific number that is associated with that particular card, herein referred to as the “original position number.” This is most conveniently done by assigning numbers according to positions within the original (unshuffled) set of cards. If cards are fed from the bottom of the stack into the randomizing apparatus, cards are assigned numbers from the bottom to the top. If cards are fed from the top of the stack or the front of a stack supported along its bottom edges, then the cards are numbered from top to bottom, or front to rear.
A random number generator (which may be part of the microprocessor, may be a separate component or may be external to the device) then assigns a random position number to each card within the original set of cards, the random position number being the randomly determined final position that each card will occupy in the randomly associated set of cards ultimately resulting in a shuffled set of cards. The microprocessor identifies each card by its original position number. This is most easily done when the original position number directly corresponds to its actual position in the set, such as the bottommost card being CARD 1, the next card being CARD 2, the next card being CARD 3, etc. The microprocessor, taking the random position number, then directs the elevator platform 156 to move into position where the card can be properly inserted into the randomized or shuffled set of cards. For example, a set of randomized positions selected by a random number generator for a single deck is provided below. OPN is the Original Position Number and RPN is the Random Position Number.
The sequence of steps in the shuffling or randomizing procedure may be described as follows for the above table of card OPN's and RPN's. OPN CARD 1 is carried from the card accepting/receiving area 106 to the final nip rollers or offset rollers 146. The final nip rollers or offset rollers 146 place CARD 1 onto the top of the elevator platform 156. The elevator platform 156 has been appropriately positioned by sensing by sensors 152. OPN CARD 2 is placed on top of CARD 1, without the need for any gripping or lifting of cards. The microprocessor identifies the RPN position of CARD 3 as beneath both CARD 1 and CARD 2, so the elevator platform 156 lifts the cards to the separation elements 154, which grip both CARD 1 and CARD 2, then supports those two cards while the elevator platform 156 retracts, allowing CARD 3 to be placed between the elevator platform 156 and the two supported cards. The two cards (CARD 1 and CARD 2) are then placed on top of CARD 3, supported by the elevator platform 156. The fourth card (CARD 4) is assigned position RPN 51. The elevator platform 156 would position the three cards in the pile so that all three cards would be lifted by the card separation element, and the fourth card inserted between the three cards (CARD 1, CARD 2 and CARD 3) and the elevator platform 156. The fifth card (CARD 5) has an RPN of 2, so that the apparatus 102 merely requires that the four cards be positioned below the insertion point from the final nip rollers or offset rollers 146 by lowering the elevator platform 156. Positioning of the sixth card (CARD 6) with an RPN of 12 requires that the elevator platform 156 raise the complete stack of cards, the sensors 152 sense the top of the stack of cards, elevate the stack of cards so that the separation elements 154 grip only the top two cards (RPN positions 2 and 6), lower the elevator platform 156 slightly, and then CARD 6 with an RPN of 12 can be properly inserted into an opening in the developing randomized set of cards. This type of process is performed until all 52 cards (for a single-deck game) or all 104 cards (for a double-deck game) are randomly distributed into the final randomized set or shuffled set of cards. The apparatus may be designed for groups of cards larger than single 52-card decks, including 52-card decks with or without special (wild cards or jokers) cards, special decks, two 52-card decks, and two 52-card decks plus special cards. Larger groupings of cards (e.g., more than 108 cards) may also be used, but the apparatus 102 of the first example of the invention has been shown as optimized for one- or two-deck shuffling.
Elevation of the elevator platform 156 may be effected by any number of commercially available systems. Motivation is preferably provided by a system with a high degree of consistency and control over the movement of the elevator, both in individual moves (e.g., individual steps or pulses) and in collective movement of the elevator (the steps or revolutions made by the moving system). It is important that the elevator be capable of providing precise and refined movement and repeated movements that do not exceed one card's thickness. If the minimum degree of movement of the elevator exceeds one card's thickness, then precise positioning could not be effected. It is preferred that the degree of control of movement of the elevator does not exceed at least one-half the card thickness. In this manner, precise positioning of the cards with respect to the separation elements 154 can be effected. Additionally, it is often desirable to standardize, adjust, or calibrate the position of the elevator (and/or cards on the elevator) at least once, and often at intervals, to ensure proper operation of the apparatus 102. In one example of the invention, the microprocessor calls for recalibration periodically, and provides the dealer with a warning or calibration instructions on the display 12 (
As later described, a microstepping motor or other motor capable of precise, small and controlled movements is preferred. The steps, for example, may be of such magnitudes that are smaller than a card's thickness, such as, for example, individual steps of 0.0082 inch (approximately less than the thickness of a card), 0.0041 inch (less than one-half a card's thickness), 0.00206 inch (less than about one-quarter a card's thickness), 0.0010 inch (less than about one-eighth a card's thickness), 0.00050 inch (less than about one-sixteenth a card's thickness), 0.00025 inch (less than about one-thirty-second a card's thickness), 0.000125 inch (less than about one-sixty-fourth a card's thickness), etc.
Particularly desirable elevator control mechanisms would be servo systems or stepper motors and geared or treaded drive belts (essentially more like digital systems). Stepper motors, such as microstepper motors, are commercially available that can provide, or can be readily adjusted to provide incremental movements that are equal to or less than one card's thickness, including whole fractions of card thicknesses and indefinite percentages of card thicknesses. Exact correspondence between steps and card thickness is not essential, especially where the steps are quite small compared to the card thickness. For example, with a card thickness of about 0.279 mm, the steps may be 0.2 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.08 mm, 0.075 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.04 mm, 0.01 mm, 0.001 mm or smaller, and most values therebetween. It is most desirable to have smaller values, as some values, such as the 0.17 mm value of a step, can cause the gripper in the separation element to extend over both a target position to be separated and the next lower card in the stack to be gripped, with no intermediate stepping position being available. This is within the control of the designer once the fundamentals of the process have been understood according to the present description of the practice of the invention. As shown in
Although the positioning arms 218 and 220 may not move the gripping pads 214 and 216 into contact with absolute precision, they should contact opposite edges of the cards at approximately the same time, without moving any card more than 5% of the length of a card (if contacted lengthwise) or 7% of the width of the card (if contacting the cards widthwise). An example of one mechanism for moving the positioning arms 218 and 220 in concert is by having a drive belt 226 that engages opposite sides of two connectors 222 and 224 that are attached to positioning arms 220 and 218, respectively. The belt 226 contacts these connectors 222 and 224 on opposite sides, such as contacting connector 224 on the rear side, and contact connector 222 on the front side. As the belt 226 is driven by rotors 228 and 230, with both rotors 228 and 230 turning in direction 232, connector 222 will be moved from left to right, and connector 224 will be moved from right to left. This will likewise move gripping pads 214 and 216 inwardly to grip cards. The use of such pads is much preferred over the use of rigid, pointed, spatula elements to separate cards, as these can damage cards, which not only increases the need for replacement, but can also mark cards, which could reduce security.
Alternative constructions comprise a flat elastic or a rubbery surface with knobs or nubs that extend upwardly from the surface to grab cards when pressed into contact with the sides of the cards. These elements may be permanently affixed to the surfaces of the pickers or may be individually removable and replaceable. The knobs and the flat surface may be made of the same or different materials, and may be made of relatively harder or softer, relatively rigid or relatively flexible materials according to design parameters.
The apparatus may also contain additional features, such as card reading sensor(s) (e.g., an optical sensor, a neural sensing network, a video imaging apparatus, a barcode reader, etc.) to identify suits and ranks of cards; feed means for feeding cards sequentially past the sensor(s); at various points within the apparatus; storing areas in which the cards are stored in a desired order or random order; selectively programmable artificial intelligence coupled to the sensor(s) and to the storing areas to assemble in the storing areas groups of articles in a desired order; delivery systems for selectively delivering the individual articles into the storing areas; and collector areas for collecting collated or randomized subgroups of cards.
The sensor(s) may include the ability to identify the presence of an article in particular areas, the movement or lack of movement in particular areas, the rank and/or value of a card, spurious or counterfeit cards and marked cards. This can be suitably effected by providing the sensor with the capability of identifying one or more physical attributes of an article. This includes the sensor having the means to identify indicia on a surface of an article. The desired order may be a specific order of one or more decks of cards to be sorted into its original pack order or other specific order, or it may be a random order into which a complete set of articles is delivered from a plurality of sets of randomly arranged articles. For example, the specific order may be effected by feeding cards from the card in-feed area, past a card reading area with a sensor identifying the suit and rank, and having a pre-established program to assign cards, based upon their rank and suit, into particular distributions onto the elevator platform. For example, a casino may wish to arrange the cards into pack order at the end of a shift to verify all cards are present prior to decommissioning, or may want to deal cards out in a tournament in a specified random order. The sensing can take place in the card receiving area when the cards are stationary, or while the cards are in motion.
The suit, rank and position of all cards in the card accepting/receiving area will then be known, and the program can be applied to the cards without the use of a random number generator, but with the microprocessor identifying the required position for that card of particular suit and rank. The card may also be read between the offset rollers or between the last offset roller and the platform, although this last system will be relatively slow, as the information as to the card content will be known at such a late time that the platform cannot be appropriately moved until the information is obtained.
For example, the desired order may be a complete pack of randomly arranged playing cards sorted from holding means which holds multiple decks, or a plurality of randomly oriented cards forming a plurality of packs of cards. This may be achieved by identifying the individual cards by optical readers, scanners or any other means, and then, under control of a computer means, such as a microprocessor, placing an identified card into a specific collector means to ensure delivery of complete decks of cards in the desired compartment. The random number generator is used to place individual cards into random positions to ensure random delivery of one to eight or more decks of cards, when desired, and depending on the size of the device.
In one aspect of the invention, the apparatus is adapted to provide one or more shuffled packs of cards, such as one or two decks for poker games or blackjack. According to another aspect of the invention, a method of randomizing a smaller or larger group of cards is accomplished using the device of the present invention. According to the invention, the method includes the steps of: 1) placing a group of cards to be randomized into a card in-feed tray; 2) removing cards individually from the card in-feed tray and delivering the cards into a card collection area, the card collection area having a movable lower surface and a stationary opening for receiving cards from the in-feed tray; 3) elevating the movable lower surface to a randomly determined height; 4) grasping at least one edge of a group of cards in the card collection area at a point just above the stationary opening; 5) lowering the movable lower surface to create an opening in a stack of cards formed on the lower surface, the opening located just beneath a lowermost point where the cards are grasped; and 6) inserting a card removed from the in-feed tray into the opening. According to the method of the present invention, steps 2 through 6 are repeated until all of the cards originally present in the in-feed tray are processed, forming a randomized group of cards.
As described above, the method and apparatus of the present invention can be used to randomize groups of cards, to sort cards into a particular desired order and to verify cards while maintaining an original card order. When sensing equipment is used to detect rank and suit of the cards, the cards can be arranged in any predetermined order according to the invention. It is to be understood that numerous variations of the present invention are contemplated, and the disclosure is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the examples described above. For example, it might be advantageous to tip the card mixing area 150 (
In another embodiment of the invention, the shuffler is flush-mounted into the top surface of a gaming table such that in-feed tray or card accepting/receiving area 106 is recessed beneath the top surface of the gaming table, and a lower horizontal surface of the elevator platform 156 in the delivery area or shuffled card return area 132 in its upright position is flush with the elevation of the gaming table surface. It would be particularly advantageous to also provide a flush-mounted, retractable carry handle 502A, as shown in
Although the machine can sit on the tabletop, it is preferably mounted on a bracket having a support surface located beneath the gaming table surface, and is completely surrounded by the table top, enabling a dealer to obtain and return cards without undue lifting above the surface of the gaming table. In one embodiment, the entire shuffler is mounted into the gaming table such that the in-feed tray and card return areas are either flush or approximately flush with the gaming table surface. Such an arrangement would be particularly suited for use in conventional poker rooms.
In a second example of the invention, the device is configured to process larger groups of cards, such as a stack of eight complete decks. The individual components operate in much the same manner, but the specific configuration is designed to accommodate the greater height of the stack.
Buttons 518 and 520 can be on/off buttons, special function buttons (e.g., raise elevator to the card delivery position, operate jam sequence, reshuffle demand, security check, card count demand, calibrate, etc.), and the like. A sensor 524 (e.g., optical sensor, pressure sensor, magnetic detector, sonar detector, etc.) is shown on the elevator platform 512 to detect the presence of cards or other objects on the elevator platform 512.
In
The microstep motors will also assist the apparatus in internal checks for the correct position. For example, an encoder can be used to check the exact position of the elevator with regard to the measured movement and calculation of the precise movement of the elevator platform and hence the cards. The encoder can evaluate the position of the elevator platform through analysis and evaluation of information regarding, for example, the number of pulses per revolution of the spindle 676 on the motor 674, which may be greater than 100 pulses per revolution, greater than 250 pulses per revolution, greater than 360 pulses per revolution, greater than 500 pulses per revolution or greater than 750 pulses per revolution, and, in preferred embodiments, greater than 1000 pulses per revolution, greater than 1200 pulses per revolution, and equal to or greater than 1440 pulses per revolution. In operation, the microprocessor moves the motor, the encoder counts the amount of movement driven by the motor, and then determines the actual position of the elevator platform or a space (e.g., four cards higher) relative to the elevator platform. The sensors may or may not be used to determine the correct position, initially calibrate movement and sensing positions on the platform, or as a security check.
An additional design improvement with respect to the apparatus 102 of
The apparatus 500 shown in
The use of a shuffler whose shuffling mechanism is concealed completely beneath the gaming table surface potentially poses security issues to a casino. In the event of a system malfunction, the dealer might not be aware that a shuffling sequence has failed. Since there is no way to visualize the shuffling routine, and in order to avoid instances where the display lights may malfunction and erroneously show a shuffling sequence has been completed, an added level of security has been provided to the shuffler of the present invention.
According to the present invention, in the shuffling or shuffling and verifying modes, a number of cards to be randomized and the order of insertion of each card into the card randomizing or shuffling compartment is predetermined by the random number generator and microprocessor. By adding an encoder to the motor or motors driving the elevator, and by sensing the presence of groups of suspended cards, the MPU can compare the data representing the commands and the resulting movements to verify a shuffle has occurred. In the absence of this verification, the shuffler can send a signal to the display to indicate a misdeal, to a central pit computer to notify management of the misdeal, to a game table computer (if any) with an output display to notify the dealer of a misdeal, to a central computer that notifies security, to a central system for initiating maintenance calls, or to combinations of the above.
Such a system is referred to as a “closed loop” system because the MPU creates the commands and then receives system signals verifying that the commands were properly executed.
Although the dealer control panel and display in the above examples of the present invention are located on the card shuffler, the present invention contemplates user-operated remote controls, such as a foot pedal, an infra-red remote control, the input of commands from a remote keyboard in the pit, or other device initiated by a dealer or by management. Unlike the shuffler operation driven by software from a game computer, pit computer or central computer system, the shuffler of the present invention is controllable by an operator using remote equipment such as what is described above.
Although the randomizing system has been described as a vertically disposed stack of cards with a means for gripping a portion of the cards, and lowering the remaining cards to form two separate subgroups, forming an insertion point, the invention contemplates the use of a shuffler with a carousel-type card collection area. The gripping pads in this example of the invention grip a portion of cards that are horizontally disposed, and the card collection area rotated to create an insertion point for the next card. The cards are pushed out one at a time, or in groups to a card collection area.
Referring now to
In this example of the invention, cards are loaded into an in-feed tray 706. In one example of the invention (not shown), the lower surface of the in-feed tray 706 is substantially horizontal and is provided so that cards can be loaded into a top surface 708 of the shuffling machine 700, and then lowered beneath the gaming table surface for randomization.
The in-feed tray 706 may be equipped with a card support structure similar to the vertical support structure 712 surrounding delivery tray 710, which, in a preferred embodiment, has two vertical supports and two sides left open. Cards may be loaded into the in-feed tray 706 and into a card support structure (not shown), and lowered automatically in response to the dealer pushing downwardly on the top of the stack of cards or upon a signal received from the dealer controls (not shown).
In this example of the invention, the loading station is positioned near the playing surface (for example, a casino table) and at the dealer's side, allowing the machine to be used without unnecessary strain or unusual physical movement on the part of the dealer. Loading and unloading large stacks of cards from the top of a machine that is mounted to eliminate lifting, straining or reaching large distances addresses a need long felt in the industry for a more ergonomically friendly card shuffler.
The delivery tray 710 in the second described embodiment also includes a two-sided vertical support structure 712 for supporting a group of randomized cards as the cards are raised to the top surface 708 of the shuffling machine 700. It is to be understood that the vertical support structures 712 are preferably secured to the delivery tray 710, but could also be secured to the frame, and attached in a manner to pop up into position when needed.
A method of handling cards is described, including inserting the cards into a card in-feed tray, feeding the cards into a card randomization apparatus, capturing the randomized cards in a support structure and raising the cards and support structure to an upper surface of the shuffler. The method may comprise providing a retractable support structure for extracting shuffled cards, inserting shuffled cards into the support structure while it is below the top surface of the device, moving the support structure to expose the cards and retracting the support structure both before and after card removal. The card in-feed tray may also be positioned on an elevator capable of lowering the group of cards into the apparatus prior to shuffling. When a second elevator is used, it is preferable to provide a retractable support structure for supporting the cards as the cards are lowered for shuffling.
The method preferably includes providing two separate support structures that support a vertically stacked group of cards on at least two surfaces, and preferably three. The support structure can be a solid three-sided box, could consist of three vertically disposed bars, two parallel plates and two angle irons to retain corners, any other structure that keeps the stack in vertical alignment, or any other suitable support structure. The structure can be fixed to the upper surface of the shuffler, can be fixed to the elevators or can be affixed to the frame of the shuffler and constructed to “pop up” when needed for card loading and unloading. Cover plates, such as hinged or rotating plates, can be provided over the two elevators to provide additional cover (e.g., dust cover and visual cover) over the card source and the card collection areas to ensure that visual inspection of the shuffling procedure can be reduced, and entry of foreign materials can be reduced. The cover plates should be light enough for the system to automatically lift the covers or for a dealer to easily lift the covers manually. The cards themselves may push up the cover plates, or a preceding post or element can be positioned on the elevator or supports attached or moving conjointly with the elevators to press against the interior surface of the cover plates to lift the plates in advance of contact with the cards.
The card reading capability, as described in greater technical detail later, can be used in a different number of modes and positions to get the benefits of the present invention. The card reading capability (by some visual data-taking element, such as a camera, scanner, reflection scanner, image bit recorder, image edge detector, or any other subcomponent that can image a card or convert a visual image of the card into reproducible data) can be located at various positions within the shuffler where it can be assured of imaging each card before it is removed from the shuffler. This preferably is being done in the present invention internally in a shuffling machine where cards are not removed one at a time from a dealing end or fed as hands or groups of cards (but less than the entire set of cards) to be removed in a subgroup of the entire set of cards placed into the shuffler. In one example of the invention, a video camera is used as a rank/suit scanner.
A desirable set of image capture devices (e.g., a CCD automatic camera) and sensors (e.g., light-emitting devices and light capture devices) will be described, although a wide variety of commercial technologies and commercial components are available. A preferred camera is the DRAGONFLY™ camera, provided by Point Grey Research, Inc., and includes a six-pin IEEE-1394 interface, asynchronous trigger, multiple frame rates, 640×480 or 1024×724 24-bit true color or 8-bit grayscale images, image acquisition software and plug-and-play capability. This can be combined with commercially available machine vision software. The commercially available machine vision software is trained on card symbols and taught to report image patterns as specific card suits and ranks Once a standard card suit/rank recognition program has been developed, the training from one format of cards to another becomes more simply effected and can be done at the casino table or by a security team before the shuffler is placed on the table. Position sensors can be provided and enhanced by one of ordinary skill in the art from commercially available components that can be fitted by one ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, various optics such as SICK® WT2S-N111 or WL2S-E111, OMRON® EE-SPY302, or OPTEK® OP506A, may be used. A useful encoder can be purchased as US Digital encoder 24-300-B. An optical response switch can be provided as MicroSwitch SS541A.
The benefits of the present system may be used in other types of shuffling devices, including continuous shufflers, especially where the continuous shufflers monitor the position of cards in the shuffled set from which cards are removed for play of a game, so that a constant inventory of the number, suit, rank and position of each and all cards can be maintained. Numerous types of image data-taking devices or image capture devices that can provide the image data necessary to “read” the symbols on the card sufficiently so as to distinguish individual card's rank at least by rank and preferably by rank and suit (and any other special markings that may be present on cards for special games) are available or are readily within the skill of the artisan to be constructed. Such image capture devices may be continuous (rapid frame-by-frame) video cameras, digital cameras, analog cameras, reader/scanners, edge response detectors, reflectance readers, and the like, and may optionally have lighting elements (for example, filament lighting, light-emitting diodes, lamps, electromagnetic spectrum emitters of any type, and the like) present to improve the lighting during image capture. The cards can be read during the randomization or verification procedures either when the cards are stationary or in motion, without any special stop positions or delays in the movement of cards. The cards are read in such a manner that the rank and suit of each card in a complete set of cards (e.g., all of the cards within the device) are identified in a randomized set by position of each card and the rank and suit of each card in each position. It is also important to note that, in a shuffling mode, the final set of cards is a randomized set of cards and not merely a collection of cards in a slightly different order from an original set of cards (e.g., previously played, unshuffled, hand-mixed, or the like). In another mode, cards are passed through the scanner without being shuffled for the purpose of rapidly verifying the content of the deck. One possible way of distinguishing a randomized deck of cards from a merely mixed deck or programmed collection of cards would be to use a statistical analysis program, or using another criteria, such as where fewer than 100% of the cards in a final set of at least 52 cards are not within ten cards' distance from adjacent cards within an original set.
As a general statement, the card reading capability should be directed towards a face of the cards so that edge reading (which requires specially marked cards) is not practiced or required. To do this, the camera or other image data-taking element should view at least a symbol-marked corner of a card. This is not a problem, as standard cards have their symbols (or suit and rank) in opposite corners so that rotating a card will leave the symbol in the same corner position for viewing. Given this background, the image data-taking component (hereinafter, an “IDC,” or alternatively referred to as an image capture device) could be located as follows. If there is a feeding mechanism that moves individual cards from a deck or set of initial cards (usually unshuffled or previously used in a non-intended order) into a preliminary position before shuffling, the IDC could be located below the insertion area of the cards so that the bottom card is read before removal and, after each bottom card is read, the next bottom card is exposed to the IDC and is read. If top cards are removed one at a time, then each top card as it is moved would be read from below by an IDC. This is less preferred, as the IDC would be probably be maximally distanced from each card as it is read because of the height of the set of cards. The set of cards could be elevated to fix the IDC at an intermediate height to lessen this problem, but increased distance between the IDC and the cards would require better and more expensive optics and software.
If the set of cards is placed on a support and cards are removed one at a time from the bottom (preferably) or the top of the set of cards and moved directly into a shuffling operation (rather than stored, collected or buffered at this point), then the camera may be either directly below a transparent support (or exposed through a hole in the support) or at a position outside of a dimension of the set of cards (e.g., if in a vertical stack that forms a box-like structure, outside of the area of the bottom of the box), such as at an opening between an initial card support area and away from pick-off rollers or other first card moving elements within that area of the bottom, before a first set of rollers that exerts control over the card from the first card moving elements (e.g., braking rollers, speed-up rollers, nip rollers with any function, vacuum support movers, etc.), or after the first set of rollers exerts control over the card from the first card moving elements. The first card moving elements and all other card moving elements (except where otherwise specified) shall be discussed as rollers (usually nip rollers, although the pick-off rollers are not a set of nip rollers), such as pick-off rollers, for simplicity, it being understood that other card moving systems (e.g., plunger, pushing plates, etc.) may be used.
The card value (e.g., suit and/or rank) may be read after the first set of pick-off rollers, after the first set of nip rollers past the pick-off rollers, after a third set of rollers that exerts some control on the movement of cards after the first set of nip rollers, such as when (in the preferred structure of the invention) cards are individually moved from a set of rollers to be inserted into a space between subgroups of cards in a forming stack of shuffled/randomized cards. In those positions, with the cards moving face down within the shuffling device, the face of the cards can be readily observed by an IDC and an image taken.
Looking at
As noted elsewhere, the IDC may operate in a continuous “on-mode” (less preferred, primarily because of the volume of data that is produced, but the use of data screening or filtering software that concentrates on symbol imagery, as by only including data following light background to dark background changes, may be used) or in a single screen-shot mode that is timed to the proper positioning of the symbol on the card in the focal area of the camera. Looking again at
A desirable set of image capture devices (e.g., a CCD automatic camera) and sensors (e.g., light-emitting devices and light capture devices) will be described, although a wide variety of commercial technologies and commercial components are available. A preferred camera is the DRAGONFLY® camera provided by Point Grey Research, Inc., and includes a six-pin IEEE-1394 interface, asynchronous trigger, multiple frame rates, 640×480 or 1024×724 24-bit true color or 8-bit grayscale images, image acquisition software and plug-and-play capability. This can be combined with commercially available machine vision software. The commercially available machine vision software is trained on card symbols and taught to report image patterns as specific card suits and ranks Once a standard card suit/rank recognition program has been developed, the training from one format of cards to another becomes more simply affected and can be done at the casino table or by a security team before the shuffling and verifying apparatus 2 (
Once the symbol has been imaged, a signal is sent, preferably to an external processor or, less preferably, to the internal device microprocessor where the information of the suit and rank of the individual cards is processed according to the objectives of the system. After each card has been read, the individual cards are moved by rollers to be deposited in a card collection area. Cards are delivered into the card collection area by being placed on a support tray. The trigger may also activate a light that is used in conjunction with the image capture device to improve image capture capability. The signals corresponding to the read values are compared to stored values and the processor determines if extra cards are present or if cards are missing. The processor can also display additional information, such as the number of unknown cards. Unknown cards are cards that the machine cannot read and then match to a stored value. Nonlimiting examples of “unknown cards” can include upside-down cards, jokers (for games that do not allow jokers), promotional cards, cut cards, a different manufacturer's card, etc. A display could be provided in the form of a monitor, a sign or a printed report identifying missing cards, extra cards, a verified signal and any other information requested by the casino.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a device for forming a random set of playing cards. The device may comprise:
The access allows the complete set of randomized cards to be removed as a batch from the randomization device, rather than feeding the cards one at a time to a delivery end (e.g., shoe end) of the device. This can allow the device to be more compact and allow the device to operate independent of card delivery and in a batch manner as opposed to a continuous shuffler manner.
All of the apparatus, devices and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the apparatus, devices and methods of this invention have been described in terms of both generic descriptions and preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations may be applied to the apparatus, devices and methods described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain elements, components, steps, and sequences that are functionally related to the preferred embodiments may be substituted for the elements, components, steps, and sequences described and/or claimed herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutions and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The unique combination of the accurate imaging reading capability of the present system and the specific positioning capability and recording (indexing) of specific cards whose value (rank and suit) can be specifically identified and associated with a specific position with the final randomized set of cards, provides excellent security to casinos and players. As the card sequences in the shuffled set of final cards can be exactly known, this information can be used along with other security devices, such as table card reading cameras, discard trays with card reading capability, and the like, to add a high degree of certainty that a fair and honest game is being played at a specific location. Special bonus hands in games such as LET IT RIDE® poker, THREE CARD POKER® game, CRAZY 4 POKER®, and the like, can be immediately verified by a central computer or the shuffler itself by indicating that a specific value or rank of hand was properly dealt to a specific position on the table. Present-day security may sometimes have to hand-verify an entire deck or set of cards, which can take five to ten minutes of table downtime. This is distracting to players and is an economic loss for the casino.
A casino might choose to use the device as a back-room card verification station from time to time. Rather than use the shuffler to randomize cards in the pit or on the table, a casino might want to locate the device in a card preparation room. Casinos commonly verify that all cards in new decks or packs of multiple decks are present before putting the cards into play. Additionally, casino security procedures may require that all cards from a game be accounted for at the end of a shift, or when it is determined that the cards should be removed from play.
For example, the device may be used to check the completeness of the deck prior to play and/or prior to retiring or decommissioning cards. A casino might receive cards either in pack order or in a random order from the manufacturer. It is fairly easy to spread out a deck of ordered cards and confirm visually that all the cards are present, but when the cards are randomized prior to packaging, a (manual) visual indication is no longer possible. It would be desirable to read the cards to check that the decks or packs of decks are complete, prior to using the cards in a live casino game.
For instance, in the game of standard blackjack, the casino typically combines eight decks of 52 cards each, with jokers removed. The casino could use the device of the present invention to confirm that each of the 416 cards is present and that no additional cards are present. The casino might also want to use a card verification station to verify that packs of cards removed from play are complete, as a security measure, prior to decommissioning the cards. The casino could run the packs through the device to check the packs for this purpose also.
Referring now to
Information that is typically input into the external computer 304 via a keyboard 314, touch pad controls, joystick, voice command or other known data input means prior to checking the decks might include: a) the identity of the card verification station equipment, b) the identity of the dealer who is either about to receive or has just removed cards from the table, c) the pit number, d) a table i.d., e) the number of packs to be sorted, f) the identity of the game, g) the number of decks in the pack, h) the date, i) the shift, j) the identity of the operator, and k) any other information useful in creating an identity for the pack of cards being sorted.
The computer outputs information such as the mode of operation (in this case the verification mode), the number of cards missing, the number of extra cards, the identity of cards missing, the identity of extra cards, the fact that the pack of cards is complete, the table i.d., the dealer i.d., the pit i.d., the game, the employee i.d., the date, time, shift, and any other data that has been input and is requested by the casino.
The card verification device 300 has its own internal processor 316 that controls the operation of the card verification device 300. The internal processor 316 will issue commands to motors, elevators, and the like, to accomplish card movement at the request of a dealer input device 318 or an instruction from the external computer 304. In one embodiment (not shown) only the card reader 302 is in communication with the external computer 304. In another, more preferred, example of the invention, both the internal processor 316 and the card reader 302 are in communication with the external computer 304. The internal processor 316 might notify the external computer 304 when a batch has started to process or when a batch is complete, for example. If the card verification device 300 has an integral external display 320 (such as an LED, LCD, multi-segment or graphic display, for example), the display 320 can receive information from the external computer 304 on the nature and format of information to display. Any information that is included on monitor 308 could also be shown on the display 320 affixed to the card verification device 300 itself.
The card verification device of the present invention may be used to read and verify cards at various stages of card use, as the verification of cards is often desirable before, during and after play of casino card games. The device can also simultaneously shuffle and verify cards, which is an additional benefit to casinos, as both operations can be handled at one time, eliminating extra handling, time and labor.
Although a description of preferred embodiments has been presented, various changes, including those mentioned above, could be made without deviating from the spirit of the present invention. It is desired, therefore, that reference be made to the appended claims rather than to the foregoing description to indicate the scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/777,744 filed Feb. 26, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,899,587, issued Dec. 2, 2014, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,653 filed Jul. 12, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,444,147, issued May 21, 2013, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/954,029, filed Sep. 29, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,753,373, issued Jul. 13, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/623,223, filed Jul. 17, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,677,565, issued Mar. 16, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,166, filed Sep. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,036,818, issued May 6, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/128,532, filed Apr. 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,651,982, issued Nov. 25, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/967,502, filed Sep. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,651,981, issued Nov. 25, 2003. The disclosure of each of the foregoing patents and patent applications is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 130281 | Coughlik | Aug 1872 | A |
| 205030 | Ash | Jun 1878 | A |
| 609730 | Booth | Aug 1898 | A |
| 673154 | Bellows | Apr 1901 | A |
| 793489 | Williams | Jun 1905 | A |
| 892389 | Bellows | Jul 1908 | A |
| 1014219 | Hall | Jan 1912 | A |
| 1043109 | Hurm | Nov 1912 | A |
| 1157898 | Perret | Oct 1915 | A |
| 1556856 | Lipps | Oct 1925 | A |
| 1850114 | McCaddin | Mar 1932 | A |
| 1885276 | McKay | Nov 1932 | A |
| 1955926 | Matthaey | Apr 1934 | A |
| 1992085 | McKay | Feb 1935 | A |
| 1998690 | Shepherd et al. | Apr 1935 | A |
| 2001220 | Smith | May 1935 | A |
| 2001918 | Nevius | May 1935 | A |
| 2016030 | Woodruff et al. | Oct 1935 | A |
| 2043343 | Warner | Jun 1936 | A |
| 2060096 | McCoy | Nov 1936 | A |
| 2065824 | Plass | Dec 1936 | A |
| 2159958 | Sachs | May 1939 | A |
| 2185474 | Nott | Jan 1940 | A |
| 2254484 | Hutchins | Sep 1941 | A |
| D132360 | Gardner | May 1942 | S |
| 2328153 | Laing | Aug 1943 | A |
| 2328879 | Isaacson | Sep 1943 | A |
| 2364413 | Wittel | Dec 1944 | A |
| 2525305 | Lombard | Oct 1950 | A |
| 2543522 | Cohen | Feb 1951 | A |
| 2588582 | Sivertson | Mar 1952 | A |
| 2661215 | Stevens | Dec 1953 | A |
| 2676020 | Ogden | Apr 1954 | A |
| 2692777 | Miller | Oct 1954 | A |
| 2701720 | Ogden | Feb 1955 | A |
| 2705638 | Newcomb | Apr 1955 | A |
| 2711319 | Morgan et al. | Jun 1955 | A |
| 2714510 | Oppenlander et al. | Aug 1955 | A |
| 2717782 | Droll | Sep 1955 | A |
| 2727747 | Semisch, Jr. | Dec 1955 | A |
| 2731271 | Brown | Jan 1956 | A |
| 2747877 | Howard | May 1956 | A |
| 2755090 | Aldrich | Jul 1956 | A |
| 2757005 | Nothaft | Jul 1956 | A |
| 2760779 | Ogden et al. | Aug 1956 | A |
| 2770459 | Wilson et al. | Nov 1956 | A |
| 2778643 | Williams | Jan 1957 | A |
| 2778644 | Stephenson | Jan 1957 | A |
| 2782040 | Matter | Feb 1957 | A |
| 2790641 | Adams | Apr 1957 | A |
| 2793863 | Liebelt | May 1957 | A |
| 2815214 | Hall | Dec 1957 | A |
| 2821399 | Heinoo | Jan 1958 | A |
| 2914215 | Neidig | Nov 1959 | A |
| 2937739 | Levy | May 1960 | A |
| 2950005 | MacDonald | Aug 1960 | A |
| RE24986 | Stephenson | May 1961 | E |
| 3067885 | Kohler | Dec 1962 | A |
| 3107096 | Osborn | Oct 1963 | A |
| 3124674 | Edwards et al. | Mar 1964 | A |
| 3131935 | Gronneberg | May 1964 | A |
| 3147978 | Sjostrand | Sep 1964 | A |
| 3222071 | Lang | Dec 1965 | A |
| 3235741 | Plaisance | Feb 1966 | A |
| 3288308 | Gingher | Nov 1966 | A |
| 3305237 | Granius | Feb 1967 | A |
| 3312473 | Friedman et al. | Apr 1967 | A |
| 3452509 | Hauer | Jul 1969 | A |
| 3530968 | Ansell | Sep 1970 | A |
| 3588116 | Miura | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3589730 | Slay | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3595388 | Castaldi | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3597076 | Hubbard | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3618933 | Roggenstein | Nov 1971 | A |
| 3627331 | Erickson | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3666270 | Mazur | May 1972 | A |
| 3680853 | Houghton | Aug 1972 | A |
| 3690670 | Cassady et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3704938 | Fanselow | Dec 1972 | A |
| 3716238 | Porter | Feb 1973 | A |
| 3751041 | Seifert | Aug 1973 | A |
| 3761079 | Azure | Sep 1973 | A |
| 3810627 | Levy | May 1974 | A |
| 3861261 | Maxey | Jan 1975 | A |
| 3897954 | Erickson et al. | Aug 1975 | A |
| 3909002 | Levy | Sep 1975 | A |
| 3929339 | Mattioli et al. | Dec 1975 | A |
| 3944077 | Green | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3944230 | Fineman | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3949219 | Crouse | Apr 1976 | A |
| 3968364 | Miller | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4023705 | Reiner et al. | May 1977 | A |
| 4033590 | Pic | Jul 1977 | A |
| 4072930 | Lucero et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4088265 | Garczynski et al. | May 1978 | A |
| 4151410 | McMillan et al. | Apr 1979 | A |
| 4159581 | Lichtenberg | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4162649 | Thornton | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4166615 | Noguchi et al. | Sep 1979 | A |
| 4232861 | Maul | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4280690 | Hill | Jul 1981 | A |
| 4283709 | Lucero et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4310160 | Willette | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4339134 | Macheel | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4339798 | Hedges et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4361393 | Noto | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4368972 | Naramore | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4369972 | Parker | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4374309 | Walton | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4377285 | Kadlic | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4385827 | Naramore | May 1983 | A |
| 4388994 | Suda et al. | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4397469 | Carter | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4421312 | Delgado et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4421501 | Scheffer | Dec 1983 | A |
| D274069 | Fromm | May 1984 | S |
| 4467424 | Hedges et al. | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4494197 | Troy et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4497488 | Plevyak et al. | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4512580 | Matviak | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4513969 | Samsel | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4515367 | Howard | May 1985 | A |
| 4531187 | Uhland et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4534562 | Cuff et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4549738 | Greitzer | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4566782 | Britt et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4575367 | Karmel | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4586712 | Lorber et al. | May 1986 | A |
| 4659082 | Greenberg | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4662637 | Pfeiffer et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4662816 | Fabrig | May 1987 | A |
| 4667959 | Pfeiffer et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4741524 | Bromage | May 1988 | A |
| 4750743 | Nicoletti | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4755941 | Bacchi | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4759448 | Kawabata | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4770412 | Wolfe | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4770421 | Hoffman | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4807884 | Breeding | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4822050 | Normand et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4832342 | Plevyak | May 1989 | A |
| 4858000 | Lu | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4861041 | Jones et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4876000 | Mikhail | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4900009 | Kitahara et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4904830 | Rizzuto | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4921109 | Hasuo et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4926327 | Sidley | May 1990 | A |
| 4948134 | Suttle et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4951950 | Normand et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
| 4969648 | Hollinger et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4993587 | Abe | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4995615 | Cheng et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5000453 | Stevens et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5039102 | Miller et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5067713 | Soules et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5078405 | Jones et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5081487 | Hoyer et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5096197 | Embury | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5102293 | Schneider | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5118114 | Tucci | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5121192 | Kazui | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5121921 | Friedman | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5154429 | LeVasseur et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5179517 | Sarbin et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5197094 | Tillery et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5199710 | Lamle | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5209476 | Eiba et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5224712 | Laughlin et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5240140 | Huen | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5248142 | Breeding et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5257179 | DeMar et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5259907 | Soules et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261667 | Breeding | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5267248 | Reyner | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5275411 | Breeding | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5276312 | McCarthy | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5283422 | Storch et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5288081 | Breeding et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5299089 | Lwee et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5303921 | Breeding | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5344146 | Lee | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5356145 | Verschoor | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5362053 | Miller et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5374061 | Albrecht et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5377973 | Jones et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5382024 | Blaha | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5382025 | Sklansky et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5390910 | Mandel et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5397128 | Hesse et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5397133 | Penzias et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5416308 | Hood et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5431399 | Kelley et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431407 | Hofberg et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5437462 | Breeding et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5445377 | Steinbach | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5470079 | LeStrange et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| D365853 | Zadro | Jan 1996 | S |
| 5489101 | Moody et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5515477 | Sutherland | May 1996 | A |
| 5524888 | Heidel | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5531448 | Moody et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5544892 | Breeding et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5575475 | Steinbach | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5584483 | Sines et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5586766 | Forte et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5586936 | Bennett et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5605334 | McCrea et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5613912 | Slater et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5632483 | Garczynski et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5636843 | Roberts et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5651548 | French et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5655961 | Acres et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5669816 | Garczynski et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5676231 | Legras et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5676372 | Sines et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5681039 | Miller et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5683085 | Johnson et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5685543 | Garner et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5690324 | Otomo et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5692748 | Frisco et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5695189 | Breeding et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701565 | Morgan | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5707286 | Carlson | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5707287 | McCrea et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5711525 | Breeding et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5718427 | Cranford et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5719288 | Sens et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5720484 | Hsu et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5722893 | Hill et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5735525 | McCrea et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5735724 | Udagawa | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5735742 | French et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5743798 | Adams et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5768382 | Schneier et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5770533 | Franchi et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5770553 | Kroner et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5772505 | Garczynski et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5779546 | Meissner et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5781647 | Fishbine et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5785321 | Van Putten et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5788574 | Ornstein et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5791988 | Nomi et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5802560 | Joseph et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5803808 | Strisower | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5810355 | Trilli | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5813326 | Salomon et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5813912 | Shultz et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5814796 | Benson et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5836775 | Hiyama et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5839730 | Pike | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5845906 | Wirth et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851011 | Lott et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5867586 | Liang | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5879233 | Stupero | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5883804 | Christensen | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5890717 | Rosewarne et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5892210 | Levasseur | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5911626 | McCrea et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919090 | Mothwurf | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5936222 | Korsunsky et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941769 | Order | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5944310 | Johnson et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| D414527 | Tedham | Sep 1999 | S |
| 5957776 | Hoehne et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5974150 | Kaish et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5985305 | Peery et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989122 | Roblejo et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991308 | Fuhrmann et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6015311 | Benjamin et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6019368 | Sines et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6019374 | Breeding et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6039650 | Hill et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6050569 | Taylor | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6053695 | Longoria et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6061449 | Candelore et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6068258 | Breeding et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6069564 | Hatano et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6071190 | Weiss et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6093103 | McCrea et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6113101 | Wirth et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6117012 | McCrea et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| D432588 | Tedham | Oct 2000 | S |
| 6126166 | Lorson et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6127447 | Mitry et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6131817 | Miller | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6139014 | Breeding et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6149154 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154131 | Jones et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6165069 | Sines et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165072 | Davis et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6183362 | Boushy | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6186895 | Oliver | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6200218 | Lindsay | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6210274 | Carlson | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213310 | Wennersten et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6217447 | Lofink et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6234900 | Cumbers | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6236223 | Brady et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6250632 | Albrecht | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6254002 | Litman | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6254096 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6254484 | McCrea, Jr. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6257981 | Acres et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267248 | Johnson et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267648 | Katayama et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267671 | Hogan | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6270404 | Sines et al. | Aug 2001 | B2 |
| 6272223 | Carlson | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6293546 | Hessing et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6293864 | Romero | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6299167 | Sines et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6299534 | Breeding et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6299536 | Hill | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6308886 | Benson et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6313871 | Schubert | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325373 | Breeding et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6334614 | Breeding | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6341778 | Lee | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6342830 | Want et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6346044 | McCrea, Jr. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6361044 | Block et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6386973 | Yoseloff | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6402142 | Warren et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6403908 | Stardust et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6443839 | Stockdale | Sep 2002 | B2 |
| 6446864 | Kim et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454266 | Breeding et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6460848 | Soltys et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6464584 | Oliver | Oct 2002 | B2 |
| 6490277 | Tzotzkov | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| D468701 | Byrne | Jan 2003 | S |
| 6508709 | Karmarkar | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6514140 | Storch | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6517435 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6517436 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6520857 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6527271 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6530836 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6530837 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6532297 | Lindquist | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6533276 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6533662 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6561897 | Bourbour et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6568678 | Breeding et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6579180 | Soltys et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6579181 | Soltys et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6581747 | Charlier et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582301 | Hill | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6582302 | Romero | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6585586 | Romero | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6585588 | Hartl | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6585856 | Zwick et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6588750 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6588751 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6595857 | Soltys et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6609710 | Order | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6612928 | Bradford et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6616535 | Nishizaki et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6619662 | Miller | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6622185 | Johnson | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6626757 | Oliveras | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6629019 | Legge et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6629591 | Griswold et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6629889 | Mothwurf | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6629894 | Purton | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6637622 | Robinson | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6638161 | Soltys et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6645068 | Kelly et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6645077 | Rowe | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6651981 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6651982 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6651985 | Sines et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6652379 | Soltys et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6655684 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6655690 | Oskwarek | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6658135 | Morito et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6659460 | Blaha et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6659461 | Yoseloff et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6659875 | Purton | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6663490 | Soltys et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6666768 | Akers | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6671358 | Seidman et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6676127 | Johnson et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6676517 | Beavers | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6680843 | Farrow et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6685564 | Oliver | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6685567 | Cockerille et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6685568 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6688597 | Jones | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6688979 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6690673 | Jarvis | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6698756 | Baker et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6698759 | Webb et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6702289 | Feola | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6702290 | Buono-Correa et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6709333 | Bradford et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6712696 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6719288 | Hessing et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6719634 | Mishina et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6722974 | Sines et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6726205 | Purton | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6732067 | Powderly | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6733012 | Bui et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6733388 | Mothwurf | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6746333 | Onda et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6747560 | Stevens, III | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6749510 | Giobbi | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6758751 | Soltys et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6758757 | Luciano, Jr. et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6769693 | Huard et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6774782 | Runyon et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6789801 | Snow | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6802510 | Haber | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6804763 | Stockdale et al. | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6808173 | Snow | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6827282 | Silverbrook | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6834251 | Fletcher | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6840517 | Snow | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6842263 | Saeki | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6843725 | Nelson | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6848616 | Tsirline et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6848844 | McCue, Jr. et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6848994 | Knust et al. | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6857961 | Soltys et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6874784 | Promutico | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6874786 | Bruno | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6877657 | Ranard et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6877748 | Patroni | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6886829 | Hessing et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6889979 | Blaha et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6893347 | Zilliacus et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6899628 | Leen et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6902167 | Webb | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6905121 | Timpano | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6923446 | Snow | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6938900 | Snow | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6941180 | Fischer et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 6950948 | Neff | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6955599 | Bourbour et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6957746 | Martin et al. | Oct 2005 | B2 |
| 6959925 | Baker et al. | Nov 2005 | B1 |
| 6959935 | Buhl et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6960134 | Hartl et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6964612 | Soltys et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6986514 | Snow | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6988516 | Debaes et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7011309 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7020307 | Hinton et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7028598 | Teshima | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7029009 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7036818 | Grauzer et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7046458 | Nakayama | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7046764 | Kump | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7048629 | Sines et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7059602 | Grauzer et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7066464 | Blad et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7068822 | Scott | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7073791 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7084769 | Bauer et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7089420 | Durst et al. | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7106201 | Tuttle | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7113094 | Garber et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7114718 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7124947 | Storch | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7128652 | Lavoie et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
| 7137627 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7139108 | Andersen et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7140614 | Snow | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7162035 | Durst et al. | Jan 2007 | B1 |
| 7165769 | Crenshaw et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7165770 | Snow | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7175522 | Hartl | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7186181 | Rowe | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7201656 | Darder | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7202888 | Tecu et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7203841 | Jackson et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7213812 | Schubert et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7222852 | Soltys et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7222855 | Sorge | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7231812 | Lagare | Jun 2007 | B1 |
| 7234698 | Grauzer et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7237969 | Bartman | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7243148 | Keir et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7243698 | Siegel | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7246799 | Snow | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7255344 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7255351 | Yoseloff et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7255642 | Sines et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7257630 | Cole et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7261294 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7264241 | Schubert et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7264243 | Yoseloff et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7277570 | Armstrong | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7278923 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7294056 | Lowell et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7297062 | Gatto et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7300056 | Gioia et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7303473 | Rowe | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7309065 | Yoseloff et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7316609 | Dunn et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7316615 | Soltys et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7322576 | Grauzer et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7331579 | Snow | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7334794 | Snow | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7338044 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7338362 | Gallagher | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7341510 | Bourbour et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7357321 | Yoshida et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7360094 | Neff | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7367561 | Blaha et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7367563 | Yoseloff et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7367884 | Breeding et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7374170 | Grauzer et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7384044 | Grauzer et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7387300 | Snow | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7389990 | Mourad | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7390256 | Soltys et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7399226 | Mishra | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7407438 | Schubert et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7413191 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7434805 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7436957 | Fischer et al. | Oct 2008 | B1 |
| 7448626 | Fleckenstein | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7458582 | Snow et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7461843 | Baker et al. | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| 7464932 | Darling | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7464934 | Schwartz | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7472906 | Shai | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7500672 | Ho | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7506874 | Hall | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510186 | Fleckenstein | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510190 | Snow et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510194 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510478 | Benbrahim et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7513437 | Douglas | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7515718 | Nguyen et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7523935 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7523936 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7523937 | Fleckenstein | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7525510 | Beland et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7537216 | Soltys et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7540497 | Tseng | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7540498 | Crenshaw et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7549643 | Quach | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7554753 | Wakamiya | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7556197 | Yoshida et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7556266 | Blaha et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7575237 | Snow | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7578506 | Lambert | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7584962 | Breeding et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7584963 | Krenn et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7584966 | Snow | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7591728 | Gioia et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7593544 | Downs, III et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7594660 | Baker et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7597623 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7644923 | Dickinson et al. | Jan 2010 | B1 |
| 7661676 | Smith et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7666090 | Hettinger | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7669852 | Baker et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7669853 | Jones | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7677565 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7677566 | Krenn et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7686681 | Soltys et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7699694 | Hill | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7735657 | Johnson | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7740244 | Ho | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7744452 | Cimring et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7753373 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7753374 | Ho | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7753798 | Soltys et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7762554 | Ho | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7764836 | Downs, III et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7766332 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7766333 | Stardust et al. | Aug 2010 | B1 |
| 7769232 | Downs, III | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7769853 | Nezamzadeh | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7773749 | Durst et al. | Aug 2010 | B1 |
| 7780529 | Rowe et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7784790 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7804982 | Howard et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7846020 | Walker et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7867080 | Nicely et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7890365 | Hettinger | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7900923 | Toyama et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7901285 | Tran et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7908169 | Hettinger | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7909689 | Lardie | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7931533 | LeMay et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7933448 | Downs, III | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7946586 | Krenn et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7967294 | Blaha et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7976023 | Hessing et al. | Jul 2011 | B1 |
| 7988152 | Sines | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7988554 | LeMay et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7995196 | Fraser | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8002638 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8011661 | Stasson | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8016663 | Soltys et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8021231 | Walker et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8025294 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8038521 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| RE42944 | Blaha et al. | Nov 2011 | E |
| 8057302 | Wells et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8062134 | Kelly et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8070574 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8092307 | Kelly | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8092309 | Bickley | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8141875 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8150158 | Downs, III | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8171567 | Fraser et al. | May 2012 | B1 |
| 8210536 | Blaha et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8221244 | French | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8251293 | Nagata et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8267404 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8270603 | Durst et al. | Sep 2012 | B1 |
| 8287347 | Snow et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8287386 | Miller et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8319666 | Weinmann et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8337296 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8342525 | Scheper et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8342526 | Sampson et al. | Jan 2013 | B1 |
| 8342529 | Snow | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8353513 | Swanson | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8381918 | Johnson | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8419521 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8444147 | Grauzer et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8469360 | Sines | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8480088 | Toyama et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8485527 | Sampson et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8490973 | Yoseloff et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8498444 | Sharma | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8505916 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8511684 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8556263 | Grauzer et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8579289 | Rynda et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8616552 | Czyzewski et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8628086 | Krenn et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8662500 | Swanson | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8695978 | Ho | Apr 2014 | B1 |
| 8702100 | Snow et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8702101 | Scheper et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8720891 | Hessing et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8758111 | Lutnick | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8777710 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8820745 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8899587 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8919775 | Wadds et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 20010036231 | Easwar et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010036866 | Stockdale et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020017481 | Johnson et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020030425 | Tiramani et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020045478 | Soltys et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020045481 | Soltys et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020063389 | Breeding et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020068635 | Hill | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020070499 | Breeding et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020094869 | Harkham | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107067 | McGlone et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020107072 | Giobbi | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020113368 | Hessing et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020135692 | Fujinawa | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020142820 | Bartlett | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020155869 | Soltys et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020163125 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20020187821 | Soltys et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20020187830 | Stockdale et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030003997 | Vuong et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030007143 | McArthur et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030047870 | Blaha et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030048476 | Yamakawa | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030052449 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030052450 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030064798 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030067112 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030071413 | Blaha et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030073498 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030075865 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030075866 | Blaha et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030087694 | Storch | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030090059 | Grauzer et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030094756 | Grauzer et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030151194 | Hessing et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195025 | Hill | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20040015423 | Walker et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040036214 | Baker et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040067789 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040100026 | Haggard | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040108654 | Grauzer et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116179 | Nicely et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040169332 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040180722 | Giobbi | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040224777 | Smith et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040245720 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040259618 | Soltys et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050012671 | Bisig | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050023752 | Grauzer et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050026680 | Gururajan | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050035548 | Yoseloff et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050037843 | Wells et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050040594 | Krenn et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050051955 | Schubert et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050051956 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050062227 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050062228 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050062229 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050082750 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050093231 | Grauzer et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050104289 | Grauzer et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050104290 | Grauzer et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050110210 | Soltys et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113166 | Grauzer et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113171 | Hodgson | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119048 | Soltys et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137005 | Soltys et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050140090 | Breeding et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050146093 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148391 | Tain | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192092 | Breckner et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050206077 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050242500 | Downs | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050272501 | Tran et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288083 | Downs | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050288086 | Schubert et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060027970 | Kyrychenko | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060033269 | Grauzer et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060033270 | Grauzer et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060046853 | Black | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063577 | Downs et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060066048 | Krenn et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060181022 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060183540 | Grauzer et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060189381 | Daniel et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060199649 | Soltys et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060205508 | Green | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060220312 | Baker et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060220313 | Baker et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060252521 | Gururajan et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060252554 | Gururajan et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060279040 | Downs et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060281534 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070001395 | Gioia et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070006708 | Laakso | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070015583 | Tran | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070018389 | Downs | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070045959 | Soltys | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070049368 | Kuhn et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070057469 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070066387 | Matsuno et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070069462 | Downs et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070072677 | Lavoie et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070102879 | Stasson | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070111773 | Gururajan et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070184905 | Gatto et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197294 | Gong | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197298 | Rowe | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070202941 | Miltenberger et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070222147 | Blaha et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070225055 | Weisman | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233567 | Daly | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070238506 | Ruckle | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070259709 | Kelly et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070267812 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070272600 | Johnson | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070278739 | Swanson | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20070290438 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080006997 | Scheper et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080006998 | Grauzer et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080022415 | Kuo et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080032763 | Giobbi | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039192 | Laut | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039208 | Abrink et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080096656 | LeMay et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080111300 | Czyzewski et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080113700 | Czyzewski et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080113783 | Czyzewski et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080136108 | Polay | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080143048 | Shigeta | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080176627 | Lardie | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080217218 | Johnson | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234046 | Kinsley | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234047 | Nguyen | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080248875 | Beatty | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080284096 | Toyama et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080303210 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20080315517 | Toyama | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090026700 | Shigeta | Jan 2009 | A2 |
| 20090048026 | French | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090054161 | Schubert et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090072477 | Tseng | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090091078 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090100409 | Toneguzzo | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090104963 | Burman et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090121429 | Walsh | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090140492 | Yoseloff et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090166970 | Rosh | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090176547 | Katz | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090179378 | Amaitis et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090186676 | Amaitis et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090189346 | Krenn et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090191933 | French | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090194988 | Wright et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090197662 | Wright et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090224476 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090227318 | Wright et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090227360 | Gioia et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090250873 | Jones | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253478 | Walker et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253503 | Krise et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267296 | Ho | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090267297 | Blaha et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090283969 | Tseng | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090298577 | Gagner et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090302535 | Ho | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090302537 | Ho | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090312093 | Walker et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090314188 | Toyama et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100013152 | Grauzer et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100038849 | Scheper et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100048304 | Boesen | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100069155 | Schwartz et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100178987 | Pacey | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100197410 | Leen et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100234110 | Clarkson | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100240440 | Szrek et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244376 | Johnson | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100244382 | Snow | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100252992 | Sines | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100255899 | Paulsen | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100276880 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100311493 | Miller et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100311494 | Miller et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100314830 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100320685 | Grauzer et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110006480 | Grauzer et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110012303 | Kourgiantakis et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110024981 | Tseng | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110052049 | Rajaraman et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110062662 | Ohta et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110078096 | Bounds | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110105208 | Bickley | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110109042 | Rynda et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130185 | Walker | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130190 | Hamman et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110159952 | Kerr | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110159953 | Kerr | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110165936 | Kerr | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110172008 | Alderucci | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110183748 | Wilson et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110230268 | Williams | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110269529 | Baerlocher | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110272881 | Sines | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110285081 | Stasson | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110287829 | Clarkson et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20120015724 | Ocko et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120015725 | Ocko et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120015743 | Lam et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120015747 | Ocko et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120021835 | Keller et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120034977 | Kammler | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120062745 | Han et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120074646 | Grauzer et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120091656 | Blaha et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120095982 | Lennington et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120161393 | Krenn et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120175841 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120181747 | Grauzer et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120187625 | Downs, III et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120242782 | Huang | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120286471 | Grauzer et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120306152 | Krishnamurty et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130020761 | Sines et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130085638 | Weinmann et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130099448 | Scheper et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130109455 | Grauzer et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130132306 | Kami et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130161905 | Grauzer et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130228972 | Grauzer et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130300059 | Sampson et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130337922 | Kuhn et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140027979 | Stasson et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140094239 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140103606 | Grauzer et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140138907 | Rynda et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140145399 | Krenn et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140171170 | Krishnamurty et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140175724 | Huhtala et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140183818 | Czyzewski et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 5025479 | Mar 1980 | AU |
| 757636 | Feb 2003 | AU |
| 2266555 | Apr 1998 | CA |
| 2284017 | Sep 1998 | CA |
| 2612138 | Dec 2006 | CA |
| 101127131 | Feb 2008 | CN |
| 201139926 | Oct 2008 | CN |
| 24952 | Feb 2013 | CZ |
| 672616 | Mar 1939 | DE |
| 2757341 | Jun 1978 | DE |
| 3807127 | Sep 1989 | DE |
| 777514 | Feb 2000 | EP |
| 1194888 | Apr 2002 | EP |
| 1502631 | Feb 2005 | EP |
| 1713026 | Oct 2006 | EP |
| 1575261 | Aug 2012 | EP |
| 2375918 | Jul 1978 | FR |
| 337147 | Oct 1930 | GB |
| 414014 | Jul 1934 | GB |
| 10063933 | Mar 1998 | JP |
| 11045321 | Feb 1999 | JP |
| 2000251031 | Sep 2000 | JP |
| 2001327647 | Nov 2001 | JP |
| 2002165916 | Jun 2002 | JP |
| 2003250950 | Sep 2003 | JP |
| 2005198668 | Jul 2005 | JP |
| 2008246061 | Oct 2008 | JP |
| 8700764 | Feb 1987 | WO |
| 9221413 | Dec 1992 | WO |
| 9528210 | Oct 1995 | WO |
| 9607153 | Mar 1996 | WO |
| 9710577 | Mar 1997 | WO |
| 9814249 | Apr 1998 | WO |
| 9840136 | Sep 1998 | WO |
| 9943404 | Sep 1999 | WO |
| 9952610 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| 9952611 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| 0051076 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| 0156670 | Aug 2001 | WO |
| 0205914 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| 2004067889 | Aug 2004 | WO |
| 2004112923 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| 2006031472 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2006039308 | Apr 2006 | WO |
| 2008005286 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| 2008006023 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| 2008091809 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2009137541 | Nov 2009 | WO |
| 2010001032 | Jan 2010 | WO |
| 2010055328 | May 2010 | WO |
| 2010117446 | Oct 2010 | WO |
| 2013019677 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Scarne's Encyclopedia of Card Games by John Scarne, Published by Harper & Row, 1973, 1983, “Super Contract Bridge”, p. 155. |
| International Search Report for PCT/US2005/034737 dated Apr. 7, 2006 (WO06/039308). |
| “ACE, Single Deck Shuffler,” Shuffle Master, Inc., (2005), 2 pages. |
| “Automatic casino card shuffle,” Alibaba.com, (last visited Jul. 22, 2014), 2 pages. |
| “Error Back propagation,” http://willamette.edu˜gorr/classes/cs449/backprop.html (4 pages), Nov. 13, 2008. |
| “i-Deal,” Bally Technologies, Inc., (2014), 2 pages. |
| “shufflers—SHFL entertainment,” Gaming Concepts Group, (2012), 6 pages. |
| “TAG Archives: Shuffle Machine,” Gee Wiz Online, (Mar. 25, 2013), 4 pages. |
| 1/3″ B/W CCD Camera Module EB100 by EverFocus Electronics Corp., Jul. 31, 2001, 3 pgs. |
| Canadian Office Action for CA 2,580,309 dated Mar. 20, 2012 (6 pages). |
| Christos Stergiou and Dimitrios Siganos, “Neural Networks,” http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/˜nd/surprise—96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html (13 pages), Dec. 15, 2011. |
| European Patent Application Search Report—European Patent Application No. 06772987.1, Dec. 21, 2009. |
| Genevieve Orr, CS-449: Neural Networks Willamette University, http://www.willamette.edu/˜gorr/classes/cs449/intro.html (4 pages), Fall 1999. |
| http://www.google.com/search?tbm=pts&q=Card+handling+devicve+with+input+and+outpu.. Jun. 8, 2012. |
| http://www.google.com/search?tbm=pts&q=shuffling+zone+onOopposite+site+of+input+... Jul. 18, 2012. |
| Litwiller, Dave, CCD vs. CMOS: Facts and Fiction reprinted from Jan. 2001 Issue of Photonics Spectra, Laurin Publishing Co. Inc. (4 pages). |
| Malaysian Patent Application Substantive Examination Adverse Report—Malaysian Patent Application Serial No. PI20062710, Sep. 6, 2006. |
| PCT International Preliminary Examination Report for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US02/31105 filed Sep. 27, 2002. |
| PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US05/31400, dated Oct. 16, 2007, 7 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion—International Patent Application No. PCT/US2006/22911, Dec. 28, 2006. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2007/023168, dated Sep. 12, 2008, 8 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Application No. PCT/US2007/022858, mailed Apr. 18, 2008, 7 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US07/15036, dated Sep. 23, 2008, 3 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/US07/15035, dated Sep. 29, 2008, 3 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/GB2011/051978, dated Jan. 17, 2012, 11 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/IB2013/001756, dated Jan. 10, 2014, 7 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US11/59797, dated Mar. 27, 2012, 14 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US13/59665, dated Apr. 25, 2014, 21 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US2008/007069, dated Sep. 8, 2008, 10 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US2010/001032, dated Jun. 16, 2010, 11 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/062391, Dec. 17, 2013, 13 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT/US12/48706, Oct. 16, 2012, 12 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US2003/015393, mailed Oct. 6, 2003. |
| PCT International Search Report for PCT/US2007/022894, dated Jun. 11, 2008, 2 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for PCT/US05/31400, dated Sep. 25, 2007, 8 pages. |
| PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/022158, Jun. 17, 2015, 13 pages. |
| Philippines Patent Application Formality Examination Report—Philippines Patent Application No. 1-2006-000302, Jun. 13, 2006. |
| Press Release for Alliance Gaming Corp., Jul. 26, 2004—Alliance Gaming Announces Control with Galaxy Macau for New MindPlay Baccarat Table Technology, http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews. |
| Service Manual/User Manual for Single Deck Shufflers: BG1, BG2 and BG3 by Shuffle Master © 1996. |
| Shuffle Master Gaming, Service Manual, ACETM Single Deck Card Shuffler, (1998), 63 pages. |
| Shuffle Master Gaming, Service Manual, Let It Ride Bonus® With Universal Keypad, 112 pages, © 2000 Shuffle Master, Inc. |
| Shuffle Master's Reply Memorandum in Support of Shuffle Master's Motion for Preliminary Injunction for Shuffle Master, Inc. vs. VendingData Corporation, in the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, No. CV-S-04-1373-JCM-LRL, Nov. 29, 2004. |
| Singapore Patent Application Examination Report—Singapore Patent Application No. SE 2008 01914 A, Aug. 6, 2006. |
| Specification of Australian Patent Application No. 31577/95, filed Jan. 17, 1995, Applicants: Rodney G. Johnson et al., Title: Card Handling Apparatus. |
| Specification of Australian Patent Application No. Not Listed, filed Aug. 15, 1994, Applicants: Rodney G. Johnson et al., Title: Card Handling Apparatus. |
| Statement of Relevance of Cited References, Submitted as Part of a Third-Party Submission Under 37 CFR 1.290 on Dec. 7, 2012 (12 pages). |
| tbm=pts&hl=en Google Search for card handling device with storage area, card removing system pivoting arm and processor . . . ; http://www.google.com/?tbrn=pts&hl=en; Jul. 28, 2012. |
| Tracking the Tables, by Jack Bularsky, Casino Journal, May 2004, vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 44-47. |
| United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Decision Decided Dec. 27, 2005 for Preliminary Injuction for Shuffle Master, Inc. vs. VendingData Corporation, in the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, No. CV-S-04-1373-JCM-LRL. |
| VendingData Corporation's Answer and Counterclaim Jury Trial Demanded for Shuffle Master, Inc. vs. VendingData Corporation, in the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, No. CV-S-04-1373-JCM-LRL, Oct. 25, 2004. |
| VendingData Corporation's Opposition to Shuffle Master Inc.'s Motion for Preliminary Injection for Shuffle Master, Inc. vs. VendingData Corporation, in the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, No. CV-S-04-1373-JCM-LRL, Nov. 12, 2004. |
| VendingData Corporation's Responses to Shuffle Master, Inc.'s First set of interrogatories for Shuffler Master, Inc. vs. VendingData Corporation, in the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada, No. CV-S-04-1373-JCM-LRL, Mar. 14, 2005. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150048569 A1 | Feb 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12834653 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | 13777744 | US | |
| Parent | 10954029 | Sep 2004 | US |
| Child | 12834653 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13777744 | Feb 2013 | US |
| Child | 14526183 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10623223 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Child | 10954029 | US | |
| Parent | 10261166 | Sep 2002 | US |
| Child | 10623223 | US | |
| Parent | 10128532 | Apr 2002 | US |
| Child | 10261166 | US | |
| Parent | 09967502 | Sep 2001 | US |
| Child | 10128532 | US |
