Patent Application
20160237481
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for genomic analysis, and in particular for determining the presence or absence of mutant alleles in a genomic locus.
Nucleic acid probes are often used to identify the presence of specific target sequences in genomic or amplified DNA. The annealing or melting temperature of the probe to the target is affected by the length of the complementary region shared by the probe and the target, and by the existence of any mismatches between the otherwise complementary base pairs. This can be used to detect the presence of variants, for example SNPs or multiple repeats. A probe can be designed to have a first melting temperature (Tm) to a wild type sequence, and the annealing of the probe to the target monitored, for example through development of fluorescence on annealing. If the Tm is different to the expected value, then the target sequence includes a variant.
International patent application WO2012/093262 describes methods for detecting and analysing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using oligonucleotide probes which hybridise to variant alleles with a lower Tm than that with which they hybridise to wild type alleles. The methods use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment of the genome including the target sequence at a temperature between the first and second Tms. If the target sequence is wild type, then the probe remains bound to the target, and prevents amplification; if the target sequence is a variant, then the probe is not bound to the target, and amplification takes place. In this way, the presence of a variant may be established, and the variant allele selectively enriched in a sample.
International patent application WO2013/041853 describes probes for detecting polymorphisms including GNPs and short tandem repeats (STRs). The probes include first and second regions joined by a linker nucleic acid sequence, such that the first and second regions have independent Tms. The probe sequences may be designed so as to have varying Tm depending on whether a variant or wild type allele is present at a first target region and a second target region. The use of this linker probe allows a single oligonucleotide probe to be used to detect variants in a longer sequence than would otherwise be possible with conventional probes.
However, not all variants are clinically important. In particular, although some mutations may be associated with phenotypic variation (for example, susceptibility to a particular drug), others may be phenotypically neutral or even silent. Silent mutations in particular are those where a mutation in the nucleotide sequence does not give rise to a corresponding mutation in the encoded polypeptide sequence. This is typically the case with mutations in the third base of a particular codon.
The following table, taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_code&oldid=567109686, shows the genetic code and illustrates the degeneracy of the code and shows which mutations may be phenotypically silent. For example, a mutation from UUU to UUC will still code for phenylalanine, so will have no effect on the expressed protein,
Other mutations may have some effect on the expressed protein sequence, but still no clinical effect, for example, by substituting one amino acid with a functionally similar amino acid.
Current detection methods are either specific for one particular mutation, so cannot be used more generally where multiple possible mutations may be present, or are sensitive to any mutation, so will identify nonsignificant mutations as well as clinically significant ones.
It would be desirable to have a method whereby nonsignificant mutations will not be detected, but which is still sensitive enough to identify a range of other mutations.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting the presence of a variant nucleic acid sequence in a polymorphic target nucleic acid sequence, the target sequence being present in multiple alleles within a given population, the method comprising
A universal base is one which is able to form Watson-Crick base pairs with any of the four canonical nucleic acid bases (A, C, G, T). Examples of universal bases include 2′-deoxyinosine (hypoxanthine deoxynucleotide) derivatives, nitroazole analogues, and hydrophobic aromatic non-hydrogen-bonding bases. Preferred universal bases for use in the present invention include d-inosine and 5-nitroindole.
The site where variants are not desired to be detected is preferably a residue where mutations are phenotypically silent mutations (for example, typically the third base in a codon where the mutation does not change the expressed amino acid); or it may be a residue where mutations do change the peptide sequence but give rise to conservative replacements which do not alter the properties of the expressed peptide. Of course, it is also possible to use the methods of the present invention to suppress detection of any desired mutation; it need not be a silent mutation.
In this way, the probe will hybridise to alleles which differ only at the corresponding residue to the universal base with the same Tm. An altered Tm is only seen when the alleles differ at residues where there is no universal base; in this way detection of the presence of certain mutations may be suppressed without altering the ability of the probe to detect a range of different mutations.
In some embodiments, the probe may comprise more than one universal base at a site where variants are not desired to be detected. More than one such sites may also or instead be present in the probe.
The first allele may be designated the wild type; and the second allele may encompass multiple variants (for example, multiple different SNPs, as well as multiple SNPs within a single variant allele), provided the relative Tms of the probe when hybridised to first and second alleles is as set out above.
Preferably the probe is DNA.
The differences in sequence between the first and second alleles are preferably internal to the region where the probe binds: that is, any mismatches between the probe and the first allele are not at the ends of the probe.
The probe may be up to 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. Longer or shorter probes are possible, although it may be difficult to attain suitable discrimination between Tm for different alleles or with the Tm of the primers with shorter probes.
The step of determining the Tm of the probe may further comprise comparing the Tm of the probe to an expected Tm, in order to determine whether the allele is a variant allele.
Step c), determining the Tm of the probe when hybridised to the target nucleic acid sequence, may comprise the step of detecting hybridisation of the probe to the target at a first temperature at or below the second Tm, and detecting hybridisation at a second temperature at or below the first Tm, but above the second Tm.
The probe may be labelled. For example, the probe may include a fluorescent or a radioactive label, or may be labelled with a ligand to which a secondary probe may bind. Preferably the probe is labelled with a fluorescent label, and preferably also the label generates a differential signal depending on whether the probe has hybridised to a target strand (that is, the probe is part of a double stranded nucleic acid) or not (the probe is single stranded). A preferred probe is a HyBeacon® probe (see, for example, Mol Cell Probes. 2002 October; 16(5):319-26, “Ultra-rapid DNA analysis using HyBeacon probes and direct PCR amplification from saliva”, French D J, Archard C L, Andersen M T, McDowell D G). Generation of differential signals allows easy and rapid analysis of whether the probe has bound to a target.
The method may further comprise the step of preferentially amplifying the second allele of the target sequence. This may include, prior to step c), steps of:
This allows the universal base probe to be used in selectively amplifying an allele prior to detecting and determining the Tm. This can be used to enrich a sample which may have only a few copies of the second allele. The probe is used initially to block amplification of the first allele by remaining bound to the first allele during the extension phase, and then to detect the allele after amplification. During the extension phase, the oligonucleotide probe remains hybridised to the first allele. This prevents strand extension of the primer hybridised to the same nucleic acid, whereas primers hybridised to the second allele are free to undergo strand extension since the probe is not hybridised to that allele. In this way, the second allele will be preferentially amplified. In certain embodiments one or both of the primers may overlap with the probe binding site such that the probe competes with the primer for binding; this can prevent binding of the primer and hence strand extension. In other embodiments the primers and probe do not overlap, but the primer prevents further strand extension.
The step of detecting hybridised probe molecules may further comprise quantification of the relative amounts of first and second alleles in the amplification mix. In certain embodiments of the invention, a detection step may be carried out before as well as after the amplification step. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of first to second alleles may be measured by: maintaining the reaction mix at a first temperature at or below the Tm of the probe: second allele; detecting hybridised probe molecules; increasing the reaction mix to a second temperature above the Tm of the probe: second allele but at or below the Tm of the probe: first allele; and detecting hybridised probe molecules. At the first, lower temperature, probe will be hybridised to both first and second alleles, while at the second higher temperature, probe will be hybridised only to the first allele.
The primers preferably bind at a region outside the region where the probe binds; that is, a first primer binds 3′-wards of the probe target, while a second primer binds 5′-wards of the probe target (bearing in mind that the primers will bind to different strands of the duplex DNA). When the primers undergo strand extension, this is blocked by the bound probe, such that the strand cannot be amplified. In certain embodiments the primers may bind adjacent to the region where the probe binds, or may even overlap with the probe by one, two, three, or more nucleotides, although this is not preferred. Of course, the two primers may overlap with the probe target to different extents; or one may overlap and the other may not. Where the probe and the primer overlap, then the probe may compete with the primer for binding, preferably at the 3′ end of the primer, and prevent extension in this way.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the amplification reaction is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In certain embodiments, the primers may be provided in different concentrations; preferably one of the primers is provided in a rate-limiting amount, and the amplification reaction is asymmetric PCR. In asymmetric PCR, one of the two target DNA strands is preferentially amplified, as the rate-limiting primer is used up so only the other primer is available to begin strand extension. Either the sense or the antisense strand may be the one targeted for preferential amplification; preferably the preferentially amplified strand is the complementary strand to the probe.
The probe may comprise one, two, three, four, five, or more universal bases.
In certain embodiments, the probe may comprise a first nucleic acid sequence being complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence; a second nucleic acid sequence being complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence; and a linker nucleic acid sequence joining the first and second nucleic acid sequences; wherein the linker separates the two first and second sequences such that the melting temperature of the first sequence annealed to the first target nucleic acid sequence and of the second sequence annealed to the second target nucleic acid sequence are discrete.
The presence of the linker region allows the probes to be split into functional elements that have different hybridisation characteristics. Inclusion of these linkers creates ‘bubble’ structures, isolating the elements of the probe from a thermodynamic perspective, to provide regions with different binding characteristics. Further, the presence of the linker nucleic acid sequence allows the whole probe to have the characteristics of a single polynucleotide molecule, but to behave as if composed of separate shorter nucleic acid probes. The linker region may fold to form a loop out when the first and second sequences hybridise to their respective target sequences.
The probe structure allows probing of contiguous regions, where longer probes (for example, a single probe spanning both first and second target regions) would not provide adequate reporting through Tm analysis to differentiate variants. Preferably, therefore, the first and second target nucleic acid sequences are contiguous.
Preferably the linker is a nucleoside linker; more preferably the linker comprises polydeoxyribonucleotides; most preferably the linker comprises or consists of polydeoxyinosine. Deoxyinosine has a low melting temperature relative to natural bases due to weaker hydrogen bonding. Other nucleosides may be used.
Preferably the linker is up to 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 nucleotides in length.
At least one of the first and second nucleic acid sequences is a reporter region. A reporter region includes a labelled moiety; preferably a fluorescent label. This allows detection of the probe in the event of binding to a target sequence, and monitoring of annealing over a temperature range in order to determine the presence of any variant target sequences. The probe preferably does not comprise a quencher moiety, nor is the label intended to be used with a quencher. Suitable labels include FAM, TET, HEX, ROX, TAMRA, Cy3, and Cy5. Other suitable labels will be known to the skilled person. Preferably the label is incorporated on to a T nucleotide, although any suitable nucleotide may be used.
The reporter region is preferably 15-200 nt in length, more preferably 15-150, more preferably still 15-100, or 20-100, 30-80, 40-60, or around 50 nt in length.
The reporter region may further comprise a blocking region; that is, a portion which serves to block extension of the nucleic acid strand by DNA polymerase, so preventing strand extension during, for example, PCR. A polymerase enzyme blocking group is one which should have the functional properties of blocking further elongation of the polymer. A blocking group may be any chemical group which can be attached to a nucleotide which will allow the 5′ end of the modified nucleotide to attach to a 3′ end of another nucleotide in a DNA chain but will not allow attachment of a nucleotide to the 3′hydroxyl group of the modified nucleotide. Suitably, the absence of an OH group in the 3′ position will prevent further elongation by polymerase activity. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocking group is selected from acetyl, CH3, glycyl, leucyl and alanyl groups. In another embodiment, the blocking group may be in the form of a di or tri peptide.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, both the first and second nucleic acid sequences are reporter regions. They may include different labels. Such a probe may be used as a multiplex reporter, allowing detection of target sequences over an extended range with a single probe.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a plurality of oligonucleotide probes may be provided, preferably two. The probes may either or both comprise at least one universal base; preferably both comprise at least one universal base. The probes are preferably selected to hybridise to contiguous portions of the target sequence. This allows a greater effective “read length” of the target without the limitations of having to provide a single long probe. Further, the ability to effectively detect contiguous portions of the target sequence is unexpected, as the skilled person might expect that two adjacent probes may interfere with one another, particularly in the case where chemical modifications (such as extension blockers, or labels) are present on the 3′ and/or 5′ ends of the probes.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, where a plurality of oligonucleotide probes are provided, all (preferably both) are “linker probes” as referred to above; that is, comprising first and second nucleic acid sequences complementary to first and second target sequences, joined by a linker nucleic acid sequence. Such an arrangement provides for detection of variant sequences across a relatively long section of target, and balances size of probe against size of target.
The target sequence may be a portion of a microbial drug resistance gene. In a preferred embodiment, the target sequence is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene, preferably rpoB. This gene is responsible for rifampin resistance. In other embodiments, the target sequence may be a patient's own gene, for example, to determine susceptibility to certain drugs or other treatments, or to diagnose genetic conditions.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an oligonucleotide probe having a first melting temperature (Tm) when hybridised to a first allele of a target sequence, and a second lower Tm when hybridised to a second allele of a target sequence, wherein the probe comprises at least one universal base at a site where variants are not desired to be detected.
Examples of universal bases include 2′-deoxyinosine (hypoxanthine deoxynucleotide) derivatives, nitroazole analogues, and hydrophobic aromatic non-hydrogen-bonding bases. Preferred universal bases for use in the present invention include d-inosine and 5-nitroindole.
The site where variants are not desired to be detected is preferably a residue where mutations are phenotypically silent mutations (for example, typically the third base in a codon where the mutation does not change the expressed amino acid); or it may be a residue where mutations do change the peptide sequence but give rise to conservative replacements which do not alter the properties of the expressed peptide.
In some embodiments, the probe may comprise more than one universal base at a site where variants are not desired to be detected. More than one such sites may also or instead be present in the probe.
Preferably the probe is DNA.
The probe may be labelled. For example, the probe may include a fluorescent or a radioactive label, or may be labelled with a ligand to which a secondary probe may bind. Preferably the probe is labelled with a fluorescent label, and preferably also the label generates a differential signal depending on whether the probe has hybridised to a target strand (that is, the probe is part of a double stranded nucleic acid) or not (the probe is single stranded). A preferred probe is a HyBeacon®, probe (see, for example, Mol Cell Probes. 2002 October; 16(5):319-26, “Ultra-rapid DNA analysis using HyBeacon probes and direct PCR amplification from saliva”, French D J, Archard C L, Andersen M T, McDowell D G).
The probe may comprise one, two, three, four, five, or more universal bases.
In certain embodiments, the probe may comprise a first nucleic acid sequence being complementary to a first target nucleic acid sequence; a second nucleic acid sequence being complementary to a second target nucleic acid sequence; and a linker nucleic acid sequence joining the first and second nucleic acid sequences; wherein the linker separates the two first and second sequences such that the melting temperature of the first sequence annealed to the first target nucleic acid sequence and of the second sequence annealed to the second target nucleic acid sequence are discrete.
Preferably the linker is a nucleoside linker; more preferably the linker comprises polydeoxyribonucleotides; most preferably the linker comprises or consists of polydeoxyinosine. Deoxyinosine has a low melting temperature relative to natural bases due to weaker hydrogen bonding. Other nucleosides may be used.
Preferably the linker is up to 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 nucleotides in length.
At least one of the first and second nucleic acid sequences is a reporter region. A reporter region includes a labelled moiety; preferably a fluorescent label. This allows detection of the probe in the event of binding to a target sequence, and monitoring of annealing over a temperature range in order to determine the presence of any variant target sequences. The probe preferably does not comprise a quencher moiety, nor is the label intended to be used with a quencher. Suitable labels include FAM, TET, HEX, ROX, TAMRA, Cy3, and Cy5. Other suitable labels will be known to the skilled person. Preferably the label is incorporated on to a T nucleotide, although any suitable nucleotide may be used.
The reporter region is preferably 15-200 nt in length, more preferably 15-150, more preferably still 15-100, or 20-100, 30-80, 40-60, or around 50 nt in length.
The reporter region may further comprise a blocking region; that is, a portion which serves to block extension of the nucleic acid strand by DNA polymerase, so preventing strand extension during, for example, PCR. A polymerase enzyme blocking group is one which should have the functional properties of blocking further elongation of the polymer. A blocking group may be any chemical group which can be attached to a nucleotide which will allow the 5′ end of the modified nucleotide to attach to a 3′ end of another nucleotide in a DNA chain but will not allow attachment of a nucleotide to the 3′hydroxyl group of the modified nucleotide. Suitably, the absence of an OH group in the 3′ position will prevent further elongation by polymerase activity. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the blocking group is selected from acetyl, CH3, glycyl, leucyl and alanyl groups. In another embodiment, the blocking group may be in the form of a di or tri peptide.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, both the first and second nucleic acid sequences are reporter regions. They may include different labels. Such a probe may be used as a multiplex reporter, allowing detection of target sequences over an extended range with a single probe.
In certain embodiments of the invention, a plurality of oligonucleotide probes may be provided, preferably two. The probes may either or both comprise at least one universal base; preferably both comprise at least one universal base. The probes are preferably selected to hybridise to contiguous portions of the target sequence. In preferred embodiments of the invention, where a plurality of oligonucleotide probes are provided, all (preferably both) are “linker probes” as referred to above; that is, comprising first and second nucleic acid sequences complementary to first and second target sequences, joined by a linker nucleic acid sequence.
The target sequence may be a portion of a microbial drug resistance gene. In a preferred embodiment, the target sequence is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene, preferably rpoB. This gene is responsible for rifampin resistance. In other embodiments, the target sequence may be a patient's own gene, for example, to determine susceptibility to certain drugs or other treatments, or to diagnose genetic conditions.
In certain embodiments of the invention, the probe may comprise a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 5 to SEQ ID NO 10, or may comprise a modified version of such sequences or a modified version of a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO 1 to SEQ ID NO 4. By “modified version” is meant a sequence which differs by deletion or addition of one, two, or three nucleotides; or by substitution of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight nucleotides (including substitution of standard nucleotides with nonstandard nucleotides, for example universal bases or alternative bases); or both. A modified version may also or instead include a linker sequence of different length and/or composition; an alternative fluorescent label; or an alternative universal base.
A further aspect of the invention provides a plurality of oligonucleotide probes, as described above.
A yet further aspect of the invention provides a kit comprising one or more oligonucleotide probes, as described above, and a primer pair flanking the target nucleic acid site to which the probe(s) hybridise.
Referring first of all to
An example of use of multiplexed reporter probes to detect variants in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB gene is now given. Multi drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is complex. Rifampin is a first line M. tuberculosis medication and is the main target to identify in the field prior to treatment. Rifampin resistant M. tuberculosis have mutations in the 81-bp core region of the rpoB gene, which encodes the β-subunit of RNA polymerase. 96% of Rifampin resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis have mutations in this gene. Mutations in codons 516, 526, or 531 result in high level Rifampin resistance. However, detecting mutations across an 81-bp gene region would typically require multiple conventional probes, several of which would need to overlap, so requiring multiple detection steps.
Using linker probes as described goes some way towards addressing this problem, but still leaves open the issue that some mutations will be phenotypically silent, having no effect on drug resistance. Accordingly, the present invention makes use of linker probes incorporating universal bases in order to prevent detection of such silent mutations, while still being able to detect desired mutations with a high sensitivity.
In order to demonstrate the principles of the present invention, two linker probes were synthesised covering a 90 bp region spanning codons 507-520 and 520-533 of the MTB rpoB gene. Oligonucleotides were made using the cyanoethylphosphoramidite method. The location of the probes against the genomic sequence is shown in
Using unmodified probes having the sequence noted in
The aim of the experiments described herein was to investigate the possibility of suppressing detection of mutations at selected positions. To this end, the universal base 5-nitroindole-CE phosphoramidite (Glen Research;
The sequences of the probes are given in
rpoB (507>520) Linked-Probe (SEQ ID NO 1)—the labelled probe including a linker, fluorescent residues, and a blocker, covering codons 507-520.
rpoB (507>520) (SEQ ID NO 2)—a labelled nucleotide probe spanning codons 507-520, with no linker or blocker.
rpoB (520>533) Linked-Probe (SEQ ID NO 3)—the labelled probe including a linker, fluorescent residues, and a blocker, covering codons 521-533 rpoB (520>533) (SEQ ID NO 4)—a labelled nucleotide probe spanning codons 521-533, with no linker or blocker.
rpoB (507>520)_silent_1 (SEQ ID NO 5)—a labelled probe including a linker, fluorescent residues, and a blocker, with a single silent mutation replaced with 5-nitroindole in each reporter portion of the probe, covering codons 507-520.
rpoB (507>520)_short (SEQ ID NO 6)—a shorter version of rpoB (507>520)_silent_1.
rpoB (520>533)_silence_all (SEQ ID NO 7)—a labelled probe including a linker, fluorescent residues, and a blocker, with four silent mutations replaced with 5-nitroindole in each reporter portion of the probe, covering codons 521-533.
rpoB (507>520)_silence_all (SEQ ID NO 8)—a labelled probe including a linker, fluorescent residues, and a blocker, with all silent mutations replaced with 5-nitroindole in each reporter portion of the probe, covering codons 507-520.
rpoB (507>520)_shortA (SEQ ID NO 9)—a shorter version of rpoB (507>520)_silent_1.
rpoB (507>520)_shortB (SEQ ID NO 10)—a shorter version of rpoB (507>520)_silence_all.
Primers used for PCR amplification of target rpoB sequences from samples are shown below:
Samples containing rpoB were amplified using the primers, and subjected to melt curve analysis with both the rpoB (507>520) Linked Probe probe and the rpoB (520>533) Linked probe (neither include silenced mutation sites). Data shows that single and multiple mutations were detectable as a shift in the melting temperature of the probe (
The reported TM for probe rpoB (520>533) Linked probe in templates where mutations are present in codons 507-520 and therefore not reported by the probe and represented by a peak at 77.5° C.±0.27° C., compared to templates with mutations present in codons 520-533 and therefore represented by a shift in TM with an average TM of 74.8° C.±1.14° C.
Representative melt curves are shown in
The substitution of bases resulting in a wild type phenotype (silent mutations) with 5-nitroindole was shown to cancel the destabilization effect. Both mutations in 507 and 514 shown previously to be silent but detectable with conventional SNP probes were completely neutralized (
Multiple mutations were associated with an increased shift in TM with increasing number of mismatches. Deletions were also detected with a large shift in TM.
The assay was highly sensitive using samples of as few as 100 (top) or 10 (bottom) (
We believe that this set of two Linked-Probes represents a sensitive and state-of-the-art test for RIF-mutation detection and that the methodology is equally applicable to other genomic loci.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1317355.4 | Oct 2013 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2014/052939 | 9/30/2014 | WO | 00 |
