Patent Grant
9862751
The present invention relates to peptides from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). In particular, the invention relates to peptides which comprise a portion of the region 40-60 of MOG which are capable of binding to an MHC molecule and being presented to a T-cell in vitro without antigen processing. The invention also relates to the use of such peptides in the treatment and/or prevention of a disease.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination of nerve axons. MS may cause numerous physical and mental symptoms, and often progresses to both physical and cognitive disability. Disease onset usually occurs in young adults (20-40 yrs), is more common in women, and affects more than 1 million people around the world.
The disease course of MS is varied and may lie dormant or progress steadily over time. Several subtypes of MS have been described based on patterns of progression. A person with MS can suffer almost any neurological symptom or sign, including changes in sensation such as loss of sensitivity or tingling, pricking or numbness (hypoesthesia and paraesthesia), muscle weakness, clonus, muscle spasms, or difficulty in moving; difficulties with coordination and balance (ataxia); problems in speech (dysarthria) or swallowing (dysphagia), visual problems (nystagmus, optic neuritis including phosphenes, or diplopia), fatigue, acute or chronic pain, and bladder and bowel difficulties.
MS is currently believed to be an immune-mediated disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks and damages myelin.
There is no known cure for MS. Several current therapies have proven beneficial in restoring function after an attack (relapse), preventing or reducing the degree or frequency of new attacks (relapses), or preventing or reducing the extent of disability. However, many current MS therapies have been associated with adverse effects or are poorly tolerated. There is thus a need for alternative therapies for MS which are effective at treating MS and at alleviating or reducing the symptoms of MS.
The present inventors have identified a number of peptides derivable from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein which can be presented by fixed antigen presenting cells to T-cells. These peptides may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
In a first aspect, therefore, the present invention provides a peptide which is capable of binding to an MHC molecule in vitro and being presented to a T cell without antigen processing (i.e. an apitope), which comprises a portion of the region 40-60 of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG).
The peptide may comprise a portion of the region 41-59 of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.
The peptide may be selected from the following myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides: MOG 41-55, 43-57, 44-58 and 45-59.
The peptide may be MOG 41-55.
In a second aspect there is provided a peptide according to the first aspect of the invention for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a demyelinating disease.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more peptide(s) according to the first aspect of the invention.
In a fourth aspect the present invention provides a method for treating and/or preventing a demyelinating disease in a subject in need of same which comprises the step of administering a peptide according to the first aspect of the invention to the subject.
In a fifth aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a peptide according to the first aspect of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention and/or treatment of a demyelinating disease.
In connection with the second, fourth and fifth aspects of the invention, the disease may be multiple sclerosis.
In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a peptide.
Peptides
The term “peptide” is used in the normal sense to mean a series of residues, typically L-amino acids, connected one to the other typically by peptide bonds between the α-amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids The term includes modified peptides and synthetic peptide analogues.
A peptide of the present invention is of a length that is capable of binding to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecule in vitro and being presented to a T cell without antigen processing. In other words the peptides are capable of binding directly into the peptide binding groove of the MHC molecule without requiring any trimming at one or both ends.
Peptides that bind to MHC class I molecules are typically 7 to 13, more usually 8 to 10 amino acids in length. The binding of the peptide is stabilised at its two ends by contacts between atoms in the main chain of the peptide and invariant sites in the peptide-binding groove of all MHC class I molecules. There are invariant sites at both ends of the groove which bind the amino and carboxy termini of the peptide. Variations in peptide length are accommodated by a kinking in the peptide backbone, often at proline or glycine residues that allow the required flexibility.
Peptides which bind to MHC class 11 molecules are typically between 8 and 20 amino acids in length, more usually between 10 and 17 amino acids in length. These peptides lie in an extended conformation along the MHC II peptide-binding groove which (unlike the MHC class I peptide-binding groove) is open at both ends. The peptide is held in place mainly by main-chain atom contacts with conserved residues that line the peptide-binding groove.
The peptide of the present invention may be made using chemical methods (Peptide Chemistry, A practical Textbook. Mikos Bodansky, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.). For example, peptides can be synthesized by solid phase techniques (Roberge J Y et al (1995) Science 269: 202-204), cleaved from the resin, and purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton (1983) Proteins Structures And Molecular Principles, WH Freeman and Co, New York N.Y.). Automated synthesis may be achieved, for example, using the ABI 43 1 A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer.
The peptide may alternatively be made by recombinant means, or by cleavage from a longer polypeptide. For example, the peptide may be obtained by cleavage from myelin basic protein. The composition of a peptide may be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edman degradation procedure).
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a type I integral membrane protein possessing a single extracellular Ig variable domain (Ig-V). The amino acid sequence of MOG is highly conserved among animal species (>90%), indicative of an important biological function. MOG is specifically expressed in the CNS on the outermost lamellae of the myelin sheath as well as the cell body and processes of oligodendrocytes.
The sequence of mature MOG (lacking the 29 amino acid signal peptide) is given below (SEQ ID NO: 5).
The peptide of the invention is derivable from region 40-60 of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The peptide may be derivable from a fragment of the antigen which arises by natural processing of the antigen by an antigen presenting cell.
Region 40-60 of MOG has the following sequence:
The peptide may comprise the minimal epitope from the following peptides: MOG 41-55, 43-57, 44-58 and 45-59.
The sequences of MOG 41-55, 43-57, 44-58 and 45-59 are:
The peptide may comprise the minimal epitope from MOG 41-55. The peptide may consist of MOG 41-55.
Apitopes
In an adaptive immune response, T lymphocytes are capable of recognising internal epitopes of a protein antigen. Antigen presenting cells (APC) take up protein antigens and degrade them into short peptide fragments. A peptide may bind to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecule inside the cell and be carried to the cell surface. When presented at the cell surface in conjunction with an MHC molecule, the peptide may be recognised by a T cell (via the T cell receptor (TCR)), in which case the peptide is a T cell epitope.
T cell epitopes play a central role in the adaptive immune response to any antigen, whether self or foreign. The central role played by T cell epitopes in hypersensitivity diseases (which include allergy, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection) has been demonstrated through the use of experimental models. It is possible to induce inflammatory or allergic diseases by injection of synthetic peptides (based on the structure of T cell epitopes) in combination with adjuvant.
By contrast, it has been shown to be possible to induce immunological tolerance towards particular peptide epitopes by administration of peptide epitopes in soluble form. Administration of soluble peptide antigens has been demonstrated as an effective means of inhibiting disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE—a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)) (Metzler and Wraith (1993) Int. Immunol. 5:1159-1165; Liu and Wraith (1995) Int. Immunol. 7:1255-1263; Anderton and Wraith (1998) Eur. J. Immunol. 28:1251-1261); and experimental models of arthritis, diabetes, and uveoretinitis (reviewed in Anderton and Wraith (1998) as above). This has also been demonstrated as a means of treating an ongoing disease in EAE (Anderton and Wraith (1998) as above).
The use of tolerogenic peptides to treat or prevent disease has attracted considerable attention. One reason for this is that it has been shown that certain tolerogenic epitopes can down-regulate responses of T cells for distinct antigens within the same tissue. This phenomenon, known as “bystander suppression” means that it should be possible to induce tolerance to more than one epitope (preferably all epitopes) within a given antigen, and to more than one antigen for a given disease, using a particular tolerogenic peptide (Anderton and Wraith (1998) as above). This would obviate the need to identify all of the pathogenic antigens within a particular disease.
Peptides are also a favourable option for therapy because of their relatively low cost and the fact that peptide analogues can be produced with altered immunological properties. Peptides may thus be modified to alter their interactions with either MHC or TCR.
One possible problem with this approach is that it has been shown that not all peptides which act as T cell epitopes are capable of inducing tolerance. The myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide 89-101 is an immunodominant antigen after immunisation and is also a very effective immunogen both in terms of priming for T cell reactivity and induction of EAE. However, this peptide has been shown to be ineffective at inducing tolerance when administered in solution (Anderton and Wraith (1998), as above).
A number of explanations for the observed hierarchy in the ability of T cell epitopes to induce tolerance have been proposed (reviewed in Anderton and Wraith (1998) as above).
In particular, it has been proposed that there is a correlation between the affinity of the peptide for the MHC and tolerogenicity (Liu and Wraith (1995) as above), but this does not tally with some of the observations. For example, MBP [89-101], which is not tolerogenic, binds to I-AS with relatively high affinity. It is thus not straightforward to predict which peptides will induce tolerance.
The present inventors have shown that if a peptide epitope is of an appropriate size to be presented by immature APC without antigen processing, it can induce immunological tolerance (International patent application number PCT/GB01/03702). The observation that some T cell epitopes are tolerogenic and others are incapable of inducing tolerance can therefore be explained by the fact that some epitopes require antigen processing before they are capable of being presented by an MHC molecule. These epitopes which require further processing do not induce tolerance when administered in a soluble form, despite their capacity to induce disease when injected in combination with adjuvant.
The epitopes which do not require further processing are capable of inducing tolerance, and have been termed “apitopes” (Antigen Processing Independent epiTOPES) by the inventors.
Antigen Processing Independent Presentation Systems (APIPS)
The peptides of the present invention are capable of binding to an MHC molecule in vitro and being presented to a T cell without antigen processing.
It is possible to test whether a peptide is capable of binding to an MHC molecule without antigen processing using a “processing free” system. Such a system should be capable of presenting antigen via MHC molecules to T cells, but incapable of processing antigen. Thus peptides may be tested for their capacity to bind to an MHC molecule in vitro and being presented to a T cell without antigen processing using an antigen processing independent presentation system (APIPS).
Examples of APIPS include:
a) fixed APC (with or without antibodies to CD28);
b) Lipid membranes containing Class I or II MHC molecules (with or without antibodies to CD28); and
c) purified natural or recombinant MHC in plate-bound form (with or without antibodies to CD28).
It is known to use fixed APC to investigate T cell responses, for example in studies to investigate the minimal epitope within a polypeptide, by measuring the response to truncated peptides (Fairchild et al (1996) Int. Immunol. 8:1035-1043). APC may be fixed using, for example formaldehyde (usually paraformaldehyde) or glutaraldehyde.
Lipid membranes (which may be planar membranes or liposomes) may be prepared using artificial lipids or may be plasma membrane/microsomal fractions from APC.
In use, the APIPS may be applied to the wells of a tissue culture plate. Peptide antigens are then added and binding of the peptide to the MHC portion of the AMPS is detected by addition of selected T cell lines or clones. Activation of the T cell line or clone may be measured by any of the methods known in the art, for example via 3H-thymidine incorporation or cytokine secretion.
If a peptide is capable of being presented to a T cell by an APIPS, then it is capable of binding to the MHC molecule without antigen processing, and is an apitope.
Tolerance
The peptides of the present invention are capable of inducing tolerance to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG).
As used herein, the term “tolerogenic” means capable of inducing tolerance.
Tolerance is the failure to respond to an antigen. Tolerance to self antigens is an essential feature of the immune system, when this is lost, autoimmune disease can result. The adaptive immune system must maintain the capacity to respond to an enormous variety of infectious agents while avoiding autoimmune attack of the self antigens contained within its own tissues. This is controlled to a large extent by the sensitivity of immature T lymphocytes to apoptotic cell death in the thymus (central tolerance). However, not all self antigens are detected in the thymus, so death of self-reactive thymocytes remains incomplete. There are thus also mechanisms by which tolerance may be acquired by mature self-reactive T lymphocytes in the peripheral tissues (peripheral tolerance). A review of the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance is given in Anderton et al (1999) (Immunological Reviews 169:123-137).
Tolerance may result from or be characterised by the induction of anergy in at least a portion of CD4+ T cells. In order to activate a T cell, a peptide must associate with a “professional” APC capable of delivering two signals to T cells. The first signal (signal 1) is delivered by the MHC-peptide complex on the cell surface of the APC and is received by the T cell via the TCR. The second signal (signal 2) is delivered by costimulatory molecules on the surface of the APC, such as CD80 and CD86, and received by CD28 on the surface of the T cell. It is thought that when a T cell receives signal 1 in the absence of signal 2, it is not activated and, in fact, becomes anergic. Anergic T cells are refractory to subsequent antigenic challenge, and may be capable of suppressing other immune responses. Anergic T cells are thought to be involved in mediating T cell tolerance.
Peptides which require processing before they can be presented in conjunction with MHC molecules do not induce tolerance because they have to be handled by mature antigen presenting cells. Mature antigen presenting cells (such as macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells) are capable of antigen processing, but also of delivering both signals 1 and 2 to a T cell, leading to T cell activation. Apitopes, on the other hand, will be able to bind class II MHC on immature APC. Thus they will be presented to T cells without costimulation, leading to T cell anergy and tolerance.
Of course, apitopes are also capable of binding to MHC molecules at the cell surface of mature APC. However, the immune system contains a greater abundance of immature than mature APC (it has been suggested that less than 10% of dendritic cells are activated, Summers et al. (2001) Am. J. Pathol. 159: 285-295). The default position to an apitope will therefore be anergy/tolerance, rather than activation.
It has been shown that, when tolerance is induced by peptide inhalation, the capacity of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells to proliferate is reduced. Also, the production of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 production by these cells is down-regulated, but production of IL-10 is increased. Neutralisation of IL-10 in mice in a state of peptide-induced tolerance has been shown to restore completely susceptibility to disease. It has been proposed that a population of regulatory cells persist in the tolerant state which produce IL-10 and mediate immune regulation (Burkhart et al (1999) Int. Immunol. 11:1625-1634).
The induction of tolerance can therefore be monitored by various techniques including:
(a) reduced susceptibility to contract the disease for which the peptide is a target epitope in vivo;
(b) the induction of anergy in CD4+ T cells (which can be detected by subsequent challenge with antigen in vitro);
(c) changes in the CD4+ T cell population, including
The peptide of the invention may be used in the treatment and/or prevention of a disease.
The disease may be a demyelinating diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy, vanishing white matter disease, or multiple sclerosis (MS).
The peptides of the present invention are particularly useful in the treatment and/or prevention of multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by multiple demyelinating lesions disseminated throughout the CNS white matter and occurring at various sites and times (McFarlin and McFarland, 1982 New England J. Medicine 307:1183-1188 and 1246-1251). MS is thought to be mediated by autoreactive T cells.
Pharmaceutical Composition
In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more peptide(s) of the first aspect of the invention.
The present inventors predict that, despite “bystander suppression” it may be necessary to target a number of different T cell clones in order to induce tolerance effectively. Hence a plurality of peptides may be administered to an individual in order to prevent or treat a disease.
The pharmaceutical composition may, for example comprise between 1 and 20 apitopes, for example 1 to 15, 2 to 8 or 4 to 6 apitopes.
Where there are two or more apitopes, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a kit, in which some or each of the apitopes are provided separately for simultaneous, separate or sequential administration.
Alternatively (or in addition) if the pharmaceutical composition (or any part thereof) is to be administered in multiple doses, each dose may be packaged separately.
The pharmaceutical composition may comprise a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the or each apitope and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
Also, in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, the or each apitope may be admixed with any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), or solubilising agent(s).
Administration
The peptide may be administered in soluble form in the absence of adjuvant.
The peptide may be administered by a mucosal route.
Studies have shown that peptide, when given in soluble form intraperitoneally (i.p.), intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) or orally can induce T cell tolerance (Anderton and Wraith (1998) as above; Liu and Wraith (1995) as above; Metzler and Wraith (1999) Immunology 97:257-263).
The peptide may be administered intranasally.
Studies in mice have demonstrated that the duration of peptide administration required to induce tolerance depends on the precursor frequency of T cells in the recipient (Burkhart et al (1999) as above). In many experimental studies, it has been shown that repeated doses of peptide are required to induce tolerance (Burkhart et al (1999) as above). The exact dose and number of doses of peptide will therefore depend on the individual, however, in a preferred embodiment a plurality of doses is administered.
If a plurality of peptides is administered simultaneously, they may be in the form of a “cocktail” which is suitable for administration in single or multiple doses. Alternatively it may be preferable to give multiple doses but vary the relative concentrations of the peptides between doses.
In a preferred embodiment a “dose escalation” protocol may be followed, where a plurality of doses is given to the patient in ascending concentrations. Such an approach has been used, for example, for phospholipase A2 peptides in immunotherapeutic applications against bee venom allergy (Müller et al (1998) J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 101:747-754 and Akdis et al (1998) J. Clin. Invest. 102:98-106).
The following examples serve to illustrate the present invention, but should not be construed as a limitation thereof. The invention particularly relates to the specific embodiments described in these examples
Materials and Methods
Antigens
A nucleic acid sequence encoding the 125-amino acid N-terminal portion of human MOG, which represents the extracellular domain, was cloned into a bacterial expression vector (pET system). This recombinant human MOG extracellular domain (rhMOGED) was expressed in a bacterial system as a fusion protein with a His tag on the C-terminus.
A panel of 15-mer overlapping peptides spanning rhMOGED was synthesized using standard F-moc chemistry. The 15mers peptides were displaced by 5aa and overlapping by 10aa.
Generation of T Cell Clones
MOG-specific hybridoma T cell clones were generated by immunisation of DR2+ mice. DR2+ mice were immunised with either a pool of MOG overlapping peptides or rhMOGED in complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA). After 10 days, the spleen and draining lymph nodes were removed, CD4+ T cells were purified and restimulated with antigen/CFA in vitro. A week later. T cells were restimulated in vitro with antigen to increase the number of activated antigen-specific cells.
After 3 days, activated T cells were fused with the thymoma cell line BW 5147. Hybridoma clones were then selected using HAT selection medium and screened for peptide specificity by IL-2 ELISA.
Proliferation Assay
Live or p-formaldehyde fixed Mgar (HLA-DR2+ve) cells were incubated with peptides in serum or in serum alone, together with T cells for 48 hours. The T cell proliferative response was measured by IL-2 production.
Results
The response of various MOG-specific hybridoma clones to presentation of nested MOG peptides is shown in
The sequences of these peptides are given in Table 1.
In order to determine whether the peptides identified as apitopes are capable of inducing tolerance to antigen, an ex vivo study was performed. HLA-DR2 transgenic mice were immunised with either 100 μg ROK5 (MOG 41-55), 100 μg MOG 35-55 or PBS on days −8, −4 and −2. On day 0, mice were challenged with 100 μg MOG 35-55 by injection in the tail base in combination with CFA.
On day 10, splenocytes and draining lymph nodes were harvested and their respective cell populations isolated and a recall proliferation assay was set up with MOG 35-55. Cells from individual mice were treated separately and data is plotted separately in
Stimulation index (compared to proliferation with no antigen) was calculated for each condition.
As shown in
The effect of ROK5 pre-treatment on various cytokine profiles was also investigated. As shown in
EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) is a widely studied model of MS, and can be induced in a wide range of genetically susceptible laboratory animal species (including rodents and primates) by immunization with myelin or myelin components (including MOG) in strong adjuvants.
To test the capacity of ROK5 to prevent MOG-induced EAE in HLA-DR2 transgenic mice, the disease model was established in this strain of mice. To induce the disease, the encephalitogenic MOG peptide, mouse MOG 35-55 (mMOG35-55) was used. Then, ROK5 was tested in EAE prevention experiments as follows:
Experiment 1: with 3 ROK5 dose pre-treatments, followed by immunisation with mMOG35-55.
Experiment 2: with 5 ROK5 dose pre-treatments, followed by immunisation with mMOG35-55.
In each experiment, 10 mice were used per group.
Human and mouse MOG differ by an amino-acid substitution in position 42, substitution of a proline for a serine. Both MOG35-55 peptides are immunogenic, but the mouse MOG35-55 is more encephalitogenic, therefore mouse MOG35-55 was chosen to induce EAE in the model.
In vivo EAE prevention protocols are described in
MOG-Induced EAE Model:
Two groups of DR2 transgenic mice were setup, at day zero, animals (n=7) in group “100 μg” received 100 μg mMOG35-55 in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (100 μl s.c., base of the tail injection), animals (n=8) in group “200 μg” received 200 μg mMOG35-55 in CFA. At day zero and day 2, all animals received an injection of Pertussis toxin (200 ng in PBS, i.p.). Every day, clinical EAE was scored and animal body weight measured.
As shown in
ROK5 EAE Prevention Experiments:
On this basis, the ability of ROK5 to prevent MOG-induced EAE was tested.
A/First Experiment
A first experiment was performed where animals were pretreated 3 times (3 days apart) with either mouse ROK5, human ROK5 or PBS, 100 μg in 100 μl in CFA (s.c. injection in the flank), then all animals were immunised with 200 μg mMOG35-55 in CFA (s.c. injection at the base of the tail) and with 200 ng Pertussis toxin (200 ng in PBS, i.p.) at day zero and day 2.
Every day, clinical EAE was scored and animal body weight measured.
As shown in
B/Second Experiment
A second experiment was performed where animals were pretreated 5 times (3 days apart) with either human ROK5 or PBS, 100 μg in 100 μl in CFA (s.c. injection in the flank), then all animals were immunised with 200 μg mMOG35-55 in CFA (s.c. injection at the base of the tail) and with 200 ng Pertussis toxin (200 ng in PBS, i.p.) at day zero and day 2. Every day, clinical EAE was scored.
In Experiment 2 (
As a conclusion, Human ROK5 apitope was able to reduce disease severity in both EAE experiments.
Various modifications and variations of the described methods and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in chemistry or molecular biology or related fields are intended to be covered by the present invention. All publications mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150353616 A1 | Dec 2015 | US |
