Near field transducer with high refractive index pin for heat assisted magnetic recording

Abstract

An HAMR NFT pin and main body structure comprising a pin material with high index of refraction and low absorption coefficient is disclosed. The disclosed NFT pin provides a comparable media absorption efficiency to the conventional Au pin while improving on overall NFT reliability. The protrusion of the NFT pin is reduced and overall life of the writer is prolonged. The main body may comprise any noble metal or metal alloy suitable for achieving optical resonance in an HAMR NFT. The cladding material may be selected such that its coefficient of thermal expansion closely matches the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pin material.

Description

BACKGROUND

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) writers have been developed to meet the growing demand for improved magnetic disk drive data capacity. HAMR writers heat high-stability magnetic compounds to apply changes in magnetic orientation. These materials can store bits in a much smaller areas without being limited by the superparamagnetic effect. In this regard, HAMR writers are a promising solution for pushing the data areal density of a hard disk to 1 Tbit/in² and beyond.

One of the critical components of the HAMR is the Near-Field Transducer (NFT) which comprises an NFT pin and an NFT main body. The NFT focuses incoming light to a nano-sized highly concentrated optical spot and delivers enough energy through the NFT pin to the media to achieve HAMR writing. The NFT couples the light from a waveguide (WG) to a resonator (the main body portion), where the light wave excites a surface plasmon wave and becomes resonant. A node of the resonant light wave is aligned with the pin by turning the polarization of the NFT, for example, by adjusting two arms of the waveguide.

FIG. 1 illustrates the temperature distribution within the conventional NFT 100. A quadruple pole resonance is observed. Because the pin 101 takes the role to focus the resonant wave energy, it is the highest temperature component of the already hot NFT 100. In the conventional NFT 100, the temperature difference between the NFT pin 101 and NFT main body 102 can be as high as 100 K. The conventional NFT comprises a noble metal or metal alloy in the resonator portion (main body) 102 and pin portion 101. Generally, gold (Au) or silver (Ag) are used. A noble metal is one of the few known options for achieving optical resonance in the visible light range. However, noble metals such as gold have a high thermal conductivity. The very high temperature of the conventional NFT noble metal pin 101, in addition to reducing its life span, causes other problems.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the conventional NFT pin 101 significantly protrudes because of the high mismatch between the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the pin 101 and the surrounding cladding material. The conventional NFT pin with Au-pin and SiO2 cladding material, for example, typically has a CTE of 14.2 ppm/K for the Au pin and a CTE of 0.8 ppm/K for the surrounding SiO2 cladding material. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image 200 illustrates one example view of the protrusion. Atomic force microscope (AFM) image 210 illustrates another view of the protrusion. This protrusion can be as high as 10 nm. The protruding pin may break the thin layer of carbon overcoat (˜1-2 nm) on the ABS plane protecting the slider. This leads to burnishing of the magnetic writer against the media and significantly shortens the pin's lifespan. Eventually, the head-disk-interface is spoiled, and the driver loses function. Accordingly, it is desirable to manufacture an HAMR with NFT that does not exhibit this property.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present application is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a thermal model illustrating the typical temperature distribution within the conventional NFT.

FIG. 2 includes SEM and AFM images illustrating the conventional NFT pin protrusion during heating.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate an exemplary HAMR head that may be manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate three exemplary implementations of an NFT structure.

FIG. 5A is a thermal model illustrating the normalized media absorption efficiency with respect to the NFT with an Au pin.

FIG. 5B is a thermal model illustrating the normalized NFT absorption efficiency with respect to the counterpart of the NFT with Au pin.

FIG. 5C is a thermal model illustrating the cross track full width half maximum spot size in the middle of the recording layer of a recording media.

FIG. 5D is a thermal model illustrating the down track full width half maximum spot size in the middle of the recording layer of a recording media.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate exemplary implementations of an NFT comprising an amorphous silicon pin and gold or gold alloy main body.

FIGS. 7A-7B are thermal models illustrating a two-dimensional temperature footprint in the recording layer of media when using high n materials.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiment of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that these specific details need not be employed to practice various embodiments of the present disclosure. In other instances, well known components or methods have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various embodiments of the present disclosure.

In accordance with the present disclosure, an HAMR NFT with a high refractive index and low absorption coefficient pin material is disclosed. In some embodiments, the NFT main body, which serves as a resonator, comprises Au, an Au Alloy, or other noble metal. In some embodiments, the CTE of the pin's surrounding cladding material may be matched to the pin's CTE. The disclosed HAMR NFT provides the benefit of a more optically, thermally, and mechanically reliable NFT with stable performance and prolonged lifetime in comparison to the conventional NFT.

FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary HAMR head 300 that may be manufactured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. HAMR head 300 may comprise a waveguide 312, a pole 314, a near-field transducer (NFT) 316, a grating 320, and a light (e.g. laser) spot 322 on the grating 320. FIG. 3B is a top view of NFT 316. NFT 316 includes a main body portion 316B and a pin portion 316A. Main body portion 316B may be shaped as a circle, a square, or another shape. The light or light energy from light spot 322 on grating 320 is coupled to waveguide 312, which guides the light energy to NFT 316 near air-bearing surface (ABS) 315. The main body portion of NFT 316 collects light energy from waveguide 312 and radiates it through the pin to media 330 on spot 332 to elevate the temperature of media 330 and reduce coercivity and change the magnetization of the media. HAMR 300 may then write data to the heated region of recording media 330 by energizing pole 314.

In some embodiments, the main body of the NFT structure may be modified to protect the NFT main body. FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate three exemplary alternative embodiments. In FIG. 4A, NFT 400 comprises a noble metal or alloy 401 (e.g. Au) that encases a central part 402 of the NFT. The noble metal 401 becomes a ring surrounding the main body to sustain the resonance wave. In FIG. 4B, a high n (n referring to the optical index of refraction of the material) main body and high n pin (together 411) are manufactured on top of a noble metal or alloy (e.g. Au) main body 412 to create NFT structure 410. In this embodiment, the energy is delivered through the high n pin of 411. This provides the benefit of encapsulating the noble metal main body, thereby eliminating the risk of the pin's protrusion. In FIG. 4C, NFT 420 comprises a high n disk 421 encapsulating a noble metal or alloy main body 422. In this embodiment, the resonant energy inside the main body 422 is delivered to the media by autofocusing.

Pin 316A materials that maintain desired NFT performance may be identified by mapping the material refractive index (n) and absorption coefficient (k) versus the media absorption efficiency. FIGS. 5A-5D are thermal models illustrating (A) the normalized media 330 absorption efficiency with respect to the NFT with Au pin; (B) the normalized NFT 316 absorption efficiency with respect to the counterpart of the NFT with Au pin; (C) the CT-FWHM (cross track full width half maximum) spot size (nm) in the middle of the recording layer of media 330; and (D) the DT-FWHM (down track full width half maximum) spot size (nm) in the middle of the recording layer of media 330.

As illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5D besides the low n high k materials (e.g. Au) used in the conventional NFT, high n low k materials (e.g., amorphous silicon, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, indium tin oxide) exhibit desirable performance properties such as high media absorption efficiency, high NFT absorption efficiency, and smaller FWHM spot sizes. These thermal models illustrate that the temperature field intensity is better confined (concentrated at the center) in the recording layer of media 330 in the n=4, k=0 case versus the conventional Au pin case. This provides the benefit of removing the uncertainty associated with Magnetic Thermal Offset (MTO), thereby improving the writing performance of the HAMR writer.

Table 1A, below, illustrates an exemplary list of various high n, low k materials (in addition to Au) that may be used to manufacture an NFT pin 316A in various embodiments of the present disclosure. The CTE of the materials is listed as well. Table 1B, below, illustrates two example materials (SiO2 and Ta2O5) that may be used as the surrounding cladding materials for the pin materials of Table 1A.

TABLE 1A
Pin Material
Pin		N @	k @	CTE
Material	Full Name	830 nm	830 nm	(ppm/k)	remarks
Ge	Germanium	4.65	0.29	6
Si	Silicon	3.67	0.005	2.6
a-Si	Amorphous	4.06	0.023	4.8
	silicon
GaAs	Gallium	3.67	0.08	3.5
	arsenide
AlSb	Aluminium	3.54	0.0002	4.2
	antimonide
AlAs	Aluminium	2.99	0	5.2
	arsenide
ITO	Indium tin	2.45	0	7.2	Indium-
	oxide				Tin-Oxide
TiO2	Titanium	2.577	0	7.14
	dioxide
TeO2	Tellurium	2.256	0	19.0/6.0	anisotropic
	dioxide
InP	Indium	3.369	0
	phosphide
GaN	Gallium	2.35	0	5.5
	nitride
ZrO2	Zirconium	2.206	0	4.7/13.7	anisotropic
	dioxide
AIN	Aluminum	2.137	0	4
	nitride
Au	Gold	0.2	5.4	14.2

TABLE 1B
Cladding Material
Cladding		N @	k @	CTE
Material	Full Name	830 nm	830 nm	(ppm/K)
SiO2	Silicon dioxide	1.45	0	0.8
Ta205	Tantalum pentoxide	2.1	0	5.4

The conventional NFT comprises an Au pin and SiO2 cladding material. As shown in Tables 1A-1B, the CTE mismatch in the conventional NFT is greater than a factor of 15 (14.2 versus 0.8 CTE). In accordance with embodiments the present disclosure, the NFT pin is manufactured using any suitable high n and low k material. For example, in some embodiments the index of refraction of the pin material is greater than 2 and the absorption coefficient of the pin material is less than 1. In one specific embodiment, amorphous silicon is used as the pin material. In another embodiment, Gallium arsenide may be used as the pin material. In yet another embodiment, germanium may be used as the pin material.

In some embodiments, the cladding material may be chosen such that its CTE closely matches the CTE of the pin material. In some embodiments, the coefficient of thermal expansion of the pin material is less than ten times the coefficient of thermal expansion of a cladding material surrounding the pin. For example, in one embodiment Ta2O5 (CTE 5.4) is used as a cladding material for pin material comprising a-Si (CTE of 4.8). In one embodiment, the noble metal of the disk is gold and the pin material is at least one of the group comprising Si, a-Si, Ge, AZO, and GZO. In one embodiment the cladding material is Ta2O5. In further embodiments, the pin material and cladding material may be selected such that they have approximately the same CTE.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate three exemplary implementations of an NFT comprising an amorphous silicon (a-Si) pin (602, 612, or 622) and gold or gold alloy main body (601, 611, or 621). In these embodiments, the NFT comprises a diffusion barrier between the a-Si pin material and the gold or gold alloy main body. NFT 600 is patterned on a narrow wedge bar, thereby creating pin 602 with width 603. In one embodiment, the width 603 is between 70 and 120 nm. In one specific embodiment, the width 603 is approximately 90 nm. NFT 610 is patterned on a medium width wedge bar, thereby creating pin 612 with width 613. In one embodiment, the width 613 is between 150 and 250 nm. In one exemplary embodiment, the width 613 is approximately 180 nm. NFT 620 is patterned on a wide wedge bar, thereby creating pin 622 with width 623. In one embodiment, the width 623 is greater than 550 nm. In one specific embodiment, the width 623 is 800 nm. In one embodiment, main body 601, 611, or 621 is a disk. In one implementation of this embodiment, the diameter of the disk is approximately 230 nm.

FIGS. 7A-7B are thermal models illustrating a two-dimensional temperature footprint in the recording layer of media 330 for the n=2, K=4.8 (700) and n=4, K=4.8 (710) cases. In these example models, the width of the modeled physical pin is 40 nm. The cross track isotherm footprint for the n=4, K=4.8 case is approximately 50 nm at 625K. This is less than the 75 nm footprint for the Au or Au alloy baseline case.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific exemplary features thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the disclosure. The specification and figures are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Claims

1. A heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) head, comprising: at least one waveguide; anda near-field transducer (NFT) comprising: a main body;a pin, wherein the pin comprises a pin material with a high index of optical refraction and a low thermal absorption coefficient; anda cladding material surrounding the pin materialwherein the index of optical refraction is greater than 2 and wherein the absorption coefficient is less than 1;wherein the pin material comprises at least one of: Ge, Si, a-Si, GaAs, AlSb, AZO, GZO, GaP, AlAs, ITO, TiO2, TeO2, GaN, ZrO2, and AlN;wherein the main body comprises gold or a gold alloy;wherein the NFT comprises a second main body, wherein the second main body comprises a material with a high index of optical refraction, and wherein the second main body and the pin are manufactured on top of the gold or gold alloy main body.

2. The HAMR head of claim 1, wherein the pin material's coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding material's coefficient of thermal expansion are within a factor of 10.

3. The HAMR head of claim 2, wherein the pin material's coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding material's coefficient of thermal expansion are within a factor of 4.

4. The HAMR head of claim 3, wherein the pin material's coefficient of thermal expansion and the cladding material's coefficient of thermal expansion are approximately the same.

5. The HAMR head of claim 1, wherein the cladding material comprises at least one of SiO2 or Ta2O5.

6. The HAMR head of claim 5, wherein the index of optical refraction is greater than 3.4.

7. The HAMR head of claim 5, wherein the pin material comprises a-Si and the cladding material comprises Ta2O5.

8. The HAMR head of claim 1, wherein a central part of the main body comprises a material with a high index of optical refraction.

9. The HAMR head of claim 1, wherein the pin encapsulates the main body.

10. A heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) head, comprising: at least one waveguide; anda near-field transducer (NFT) comprising: a main body;a pin, wherein the pin comprises a pin material with a high index of optical refraction and a low thermal absorption coefficient; anda cladding material surrounding the in materialwherein the index of optical refraction is greater than 2 and wherein the absorption coefficient is less than 1;wherein the pin material comprises at least one of: Ge, Si, a-Si, GaAs, AlSb, AZO, GZO, GaP, AlAs, ITO, TiO2, TeO2, GaN, ZrO2, and AlN;wherein the main body comprises gold or a gold alloy;wherein the pin material comprises a-Si, and wherein the NFT comprises a diffusion barrier between the a-Si pin material and the gold or gold alloy main body.

11. A hard disk drive, comprising: a rotatable disk having a disk surface;a disk drive base;a spindle motor attached to the disk drive base and configured to support the disk for rotating the disk with respect to the disk drive base surface; andan HAMR head, comprising: at least one waveguide; anda near-field transducer (NFT) comprising: a main body;a pin, wherein the pin comprises a pin material with a high index of optical refraction and a low thermal absorption coefficient; anda second main body comprising a material with a high index of optical refraction, wherein the second main body and the pin are manufactured on top of the main body.

12. The hard disk drive of claim 11, wherein the pin material comprises at least one of Ge, Si, a-Si, GaAs, AlSb, AZO, GZO, GaP, AlAs, ITO, TiO2, TeO2, GaN, ZrO2, or AlN.

13. A near-field transducer (NFT) comprising: a main body; anda pin, wherein the pin comprises a pin material with a high index of optical refraction and a low thermal absorption coefficient; anda second main body comprising a material with a high index of optical refraction, wherein the second main body and the pin are manufactured on top of the main body.

14. The NFT of claim 13, wherein the pin material comprises at least one of Ge, Si, a-Si, GaAs, AlSb, AZO, GZO, GaP, AlAs, ITO, TiO2, TeO2, GaN, ZrO2, or AlN.