Network adaptor configured for connection establishment offload

Abstract

Coupling circuitry (such as an intelligent network adaptor) couples a network to a host. The host is executing an operating system and is configured for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network using at least one stateful connection to a peer according to a connection-oriented protocol. Indications of attempts to establish stateful connections with a host are received. The coupling circuitry processes each of the received indications by attempting to establish a stateful connection to a peer indicated by that connection establishment attempt indication such that, for a genuine attempt by a peer to establish a stateful connection with the host, the coupling circuitry interoperates with the peer to perform establishment-phase protocol processing of the attempted stateful connection. For each of the established stateful connections, the coupling circuitry operates to cause a state of that established stateful connection to be provided from the coupling circuitry to the host, wherein the operating system of the host handles data transfer phase protocol processing of that established stateful connection.

Description

BACKGROUND

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are attempts to deny service of a target computer to legitimate users attempting to access the target computer via a network. In one form, a DoS attack is such that the target computer is forced to expend resources on activities related to the attack. As a result, during the attack, the target computer does not have resources available to provide service to the legitimate users.

One type of DoS attack of this form is a SYN flood attack. During a SYN flood attack, illegitimate TCP/SYN packets (i.e., ones for which there is no intention to initiate a TCP connection) are sent to the target computer. The target computer, handling the illegitimate TCP/SYN packets as legitimate, needlessly consumes resources in responding to the illegitimate TCP/SYN packets with a TCP/SYN-ACK (acknowledgement) packet. Perhaps even worse, the target computer allocates and ties up resources while waiting for details of the “connection”—such details never come. Furthermore, using viruses or other malware, multiple computers on a network such as the internet may be compromised to cause all the computers to simultaneously attack the target computer. Such attacks are known as distributed attacks.

There have been attempts to respond to DoS attacks. For example, SYN cookies may be utilized such that resources of the target computer are not allocated until the sender of the TCP/SYN request, responds with an TCP/ACK to the TCP/SYN+ACK, or even not until the first data carrying packet is received from the peer. The SYN cookies approach requires a modification to the TCP protocol and handling by the target computer.

In some systems, firewalls are employed to distinguish between good traffic and attack traffic. The firewalls confirm that the TCP connections are valid and then proxy packets of the confirmed connection on to the intended destination endpoint. Such firewalls can be effective against DoS attacks. However, resources are utilized during the data transfer phase to handle the overhead of proxying packets of the confirmed connections on to the intended destination.

Even legitimate TCP/SYN packets (i.e., TCP/SYN packets from legitimate peers legitimately intending to initiate a TCP connection), if numerous enough, can bog down a host computer such that, for example, the host computer cannot perform other functions such as communicating on already established connections.

SUMMARY

In accordance with an aspect, coupling circuitry (such as an intelligent network adaptor) couples a network to a host. The host is executing an operating system, and the host is further configured for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network using at least one stateful connection between the host and the at least one peer according to a connection-oriented protocol.

The coupling circuitry receives indications of attempts to establish stateful connections with a host according to the connection-oriented protocol. The coupling processes each of the received indications by attempting to establish a stateful connection to a peer indicated by that connection establishment attempt indication such that, for a genuine attempt by a peer to establish a stateful connection with the host, the coupling circuitry interoperates with the peer to perform establishment-phase protocol processing of the attempted stateful connection between the peer and the host according to the connection-oriented protocol.

For each of the established stateful connections, the coupling circuitry operates to cause a state of that established stateful connection to be provided from the coupling circuitry to the host, wherein the operating system of the host handles data transfer phase protocol processing of that established stateful connection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an architecture of a system in which setup activities of a host with respect to stateful connections (such as using the TCP/IP protocol) are offloaded to offload circuitry such as to a network interface card.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing in the network adaptor of the FIG. 1 architecture.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates, in slightly greater detail than that illustrated in FIG. 1, the interface between the network adaptor and the OS of the host system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have realized that offloading the connection setup requests to an intelligent adapter can be used to increase the connection rate of the hosts. Conventional software implementation of TCP/IP protocol stacks cannot handle incoming SYN packets at line rate. In one example, a host executing software can handle five million incoming SYN requests when connected to 10 Gbps Ethernet, but an intelligent adapter can handle up to 16 million requests, therefore greatly increasing the likelihood that a DoS attack will not be successful. In accordance with an inventive aspect, connection setup activities of a host with respect to stateful connections (such as using the TCP/IP protocol) are offloaded to offload circuitry such as to a network interface card. The offload circuitry handles connection setup activities such that resources of the host are not allocated until the connection is set up. The connection is transferred to the host by providing, from the offload circuitry to the host, data indicative of the connection state such that the host can handle the protocol processing of the data transfer phase of the established stateful connection.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an architecture of a system in accordance with this aspect. Referring to FIG. 1, a peer 102 is configured to provide a legitimate TCP/SYN packet 104, via a network 106 (such as the internet) in an attempt to establish a connection with the host 106. Network adaptor circuitry 108 (e.g., such as a network interface controller card) associated with the host 106 receives the legitimate TCP/SYN packet 104 and attempts (indicated by reference numeral 110) to establish a TCP/IP connection with the peer 102. Thus, for example, the attempt 110 may comprise engaging in connection setup activities with the peer according to the TCP/IP protocol.

In the case where a TCP/SYN packet is legitimate (e.g., the TCP/SYN packet 104), the connection setup activities result, in the network adaptor 108, in data 112 characterizing the established connection. The connection is then “transferred” to a protocol stack of an operating system 118 being executed by the host 106. In one example, the data 112 characterizing the established connection is copied from memory of the network adaptor 108 to memory associated with the operating system 118 being executed by the host. In another example, the operating system 118 accesses the data 112 in a memory that is shared between the operating system 118 and the network adaptor 108 or is otherwise accessible to the operating system 118. The operating system 118 handles data transfer phase protocol processing of the established connection.

Even the case where the TCP/SYN packet is not legitimate (e.g., the illegitimate TCP/SYN packets 120), the network adaptor circuitry 108 associated with the host 106 attempts (again indicated by reference numeral 110) to establish a TCP/IP connection with the nominal peer, which is the peer indicated in the received illegitimate TCP/SYN packet. Thus, for example, the attempt 110 may in this case comprise attempting to engage in connection setup activities with the nominal peer according to the TCP/IP protocol. A connection will not be established based on a received illegitimate TCP/SYN packet and, thus, resources of the operating system 118 will not be implicated in dealing with illegitimate TCP/SYN packets.

Another type of attack may include illegitimate TCP/SYN+ACK packets being sent. In this case, where the network adaptor circuit 108 has no knowledge of a corresponding TCP/SYN packet that should have preceded a received illegitimate TCP/SYN+ACK packet, there will be no or minimal corresponding processing in the network adaptor 108 and, perhaps more significantly, resources of the OS 118 will not be implicated in processing (or otherwise resulting from) the illegitimate TCP/SYN+ACK packets.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating processing in a network adaptor in accordance with an inventive aspect. At step 202, a TCP/SYN packet is received. At step 204, the received TCP/SYN packet is processed in an attempt to establish a TCP connection based on the received TCP/SYN packet. At step 206, it is determined if a connection has been successfully established. For example, there may be a wait time between steps 204 and 206 or within the processing of step 204. Based on a determination that a connection has not been successfully established, the processing in FIG. 2 ends. Based on a determination that a connection has been successfully established, at step 208, the connection state information for the established connection is caused to be provided to a protocol processing stack (e.g., of a host operating system). In this way, the host need not be involved with the illegitimate connection attempts and, even for legitimate connection attempts, the connection rate can be increased by offloading the connection setup.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates, in slightly greater detail than that illustrated in FIG. 1, the interface between the network adaptor 306 and the OS 312 of the host system 302. In particular, referring to FIG. 3, the network adaptor 308 includes memory in which data of the state of an established connection is stored. The network adaptor 306 communicates with a driver 314 of the operating system 312 via a message passing protocol 316. The operating system 312 may be, for example, a general purpose or special purpose operating system that includes a protocol processing stack. The protocol processing stack is configured to operate a connection to a peer based on data of the state of a connection stored in a memory 310 accessible to the protocol processing stack of the operating system.

Based on the messages exchanged via the message passing protocol 316 (generated at least in part based on a connection to a peer being established by the network adaptor 306), the data of the state of the established connection may be transferred 318 from the memory of the network adaptor 306 to the memory 310 of the protocol processing stack.

It is noted that a network adaptor configured to establish a stateful connection and then to pass the state of the stateful connection to a host for data transfer phase protocol processing may comprise hardware alone, primary a programmed processor, or may be some combination. In some examples, the network adaptor comprises a populated interface card configured to communicate with the host via interface circuitry such as via a PCI local bus.

Claims

1. A method of operating coupling circuitry that couples a network to a host, the host further configured for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network according to a TCP connection-oriented protocol, the method comprising: by the coupling circuitry, receiving indications corresponding to TCP connection establishment phase messages to the host from a nominal peer according to the connection-oriented protocol, wherein the indications corresponding to connection establishment phase messages are messages including TCP SYN information from the nominal peer;by the coupling circuitry, processing each of the received indications by attempting to perform appropriate responsive processing in accordance with the connection-oriented protocol such that, when the nominal peer is an actual peer, the coupling circuitry interoperates with the actual peer to perform TCP connection establishment phase protocol processing of an attempted stateful connection between the host and the actual peer according to the connection-oriented protocol to accomplish establishment of a stateful TCP connection, wherein attempting to perform appropriate responsive processing includes providing at least one message including TCP SYN+ACK information to the nominal peer and thereafter receiving at least one message including an ACK to the TCP SYN+ACK information from the nominal peer, wherein accomplishing establishment of the stateful connection includes generating TCP connection state data in the coupling circuitry characterizing the established stateful TCP connection, wherein the TCP connection state data includes a state of the established stateful TCP connection; andby the coupling circuitry, for each of the established stateful TCP connections, causing the generated TCP connection state data characterizing that established stateful TCP connection to be provided from the coupling circuitry to be accessible to a TCP protocol processing stack of the host based on a determination that the TCP connection has been successfully established and without the coupling circuitry itself handing any data transfer phase processing of the established TCP connection prior to causing the generated TCP connection state data to be accessible to the TCP protocol processing stack of the host, whereby the generated TCP connection state data is usable by the host to handle data transfer phase protocol processing of that established stateful TCP connection, for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network, wherein prior to each connection having been established by interoperation of the coupling circuitry with the actual peer and the resulting generated TCP connection state data having been provided from the coupling circuitry to be accessible to the protocol processing stack of the host for data transfer processing of that TCP connection, resources of the host for that TCP connection are not allocated or involved.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: for a first particular connection establishment phase message including ACK of TCP SYN+ACK information from a nominal peer that, according to the connection-oriented protocol is to be preceded by a corresponding second particular connection establishment message including a TCP SYN information from a nominal peer, determining that the appropriate response is no response when there is no preceding corresponding second particular connection establishment message.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: by the host, receiving the generated TCP connection state data characterizing the state of that established stateful TCP connection and handling the data transfer phase processing of that established stateful TCP connection using the received generated TCP connection state data characterizing the state of that established stateful TCP connection, for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the coupling circuitry is at least a portion of circuitry comprising an intelligent network adaptor that is a network interface card.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the coupling circuitry includes a combination of hardware and a programmed microprocessor.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the coupling circuitry does not provide the host particular generated TCP connection state data characterizing an established stateful TCP connection until after the TCP stateful connection is established.

7. A method of operating coupling circuitry that couples a network to a host, the host further configured for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network using at least one stateful connection between the host and the at least one peer according to a connection-oriented protocol, wherein the connection-oriented protocol includes a definition of at least a connection establishment phase and of a data transfer phase, the definition of the connection establishment phase including at least a first message that is a request by a peer to connect with the host, a second message that is a response by the host to the peer acknowledging the first message, and a third message that is a response from the peer to the host acknowledging the second message, wherein a proper exchange of the first message, the second message and the third message according to the connection-oriented protocol is necessary to establish a stateful connection between the peer and the host, the method comprising: by the coupling circuitry, receiving indications each corresponding to a nominal connection establishment attempt first message by a nominal peer to establish a stateful connection with the host according to the connection-oriented protocol;by the coupling circuitry, for each of the received nominal stateful connection establishment attempts first messages, processing that received nominal stateful connection establishment attempt first message by providing an appropriate response second message, according to the connection-oriented protocol, to that connection establishment attempt, such that at least some of the appropriate second message each result in receipt of an appropriate third message and therefore an established stateful connection; andby the coupling circuitry, for each of the established stateful connections as a result of the coupling circuitry interoperating with a peer to accomplish establish phase processing for that stateful connection, causing generated connection state data characterizing that established stateful connection and including a state of that established stateful connection to be provided from the coupling circuitry to be accessible to a protocol processing stack of the host based on a determination that the connection has been successfully established and without the coupling circuitry itself handing any data transfer phase processing of the established connection prior to causing the generated connection state data to be accessible to the protocol processing stack of the host, whereby the generated connection state data is usable by the host to handle data transfer phase protocol processing of that established stateful connection, for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network,

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: by the host, receiving the generated connection state data characterizing the state of that established stateful connection and handling the data transfer phase processing of that established stateful connection, for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network, using the received generated connection state data characterizing the state of that established stateful connection.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein: the connection-oriented protocol is TCP/IP.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein: the coupling circuitry is at least a portion of circuitry comprising an intelligent network adaptor.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein: the coupling circuitry includes a combination of hardware and a programmed microprocessor.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein: the coupling circuitry does not provide the host any of the particular generated connection state data characterizing an established a stateful connection until after the stateful connection is established by the coupling circuitry.

13. An intelligent network adaptor to couple a network to a host that is configured for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network according to a connection-oriented protocol, wherein the connection-oriented protocol includes a definition of at least a connection establishment phase and of a data transfer phase, the definition of the connection establishment phase including at least a first message that is a request by a peer to connect with the host, a second message that is a response by the host to the peer acknowledging the first message, and a third message that is a response from the peer to the host acknowledging the second message, wherein a proper exchange of the first message, the second message and the third message according to the connection-oriented protocol is necessary to establish a stateful connection between the peer and the host, the network adaptor comprising a processor and a memory, wherein the processor is configured to process instructions in the memory to: receive indications of attempts to establish stateful connections with a host according to the connection-oriented protocol, wherein the indications of attempts are indications of first messages of the connection establishment phase of the connection-oriented protocol; process each of the received indications by interoperating with the at least one peer, attempting to establish a stateful connection to a nominal peer indicated by said received indication, by attempting to exchange with the nominal peer second and third messages of the connection establishment phase of the connection-oriented protocol, such that, for a genuine attempt by a peer to establish a stateful connection with the host, the intelligent network adaptor successfully interoperates with the peer to perform establishment-phase protocol processing of the attempted stateful connection between the peer and the host according to the connection-oriented protocol to actually accomplish establishment of the stateful connection, wherein accomplishing establishment of the stateful connection includes generating connection state data in the network adaptor during the connection establishment phase of the connection according to the connection-oriented protocol, the connection state characterizing the established stateful connection and including a state of the established stateful connection; andfor each of the established stateful connections, cause the generated connection state data characterizing that established stateful connection to be provided from the coupling circuitry to be accessible to a protocol processing stack of the host based on a determination that the connection has been successfully established and without the coupling circuitry itself handing any data transfer phase processing of the established connection prior to causing the generated connection state data to be accessible to the protocol processing stack of the host, whereby the generated connection state data is usable by the host to handle data transfer phase protocol processing of that established stateful connection, for transfer of data between the host and at least one peer via the network,