Patent Application
20080176339
This disclosure relates to novel neutral derivatives of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid which allow introduction of the said derivatives to bioactive molecules.
The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, and in particular, cases to provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference.
Because of its excellent metal chelating properties diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is one of the most widely used organic ligands in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) [Aime, S., Botta, M., Fasano, M. and Terrano, E. 1998, Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 19, Caravan, P., Ellison, J. J., McMurry, T. J. and Lauffer, R. B., 1999, Chem. Rev., 99, 2293, Woods, M., Kovacs, Z. and Sherry, A. D., 2002, J. Supramol. Chem., 2, 1]. Indeed, the first FDA approved contrast agent in clinical use is the Gd3+ DTPA chelate [Runge, V. M., 2000, J. Magn. Res. Imaging, 12, 205.]. The corresponding 111In and 68Ga chelates, in turn, are suitable for PET applications [Anderson, C. J. and Welch, M. J., 1999, Chem. Rev. 99, 2219], while Eu3+, Tb3+, Sm3+ and Dy3+ chelates can be used in applications based on dissosiation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) [PCT WO 03/076939A1]. 99mTc DTPA in turn, is suitable for single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) [Lorberboym, M., Lampl, Y. and Sadeh, M., 2003, J. Nucl. Med 44, 1898, Galuska, L., Leovey, A., Szucs-Farkas, Z., Garai, I., Szabo, J., Varga, J. and Nagy, E. V., 2002, Nucl. Med. Commun. 23, 1211]. Bioactive molecules labeled with 111In or 117mSn DTPA may find applications as target-specific radiopharmaceuticals [Volkert, W. A. and Hoffman, T. J., 1999, Chem. Rev. 99, 2269].
In several applications, covalent conjugation of DTPA to bioactive molecules is required. Most commonly this is performed in solution by allowing an amino or mercapto group of a bioactive molecule to react with isothiocyanato, haloacetyl or 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-triazinyl derivatives of the label molecule. Several bifunctional DTPA derivatives are currently commercially available. Also solid phase methods for the introduction of DTPA to synthetic oligonucleotides [U.S. Pat. No. 6,949,639] and oligopeptides [FI 20055653] have been demonstrated.
The net charge of DTPA chelates is most commonly −2, which may cause problems in several applications. The commonly used MRI contrast agent Gd-DTPA (Magnevist) distributes thorough the extracellular and intravascular fluid spaces, but does not cross an intact blood-brain barrier. Naturally, bioactive molecules labeled with this type of chelates have lower cell permeability than the corresponding intact molecules [Rogers, B. E., Anderson, C. J., Connett, J. M., Guo, L. W., Edwards, W. B., Sherman, E. L., Zinn, K. R., Welch, M. J., 1996, Bioconjugate Chem. 7, 511]. This diminishes the suitability of DTPA chelates to in vivo applications. Furthermore, the negatively charged chelates may bind unselectively to positively charged binding sites of target molecules, such as antibodies, via electrostatic interactions which may result in low recoveries [Rosendale, B. E., Jarrett, D. B., 1985, Clin. Chem., 31, 1965]. Naturally, all these above mentioned problems will be even more serious when the target molecule is labeled with several charged chelates [Peuralahti, J., Suonpää, K., Blomberg, K., Mukkala, V.-M., Hovinen, J. 2004, Bioconjugate Chem. 15, 927].
Several of the above mentioned problems can be avoided by neutralizing the net charge of the chelate by substituting two of the DTPA acetates with carboxamido functions. Indeed, several this type of chelators have been synthesized [Hanaoka, K., Kikuchi, K., Urano, Y., Narazaki, M., Yokawa, T., Sakamoto, S., Yamaguchi, K., Nagano, T. 2002, Chem. Biol. 9, 1027., Feng, J., Sun, G., Pei, F., Liu, M. 2003, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11, 3359]. The non-ionic derivative, Gd[DTPA-bis(ethylamide)] [Konings, M. S., Dow, W. C., Love, D. B., Raymond, K. N., Quay, S. C., Rocklage, S. M. 1990, Inorg. Chem. 29, 1488], called as gadodiamide (Omniscan) is currently in clinical use. Its osmolality is 40% of that of Gd-DTPA [Lunby, B., Gordon, P., Hugo, F., 1996, Eur. J. Radiol. 23, 190].
It is known that if one of the acetic acid groups of DTPA is used for conjugation, the resulting chelate is less stable than the parent DTPA molecule [Paul-Roth, C. and Raymond, K. N. 1995, Inorg. Chem. 34, 1408, Li, W. P., Ma, D. S., Higginbotham, C., Hoffman, T., Ketring, A. R., Cutler, C. S, and Jurisson, S. S. 2001, Nucl. Med. Biol. 28, 145.]. This may be a serious problem especially in in vivo applications if toxic metal ions have to be used. This has to be taken in account when modifying the metal chelating part of the DTPA molecule.
Several of the above mentioned problems can be avoided by using neutral derivatives of the macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) instead of DTPA in the biomolecule conjugation. However, DOTA is not suitable to all applications. Because of its slow kinetics of chelate formation, the use of DOTA is problematic in applications where short-living radioisotopes are required. In DELFIA assays, in turn, where the chelate has to be rapidly dissociated in acidic conditions, the lanthanide(III) DOTA chelates are too stable.
The main object of the present invention is to provide DTPA derivatives, where two of the DTPA acetates are substituted with amides. These chelates do not suffer from the disadvantages of the charged DTPA acetates. Furthermore, the chelating properties of the ligands are practically intact. Accordingly, these new chelates are highly suitable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) and dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) as well as target-specific radiopharmaceuticals.
Thus, the present invention concerns a chelate or chelating agent of a formula (I) suitable for labeling of bioactive molecules,
wherein,
-A- is a linker;
R is —CONH2, —CONHR1 or —CONR1R2 where R1 and R2, same or different are formed from one to ten moieties, each moiety being selected from the group consisting of phenylene, alkyl containing 1-12 carbon atoms, ethynediyl (—C≡C—), ethylenediyl (—C═C—); ether (—O—), thioether (—S—), amide (—CO—NH— and —NH—CO— and —CO—NR′ and —NR′—CO—), carbonyl (—CO—), ester (—COO— and —OOC—), disulfide (—SS—), diaza (—N═N—) or a tertiary amine (—NR′—), where R′ represents an alkyl containing less than 5 carbon atoms.
X is a reactive group for conjugation of the chelate to a biospecific reactant, wherein said reactive group —X— is selected from amino, aminooxy, haloacetamido, the said halide being preferably bromide or iodide, isothiocyanato, 3,5-dichloro-2,4,6-triazinylamino, maleimido, a thioester or an active ester of a carboxylic acid,
and M is a metal or M is not present.
According to another aspect, the invention concerns a biospecific binding reactant conjugated with the chelate according to this invention.
According to a preferable embodiment, the linker -A- is formed from one to ten moieties, each moiety being selected from the group consisting of phenylene, alkyl containing 1-12 carbon atoms, ethynediyl (—C═C—), ethylenediyl (—C═C—); ether (—O—), thioether (—S—), amide (—CO—NH— and —NH—CO— and —CO—NR′ and —NR′—CO—), carbonyl (—CO—), ester (—COO— and —OOC—), disulfide (—SS—), diaza (—N═N—) or a tertiary amine (—NR′—), where R′ represents an alkyl containing less than 5 carbon atoms.
R is —CONH2, —CONHR1 or —CONR1R2 where R1 and R2, same or different are formed from one to ten moieties, each moiety being selected from the group consisting of phenylene, alkyl containing 1-12 carbon atoms, ethynediyl (—C≡C—), ethylenediyl (—C═C—); ether (—O—), thioether (—S—), amide (—CO—NH— and —NH—CO— and —CO—NR′ and —NR′—CO—), carbonyl (—CO—), ester (—COO— and —OOC—), disulfide (—SS—), diaza (—N═N—) or a tertiary amine (—NR′—), where R′ represents an alkyl containing less than 5 carbon atoms.
Where X is an active ester of a carboxylic acid, said ester is preferably an N-hydroxysuccinimido, p-nitrophenol or pentafluorophenol ester.
According to a preferable embodiment the metal M is a metal suitable for use in bioaffinity assays such as a lanthanide or a metal suitable for use in positron emission tomography (PET), single positron emission tomography (SPECT) or magnetic resonange imaging (MRI).
A preferable metal to be used in MRI is gadolinium. However, also lanthanides, particularly europium (III), but also other lanthanides such as samarium (III) and dysprosium (III) are useful in MRI applications. In PET and SPECT applications a radioactive metal isotope is introduced into the chelating agent just before use. Particularly suitable radioactive isotopes are Ga-66, Ga-67, Ga-68, Cr-51, In-111, Y-90, Ho-166, Sm-153, Lu-177, Er-169, Tb-161, Tc-98m, Dy-165, Ho-166, Ce-134, Nd-140, Eu-157, Er-165, Ho-161, Eu-147, Tm-167 and Co-57.
Suitable metals for use in bioaffinity assays are lanthanides, especially europium (III), samarium (III), terbium (III) or dysprosium (III). The biospecific binding reactant to be labeled is, for example, an oligopeptide, protein, oligosaccaride, polysaccaride, phospholipide, PNA, LNA, antibody, hapten, drug, receptor binding ligand or lectine. Most preferably, the biospecific binding reactant is an oligopeptide.
The invention will be illuminated by the following non-restrictive Experimental Section.
The invention is further elucidated by the following examples. The structures and synthetic routes employed in the experimental part are depicted in Schemes 1-3. Experimental details are given in Examples 1-14. Comparison of the stabilities of one of the neutral DTPA chelates and the parent DTPA acetate in DELFIA Enhancement Solution® and in DELFIA Inducer® is shown in Example 15. Structure of the parent DTPA acetate is shown in Chart 1. Example 16 shows the suitability of thyroxine labeled with neutral DTPA Eu(III) chelate in DELFIA based T4-assay. The properties of the new conjugate are compared with the corresponding DTPA acetate as well as with the conventional chelate used in AutoDELFIA® Neonatal T4 kit Structure of the thyroxine tracer labeled with DTPA acetate is shown in Chart 2.
Adsorption column chromatography was performed on columns packed with silica gel 60 (Merck) or neutral aluminum oxide (Aldrich; 150 mesh, Brockmann I). 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone 3-CMO and L-thyroxine were purchased from Steraloids and Sigma, respectively. All dry solvents were from Merck and they were used as received. HPLC purifications were performed using a Shimadzu LC 10 AT instrument equipped with a diode array detector, a fraction collector and a reversed phase column (LiChrocart 125-3 Purospher RP-18e 5 μm). Mobile phase: (Buffer A): 0.02 M triethylammonium acetate (pH 7.0); (Buffer B): A in 50% (v/v) acetonitrile. Gradient: from 0 to 1 min 95% A, from 1 to 21 min from 95% A to 100% B. Flow rate was 0.6 mL min−1. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 250 spectrometer operating at 250.13 MHz for H. The signal of TMS was used as an internal reference. ESI-TOF mass spectra were recorded on an Applied Biosystems Mariner instrument. Time-resolved fluorometer VICTOR2V was a product of PerkinElmer LAS.
2-(4-nitrobenzyl)-3-oxo-1,4,7-triazaheptane (1) (4.6 g, 18.2 mmol), disclosed in Corson, D. T., Meares, C. F., 2000, Bioconjugate Chem. 11, 292, was dissolved to EtOH (45 mL) and the solution was cooled on an ice bath. Benzaldehyde (3.7 mL, 36.5 mmol) was added dropwise and mixture was stirred at ice bath for an hour. Stirring was continued for an additional hour at RT. Solution was dried over Na2SO4 filtered and evaporated to dryness. ESI-TOF MS for C25H25N4O3+ (M+H)+: calcd, 429.19; obsd 429.20.
Compound 2 (1.8 g, 4.2 mmol) was dissolved to dry THF (40 mL) and deaerated with argon. The solution was cooled on an ice-water bath, and BH3-THF-complex (1M, 40 mL) was added dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to RT and then refluxed overnight. The solution was cooled on ice-water bath and the excess of borane was destroyed by careful addition of water. When foaming had ceased the solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 20% aq. HCl and refluxed for 3 h, and then stirred overnight at RT. The solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between conc. aqueous ammonia and dichloromethane. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4. Purification was performed on neutral Al2O3 (eluent, from 0 to 3% methanol (v/v) in CH2Cl2). ESI-TOF MS for C25H31N4O2+ (M+H)+: calcd, 419.24; obsd 419.23.
Compound 3 (2.7 g, 6.45 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (15 mL). Bromoacetic acid tert-butyl ester (4.8 mL, 32.3 mmol) and DIPEA (9.01 mL, 51.6 mmol) were added and mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. Purification was performed on silica gel (eluent, petroleum ether, bp 40-60° C.: ethyl acetate 10:1, v/v). Yield was 3.9 g (79%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 8.04 (2H, d, J 8.6); 7.37-7.25 (4H, m); 7.20 (2H, d, J 8.6); 7.14-7.02 (6H, m); 3.76 (1H, d, J 13.4); 3.74 (2H, s); 3.66 (1H, d, J 13.7); 3.35-3.27 (3H, m); 3.20 (2H, s); 3.19 (1H, d, J 16.1); 3.04-2.95 (2H, m); 2.89-2.62 (2H, m); 2.38 (1H, dd, J 8.9 and 12.8); 1.46 (9H, s); 1.44 (18H, s). ESI-TOF MS for C43H61N4O8+ (M+H)+: calcd, 761.45; obsd 761.41.
Compound 4 (3.76 g, 4.94 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methanol (75 mL). Pd/C (10%, 0.22 g) and sodium borohydride (0.23 g) were added, and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at RT and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was neutralized with 1M HCl and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was suspended in dichloromethane, washed with sat. NaHCO3 and dried over Na2SO4. Purification was performed on silica gel (eluent petroleum ether, bp 40-60° C.: ethyl acetate: triethylamine, from 10:1:1 to 5:1:1, v/v/v)). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 7.30-7.15 (10H, m); 6.90 (2H, d, J 8.3); 6.57 (2H, d, J 8.3); 3.82 (1H, d, J 13.9); 3.72 (1H, d, J 13.9); 3.70 (2H, s); 3.52 (2H, s); 3.36 (1H, d, J 17.1); 3.26 (2H, s); 3.25 (1H, d, J 13.9); 3.16 (2H, s); 2.91-2.83 (2H, m); 2.71-2.60 (6H, m); 2.43 (1H, dd, J 8.8 and 14.9); 1.45 (9H, s); 1.43 (9H, s); 1.41 (9H, s). ESI-TOF MS for C43H63N4O6+ (M+H)+: calcd, 731.47; obsd 731.42.
Di-tert-butyldicarbonate (0.68 g, 3.01 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (25 mL) containing triethylamine (420 μL, 3.01 mmol). Compound 5 (2.00 g, 2.74 mmol; predissolved in 8 mL of acetonitrile) was added dropwise, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 2 h at RT. All volatiles were removed in vacuo. Purification was performed on silica gel [eluent petroleum ether, bp 40-60° C.: ethyl acetate: triethylamine, 10:1:1 v/v/v)]. ESI-TOF MS for C48H71N4O8+ (M+H)+: calcd, 831.53; obsd 831.46.
Compound 6 (2.00 g, 2.41 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methanol (40 mL) and deaerated with argon. Pd/C (10%; 150 mg) and ammonium formate (0.76 g, 12.03 mmol) were added, and the mixture was heated at reflux for 15 min, before being filtered through Celite and concentrated. Purification was performed on silica gel [eluent petroleum ether, bp 40-60° C.: ethyl acetate: triethylamine, 5:1:1 (v/v/v)]. ESI-TOF MS for C34H59N4O8+ (M+H)+: calcd, 651.43; obsd 651.40.
Compound 7 (0.50 g, 0.77 mmol) was dissolved in dry acetonitrile (5 mL). Iodoacetamide (0.26 g, 1.54 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.42 g, 3.07 mmol) were added, and the mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h, before being filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed on silica gel [eluent petroleum ether, bp 40-60° C.: ethyl acetate: triethylamine, 2:5:1 (v/v/v)]. ESI-TOF MS for C38H71N4O10+ (M+H)+: calcd, 765.48; obsd 765.45.
Compound 8 (0.10 g, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in TFA (5 mL), stirred for 4 h at RT and concentrated. It was used for the next step without further purification.
Compound 9 was dissolved in water, and pH was adjusted to 6 with Na2CO3. Europium chloride (1.1 eq) was added, and the mixture was stirred for an hour at RT at pH 6. pH of the solution was rised to 8.5, and the europium hydroxide formed was removed by centrifucation. The product was isolated by precipitation upon addition of acetone. ESI-TOF MS for C21H28EuN6O8+ (M−H)−: calcd, 645.18; obsd, 645.11.
Compound 10 (30 mg, 0.046 mmol; predissolved in 200 μL of water) was added to the mixture of thiophosgene (15 μL, 0.19 mmol), NaHCO3 (20 mg) and chloroform (400 μL), and the resulting suspension was stirred vigorously for 1 h at RT. The aqueous layer was separated, and washed with chloroform (2·400 μL). The product was isolated by precipitation from acetone. ESI-TOF MS for C22H26EuN6O8S− (M−H)−: calcd, 687.07; obsd, 687.01.
L-thyroxine (40 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of DMF (2.4 mL) and TEA (320 μL). Fmoc-aminohexanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinate (30 mg, 0.07 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h in dark. Piperidine (few drops) was added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 h, before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue was suspended in methanol. The precipitation was isolated by centrifugation and washed twice with methanol. ESI-TOF MS for C21H23I4N2O5+ (M+H)+: calcd, 890.78; obsd, 890.73.
Compound 11 (15 mg, 17 μmol) was dissolved in the mixture of pyridine, water, and triethylamine (9:1.5:0.1, v/v/v; 100 μL). Compound 12 (15 mg, pre-dissolved in 50 μL of water) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT and concentrated. The residue was suspended in water and precipitated with acetone to yield the desired conjugate 13. Purification was performed on HPLC. ESI-TOF MS for C43H48Eu I4N8O13S− (M−H)−: calcd, 1576.85; obsd, 1576.87.
17-α-hydroxyprogesterone-3-CMO (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (4 mL). DCC (56 mg, 0.27 mmol) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (32 mg, 0.27 mmol) were added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 4 h at RT. DCU formed was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was redissolved in dioxane (7 mL). Glutamic acid (36 mg, 0.25 mmol; pre-dissolved in 0.1 M NaHCO3 (7 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. The precipitation formed was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Purification was performed on a preparative TLC plate (eluent, acetonitrile: water, 2:1, v/v). ESI-TOF MS for C26H35N2O8− (M−H)−: calcd, 503.24; obsd, 503.28.
Compound 14 (6.5 mg, 12 μmol; predisolved in dioxane) was dissolved in MES-buffer (pH 5.5, 1.5 mL). Compound 10 (16.5 mg, 26 μmol) predissolved in MES buffer (550 μL) was added followed by EDAC (5.0 mg, 26 μmol). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 4 h at RT. Purification was performed on HPLC. ESI-TOF MS for C68H90Eu2N14O22 (M−2H)2−: calcd, 879.23; obsd, 879.23.
The chelates (ca 1 mg) were dissolved either in Inducer or Enhanchement Solution. The dissociation of the europium at 25° C. were followed using a time-resolved fluorometer. The results are shown below
1Data from PCT WO 03/076939A1
The assay concentrations of the antiserum were optimized for each tracer individually, and the analytical sensitivities of the optimized standard curves were defined. The correlation between the methods were studied with a small sample panel. The on-board stability was tested up to one week in instrument-like conditions. Sensitivity to the interference of EDTA-containing samples was also studied. The results are summarised below.
The shapes of the calibration curves obtained with optimized amounts of tracer and antiserum were slightly different with the three tracers. All tracers were sensitive enough at clinically important range. Assays with the tested tracers compared well to the AutoDELFIA® Neonatal T4 assay and no significant level differences were obtained.
It will be appreciated that the methods of the present invention can be incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which are disclosed herein. It will be apparent for the expert skilled in the field that other embodiments exist and do not depart from the spirit of the invention. Thus, the described embodiments are illustrative and should not be construed as restrictive.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20065030 | Jan 2006 | FI | national |
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/653,867, filed on Jan. 17, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/759,035 filed on Jan. 17, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Finnish Patent Application No. 20065030, filed on Jan. 17, 2006, in the Finnish Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60759035 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11653867 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Child | 12054891 | US |
