Patent Application
20050069650
The present invention generally relates to coatings of the type used to protect components exposed to high temperature environments, such as bond coats and environmental coatings for gas turbine engine components. More particularly, this invention is directed to a ceramic-containing beta-phase (β) NiAl (beta-NiAl) overlay coating for use as a bond coat or environmental coating.
Components within the turbine, combustor and augmentor sections of gas turbine engines are susceptible to oxidation and hot corrosion attack, in addition to high temperatures that can decrease their mechanical properties. Consequently, these components are often protected by an environmental coating alone or in combination with an outer thermal barrier coating (TBC), which in the latter case is termed a TBC system. Ceramic materials such as zirconia (ZrO2) partially or fully stabilized by yttria (Y2O3), magnesia (MgO) or other oxides, are widely used as TBC materials.
Various metallic coating systems have been used as environmental coatings for gas turbine engine components, the most widely used being diffusion coatings such as diffusion aluminides and platinum aluminides (PtAl), and MCrAlX overlay coatings (where M is iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and X is an active element such as yttrium or another rare earth or reactive element). Used in combination with TBC, a diffusion aluminide or MCrAlX overlay coating serves as a bond coat to adhere the TBC to the underlying substrate. The aluminum content of these bond coat materials provides for the slow growth of a strong adherent continuous aluminum oxide layer (alumina scale) that protects the bond coat and underlying substrate from oxidation and hot corrosion, and chemically bonds the TBC to the bond coat.
Diffusion and MCrAlX bond coats containing ceramic particles have been evaluated. For example, commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,168,874 to Gupta et al. and 6,485,845 to Wustman et al. incorporate oxide particles in diffusion aluminide coatings to slow oxide scale growth, thereby increasing the spallation resistance of a TBC. Furthermore, commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,713 to Hirsch et al. discloses that an oxide dispersion-strengthened MCrAlY coating exhibits improved mechanical integrity. Others, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,503 to Dardi et al., disclose that oxide particles in an MCrAlY coating promote pinning protective oxide scales, while still others, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,496 to Gedwill et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,515 to Goedjen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,015 to Rickerby, disclose the use of oxide particles in MCrAlY as an inhibitor to interdiffusion between an underlying substrate and an environmental coating deposited on the MCrAlY coating. The incorporation of oxide particles in an MCrAlY for the purpose of modifying its coefficient of thermal expansion has also been suggested, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,454 to Brindley et al., EP 0 799 904 to Movchan et al., and EP 0 340 791 to Kojima et al. Finally, the incorporation of other types of ceramic particles in bond coat materials has been suggested, as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,014 to Warnes et al. (silicides and carbides for high temperature oxidation resistance).
More recently, overlay coatings of predominantly beta-nickel aluminide intermetallic have been proposed as environmental and bond coat materials. The NiAl beta phase exists for nickel-aluminum compositions of about 30 to about 60 atomic percent aluminum, the balance of the nickel-aluminum composition being nickel. Notable examples of beta-NiAl coating materials include commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,975,852 to Nagaraj et al., which discloses a NiAl overlay bond coat optionally containing one or more reactive elements, such as yttrium, cerium, zirconium or hafnium, and commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,084 to Darolia et al., which discloses a NiAl overlay coating material containing chromium and zirconium. Commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,153,313 and 6,255,001 to Rigney et al. and Darolia, respectively, and commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/044,618 to Pfaendtner et al. also disclose beta-phase NiAl bond coat and environmental coating materials. The alloying additions to these beta-NiAl coating materials have been shown to improve the adhesion of a ceramic TBC layer, thereby inhibiting spallation of the TBC and increasing the service life of the TBC system.
NiAlCrZr overlay coatings described in the above-noted commonly-assigned patents derive their performance benefits from optimum combinations of aluminum and the reactive elements, chromium and zirconium. At certain levels, zirconium promotes an adherent slow growing (low values of the parabolic scale growth parameter, kp) alumina scale, which helps to extend the TBC spallation life and improve oxidation performance. While oxidation performance suffers if the zirconium level is too low (e.g., below 0.05 atomic percent), higher levels of zirconium result in Zr-rich intermetallic precipitates that can increase internal oxidation. In spite of this internal oxidation phenomenon, levels of zirconium above 0.2 atomic percent (about 0.4 weight percent) have shown to significantly improve TBC spallation resistance as a result of the potent strengthening effect of zirconium additions to beta-NiAl alloys. Strengthening in beta-NiAl by zirconium additions has been attributed to two mechanisms: solid solution strengthening, and the formation of zirconium-containing intermetallic precipitates, the most common being a Heusler phase (Ni2AlZr) that results in further ordering of the NiAl structure. The increased strength of beta-phase NiAl-based bond coats has been shown to contribute to better TBC lives.
However, and as mentioned above, the higher zirconium levels required to optimize TBC spallation resistance also promote internal oxidation (oxidation of Zr-intermetallic precipitates), which degrades the overall oxidation resistance of the bond coat by effectively increasing the parabolic scale growth parameter, kp. While it is critical that a bond coat provide TBC spallation resistance, bond coats must also exhibit oxidation resistance in the event of TBC spallation. Therefore, further improvements are needed in beta-phase NiAl-based overlay coatings that can result in both improved oxidation resistance and, if used as a bond coat, improved spallation resistance.
The present invention generally provides a beta-NiAl overlay coating and a process for forming the coating on a component designed for use in a hostile thermal environment, such as superalloy turbine, combustor and augmentor components of a gas turbine engine. According to one aspect of the invention, the coating system includes a ceramic topcoat that exhibits improved spallation resistance as a result of the beta-phase NiAl overlay coating containing a dispersion of ceramic particles, yielding a coating system capable of exhibiting improved oxidation and spallation resistance.
More particularly, the beta-NiAl overlay coating contains at least one reactive element and is deposited so that at least some of the reactive element deposits as ceramic particles dispersed in the overlay coating. The ceramic particles are present in an amount and size sufficient to be stable and unreactive at temperatures up to about 1300° C. and to increase the strength of the overlay coating by a dispersion strengthening mechanism. In one example, zirconium and chromium are constituents of the overlay coating, and are reacted during the deposition process to form oxides, carbides and/or nitrides. Notably, significantly improved oxidation and spallation resistance can be achieved with a beta-NiAl overlay coating containing zirconium and chromium by reacting some of the zirconium and chromium during the coating process to form a fine and uniform dispersion of submicron ceramic particles throughout the overlay coating.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will be better appreciated from the following detailed description.
The present invention provides a composition and process for achieving a desirable combination of environmental properties in a predominantly beta-phase NiAl-based coating containing reactive element additions. In NiAl-based coatings of this invention, reactive element additions are incorporated to a level necessary for optimum oxidation resistance (i.e., below levels that would lead to excessive kp values) without significantly exceeding the solid solution limit of the element, while additional bond coat strength (needed for TBC spallation resistance) is provided by a stable dispersion of oxides, carbides and/or nitrides of the reactive element, e.g., zirconia (ZrO2), hafnia (HfO2), chromia (Cr2O3), yttria (Y2O3), ceria (CeO2), zirconium carbide (ZrC), hafnium carbide (HfC), etc., and possibly oxides, carbides and/or nitrides of other elements of the coating, e.g., alumina (Al2O3), aluminum nitride (AlN), etc.
In view of the above, beta-NiAl-based coatings of this invention are useful on components that operate within environments characterized by relatively high temperatures, and therefore subjected to severe thermal stresses and thermal cycling. Notable examples of such components include the high and low pressure turbine nozzles and blades, shrouds, combustor liners and augmentor hardware of gas turbine engines. One such example is the high pressure turbine blade 10 shown in
In accordance with this invention, the overlay coating 24 is predominantly of the beta NiAl phase, with limited alloying additions. The overlay coating 24 can be deposited using a PVD process such as cathodic arc or electron beam PVD (EBPVD), or by thermal spraying such as plasma spraying (air, vacuum and low pressure) and high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. A suitable thickness for the overlay coating 24 is about 50 micrometers to protect the underlying substrate 22 and provide an adequate supply of aluminum for oxide formation, though thicknesses of about 10 to about 125 micrometers are believed to be suitable. Following deposition, the coating 24 may be heat treated to promote homogenization and adherence (by interdiffusion with the substrate). If performed, a suitable heat treatment is about two to about four hours at about 1800° F. to 2100° F. (about 980° C. to about 1150° C.) in a vacuum or an inert atmosphere such as argon.
To attain the beta-NiAl intermetallic phase, the NiAl overlay coating 24 preferably has an aluminum content of about 30 to 60 atomic percent, more preferably about 30 to 50 atomic percent, and most preferably at the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 with nickel. According to this invention, the coating 24 also contains one or more reactive elements, preferably zirconium, though additions of hafnium and/or yttrium are also contemplated by this invention. If zirconium, the reactive element is present in an amount of at least 0.05 atomic percent (about 0.1 weight percent) up to as much as about 0.8 atomic percent (about 1.6 weight percent), with a preferred range being about 0.2 to about 0.5 atomic percent (about 0.4 to about 1.0 weight percent). If hafnium in stoichiometric beta-NiAl, the reactive element is present in an amount of at least 0.1 atomic percent (about 0.4 weight percent) up to as much as about 1.0 atomic percent (about 4 weight percent), preferably about 0.2 to about 0.7 atomic percent (about 0.8 to about 2.8 weight percent). If the coating 24 contains more than one reactive element, the total reactive element content is preferably not greater than about 1.0 atomic percent (about 4.0 weight percent).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coating 24 is further alloyed to contain chromium, such as in an amount of about 2 to about 15 atomic percent (about 2.2 to about 18 weight percent), more preferably about 2 to about 10 atomic percent (about 2.2 to about 12 weight percent). According to U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,084 to Darolia et al., the presence of chromium in a beta-NiAl overlay coating has a significant effect on the spallation resistance of the ceramic layer 26 adhered to the NiAl overlay coating 24 as a result of solid solution strengthening by chromium and precipitation strengthening from fine α-Cr phases dispersed within the beta phase of the coating 24. However, as with the reactive element content of the overlay coating 24, the chromium content of the coating 24 is also beneficial if present in a nonmetallic form.
As depicted in
The present invention arises from data obtained from FCT and burner rig testing that suggested that carbide and oxide impurities may play an important role in the performance of NiAlCrZr bond coats. These investigations involved NiAlCrZr coatings deposited by EBPVD and HVOF and chemically analyzed using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) technique.
In the FCT investigation, a NiAlCrZr coating was deposited by EBPVD to a thickness of about 25 micrometers on a one-inch (about 25 mm) diameter button coupon formed of a single-crystal superalloy known as RenéN6 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,120), with a nominal composition of, by weight, about 12.5% Co, 4.2% Cr, 7.2% Ta, 5.75% Al, 5.75% W, 5.4% Re, 1.5% Mo, 0.15% Hf, 0.05% C, the balance nickel and incidental impurities. The concentrations of aluminum, chromium and zirconium in the coating were determined by electron microprobe analysis (EMA) to be, by weight, about 21%, about 3%, and about 0.9%, respectively. A TBC of 7YSZ (zirconia stabilized by about seven weight percent yttria) was deposited on the overlay coating to a thickness of about 125 micrometers. After removing a small piece that included a portion of the NiCrAlZr coating, the button underwent FCT testing at about 2125° F. (about 1160° C.) in one-hour cycles to evaluate the spallation life potential of the TBC coating. Testing was terminated when approximately twenty percent of the TBC had spalled. The FCT life of the coating system was about 1380 cycles, approximately 6× the baseline life of 230 cycles for an identical TBC deposited on a PtAl diffusion coating. A post-test metallographic examination revealed the NiAlCrZr coating to be very flat with no visible plastic deformation or rumpling.
The as-coated piece from this button was then metallographically mounted, polished and subjected to TOF-SIMS analysis. Analysis of the integrated signal intensities and observation of the intensities of oxide and carbide maps unexpectedly showed that some of zirconium and chromium in the coating was in the form of a fine and uniform dispersion (sub-micron scale) of zirconium and chromium carbides and, to a lesser extent, zirconium oxides. A small amount of zirconium remained in the elemental state to strengthen the bond coat by a solid-solution mechanism. Notably, a zirconium-free NiAlCr overlay bond coat subjected to identical FCT testing exhibited a life of only about 160 cycles—only about 11% of the FCT life of the Zr-containing sample. The NiAlCr sample exhibited rumpling (large-scale surface deformation) after testing that was characteristic of PtAl bond coats. These results confirmed that zirconium is a very desirable constituent of an NiAlCr coating for long TBC spallation life. Of significance, these results also indicated that longer TBC life can be achieved, perhaps more consistently, if the coating is deposited so that a portion of the zirconium is in the form of zirconium carbides and/or oxides, which appear to further promote spallation life through a mechanical strengthening mechanism. While not wishing to be held to any particular theory, it was believed that the pressure and/or atmosphere within the EBPVD deposition/coating chamber (resulting from residual gases, especially oxygen, and carbon contamination from a graphite heater) were the cause of the zirconium oxide and carbide precipitates found in the coating.
For the burner rig test, NiAlCrZr coatings were deposited by HVOF to a thickness of about 60 micrometers on pin samples formed of RenéN5 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,602), with a nominal composition of, by weight, about 7.5% Co, 7.0% Cr, 6.5% Ta, 6.2% Al, 5.0% W, 3.0% Re, 1.5% Mo, 0.15% Hf, 0.05% C, 0.004% B, 0.01% Y, the balance nickel and incidental impurities. The approximate chemistry of the coatings was, in atomic percent, about 45% aluminum, about 10% chromium, about 0.5% zirconium, and the balance nickel and incidental impurities. A TBC was not deposited on the NiCrAlZr coatings. The pins were then subjected to a cyclic hot corrosion-oxidation cycle in a burner rig with a combined cycle of about fifteen minutes at about 1700° F. (about 930° C.) plus about five minutes at about 2075° F. (about 1135° C.). Testing was terminated when an approximately 0.1 inch (about 2.5 mm) diameter region of the superalloy was exposed due to environmental attack of the coating. One of the coatings performed exceedingly well, with a life of approximately 800 cycles, as compared to the typically observed life of about 300 to 400 cycles for the other NiAlCrZr coatings. After the test, a piece was cut from the cold section of the high-performing pin and metallographically mounted, polished and subjected to TOF-SIMS analysis, by which it was determined that the high-performing pin contained chromium oxide precipitates. The lower-performing pins were also analyzed and found to contain lower levels of chromium oxide. While not wishing to be held to any particular theory, it was believed that inadvertent variations in the fuel-to-oxygen ratio in the HVOF process resulted in the different oxide levels observed in the coatings.
From the results of the FCT and burner rig tests, it was speculated that the presence of reactive elements having a high affinity for oxygen, e.g. zirconium and chromium, when present in the form of very fine oxide and/or carbide particles at the coating interfaces (e.g., grain boundaries), may reduce the driving force for inward diffusion of oxygen during high temperature exposure, thereby reducing internal oxidation of a NiAl coating. In order to increase the strength of a beta-NiAl overlay coating by a dispersion strengthening mechanism, the particles must be present in a sufficient amount and size to be stable and unreactive at temperatures at which the coating will be exposed, e.g., up to about 1300° C. for gas turbine engine components. On this basis, it is envisioned that an effective size for the particles is in the sub-micron range, and that an effective particle content is not greater than about five volume percent. A particularly suitable particle size range is believed to be in a range of about 1 to about 2000 nanometers, more preferably about 10 to about 1000 nanometers, while a suitable particle content is believed to be 0.5 to less than 5 volume percent.
A fine dispersion of ceramic particles can be more consistently and controllably obtained by introducing CH4, CO, CO2, N2, NH3, and/or O2 into a PVD or thermal spray coating chamber so as to react the reactive coating constituents (e.g., zirconium and chromium) during the coating process. Alternatively, the dispersions can be introduced with the source materials from which the coating is deposited. Using such techniques, it is believed that a suitable beta-NiAl overlay coating for use as a bond coat or an environmental coating contains up to about 0.8 atomic percent (about 1.4 weight percent) zirconium and up to about 15 atomic percent (about 18 weight percent) chromium, but with some of the zirconium and chromium content being present as oxides, carbides and/or nitrides.
It is recognized that the potent strengthening effect of oxide dispersion-strengthening (ODS) has been demonstrated in superalloys (e.g. MA754 and MA6000 alloys) with Y2O3 dispersions, as well as AlN precipitates in bulk (i.e., non-coating) beta-NiAl alloys. It is further noted that the concept of particle dispersion-strengthened MCrAlY and diffusion bond coats have been previously investigated. However, such coatings differ in composition and microstructure from the beta-NiAl overlay coatings that are the subject of the present invention. Furthermore, while it was previously recognized that limited quantities of zirconium can improve beta-NiAl overlay coatings through solid solution strengthening and intermetallic precipitation strengthening, the effect of higher zirconium contents in the form of carbide and oxide precipitates was not.
While the invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is apparent that modifications could be adopted by one skilled in the art. For example, based on commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,975,852, 6,291,084, 6,153,313 and 6,255,001 and commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/044,618, it is believed that the beta-NiAl overlay coatings of this invention could be modified to contain a reactive element other than zirconium, such as yttrium, cerium or hafnium, as well as other alloying ingredients, such as tantalum and silicon. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
This application is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/249,564, filed Apr. 18, 2003.
This invention was made with Government support under Agreement No. F33615-98-C-2893 awarded by the U.S. Department of the Air Force. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10249564 | Apr 2003 | US |
| Child | 10904325 | Nov 2004 | US |
